1
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Kwon T, Leroux AC, Zang H, Pollard D, Zehe C, Akbari S. Cell-based shear stress sensor for bioprocessing. J Biotechnol 2024; 390:71-79. [PMID: 38685415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Shear stress during bioreactor cultivation has significant impact on cell health, growth, and fate. Mammalian cells, such as T cells and stem cells, in next-generation cell therapies are especially more sensitive to shear stress present in their culture environment than bacteria. Therefore, a base knowledge about the shear stress imposed by the bioprocesses is needed to optimize the process parameters and enhance cell growth and yield. However, typical computational flow dynamics modeling or PCR-based assays have several limitations. Implementing and interpreting computational modeling often requires technical specialties and also relies on many simplifications in modeling. PCR-based assays evaluating changes in gene expression involve cumbersome sample preparation with the use of advanced lab equipment and technicians, hampering rapid and straightforward assessment of shear stress. Here, we developed a simple, cell-based shear stress sensor for measuring shear stress levels in different bioreactor types and operating conditions. We engineered a CHO-DG44 cell line to make its stress sensitive promoter EGR-1 control GFP expression. Subsequently, the stressed CHO cells were transferred into a 96 well plate, and their GFP levels (population mean fluorescence) were monitored using a cell analysis instrument (Incucyte®, Sartorius Stedim Biotech) over 24 hours. After conducting sensor characterization, which included chemical induced stress and fluid shear stress, and stability investigation, we tested the shear stress sensor in the Ambr® 250 bioreactor vessels (Sartorius Stedim Biotech) with different impeller and vessel designs. The results showed that the CHO cell-based shear stress sensors expressed higher GFP levels in response to higher shear stress magnitude or exposure time. These sensors are useful tools to assess shear stress imposed by bioreactor conditions and can facilitate the design of various bioreactor vessels with a low shear stress profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehong Kwon
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc., United States
| | | | - Han Zang
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Samin Akbari
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc., United States.
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2
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Komosa ER, Lin WH, Mahadik B, Bazzi MS, Townsend D, Fisher JP, Ogle BM. A novel perfusion bioreactor promotes the expansion of pluripotent stem cells in a 3D-bioprinted tissue chamber. Biofabrication 2023; 16:014101. [PMID: 37906964 PMCID: PMC10636629 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
While the field of tissue engineering has progressed rapidly with the advent of 3D bioprinting and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), impact is limited by a lack of functional, thick tissues. One way around this limitation is to 3D bioprint tissues laden with hiPSCs. In this way, the iPSCs can proliferate to populate the thick tissue mass prior to parenchymal cell specification. Here we design a perfusion bioreactor for an hiPSC-laden, 3D-bioprinted chamber with the goal of proliferating the hiPSCs throughout the structure prior to differentiation to generate a thick tissue model. The bioreactor, fabricated with digital light projection, was optimized to perfuse the interior of the hydrogel chamber without leaks and to provide fluid flow around the exterior as well, maximizing nutrient delivery throughout the chamber wall. After 7 days of culture, we found that intermittent perfusion (15 s every 15 min) at 3 ml min-1provides a 1.9-fold increase in the density of stem cell colonies in the engineered tissue relative to analogous chambers cultured under static conditions. We also observed a more uniform distribution of colonies within the tissue wall of perfused structures relative to static controls, reflecting a homogeneous distribution of nutrients from the culture media. hiPSCs remained pluripotent and proliferative with application of fluid flow, which generated wall shear stresses averaging ∼1.0 dyn cm-2. Overall, these promising outcomes following perfusion of a stem cell-laden hydrogel support the production of multiple tissue types with improved thickness, and therefore increased function and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Komosa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Fishell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Marisa S Bazzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - John P Fisher
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Fishell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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3
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Juran CM, Zvirblyte J, Almeida E. Differential Single Cell Responses of Embryonic Stem Cells Versus Embryoid Bodies to Gravity Mechanostimulation. