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Motamedi H, Ari MM, Alvandi A, Abiri R. Principle, application and challenges of development siRNA-based therapeutics against bacterial and viral infections: a comprehensive review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1393646. [PMID: 38939184 PMCID: PMC11208694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in understanding and applying gene silencing mechanisms and the treatment of human diseases, there have been still several obstacles in therapeutic use. For the first time, ONPATTRO, as the first small interfering RNA (siRNA) based drug was invented in 2018 for treatment of hTTR with polyneuropathy. Additionally, four other siRNA based drugs naming Givosiran, Inclisiran, Lumasiran, and Vutrisiran have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for clinical use by hitherto. In this review, we have discussed the key and promising advances in the development of siRNA-based drugs in preclinical and clinical stages, the impact of these molecules in bacterial and viral infection diseases, delivery system issues, the impact of administration methods, limitations of siRNA application and how to overcome them and a glimpse into future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Motamedi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhoushang Alvandi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Gu H, Pan Y, Xiao H, Zhao L, Tang Y, Ge W. Knockdown of LAP2α inhibits adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells and ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23664. [PMID: 38775797 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302435rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Adipogenesis, a pivotal cellular process involving the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to mature adipocytes, plays a significant role in various physiological functions. Dysregulation of adipogenesis is implicated in conditions such as obesity. However, the complete molecular understanding of adipogenesis remains elusive. This study aimed to uncover the novel role of lamina-associated polypeptide 2 alpha (LAP2α) in human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) adipogenesis and its impact on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and associated metabolic disturbances. LAP2α expression was assessed during the adipogenic differentiation of hASCs using RT-qPCR and western blotting. The functional role of LAP2α in adipogenesis was explored both in vitro and in vivo through loss- and gain-of-function studies. Moreover, mice with HFD-induced obesity received lentivirus injection to assess the effect of LAP2α knockdown on fat accumulation. Molecular mechanisms underlying LAP2α in adipogenic differentiation were investigated using RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and Oil Red O staining. LAP2α expression was upregulated during hASCs adipogenic differentiation. LAP2α knockdown hindered adipogenesis, while LAP2α overexpression promoted adipogenic differentiation. Notably, LAP2α deficiency resisted HFD-induced obesity, improved glucose intolerance, mitigated insulin resistance, and prevented fatty liver development. Mechanistically, LAP2α knockdown attenuated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation by reducing the protein level of phosphorylated STAT3. A STAT3 activator (Colivelin) counteracted the negative impact of LAP2α deficiency on hASCs adipogenic differentiation. Taken together, our current study established LAP2α as a crucial regulator of hASCs adipogenic differentiation, unveiling a new therapeutic target for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gu
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yiman Tang
- Fourth Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenshu Ge
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Moreno-Montañés J, Bleau AM, Martínez T, Vargas B, González MV, Jiménez AI. siRNA Therapeutics in Ocular Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2282:417-442. [PMID: 33928588 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1298-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of RNAi therapeutics has quickly adapted to the treatment of ocular diseases. Although the eye provides a unique system for the delivery of siRNAs, its complex structure and composition fostered the development of novel strategies for efficient gene silencing in the target compartment. Moreover, anterior and posterior segments differ in their multiple drug barriers and clearance mechanisms. This chapter summarizes the recent achievements in terms of routes of administration, chemical modifications, and delivery systems for siRNAs that specifically apply to eye disorders. Methods employed for siRNA detection/quantitation in ocular tissues are also described, together with safety concerns that need to be addressed to fulfill regulatory requirements of new drug approval. Even though RNAi therapies for ocular diseases have not yet translated into patient care, we document herein the rising number of candidate drugs currently under preclinical or clinical development.
