1
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Cometta S, Hutmacher DW, Chai L. In vitro models for studying implant-associated biofilms - A review from the perspective of bioengineering 3D microenvironments. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122578. [PMID: 38692146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Biofilm research has grown exponentially over the last decades, arguably due to their contribution to hospital acquired infections when they form on foreign body surfaces such as catheters and implants. Yet, translation of the knowledge acquired in the laboratory to the clinic has been slow and/or often it is not attempted by research teams to walk the talk of what is defined as 'bench to bedside'. We therefore reviewed the biofilm literature to better understand this gap. Our search revealed substantial development with respect to adapting surfaces and media used in models to mimic the clinical settings, however many of the in vitro models were too simplistic, often discounting the composition and properties of the host microenvironment and overlooking the biofilm-implant-host interactions. Failure to capture the physiological growth conditions of biofilms in vivo results in major differences between lab-grown- and clinically-relevant biofilms, particularly with respect to phenotypic profiles, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance, and they essentially impede bench-to-bedside translatability. In this review, we describe the complexity of the biological processes at the biofilm-implant-host interfaces, discuss the prerequisite for the development and characterization of biofilm models that better mimic the clinical scenario, and propose an interdisciplinary outlook of how to bioengineer biofilms in vitro by converging tissue engineering concepts and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cometta
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Liraz Chai
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Chemistry, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
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2
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Eijkel BIM, Apachitei I, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. In vitro co-culture models for the assessment of orthopedic antibacterial biomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1332771. [PMID: 38375457 PMCID: PMC10875071 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1332771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial biofunctionality of bone implants is essential for the prevention and treatment of implant-associated infections (IAI). In vitro co-culture models are utilized to assess this and study bacteria-host cell interactions at the implant interface, aiding our understanding of biomaterial and the immune response against IAI without impeding the peri-implant bone tissue regeneration. This paper reviews existing co-culture models together with their characteristics, results, and clinical relevance. A total of 36 studies were found involving in vitro co-culture models between bacteria and osteogenic or immune cells at the interface with orthopedic antibacterial biomaterials. Most studies (∼67%) involved co-culture models of osteogenic cells and bacteria (osteo-bac), while 33% were co-culture models of immune cells and bacterial cells (im-bac). All models involve direct co-culture of two different cell types. The cell seeding sequence (simultaneous, bacteria-first, and cell-first) was used to mimic clinically relevant conditions and showed the greatest effect on the outcome for both types of co-culture models. The im-bac models are considered more relevant for early peri-implant infections, whereas the osteo-bac models suit late infections. The limitations of the current models and future directions to develop more relevant co-culture models to address specific research questions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedictus I. M. Eijkel
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, Netherlands
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3
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Yuan L, Straub H, Shishaeva L, Ren Q. Microfluidics for Biofilm Studies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:139-159. [PMID: 37314876 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091522-103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular communities held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix and exhibit a set of properties that distinguish them from free-living bacteria. Biofilms are exposed to a variety of mechanical and chemical cues resulting from fluid motion and mass transport. Microfluidics provides the precise control of hydrodynamic and physicochemical microenvironments to study biofilms in general. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in microfluidics-based biofilm research, including understanding the mechanism of bacterial adhesion and biofilm development, assessment of antifouling and antimicrobial properties, development of advanced in vitro infection models, and advancement in methods to characterize biofilms. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future direction of microfluidics-assisted biofilm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yuan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Hervé Straub
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Liubov Shishaeva
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
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4
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Granata V, Possetti V, Parente R, Bottazzi B, Inforzato A, Sobacchi C. The osteoblast secretome in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1048505. [PMID: 36483565 PMCID: PMC9723341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infectious disease of the bone predominantly caused by the opportunistic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Typically established upon hematogenous spread of the pathogen to the musculoskeletal system or contamination of the bone after fracture or surgery, osteomyelitis has a complex pathogenesis with a critical involvement of both osteal and immune components. Colonization of the bone by S. aureus is traditionally proposed to induce functional inhibition and/or apoptosis of osteoblasts, alteration of the RANKL/OPG ratio in the bone microenvironment and activation of osteoclasts; all together, these events locally subvert tissue homeostasis causing pathological bone loss. However, this paradigm has been challenged in recent years, in fact osteoblasts are emerging as active players in the induction and orientation of the immune reaction that mounts in the bone during an infection. The interaction with immune cells has been mostly ascribed to osteoblast-derived soluble mediators that add on and synergize with those contributed by professional immune cells. In this respect, several preclinical and clinical observations indicate that osteomyelitis is accompanied by alterations in the local and (sometimes) systemic levels of both pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-6, IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (e.g., TGF-β1) cytokines. Here we revisit the role of osteoblasts in bacterial OM, with a focus on their secretome and its crosstalk with cellular and molecular components of the bone microenvironment and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Granata
