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Faillot M, Chaillet A, Palfi S, Senova S. Rodent models used in preclinical studies of deep brain stimulation to rescue memory deficits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:410-432. [PMID: 34437937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation paradigms might be used to treat memory disorders in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury. However, proof of concept studies in animal models are needed before clinical translation. We propose here a comprehensive review of rodent models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. We systematically review the histological, behavioral and electrophysiological features of each model and identify those that are the most relevant for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Faillot
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S-UMR8506) - CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France.
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2
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Bailey ZS, Nilson E, Bates JA, Oyalowo A, Hockey KS, Sajja VSSS, Thorpe C, Rogers H, Dunn B, Frey AS, Billings MJ, Sholar CA, Hermundstad A, Kumar C, VandeVord PJ, Rzigalinski BA. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Improve Outcome after In Vitro and In Vivo Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1452-1462. [PMID: 27733104 PMCID: PMC7249477 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury results in aberrant free radical generation, which is associated with oxidative stress, secondary injury signaling cascades, mitochondrial dysfunction, and poor functional outcome. Pharmacological targeting of free radicals with antioxidants has been examined as an approach to treatment, but has met with limited success in clinical trials. Conventional antioxidants that are currently available scavenge a single free radical before they are destroyed in the process. Here, we report for the first time that a novel regenerative cerium oxide nanoparticle antioxidant reduces neuronal death and calcium dysregulation after in vitro trauma. Further, using an in vivo model of mild lateral fluid percussion brain injury in the rat, we report that cerium oxide nanoparticles also preserve endogenous antioxidant systems, decrease macromolecular free radical damage, and improve cognitive function. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cerium oxide nanoparticles are a novel nanopharmaceutical with potential for mitigating neuropathological effects of mild traumatic brain injury and modifying the course of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric Nilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - John A. Bates
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Adewole Oyalowo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin S. Hockey
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Chevon Thorpe
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Heidi Rogers
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Bryce Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Aaron S. Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Marc J. Billings
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher A. Sholar
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Amy Hermundstad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Challa Kumar
- Integrated Mesoscale Architectures for Sustainable Catalysis, Rowland Institute of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela J. VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Beverly A. Rzigalinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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3
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Zhang B, Zhu X, Wang L, Hou Z, Hao S, Yang M, Gao F, Liu B. Inadequate Expression and Activation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Aggravates Spatial Memory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 424:1-11. [PMID: 31734415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is controversial. Both protective and deleterious effects of GCs on the brain have been reported in previous studies, while the mechanisms are unclear. Most experimental studies have reported glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated deleterious effects after TBI. Sufficient mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation was reported to be indispensable for normal function and survival of hippocampal neurons, but changes in MR expression and activation and the roles of MRs in the survival of neurons after TBI remain unclear. We hypothesized that inadequate MR expression and activation caused by TBI aggravates posttraumatic hippocampal apoptosis but that restoration by restoring MRs promotes the survival of neurons. Using a rat controlled cortical impact model, we examined plasma corticosterone, MR expression and activation, neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, and spatial memory on day 3 after injury with and without fludrocortisone (1 mg/kg) treatment. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly reduced after TBI. In addition, both MR expression and activation were inhibited. Fludrocortisone treatment significantly increased both the expression and activation of MRs, reduced the number of apoptotic neurons and cell loss in the ipsilateral hippocampus, and subsequently improved spatial memory. Its protective effects were counteracted by the MR antagonist spironolactone. The results suggest that adequate expression and activation of MRs is crucial for the survival of neurons after TBI and that fludrocortisone protects hippocampal neurons via promoting MR expression and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Fifth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zonggang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengshi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baiyun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
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4