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:346-356. [PMID: 35570697 PMCID: PMC9293686 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The forces generated by gravity have shaped life on Earth and impact gene expression and morphogenesis during early development. Conversely, disuse on Earth or during spaceflight, reduces normal mechanical loading of organisms, resulting in altered cell and tissue function. Although gravity mechanical loading in adult mammals is known to promote increased cell proliferation and differentiation, little is known about how distinct cell types respond to gravity mechanostimulation during early development. In this study we sought to understand, with single cell RNA-sequencing resolution, how a 60-min pulse of 50 g hypergravity (HG)/5 kPa hydrostatic pressure, influences transcriptomic regulation of developmental processes in the embryoid body (EB) model. Our study included both day-9 EBs and progenitor mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with or without the HG pulse. Single cell t-distributed stochastic neighbor mapping shows limited transcriptome shifts in response to the HG pulse in either ESCs or EBs; this pulse however, induces greater positional shifts in EB mapping compared to ESCs, indicating the influence of mechanotransduction is more pronounced in later states of cell commitment within the developmental program. More specifically, HG resulted in upregulation of self-renewal and angiogenesis genes in ESCs, while in EBs, HG loading was associated with upregulation of Gene Ontology-pathways for multicellular development, mechanical signal transduction, and DNA damage repair. Cluster transcriptome analysis of the EBs show HG promotes maintenance of transitory cell phenotypes in early development; including EB cluster co-expression of markers for progenitor, post-implant epiblast, and primitive endoderm phenotypes with HG pulse but expression exclusivity in the non-pulsed clusters. Pseudotime analysis identified three branching cell types susceptible to HG induction of cell fate decisions. In totality, this study provides novel evidence that ESC maintenance and EB development can be regulated by gravity mechanostimulation and that stem cells committed to a differentiation program are more sensitive to gravity-induced changes to their transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justina Zvirblyte
- Vilnius University, 54694, Sector of Microtechnologies, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center,, Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eduardo Almeida
- NASA AMES Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Bldg 236 rm 217, Moffett Field , California, United States, 94035-1000, ,
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4
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Tan JJ, Guyette JP, Miki K, Xiao L, Kaur G, Wu T, Zhu L, Hansen KJ, Ling KH, Milan DJ, Ott HC. Human iPS-derived pre-epicardial cells direct cardiomyocyte aggregation expansion and organization in vitro. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4997. [PMID: 34404774 PMCID: PMC8370973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardial formation is necessary for normal myocardial morphogenesis. Here, we show that differentiating hiPSC-derived lateral plate mesoderm with BMP4, RA and VEGF (BVR) can generate a premature form of epicardial cells (termed pre-epicardial cells, PECs) expressing WT1, TBX18, SEMA3D, and SCX within 7 days. BVR stimulation after Wnt inhibition of LPM demonstrates co-differentiation and spatial organization of PECs and cardiomyocytes (CMs) in a single 2D culture. Co-culture consolidates CMs into dense aggregates, which then form a connected beating syncytium with enhanced contractility and calcium handling; while PECs become more mature with significant upregulation of UPK1B, ITGA4, and ALDH1A2 expressions. Our study also demonstrates that PECs secrete IGF2 and stimulate CM proliferation in co-culture. Three-dimensional PEC-CM spheroid co-cultures form outer smooth muscle cell layers on cardiac micro-tissues with organized internal luminal structures. These characteristics suggest PECs could play a key role in enhancing tissue organization within engineered cardiac constructs in vitro. The authors form pre-epicardial cells (PECs) from hiPSC-derived lateral plate mesoderm on treating with BMP4, RA and VEGF, and co-culture these PECs with cardiomyocytes, inducing cardiomyocyte aggregation, proliferation and network formation with more mature structures and improved beating/contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Tan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jacques P Guyette
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Miki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Applications, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ling Xiao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gurbani Kaur
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liye Zhu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina J Hansen
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - David J Milan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Leducq Foundation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harald C Ott
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Huang Y, Qian JY, Cheng H, Li XM. Effects of shear stress on differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:894-913. [PMID: 34367483 PMCID: PMC8316872 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is an appealing potential therapy for vascular diseases and an indispensable key step in vascular tissue engineering. Substantial effort has been made to differentiate stem cells toward vascular cell phenotypes, including endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells. The microenvironment of vascular cells not only contains biochemical factors that influence differentiation but also exerts hemodynamic forces, such as shear stress and cyclic strain. More recently, studies have shown that shear stress can influence the differentiation of stem cells toward ECs. A deep understanding of the responses and underlying mechanisms involved in this process is essential for clinical translation. This review highlights current data supporting the role of shear stress in stem cell differentiation into ECs. Potential mechanisms and signaling cascades for transducing shear stress into a biological signal are proposed. Further study of stem cell responses to shear stress will be necessary to apply stem cells for pharmacological applications and cardiovascular implants in the realm of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Yi Qian