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Supe S, Upadhya A, Singh K. Role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in targeting ocular neovascularization: A review. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108329. [PMID: 33198953 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization (NV) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinoblastoma, retinitis pigmentosa and may lead to loss of vision if not controlled in time. Several clinical trials elucidate the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of the ocular neovascularization. The advent and extensive use of ocular anti-VEGF therapy heralded a new age in the treatment of retinal vascular and exudative diseases. RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to inhibit the in-vitro and in-vivo expression of specific genes and thus provides an extremely useful method for investigating gene activity with minimal toxicity. siRNA targeting VEGF overcomes many drawbacks associated with the conventional treatment available for the treatment of ocular neovascularization. However, delivery methods that protect the siRNA against degradation and are appropriate for long-term care will help increase the effectiveness of RNAi-based anti-VEGF ocular therapies. Several nanotechnology approaches have been explored by formulation scientists for delivery of siRNA to the eye; targeting particularly VEGF for the treatment of NV. This review mainly focuses on current updates in various pre-clinical and clinical siRNA strategies for targeting VEGF involved in the development of ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Upadhya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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5
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Hu B, Zhong L, Weng Y, Peng L, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Liang XJ. Therapeutic siRNA: state of the art. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:101. [PMID: 32561705 PMCID: PMC7305320 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an ancient biological mechanism used to defend against external invasion. It theoretically can silence any disease-related genes in a sequence-specific manner, making small interfering RNA (siRNA) a promising therapeutic modality. After a two-decade journey from its discovery, two approvals of siRNA therapeutics, ONPATTRO® (patisiran) and GIVLAARI™ (givosiran), have been achieved by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Reviewing the long-term pharmaceutical history of human beings, siRNA therapy currently has set up an extraordinary milestone, as it has already changed and will continue to change the treatment and management of human diseases. It can be administered quarterly, even twice-yearly, to achieve therapeutic effects, which is not the case for small molecules and antibodies. The drug development process was extremely hard, aiming to surmount complex obstacles, such as how to efficiently and safely deliver siRNAs to desired tissues and cells and how to enhance the performance of siRNAs with respect to their activity, stability, specificity and potential off-target effects. In this review, the evolution of siRNA chemical modifications and their biomedical performance are comprehensively reviewed. All clinically explored and commercialized siRNA delivery platforms, including the GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine)-siRNA conjugate, and their fundamental design principles are thoroughly discussed. The latest progress in siRNA therapeutic development is also summarized. This review provides a comprehensive view and roadmap for general readers working in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Weng
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 100190, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Hu B, Weng Y, Xia XH, Liang XJ, Huang Y. Clinical advances of siRNA therapeutics. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3097. [PMID: 31069898 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) enables efficient target gene silencing by employing a RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, which can compromise gene expression and regulate gene activity by cleaving mRNA or repressing its translation. Twenty years after the discovery of RNAi in 1998, ONPATTRO™ (patisiran) (Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), a lipid formulated siRNA modality, was approved for the first time by United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission in 2018. With this milestone achievement, siRNA therapeutics will soar in the coming years. Here, we review the discovery and the mechanisms of RNAi, briefly describe the delivery technologies of siRNA, and summarize recent clinical advances of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Weng
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, P. R. China
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7
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Weng Y, Xiao H, Zhang J, Liang XJ, Huang Y. RNAi therapeutic and its innovative biotechnological evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:801-825. [PMID: 31034960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Commission (EC) approved Alnylam Pharmaceuticals' RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic, ONPATTRO™ (Patisiran), for the treatment of the polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin-mediated (hATTR) amyloidosis in adults. This is the first RNAi therapeutic all over the world, as well as the first FDA-approved treatment for this indication. As a milestone event in RNAi pharmaceutical industry, it means, for the first time, people have broken through all development processes for RNAi drugs from research to clinic. With this achievement, RNAi approval may soar in the coming years. In this paper, we introduce the basic information of ONPATTRO and the properties of RNAi and nucleic acid therapeutics, update the clinical and preclinical development activities, review its complicated development history, summarize the key technologies of RNAi at early stage, and discuss the latest advances in delivery and modification technologies. It provides a comprehensive view and biotechnological insights of RNAi therapy for the broader audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Weng
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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8
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Angelbello AJ, Chen JL, Childs-Disney JL, Zhang P, Wang ZF, Disney MD. Using Genome Sequence to Enable the Design of Medicines and Chemical Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1599-1663. [PMID: 29322778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid progress in genome sequencing technology has put us firmly into a postgenomic era. A key challenge in biomedical research is harnessing genome sequence to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine. This Review describes how genome sequencing has enabled the identification of disease-causing biomolecules and how these data have been converted into chemical probes of function, preclinical lead modalities, and ultimately U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. In particular, we focus on the use of oligonucleotide-based modalities to target disease-causing RNAs; small molecules that target DNA, RNA, or protein; the rational repurposing of known therapeutic modalities; and the advantages of pharmacogenetics. Lastly, we discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities in the direct utilization of genome sequence to enable design of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Angelbello
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jonathan L Chen