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Milan Unit, National Research Council - Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Possetti
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Inforzato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Milan Unit, National Research Council - Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Cristina Sobacchi,
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5
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Peticone C, Thompson DDS, Dimov N, Jevans B, Glass N, Micheletti M, Knowles JC, Kim HW, Cooper-White JJ, Wall IB. Characterisation of osteogenic and vascular responses of hMSCs to Ti-Co doped phosphate glass microspheres using a microfluidic perfusion platform. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420954712. [PMID: 33178409 PMCID: PMC7592314 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420954712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using microspherical scaffolds as building blocks to repair bone defects of
specific size and shape has been proposed as a tissue engineering strategy.
Here, phosphate glass (PG) microcarriers doped with 5 mol % TiO2 and
either 0 mol % CoO (CoO 0%) or 2 mol % CoO (CoO 2%) were investigated for their
ability to support osteogenic and vascular responses of human mesenchymal stem
cells (hMSCs). Together with standard culture techniques, cell-material
interactions were studied using a novel perfusion microfluidic bioreactor that
enabled cell culture on microspheres, along with automated processing and
screening of culture variables. While titanium doping was found to support hMSCs
expansion and differentiation, as well as endothelial cell-derived vessel
formation, additional doping with cobalt did not improve the functionality of
the microspheres. Furthermore, the microfluidic bioreactor enabled screening of
culture parameters for cell culture on microspheres that could be potentially
translated to a scaled-up system for tissue-engineered bone manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Peticone
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nikolay Dimov
- Centre for Engineering Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ben Jevans
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Glass
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martina Micheletti
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, UCL Campus, London, UK.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin J Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ivan B Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Institute for Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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6
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7
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Prévost V, Anselme K, Gallet O, Hindié M, Petithory T, Valentin J, Veuillet M, Ploux L. Real-Time Imaging of Bacteria/Osteoblast Dynamic Coculture on Bone Implant Material in an in Vitro Postoperative Contamination Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3260-3269. [PMID: 33405569 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical implants are an important part of evolving modern medicine but have a potential drawback in the form of postoperative pathogenic infection. Accordingly, the "race for surface" combat between invasive bacteria and host cells determines the fate of implants. Hence, proper in vitro systems are required to assess effective strategies to avoid infection. In this study, we developed a real time observation model, mimicking postoperative contamination, designed to follow E. coli proliferation on a titanium surface occupied by human osteoblastic progenitor cells (STRO). This model allowed us to monitor E. coli invasion of human cells on titanium surfaces coated and uncoated with fibronectin. We showed that the surface colonization of bacteria is significantly enhanced on fibronectin coated surfaces irrespective of whether areas were uncovered or covered with human cells. We further revealed that bacterial colonization of the titanium surfaces is enhanced in coculture with STRO cells. Finally, this coculture system provides a comprehensive system to describe in vitro and in situ bacterial and human cells and their localization but also to target biological mechanisms involved in adhesion as well as in interactions with surfaces, thanks to fluorescent labeling. This system is thus an efficient method for studies related to the design and function of new biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Prévost
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Karine Anselme
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Gallet
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Mathilde Hindié
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Tatiana Petithory
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jules Valentin
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Veuillet
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydie Ploux
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, BIOMAT U1121, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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8
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Wang L, Jiang D, Wang Q, Wang Q, Hu H, Jia W. The Application of Microfluidic Techniques on Tissue Engineering in Orthopaedics. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5397-5406. [PMID: 30827230 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190301142833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising solution for orthopaedic diseases such as bone or
cartilage defects and bone metastasis. Cell culture in vitro and scaffold fabrication are two main parts of TE, but
these two methods both have their own limitations. The static cell culture medium is unable to achieve multiple
cell incubation or offer an optimal microenvironment for cells, while regularly arranged structures are unavailable
in traditional cell-laden scaffolds, which results in low biocompatibility. To solve these problems, microfluidic
techniques are combined with TE. By providing 3-D networks and interstitial fluid flows, microfluidic platforms
manage to maintain phenotype and viability of osteocytic or chondrocytic cells, and the precise manipulation of
liquid, gel and air flows in microfluidic devices leads to the highly organized construction of scaffolds.