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Zeevaert K, Elsafi Mabrouk MH, Wagner W, Goetzke R. Cell Mechanics in Embryoid Bodies. Cells 2020; 9:E2270. [PMID: 33050550 PMCID: PMC7599659 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryoid bodies (EBs) resemble self-organizing aggregates of pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of early embryogenesis. Within few days, the cells undergo a transition from rather homogeneous epithelial-like pluripotent stem cell colonies into a three-dimensional organization of various cell types with multifaceted cell-cell interactions and lumen formation-a process associated with repetitive epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. In the last few years, culture methods have further evolved to better control EB size, growth, cellular composition, and organization-e.g., by the addition of morphogens or different extracellular matrix molecules. There is a growing perception that the mechanical properties, cell mechanics, and cell signaling during EB development are also influenced by physical cues to better guide lineage specification; substrate elasticity and topography are relevant, as well as shear stress and mechanical strain. Epithelial structures outside and inside EBs support the integrity of the cell aggregates and counteract mechanical stress. Furthermore, hydrogels can be used to better control the organization and lineage-specific differentiation of EBs. In this review, we summarize how EB formation is accompanied by a variety of biomechanical parameters that need to be considered for the directed and reproducible self-organization of early cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Zeevaert
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed H. Elsafi Mabrouk
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman Goetzke
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Zhang F, Wang J, Lü D, Zheng L, Shangguan B, Gao Y, Wu Y, Long M. Mechanomics analysis of hESCs under combined mechanical shear, stretch, and compression. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:205-222. [PMID: 32809130 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can differentiate to three germ layers within biochemical and biomechanical niches. The complicated mechanical environments in vivo could have diverse effects on the fate decision and biological functions of hESCs. To globally screen mechanosensitive molecules, three typical types of mechanical stimuli, i.e., tensile stretch, shear flow, and mechanical compression, were applied in respective parameter sets of loading pattern, amplitude, frequency, and/or duration, and then, iTRAQ proteomics test was used for identifying and quantifying differentially expressed proteins in hESCs. Bioinformatics analysis identified 37, 41, and 23 proteins under stretch pattern, frequency, and duration, 13, 18, and 41 proteins under shear pattern, amplitude, and duration, and 4, 0, and 183 proteins under compression amplitude, frequency, and duration, respectively, where distinct parameters yielded the differentially weighted preferences under each stimulus. Ten mechanosensitive proteins were commonly shared between two of three mechanical stimuli, together with numerous proteins identified under single stimulus. More importantly, functional GSEA and WGCNA analyses elaborated the variations of the screened proteins with loading parameters. Common functions in protein synthesis and modification were identified among three stimuli, and specific functions were observed in skin development under stretch alone. In conclusion, mechanomics analysis is indispensable to map actual mechanosensitive proteins under physiologically mimicking mechanical environment, and sheds light on understanding the core hub proteins in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing Shangguan
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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8
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Chen Y, Tang L. Stem Cell Senescence: the Obstacle of the Treatment of Degenerative Disk Disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 14:654-668. [PMID: 31490764 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190906163253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) has a pivotal role in the maintenance of flexible motion. IVD degeneration is one of the primary causes of low back pain and disability, which seriously influences patients' health, and increases the family and social economic burden. Recently, stem cell therapy has been proven to be more effective on IVD degeneration disease. However, stem cell senescence is the limiting factor in the IVD degeneration treatment. Senescent stem cells have a negative effect on the self-repair on IVD degeneration. In this review, we delineate that the factors such as telomerase shortening, DNA damage, oxidative stress, microenvironment and exosomes will induce stem cell aging. Recent studies tried to delay the aging of stem cells by regulating the expression of aging-related genes and proteins, changing the activity of telomerase, improving the survival microenvironment of stem cells and drug treatment. Understanding the mechanism of stem cell aging and exploring new approaches to delay or reverse stem cell aging asks for research on the repair of the degenerated disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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9