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Zi-Fu Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Huang Y. Preclinical and Clinical Advances of GalNAc-Decorated Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 6:116-132. [PMID: 28325278 PMCID: PMC5363494 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A main challenge in realizing the full potential of nucleic acid therapeutics is efficient delivery of them into targeted tissues and cells. N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is a well-defined liver-targeted moiety benefiting from its high affinity with asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). By conjugating it directly to the oligonucleotides or decorating it to a certain delivery system as a targeting moiety, GalNAc has achieved compelling successes in the development of nucleic acid therapeutics in recent years. Several oligonucleotide modalities are undergoing pivotal clinical studies, followed by a blooming pipeline in the preclinical stage. This review covers the progress of GalNAc-decorated oligonucleotide drugs, including siRNAs, anti-miRs, and ASOs, which provides a panorama for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Nagpal G, Chaudhary K, Dhanda SK, Raghava GPS. Computational Prediction of the Immunomodulatory Potential of RNA Sequences. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1632:75-90. [PMID: 28730433 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7138-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the knowledge of various roles played by non-coding RNAs have stimulated the application of RNA molecules as therapeutics. Among these molecules, miRNA, siRNA, and CRISPR-Cas9 associated gRNA have been identified as the most potent RNA molecule classes with diverse therapeutic applications. One of the major limitations of RNA-based therapeutics is immunotoxicity of RNA molecules as it may induce the innate immune system. In contrast, RNA molecules that are potent immunostimulators are strong candidates for use in vaccine adjuvants. Thus, it is important to understand the immunotoxic or immunostimulatory potential of these RNA molecules. The experimental techniques for determining immunostimulatory potential of siRNAs are time- and resource-consuming. To overcome this limitation, recently our group has developed a web-based server "imRNA" for predicting the immunomodulatory potential of RNA sequences. This server integrates a number of modules that allow users to perform various tasks including (1) generation of RNA analogs with reduced immunotoxicity, (2) identification of highly immunostimulatory regions in RNA sequence, and (3) virtual screening. This server may also assist users in the identification of minimum mutations required in a given RNA sequence to minimize its immunomodulatory potential that is required for designing RNA-based therapeutics. Besides, the server can be used for designing RNA-based vaccine adjuvants as it may assist users in the identification of mutations required for increasing immunomodulatory potential of a given RNA sequence. In summary, this chapter describes major applications of the "imRNA" server in designing RNA-based therapeutics and vaccine adjuvants (http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/imrna/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandharva Nagpal
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sec 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kumardeep Chaudhary
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sec 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sec 39A, Chandigarh, India
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Lorenzer C, Dirin M, Winkler AM, Baumann V, Winkler J. Going beyond the liver: progress and challenges of targeted delivery of siRNA therapeutics. J Control Release 2015; 203:1-15. [PMID: 25660205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic gene silencing promises significant progress in pharmacotherapy, including considerable expansion of the druggable target space and the possibility for treating orphan diseases. Technological hurdles have complicated the efficient use of therapeutic oligonucleotides, and siRNA agents suffer particularly from insufficient pharmacokinetic properties and poor cellular uptake. Intense development and evolution of delivery systems have resulted in efficient uptake predominantly in liver tissue, in which practically all nanoparticulate and liposomal delivery systems show the highest accumulation. The most efficacious strategies include liposomes and bioconjugations with N-acetylgalactosamine. Both are in early clinical evaluation stages for treatment of liver-associated diseases. Approaches for achieving knockdown in other tissues and tumors have been proven to be more complicated. Selective targeting to tumors may be enabled through careful modulation of physical properties, such as particle size, or by taking advantage of specific targeting ligands. Significant barriers stand between sufficient accumulation in other organs, including endothelial barriers, cellular membranes, and the endosome. The brain, which is shielded by the blood-brain barrier, is of particular interest to facilitate efficient oligonucleotide therapy of neurological diseases. Transcytosis of the blood-brain barrier through receptor-specific docking is investigated to increase accumulation in the central nervous system. In this review, the current clinical status of siRNA therapeutics is summarized, as well as innovative and promising preclinical concepts employing tissue- and tumor-targeted ligands. The requirements and the respective advantages and drawbacks of bioconjugates and ligand-decorated lipid or polymeric particles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Lorenzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehrdad Dirin
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Winkler
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Baumann
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Winkler
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Canal M, Romaní-Aumedes J, Martín-Flores N, Pérez-Fernández V, Malagelada C. RTP801/REDD1: a stress coping regulator that turns into a troublemaker in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:313. [PMID: 25324725 PMCID: PMC4183088 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates essential processes directed to preserve cellular homeostasis, such as cell growth, proliferation, survival, protein synthesis and autophagy. Importantly, mTOR pathway deregulation has been related to many diseases. Indeed, it has become a hallmark in neurodegenerative disorders, since a fine-tuned regulation of mTOR activities is crucial for neuron function and survival. RTP801/REDD1/Dig2 has become one of the most puzzling regulators of mTOR. Although the mechanism is not completely understood, RTP801 inactivates mTOR and Akt via the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1/TSC2) in many cellular contexts. Intriguingly, RTP801 protects dividing cells from hypoxia or H2O2-induced apoptosis, while it sensitizes differentiated cells to stress. Based on experimental models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), it has been proposed that at early stages of the disease, stress-induced RTP801 upregulation contributes to mTOR repression, in an attempt to maintain cell function and viability. However, if RTP801 elevation is sustained, it leads to neuron cell death by a sequential inhibition of mTOR and Akt. Here, we will review RTP801 deregulation of mTOR in a context of PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Canal
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Romaní-Aumedes
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Martín-Flores
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Aptamer-based therapeutics of the past, present and future: from the perspective of eye-related diseases. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1309-21. [PMID: 24598791 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers have emerged as a novel and powerful class of biomolecules with an immense untapped potential. The ability to synthesise highly specific aptamers against any molecular target make them a vital cog in the design of effective therapeutics for the future. However, only a minutia of the enormous potential of this dynamic class of molecule has been exploited. Several aptamers have been studied for the treatment of eye-related disorders, and one such strategy has been successful in therapy. This review gives an account of several eye diseases and their regulatory biomolecules where other nucleic acid therapeutics have been attempted with limited success and how aptamers, with their exceptional flexibility to chemical modifications, can overcome those inherent shortcomings.