Methods:
In this review, we focus on the recent advances of microfluidic techniques applied in the field of tissue
engineering, especially in orthropaedics. An extensive literature search was done using PubMed. The introduction
describes the properties of microfluidics and how it exploits the advantages to the full in the aspects of TE. Then
we discuss the application of microfluidics on the cultivation of osteocytic cells and chondrocytes, and other
extended researches carried out on this platform. The following section focuses on the fabrication of highly organized
scaffolds and other biomaterials produced by microfluidic devices. Finally, the incubation and studying of
bone metastasis models in microfluidic platforms are discussed.
Conclusion:
The combination of microfluidics and tissue engineering shows great potentials in the osteocytic cell
culture and scaffold fabrication. Though there are several problems that still require further exploration, the future
of microfluidics in TE is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dajun Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haoran Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weitao Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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9
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Khatoon Z, McTiernan CD, Suuronen EJ, Mah TF, Alarcon EI. Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01067. [PMID: 30619958 PMCID: PMC6312881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In living organisms, biofilms are defined as complex communities of bacteria residing within an exopolysaccharide matrix that adheres to a surface. In the clinic, they are typically the cause of chronic, nosocomial, and medical device-related infections. Due to the antibiotic-resistant nature of biofilms, the use of antibiotics alone is ineffective for treating biofilm-related infections. In this review, we present a brief overview of concepts of bacterial biofilm formation, and current state-of-the-art therapeutic approaches for preventing and treating biofilms. Also, we have reviewed the prevalence of such infections on medical devices and discussed the future challenges that need to be overcome in order to successfully treat biofilms using the novel technologies being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Khatoon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Christopher D. McTiernan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Erik J. Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Thien-Fah Mah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilio I. Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Carvalho MR, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Mimicking the 3D biology of osteochondral tissue with microfluidic-based solutions: breakthroughs towards boosting drug testing and discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:711-718. [PMID: 29337200 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of tissue-engineering (TE) solutions for osteochondral (OC) regeneration has been slowed by technical hurdles related to the recapitulation of their complex and hierarchical architecture. OC defects refer to damage of both the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. To repair an OC tissue defect, the complexity of the bone and cartilage must be considered. To help achieve this, microfluidics is converging with TE approaches to provide new treatment possibilities. Microfluidics uses precise micrometer-to-millimeter-scale fluid flows to achieve high-resolution and spatial and/or temporal control of the cell microenvironment, providing powerful tools for cell culturing. Herein, we overview the progress of microfluidics for developing 3D in vitro models of OC tissue, with a focus on cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Carvalho
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal; ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Luís Reis
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal; ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal; ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
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11
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Sun Q, Choudhary S, Mannion C, Kissin Y, Zilberberg J, Lee WY. Ex vivo construction of human primary 3D-networked osteocytes. Bone 2017; 105:245-252. [PMID: 28942121 PMCID: PMC5690542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A human bone tissue model was developed by constructing ex vivo the 3D network of osteocytes via the biomimetic assembly of primary human osteoblastic cells with 20-25μm microbeads and subsequent microfluidic perfusion culture. The biomimetic assembly: (1) enabled 3D-constructed cells to form cellular network via processes with an average cell-to-cell distance of 20-25μm, and (2) inhibited cell proliferation within the interstitial confine between the microbeads while the confined cells produced extracellular matrix (ECM) to form a mechanically integrated structure. The mature osteocytic expressions of SOST and FGF23 genes became significantly higher, especially for SOST by 250 folds during 3D culture. The results validate that the bone tissue model: (1) consists of 3D cellular network of primary human osteocytes, (2) mitigates the osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation of primary osteoblast-like cells encountered in 2D culture, and (3) therefore reproduces ex vivo the phenotype of human 3D-networked osteocytes. The 3D tissue construction approach is expected to provide a clinically relevant and high-throughput means for evaluating drugs and treatments that target bone diseases with in vitro convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Saba Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Ciaran Mannion