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Shear Stress Promotes Arterial Endothelium-Oriented Differentiation of Mouse-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1847098. [PMID: 31827524 PMCID: PMC6881757 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1847098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a functional vascular network, which is required in tissue repair and regeneration, needs large-scale production of specific arterial or venous endothelial cells (ECs) from stem cells. Previous in vitro studies by us and others revealed that shear stress induces EC differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells. In this study, we focused on the impact of different magnitudes of shear stress on the differentiation of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) towards arterial or venous ECs. When iPSCs were exposed to shear stress (5, 10, and 15 dyne/cm2) with 50 ng/mL vascular endothelial growth factor and 10 ng/mL fibroblast growth factor, the expression levels of the general EC markers and the arterial markers increased, and the stress amplitude of 10 dyne/cm2 could be regarded as a proper promoter, whereas the venous and lymphatic markers had little or no expression. Further, shear stress caused cells to align parallel to the direction of the flow, induced cells forming functional tubes, and increased the secretion of nitric oxide. In addition, Notch1 was significantly upregulated, and the Notch ligand Delta-like 4 was activated in response to shear stress, while inhibition of Notch signaling by DAPT remarkably abolished the shear stress-induced arterial epithelium differentiation. Taken together, our results indicate that exposure to appropriate shear stress facilitated the differentiation of mouse iPSCs towards arterial ECs via Notch signaling pathways, which have potential applications for both disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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10
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Duchemin AL, Vignes H, Vermot J, Chow R. Mechanotransduction in cardiovascular morphogenesis and tissue engineering. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:106-116. [PMID: 31586750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular morphogenesis involves cell behavior and cell identity changes that are activated by mechanical forces associated with heart function. Recently, advances in in vivo imaging, methods to alter blood flow, and computational modelling have greatly advanced our understanding of how forces produced by heart contraction and blood flow impact different morphogenetic processes. Meanwhile, traditional genetic approaches have helped to elucidate how endothelial cells respond to forces at the cellular and molecular level. Here we discuss the principles of endothelial mechanosensitity and their interplay with cellular processes during cardiovascular morphogenesis. We then discuss their implications in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Duchemin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Helene Vignes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Renee Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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11
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Borys BS, Le A, Roberts EL, Dang T, Rohani L, Hsu CYM, Wyma AA, Rancourt DE, Gates ID, Kallos MS. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to understand murine embryonic stem cell aggregate size and pluripotency distributions in stirred suspension bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2019; 304:16-27. [PMID: 31394111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling can be applied to understand hydrodynamics in stirred suspension bioreactors, which can in turn affect cell viability, proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation. In this study, we developed a CFD model to determine the effects of average shear rates and turbulent eddies on the formation and growth of murine embryonic stem cell aggregates. We found a correlation between average eddy size and aggregate size, which depended on bioreactor agitation rates. By relating these computational and biological variables, CFD modeling can predict optimal agitation rates to grow embryonic stem cell aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors. To examine the effect of hydrodynamics on pluripotency, mESCs cultured in bioreactors under various agitation rates were tested for SSEA-1, Sox-2, and Nanog expression. Cells maintained a minimum of 95% positive expression with no change in the intensity distribution pattern between the different bioreactor conditions. This indicates that the average level of pluripotency marker expression is independent of changes in the hydrodynamic profile and resulting aggregate size distribution. The findings here can be further extended to other cell types that grow as aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors and offer important insights necessary to realize cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - An Le
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Erin L Roberts
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Charlie Yu-Ming Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander A Wyma
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ian D Gates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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12
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Wyma A, Martin-Alarcon L, Walsh T, Schmidt TA, Gates ID, Kallos MS. Non-Newtonian rheology in suspension cell cultures significantly impacts bioreactor shear stress quantification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2101-2113. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wyma
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Leonardo Martin-Alarcon
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Tylor Walsh
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Human Performance Laboratory, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ian D. Gates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Michael S. Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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13