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Costa SL, Dapor C, Weber E, DeLuca J, Chiaravalloti ND. Comparing learning performance on the open trial selective reminding test with the California verbal learning test II in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2019; 34:245-252. [PMID: 31680557 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1686772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Learning and memory deficits are prevalent following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), affecting between 54% and 84% of impacted individuals.Objective: The current study examined learning performance on two tests of verbal memory: the OT-SRT and the CVLT-II.Methods: Sixty-eight participants with TBI performed the OT-SRT and the CVLT-II on two different days. Additionally, all participants completed cognitive tests assessing processing speed, working memory and executive functions. By definition, all participants with TBI were identified as having impaired learning on the OT-SRT, however only 38 were also identified as impaired on the CVLT-II. The sample was thus divided into two groups, those who failed both tests (Fail-2) and those who failed only the OT-SRT (Fail-1).Results: The Failed-1 group showed significantly better performance in processing speed, working memory and executive functions compared to the Fail-2 group. On the CVLT-II, the Fail-1 group performed significantly better on the number of words recalled on trials 1 and 5 compared to the Fail-2 group. Both groups performed similarly the OT-SRT.Discussion: The CVLT-II and the OT-SRT are not equivalent tests and should not be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana L Costa
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Lab, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers the State University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Caterina Dapor
- Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movements Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Erica Weber
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Lab, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers the State University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John DeLuca
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Lab, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers the State University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nancy D Chiaravalloti
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Lab, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers the State University, Newark, NJ, USA
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5
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Executive (dys)function after traumatic brain injury: special considerations for behavioral pharmacology. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:617-637. [PMID: 30215621 PMCID: PMC6155367 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Executive function is an umbrella term that includes cognitive processes such as decision-making, impulse control, attention, behavioral flexibility, and working memory. Each of these processes depends largely upon monoaminergic (dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic) neurotransmission in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, among other brain areas. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces disruptions in monoaminergic signaling along several steps in the neurotransmission process - synthesis, distribution, and breakdown - and in turn, produces long-lasting deficits in several executive function domains. Understanding how TBI alters monoamingeric neurotransmission and executive function will advance basic knowledge of the underlying principles that govern executive function and potentially further treatment of cognitive deficits following such injury. In this review, we examine the influence of TBI on the following measures of executive function - impulsivity, behavioral flexibility, and working memory. We also describe monoaminergic-systems changes following TBI. Given that TBI patients experience alterations in monoaminergic signaling following injury, they may represent a unique population with regard to pharmacotherapy. We conclude this review by discussing some considerations for pharmacotherapy in the field of TBI.
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6
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Paterno R, Metheny H, Cohen AS. Memory Deficit in an Object Location Task after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated with Impaired Early Object Exploration and Both Are Restored by Branched Chain Amino Acid Dietary Therapy. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2117-2124. [PMID: 29774776 PMCID: PMC6098408 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and memory dysfunction is well established, yet imprecise. Here, we investigate whether mild TBI causes a specific deficit in spatial episodic memory. Fifty-eight (29 TBI, 29 sham) mice were run in a spatial recognition task. To determine which phase of memory might be affected in our task, we assessed rodent performance at three different delay times (3 min, 1 h, and 24 h). We found that sham and TBI mice performed equally well at 3 min, but TBI mice had significantly impaired spatial recognition memory after a delay time of 1 h. Neither sham nor injured mice remembered the test object locations after a 24-h delay. In addition, the TBI-specific impairment was accompanied by a decrease in exploratory behavior during the first 3 mins of the initial exposure to the test objects. These memory and exploratory behavioral deficits were linked as branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) dietary therapy restored both memory performance and normal exploratory behavior. Our findings 1) support the use of BCAA therapy as a potential treatment for mild TBI and 2) suggest that poor memory performance post-TBI is associated with a deficit in exploratory behavior that is likely to underlie the encoding needed for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Paterno