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Kissin
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
| | - Woo Y Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
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12
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Zaatreh S, Haffner D, Strauss M, Dauben T, Zamponi C, Mittelmeier W, Quandt E, Kreikemeyer B, Bader R. Thin magnesium layer confirmed as an antibacterial and biocompatible implant coating in a co‑culture model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1624-1630. [PMID: 28260022 PMCID: PMC5365004 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated infections commonly result from biofilm-forming bacteria and present severe complications in total joint arthroplasty. Therefore, there is a requirement for the development of biocompatible implant surfaces that prevent bacterial biofilm formation. The present study coated titanium samples with a thin, rapidly corroding layer of magnesium, which were subsequently investigated with respect to their antibacterial and cytotoxic surface properties using a Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and human osteoblast (hOB) co-culture model. Primary hOBs and S. epidermidis were co-cultured on cylindrical titanium samples (Ti6Al4V) coated with pure magnesium via magnetron sputtering (5 µm thickness) for 7 days. Uncoated titanium test samples served as controls. Vital hOBs were identified by trypan blue staining at days 2 and 7. Planktonic S. epidermidis were quantified by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU). The quantification of biofilm-bound S. epidermidis on the surfaces of test samples was performed by ultrasonic treatment and CFU counting at days 2 and 7. The number of planktonic and biofilm-bound S. epidermidis on the magnesium-coated samples decreased by four orders of magnitude when compared with the titanium control following 7 days of co-culture. The number of vital hOBs on the magnesium-coated samples was observed to increase (40,000 cells/ml) when compared with the controls (20,000 cells/ml). The results of the present study indicate that rapidly corroding magnesium-coated titanium may be a viable coating material that possesses antibacterial and biocompatible properties. A co-culture test is more rigorous than a monoculture study, as it accounts for confounding effects and assesses additional interactions that are more representative of in vivo situations. These results provide a foundation for the future testing of this type of surface in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zaatreh
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - David Haffner
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, D‑24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Madlen Strauss
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Dauben
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christiane Zamponi
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, D‑24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfram Mittelmeier
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eckhard Quandt
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, D‑24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, D‑18057 Rostock, Germany
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13
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Cho CH, Kwon S, Park JK. Assembly of hydrogel units for 3D microenvironment in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) channel. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-016-0035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Zhu Y, Gu Y, Qiao S, Zhou L, Shi J, Lai H. Bacterial and mammalian cells adhesion to tantalum-decorated micro-/nano-structured titanium. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:871-878. [PMID: 27784134 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms are frequently introduced to dental implants during surgery and start the race for the surface with host cells before osseointegration occurs. The aim of the study was to endow implant surfaces with biological functions that reliably select cells over microbes. Nano-structured tantalum (Ta) has exhibited excellent compatibility. Thus, nano-structured Ta films were deposited on the sand-blasted, large grit, and acid-etched (SLA) titanium by the magnetron sputtering method, thus forming hierarchical micro-/nano-structured surfaces. No obvious Ta release confirmed the robustness of the deposited layer probably arising from the stable Ta2 O5 . Moreover, Ta-modified surfaces not only improved the initial adhesion and spreading of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), but also exhibited good antibacterial activities towards Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The satisfactory cell-surface interactions on Ta-modified surfaces depended largely on the up-regulation of adhesion-related genes and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot. Here, the coculture model was also forwarded to mimic the perioperative bacterial contamination. We found that the adherent cell number and the cell-surface coverage were hampered by bacteria presence on both surfaces. Yet, rBMSCs still attached and spread more readily on Ta-modified surfaces than on SLA titanium surfaces even in coculture with adhering oral pathogens. Our results revealed that Ta-modified micro-/nano-structured surfaces would selectively promote cell-surface rather than bacteria-surface interactions, boding well for the applications for dental implants in possibly infected environments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 871-878, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxin Gu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichong Qiao