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Yalikun Y, Tanaka N, Hosokawa Y, Iino T, Tanaka Y. Embryonic body culturing in an all-glass microfluidic device with laser-processed 4 μm thick ultra-thin glass sheet filter. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:85. [PMID: 28929304 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the development and demonstration of a method to fabricate an all-glass microfluidic cell culturing device without circulation flow. On-chip microfluidic cell culturing is an indispensable technique for cellular replacement therapies and experimental cell biology. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have become a popular material for fabricating microfluidic cell culture devices because it is a transparent, biocompatible, deformable, easy-to-mold, and gas-permeable. However, PDMS is also a chemically and physically unstable material. For example, PDMS undergoes aging easily even in room temperature conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to control long term experimental culturing conditions. On the other hand, glass is expected to be stable not only in physically but also chemically even in the presence of organic solvents. However, cell culturing still requires substance exchanges such as gases and nutrients, and so on, which cannot be done in a closed space of a glass device without circulation flow that may influence cell behavior. Thus, we introduce a filter structure with micropores onto a glass device to improve permeability to the cell culture space. Normally, it is extremely difficult to fabricate a filter structure on a normal glass plate by using a conventional fabrication method. Here, we demonstrated a method for fabricating an all-glass microfluidic cell culturing device having filters structure. The function of this all-glass culturing device was confirmed by culturing HeLa, fibroblast and ES cells. Compared with the closed glass devices without a filter structure, the numbers of cells in our device increased and embryonic bodies (EBs) were formed. This method offers a new tool in microfluidic cell culture technology for biological analysis and it expands the field of microfluidic cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yalikun
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - N Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - T Iino
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Y Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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14
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Ding S, Kingshott P, Thissen H, Pera M, Wang PY. Modulation of human mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell behavior using biophysical and biochemical cues: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:260-280. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn 3122 Victoria Australia
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn 3122 Victoria Australia
| | | | - Martin Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Florey Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn 3122 Victoria Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Florey Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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15
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Lin X, Shi Y, Cao Y, Liu W. Recent progress in stem cell differentiation directed by material and mechanical cues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:014109. [PMID: 26836059 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/1/014109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells play essential roles in tissue regeneration in vivo via specific lineage differentiation induced by environmental factors. In the past, biochemical signals were the focus of induced stem cell differentiation. As reported by Engler et al (2006 Cell 126 677-89), biophysical signal mediated stem cell differentiation could also serve as an important inducer. With the advancement of material science, it becomes a possible strategy to generate active biophysical signals for directing stem cell fate through specially designed material microstructures. In the past five years, significant progress has been made in this field, and these designed biophysical signals include material elasticity/rigidity, micropatterned structure, extracellular matrix (ECM) coated materials, material transmitted extracellular mechanical force etc. A large number of investigations involved material directed differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem/progenitor cells, adipose derived stem cells, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells and other cells. Hydrogel based materials were commonly used to create varied mechanical properties via modifying the ratio of different components, crosslinking levels, matrix concentration and conjugation with other components. Among them, polyacrylamide (PAM) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hydrogels remained the major types of material. Specially designed micropatterning was not only able to create a unique topographical surface to control cell shape, alignment, cell-cell and cell-matrix contact for basic stem cell biology study, but also could be integrated with 3D bioprinting to generate micropattered 3D structure and thus to induce stem cell based tissue regeneration. ECM coating on a specific topographical structure was capable of inducing even more specific and potent stem cell differentiation along with soluble factors and mechanical force. The article overviews the progress of the past five years in this particular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunxun Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, People's Republic of China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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16