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Joseph Stoke's Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Anesthesiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Joseph Stoke's Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Anesthesiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Paterno R, Folweiler KA, Cohen AS. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Memory Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:52. [PMID: 28500417 PMCID: PMC5861722 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Memory is fundamental to everyday life, and cognitive impairments resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) have devastating effects on TBI survivors. A contributing component to memory impairments caused by TBI is alteration in the neural circuits associated with memory function. In this review, we aim to bring together experimental findings that characterize behavioral memory deficits and the underlying pathophysiology of memory-involved circuits after TBI. While there is little doubt that TBI causes memory and cognitive dysfunction, it is difficult to conclude which memory phase, i.e., encoding, maintenance, or retrieval, is specifically altered by TBI. This is most likely due to variation in behavioral protocols and experimental models. Additionally, we review a selection of experimental treatments that hold translational potential to mitigate memory dysfunction following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Paterno
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Kaitlin A Folweiler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Akiva S Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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8
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da Silva Fiorin F, de Oliveira Ferreira AP, Ribeiro LR, Silva LFA, de Castro MRT, da Silva LRH, da Silveira MEP, Zemolin APP, Dobrachinski F, Marchesan de Oliveira S, Franco JL, Soares FA, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Fighera MR, Freire Royes LF. The Impact of Previous Physical Training on Redox Signaling after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats: A Behavioral and Neurochemical Approach. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1317-30. [PMID: 26651029 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the world, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of disability, which can include deficits in motor function and memory, as well as acquired epilepsy. Although some studies have shown the beneficial effects of physical exercise after TBI, the prophylactic effects are poorly understood. In the current study, we demonstrated that TBI induced by fluid percussion injury (FPI) in adult male Wistar rats caused early motor impairment (24 h), learning deficit (15 days), spontaneous epileptiform events (SEE), and hilar cell loss in the hippocampus (35 days) after TBI. The hippocampal alterations in the redox status, which were characterized by dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity inhibition, led to the impairment of protein function (Na(+), K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase [ATPase] activity inhibition) and glutamate uptake inhibition 24 h after neuronal injury. The molecular adaptations elicited by previous swim training protected against the glutamate uptake inhibition, oxidative stress, and inhibition of selected targets for free radicals (e.g., Na(+), K(+)-ATPase) 24 h after neuronal injury. Our data indicate that this protocol of exercise protected against FPI-induced motor impairment, learning deficits, and SEE. In addition, the enhancement of the hippocampal phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (P-Nrf2)/Nrf2, heat shock protein 70, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor immune content in the trained injured rats suggests that protein expression modulation associated with an antioxidant defense elicited by previous physical exercise can prevent toxicity induced by TBI, which is characterized by cell loss in the dentate gyrus hilus at 35 days after TBI. Therefore, this report suggests that previous physical exercise can decrease lesion progression in this model of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro R Ribeiro
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luiz F A Silva
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mauro R T de Castro
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luís R H da Silva
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mauro E P da Silveira
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana P P Zemolin
- 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dobrachinski
- 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan de Oliveira
- 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jeferson L Franco
- 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Félix A Soares
- 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana F Furian
- 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mauro S Oliveira
- 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michele R Fighera
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .,2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .,3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Freire Royes
- 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .,2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .,3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
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9
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Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Water Maze Task: Maximizing Data Collection and Analysis in Animal Models of Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:553-71. [PMID: 27604738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Animal models play a critical role in understanding the biomechanical, pathophysiological, and behavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In preclinical studies, cognitive impairment induced by TBI is often assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM). Frequently described as a hippocampally dependent spatial navigation task, the MWM is a highly integrative behavioral task that requires intact functioning in numerous brain regions and involves an interdependent set of mnemonic and non-mnemonic processes. In this chapter, we review the special considerations involved in using the MWM in animal models of TBI, with an emphasis on maximizing the degree of information extracted from performance data. We include a theoretical framework for examining deficits in discrete stages of cognitive function and offer suggestions for how to make inferences regarding the specific nature of TBI-induced cognitive impairment. The ultimate goal is more precise modeling of the animal equivalents of the cognitive deficits seen in human TBI.