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyi Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Shi
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchang Lai
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Clinical Significance and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Small Colony Variants in Persistent Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:401-27. [PMID: 26960941 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00069-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small colony variants (SCVs) were first described more than 100 years ago for Staphylococcus aureus and various coagulase-negative staphylococci. Two decades ago, an association between chronic staphylococcal infections and the presence of SCVs was observed. Since then, many clinical studies and observations have been published which tie recurrent, persistent staphylococcal infections, including device-associated infections, bone and tissue infections, and airway infections of cystic fibrosis patients, to this special phenotype. By their intracellular lifestyle, SCVs exhibit so-called phenotypic (or functional) resistance beyond the classical resistance mechanisms, and they can often be retrieved from therapy-refractory courses of infection. In this review, the various clinical infections where SCVs can be expected and isolated, diagnostic procedures for optimized species confirmation, and the pathogenesis of SCVs, including defined underlying molecular mechanisms and the phenotype switch phenomenon, are presented. Moreover, relevant animal models and suggested treatment regimens, as well as the requirements for future research areas, are highlighted.
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Bersini S, Arrigoni C, Lopa S, Bongio M, Martin I, Moretti M. Engineered miniaturized models of musculoskeletal diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1429-1436. [PMID: 27132520 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is an incredible machine that protects, supports and moves the human body. However, several diseases can limit its functionality, compromising patient quality of life. Designing novel pathological models would help to clarify the mechanisms driving such diseases, identify new biomarkers and screen potential drug candidates. Miniaturized models in particular can mimic the structure and function of basic tissue units within highly controlled microenvironments, overcoming the limitations of traditional macroscale models and complementing animal studies, which despite being closer to the in vivo situation, are affected by species-specific differences. Here, we discuss the miniaturized models engineered over the past few years to analyze osteochondral and skeletal muscle pathologies, demonstrating how the rationale design of novel systems could provide key insights into the pathological mechanisms behind diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bersini
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Arrigoni
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Lopa
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Matilde Bongio
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lugano, Switzerland; Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
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17
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Co-Culture of S. epidermidis and Human Osteoblasts on Implant Surfaces: An Advanced In Vitro Model for Implant-Associated Infections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151534. [PMID: 26982194 PMCID: PMC4794246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Total joint arthroplasty is one of the most frequent and effective surgeries today. However, despite improved surgical techniques, a significant number of implant-associated infections still occur. Suitable in vitro models are needed to test potential approaches to prevent infection. In the present study, we aimed to establish an in vitro co-culture setup of human primary osteoblasts and S. epidermidis to model the onset of implant-associated infections, and to analyze antimicrobial implant surfaces and coatings. Materials and Methods For initial surface adhesion, human primary osteoblasts (hOB) were grown for 24 hours on test sample discs made of polystyrene, titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, bone cement PALACOS R®, and PALACOS R® loaded with antibiotics. Co-cultures were performed as a single-species infection on the osteoblasts with S. epidermidis (multiplicity of infection of 0.04), and were incubated for 2 and 7 days under aerobic conditions. Planktonic S. epidermidis was quantified by centrifugation and