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Santo VE, Estrada MF, Rebelo SP, Abreu S, Silva I, Pinto C, Veloso SC, Serra AT, Boghaert E, Alves PM, Brito C. Adaptable stirred-tank culture strategies for large scale production of multicellular spheroid-based tumor cell models. J Biotechnol 2016; 221:118-29. [PMID: 26815388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is an effort toward the development of in vitro cancer models more predictive of clinical efficacy. The onset of advanced analytical tools and imaging technologies has increased the utilization of spheroids in the implementation of high throughput approaches in drug discovery. Agitation-based culture systems are commonly proposed as an alternative method for the production of tumor spheroids, despite the scarce experimental evidence found in the literature. In this study, we demonstrate the robustness and reliability of stirred-tank cultures for the scalable generation of 3D cancer models. We developed standardized protocols to a panel of tumor cell lines from different pathologies and attained efficient tumor cell aggregation by tuning hydrodynamic parameters. Large numbers of spheroids were obtained (typically 1000-1500 spheroids/mL) presenting features of native tumors, namely morphology, proliferation and hypoxia gradients, in a cell line-dependent mode. Heterotypic 3D cancer models, based on co-cultures of tumor cells and fibroblasts, were also established in the absence or presence of additional physical support from an alginate matrix, with maintenance of high cell viability. Altogether, we demonstrate that 3D tumor cell model production in stirred-tank culture systems is a robust and versatile approach, providing reproducible tools for drug screening and target verification in pre-clinical oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor E Santo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta F Estrada
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia P Rebelo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia Abreu
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana C Veloso
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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17
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Ting S, Chen A, Reuveny S, Oh S. An intermittent rocking platform for integrated expansion and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes in suspended microcarrier cultures. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:202-13. [PMID: 25043964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel platforms for large scale production of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) derived cardiomyocytes (CM) becomes more crucial as the demand for CMs in preclinical trials, high throughput cardio toxicity assays and future regenerative therapeutics rises. To this end, we have designed a microcarrier (MC) suspension agitated platform that integrates pluripotent hESC expansion followed by CM differentiation in a continuous, homogenous process. Hydrodynamic shear stresses applied during the hESC expansion and CM differentiation steps drastically reduced the capability of the cells to differentiate into CMs. Applying vigorous stirring during pluripotent hESC expansion on Cytodex 1 MC in spinner cultures resulted in low CM yields in the following differentiation step (cardiac troponin-T (cTnT): 22.83±2.56%; myosin heavy chain (MHC): 19.30±5.31%). Whereas the lower shear experienced in side to side rocker (wave type) platform resulted in higher CM yields (cTNT: 47.50±7.35%; MHC: 42.85±2.64%). The efficiency of CM differentiation is also affected by the hydrodynamic shear stress applied during the first 3days of the differentiation stage. Even low shear applied continuously by side to side rocker agitation resulted in very low CM differentiation efficiency (cTnT<5%; MHC<2%). Simply by applying intermittent agitation during these 3days followed by continuous agitation for the subsequent 9days, CM differentiation efficiency can be substantially increased (cTNT: 65.73±10.73%; MHC: 59.73±9.17%). These yields are 38.3% and 39.3% higher (for cTnT and MHC respectively) than static culture control. During the hESC expansion phase, cells grew on continuously agitated rocker platform as pluripotent cell/MC aggregates (166±88×10(5)μm(2)) achieving a cell concentration of 3.74±0.55×10(6)cells/mL (18.89±2.82 fold expansion) in 7days. These aggregates were further differentiated into CMs using a WNT modulation differentiation protocol for the subsequent 12days on a rocking platform with an intermittent agitation regime during the first 3days. Collectively, the integrated MC rocker platform produced 190.5±58.8×10(6) CMs per run (31.75±9.74 CM/hESC seeded). The robustness of the system was demonstrated by using 2 cells lines, hESC (HES-3) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) IMR-90. The CM/MC aggregates formed extensive sarcomeres that exhibited cross-striations confirming cardiac ontogeny. Functionality of the CMs was demonstrated by monitoring the effect of inotropic drug, Isoproterenol on beating frequency. In conclusion, we have developed a simple robust and scalable platform that integrates both hESC expansion and CM differentiation in one unit process which is capable of meeting the need for large amounts of CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin Ting
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Allen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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18
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Sasaki K. Large-scale generation of differentiated cells to achieve regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:10. [PMID: 24444304 PMCID: PMC4054968 DOI: 10.1186/scrt399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of microgravity and fluid dynamic stress on embryoid bodies generated from pluripotent stem cells induce and direct their differentiation. Using this hydrodynamic effect combined with exogenous factors and three-dimensional culture, a new technique has been developed to produce functional, effective, and safe hepatocytes for transplantation. The evolution of this technique will lead to automated production of a large number of differentiated cells and will significantly contribute to regenerative medicine.
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