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10
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Smith CJ, Xiong G, Elkind JA, Putnam B, Cohen AS. Brain Injury Impairs Working Memory and Prefrontal Circuit Function. Front Neurol 2015; 6:240. [PMID: 26617569 PMCID: PMC4643141 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 2.5 million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year. Even mild to moderate TBI causes long-lasting neurological effects. Despite its prevalence, no therapy currently exists to treat the underlying cause of cognitive impairment suffered by TBI patients. Following lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI), the most widely used experimental model of TBI, we investigated alterations in working memory and excitatory/inhibitory synaptic balance in the prefrontal cortex. LFPI impaired working memory as assessed with a T-maze behavioral task. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials recorded in the prefrontal cortex were reduced in slices derived from brain-injured mice. Spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents onto layer 2/3 neurons were more frequent in slices derived from LFPI mice, while inhibitory currents onto layer 2/3 neurons were smaller after LFPI. Additionally, an increase in action potential threshold and concomitant decrease in firing rate was observed in layer 2/3 neurons in slices from injured animals. Conversely, no differences in excitatory or inhibitory synaptic transmission onto layer 5 neurons were observed; however, layer 5 neurons demonstrated a decrease in input resistance and action potential duration after LFPI. These results demonstrate synaptic and intrinsic alterations in prefrontal circuitry that may underlie working memory impairment caused by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Smith
- Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xiong
- Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaclynn A. Elkind
- Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan Putnam
- Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Gurkoff GG, Gahan JD, Ghiasvand RT, Hunsaker MR, Van K, Feng JF, Shahlaie K, Berman RF, Lyeth BG, Folkerts MM. Evaluation of Metric, Topological, and Temporal Ordering Memory Tasks after Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:292-300. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gene G. Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
- National Science Foundation Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Jennifer D. Gahan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Rahil T. Ghiasvand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michael R. Hunsaker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ken Van
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jun-feng Feng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Robert F. Berman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Bruce G. Lyeth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
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12
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Eakin K, Miller JP. Mild traumatic brain injury is associated with impaired hippocampal spatiotemporal representation in the absence of histological changes. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1180-7. [PMID: 22229460 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for the majority of head trauma cases. Despite some lasting cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits, there are frequently no overt morphological defects, suggesting that changes may result from alterations in the physiology of individual neurons. We investigated hippocampal neural activity in rats during a working memory task to determine the effect of mTBI on cellular physiology. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) underwent mTBI via lateral fluid percussion (1.5 atm), and were compared with sham-operated rats. The rats then underwent bilateral implantation of electrodes into the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subfields and were trained to perform in a delayed nonmatch-to-place swim T-maze. Single-neuron activity was analyzed during task performance 30-90 days after trauma. There were no histological differences between control and mTBI rats. Stereological analysis demonstrated no neuronal loss. Nevertheless, rats subjected to mTBI demonstrated significantly poorer performance on the task with increasing delay. Examination of single-neuron spiking activity revealed no significant difference in firing rates or spike characteristics, but rats exposed to mTBI were found to have significantly fewer cells with activity spatiotemporally correlated with location in the maze ("task-specific cells," p<0.05 by Fisher's exact test). Memory deficits, including disorganized patterns of hippocampal neural activity after mTBI, were seen in rats. Because it is seen in the absence of clear morphological defects, these data suggest that functional impairment after mTBI may result from alterations in the activity of individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Eakin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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13
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Darwish H, Dawish H, Mahmood A, Schallert T, Chopp M, Therrien B. Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) leads to spatial learning deficits. Brain Inj 2012; 26:151-65. [PMID: 22360521 PMCID: PMC3925503 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.635362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mild and severe TBI on young male Wistar rats' spatial learning. RESEARCH DESIGN Randomized repeated measure experimental design was used to examine spatial learning in three independent animal groups. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-four (severe n = 9, mild n = 8, sham n = 7) male rats were included in the study. Animals received controlled mild (1.5 mm), severe (2.5 mm) cortical impact injury or sham surgery. Spatial learning was assessed daily using a modified Morris water maze test, 20 days post-trauma, for 5 consecutive days. Percentage time travelled within each quadrant and escape latency were calculated. All animals' hippocampal brain regions were examined post-injury using neuron (MAP2) and pre-synaptic protein (Synaptophysin) biomarkers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS It took the animals with mild injury until day 3 to reach the platform; and animals with mild and severe injury spent significantly less time in the target quadrant than the sham. The hippocampal neuron numbers differed proportionately between animals with severe and mild injury, but the percentage of synaptophysin density was significantly less in the dentate gyrus of both animals with mild and severe injury than sham group. CONCLUSION Persistent spatial learning deficits exist after mild TBI; these deficits appear equivalent to deficits exhibited after a more severe injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Darwish
- Faculty of Medicine-School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, New York, NY 10017-2303, USA.
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Whiting MD, Hamm RJ. Mechanisms of anterograde and retrograde memory impairment following experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2008; 1213:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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