determination of colony-forming units (CFU). The quantification of biofilm-bound S. epidermidis on the test samples was performed by sonication and CFU counting. Quantification of adherent and vital primary osteoblasts on the test samples was performed by trypan-blue staining and counting. Scanning electron microscopy was used for evaluation of topography and composition of the species on the sample surfaces. Results After 2 days, we observed approximately 104 CFU/ml biofilm-bound S. epidermidis (103 CFU/ml initial population) on the antibiotics-loaded bone cement samples in the presence of hOB, while no bacteria were detected without hOB. No biofilm-bound bacteria were detectable after 7 days in either case. Similar levels of planktonic bacteria were observed on day 2 with and without hOB. After 7 days, about 105 CFU/ml planktonic bacteria were present, but only in the absence of hOB. Further, no bacteria were observed within the biofilm, while the number of hOB was decreased to 10% of its initial value compared to 150% in the mono-culture of hOB. Conclusion We developed a co-culture setup that serves as a more comprehensive in vitro model for the onset of implant-associated infections and provides a test method for antimicrobial implant materials and coatings. We demonstrate that observations can be made that are unavailable from mono-culture experiments.
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Zhao B, van der Mei HC, Rustema-Abbing M, Busscher HJ, Ren Y. Osteoblast integration of dental implant materials after challenge by sub-gingival pathogens: a co-culture study in vitro. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:250-8. [PMID: 26674427 PMCID: PMC5153598 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-gingival anaerobic pathogens can colonize an implant surface to compromise osseointegration of dental implants once the soft tissue seal around the neck of an implant is broken. In vitro evaluations of implant materials are usually done in monoculture studies involving either tissue integration or bacterial colonization. Co-culture models, in which tissue cells and bacteria battle simultaneously for estate on an implant surface, have been demonstrated to provide a better in vitro mimic of the clinical situation. Here we aim to compare the surface coverage by U2OS osteoblasts cells prior to and after challenge by two anaerobic sub-gingival pathogens in a co-culture model on differently modified titanium (Ti), titanium-zirconium (TiZr) alloys and zirconia surfaces. Monoculture studies with either U2OS osteoblasts or bacteria were also carried out and indicated significant differences in biofilm formation between the implant materials, but interactions with U2OS osteoblasts were favourable on all materials. Adhering U2OS osteoblasts cells, however, were significantly more displaced from differently modified Ti surfaces by challenging sub-gingival pathogens than from TiZr alloys and zirconia variants. Combined with previous work employing a co-culture model consisting of human gingival fibroblasts and supra-gingival oral bacteria, results point to a different material selection to stimulate the formation of a soft tissue seal as compared to preservation of osseointegration under the unsterile conditions of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Minie Rustema-Abbing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Sun Q, Gu Y, Zhang W, Dziopa L, Zilberberg J, Lee W. Ex vivo 3D osteocyte network construction with primary murine bone cells. Bone Res 2015; 3:15026. [PMID: 26421212 PMCID: PMC4576492 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes reside as three-dimensionally (3D) networked cells in the lacunocanalicular structure of bones and regulate bone and mineral homeostasis. Despite of their important regulatory roles, in vitro studies of osteocytes have been challenging because: (1) current cell lines do not sufficiently represent the phenotypic features of mature osteocytes and (2) primary cells rapidly differentiate to osteoblasts upon isolation. In this study, we used a 3D perfusion culture approach to: (1) construct the 3D cellular network of primary murine osteocytes by biomimetic assembly with microbeads and (2) reproduce ex vivo the phenotype of primary murine osteocytes, for the first time to our best knowledge. In order to enable 3D construction with a sufficient number of viable cells, we used a proliferated osteoblastic population of healthy cells outgrown from digested bone chips. The diameter of microbeads was controlled to: (1) distribute and entrap cells within the interstitial spaces between the microbeads and (2) maintain average cell-to-cell distance to be about 19 µm. The entrapped cells formed a 3D cellular network by extending and connecting their processes through openings between the microbeads. Also, with increasing culture time, the entrapped cells exhibited the characteristic gene expressions (SOST and FGF23) and nonproliferative behavior of mature osteocytes. In contrast, 2D-cultured cells continued their osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation. This 3D biomimetic approach is expected to provide a new means of: (1) studying flow-induced shear stress on the mechanotransduction function of primary osteocytes, (2) studying physiological functions of 3D-networked osteocytes with in vitro convenience, and (3) developing clinically relevant human bone disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Yexin Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Leah Dziopa