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Kosovrasti VY, Lukashev D, Nechev LV, Amiji MM. Novel RNA interference-based therapies for sepsis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:419-35. [PMID: 24397825 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.875524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is an extremely fast-paced disease, initiated by an infection that can progress to multiple organ dysfunction and death. The complexity associated with sepsis makes the therapies difficult to develop. Moreover, the 'one-fits-all' kind of therapy is far from being realistic. AREAS COVERED This review provides a conspectus of the current results of sepsis therapies and their benefits, focusing on the development of small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics for targeting immune cells and sepsis pathways. EXPERT OPINION The question, 'When will an effective therapy for sepsis be available for patients?' remains unanswered. New RNA interference-mediated therapies are emerging as novel approaches for the treatment of sepsis by downregulating key inflammatory cytokine expression. Strategies that exploit multimodal gene silencing using siRNA and targeted delivery systems are discussed in this review. Some of these strategies have shown positive results in preclinical model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verbena Y Kosovrasti
- Northeastern University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 140 The Fenway Building, R170, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 , USA
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved, endogenous process for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Although RNAi therapeutics have recently progressed through the pipeline toward clinical trials, the application of these as ideal, clinical therapeutics requires the development of safe and effective delivery systems. Inspired by the immense progress with nanotechnology in drug delivery, efforts have been dedicated to the development of nanoparticle-based RNAi delivery systems. For example, a precisely engineered, multifunctional nanocarrier with combined passive and active targeting capabilities may address the delivery challenges for the widespread use of RNAi as a therapy. Therefore, in this review, we introduce the major hurdles in achieving efficient RNAi delivery and discuss the current advances in applying nanotechnology-based delivery systems to overcome the delivery hurdles of RNAi therapeutics. In particular, some representative examples of nanoparticle-based delivery formulations for targeted RNAi therapeutics are highlighted.
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Therapeutic potential and delivery strategies for nucleic acid-based drugs. NUCLEIC ACID-BASED DRUGS 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/ebo.13.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kikuchi Y, Yamazaki N, Tarashima N, Furukawa K, Takiguchi Y, Itoh K, Minakawa N. Gene suppression via U1 small nuclear RNA interference (U1i) machinery using oligonucleotides containing 2'-modified-4'-thionucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5292-6. [PMID: 23871495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene suppression via U1 small nuclear RNA interference (U1i) is considered to be one of the most attractive approaches, and takes the place of general antisense, RNA interference (RNAi), and anti-micro RNA machineries. Since the U1i can be induced by short oligonucleotides (ONs), namely U1 adaptors consisting of a 'target domain' and a 'U1 domain', we prepared adaptor ONs using 2'-modified-4'-thionucleosides developed by our group, and evaluated their U1i activity. As a result, the desired gene suppression via U1i was observed in ONs prepared as a combination of 2'-fluoro-4'-thionucleoside and 2'-fluoronucleoside units as well as only 2'-fluoronucleoside units, while those prepared as combination of 2'-OMe nucleoside/2'-OMe-4'-thionucleoside and 2'-fluoronucleoside units did not show significant activity. Measurement of Tm values indicated that a higher hybridization ability of adaptor ONs with complementary RNA is one of the important factors to show potent U1i activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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