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center , Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center , Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
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20
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Yue C, van der Mei HC, Kuijer R, Busscher HJ, Rochford ETJ. Mechanism of cell integration on biomaterial implant surfaces in the presence of bacterial contamination. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3590-8. [PMID: 25966819 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination during biomaterial implantation is often unavoidable, yielding a combat between cells and bacteria. Here we aim to determine the modulatory function of bacterial components on stem-cell, fibroblast, and osteoblast adhesion to a titanium alloy, including the role of toll-like-receptors (TLRs). Presence of heat-sacrificed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced dose and cell-type dependent responses. Stem-cells were most sensitive to bacterial presence, demonstrating decreased adhesion number yet increased adhesion effort with a relatively large focal adhesion contact area. Blocking TLRs had no effect on stem-cell adhesion in presence of S. aureus, but blocking both TLR2 and TLR4 induced an increased adhesion effort in presence of E. coli. Neither lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, nor bacterial DNA provoked the same cell response as did whole bacteria. Herewith we suggest a new mechanism as to how biomaterials are integrated by cells despite the unavoidable presence of bacterial contamination. Stimulation of host cell integration of implant surfaces may open a new window to design new biomaterials with enhanced healing, thereby reducing the risk of biomaterial-associated infection of both "hardware-based" implants as well as of tissue-engineered constructs, known to suffer from similarly high infection risks as currently prevailing in "hardware-based" implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxia Yue
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kuijer
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward T J Rochford
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Gu Y, Zhang W, Sun Q, Hao Y, Zilberberg J, Lee WY. Microbeads-Guided Reconstruction of 3D Osteocyte Network during Microfluidic Perfusion Culture. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3625-3633. [PMID: 26417448 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes reside as 3-dimensionally networked cells in the lacunocanalicular structure of bones, and function as the master regulators of homeostatic bone remodeling. We report here, for the first time to our best knowledge, the use of a biomimetic approach to reconstruct the 3D osteocyte network with physiological relevant microscale dimensions. In this approach, biphasic calcium phosphate microbeads were assembled with murine early osteocytes (MLO-A5) to provide an initial mechanical framework for 3D network formation and maintenance during long-term perfusion culture in a microfluidic chamber. The microbead size of 20-25 μm was used to: (1) facilitate a single cell to be placed within the interstitial space between the microbeads, (2) mitigate the proliferation of the entrapped cell due to its physical confinement in the interstitial site, and (3) control cell-to-cell distance to be 20-25 μm as observed in murine bones. The entrapped cells formed a 3D cellular network by extending and connecting their processes through openings between the microbeads within 3 days of culture. The entrapped cells produced significant mineralized extracellular matrix to fill up the interstitial spaces, resulting in the formation of a dense tissue structure during the course of 3-week culture. We found that the time-dependent osteocytic transitions of the cells exhibited trends consistent with in vivo observations, particularly with high expression of Sost gene, which is a key osteocyte-specific marker for the mechanotransduction function of osteocytes. In contrast, cells cultured in 2D well-plates did not replicate in vivo trends. These results provide an important new insight in building physiologically relevant in vitro bone tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Qiaoling Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, 07601, USA
| | - Woo Y Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
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22
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Shen C, Meng Q, Zhang G. Design of 3D printed insert for hanging culture of Caco-2 cells. Biofabrication 2014; 7:015003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/1/015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Zhang W, Lee WY, Siegel DS, Tolias P, Zilberberg J. Patient-Specific 3D Microfluidic Tissue Model for Multiple Myeloma. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:663-70. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Woo Y. Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - David S. Siegel
- The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Peter Tolias
- Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
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Gu Y, Zhang W, Wang H, Lee WY. Chitosan surface enhances the mobility, cytoplasm spreading, and phagocytosis of macrophages. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 117:42-50. [PMID: 24632029 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A chitosan micropattern was prepared on glass by inkjet printing to visualize and compare in real-time macrophage developments on chitosan versus glass during microfluidic culture. The mobility of macrophages on chitosan was significantly higher, since the cells on glass were anchored by the development of podosomes whereas those on chitosan did not form podosomes. The phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages was considerably more effective on chitosan because of: (1) the macrophages' higher mobility to scavenge nearby bacteria and (2) their cyotoplasm's ability to spread, re-distribute, and recover more freely to engulf the bacteria. Consequently, bacteria growth on chitosan surface was significantly reduced in the presence of macrophages in comparison to that on glass surface, as measured by surface bacteria density and effluent bacteria concentration. These findings suggest the synergistic effect of chitosan as a potential coating material on biomedical implants in promoting macrophage response upon the arrival of opportunistic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Woo Y Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science.
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25
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Harink B, Le Gac S, Truckenmüller R, van Blitterswijk C, Habibovic P. Regeneration-on-a-chip? The perspectives on use of microfluidics in regenerative medicine. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3512-28. [PMID: 23877890 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of regenerative medicine is to restore or establish normal function of damaged tissues or organs. Tremendous efforts are placed into development of novel regenerative strategies, involving (stem) cells, soluble factors, biomaterials or combinations thereof, as a result of the growing need caused by continuous population aging. To satisfy this need, fast and reliable assessment of (biological) performance is sought, not only to select the potentially interesting candidates, but also to rule out poor ones at an early stage of development. Microfluidics may provide a new avenue to accelerate research and development in the field of regenerative medicine as it has proven its maturity for the realization of high-throughput screening platforms. In addition, microfluidic systems offer other advantages such as the possibility to create in vivo-like microenvironments. Besides the complexity of organs or tissues that need to be regenerated, regenerative medicine brings additional challenges of complex regeneration processes and strategies. The question therefore arises whether so much complexity can be integrated into microfluidic systems without compromising reliability and throughput of assays. With this review, we aim to investigate whether microfluidics can become widely applied in regenerative medicine research and/or strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Harink
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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26
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Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC, Subbiahdoss G, Jutte PC, van den Dungen JJAM, Zaat SAJ, Schultz MJ, Grainger DW. Biomaterial-associated infection: locating the finish line in the race for the surface. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:153rv10. [PMID: 23019658 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial-associated infections occur on both permanent implants and temporary devices for restoration or support of human functions. Despite increasing use of biomaterials in an aging society, comparatively few biomaterials have been designed that effectively reduce the incidence of biomaterial-associated infections. This review provides design guidelines for infection-reducing strategies based on the concept that the fate of biomaterial implants or devices is a competition between host tissue cell integration and bacterial colonization at their surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk J Busscher
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
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27
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Trujillo NA, Oldinski RA, Ma H, Bryers JD, Williams JD, Popat KC. Antibacterial effects of silver-doped hydroxyapatite thin films sputter deposited on titanium. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Kim J, Park HD, Chung S. Microfluidic approaches to bacterial biofilm formation. Molecules 2012; 17:9818-34. [PMID: 22895027 PMCID: PMC6268732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms-aggregations of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substrates (EPS)-are an important subject of research in the fields of biology and medical science. Under aquatic conditions, bacterial cells form biofilms as a mechanism for improving survival and dispersion. In this review, we discuss bacterial biofilm development as a structurally and dynamically complex biological system and propose microfluidic approaches for the study of bacterial biofilms. Biofilms develop through a series of steps as bacteria interact with their environment. Gene expression and environmental conditions, including surface properties, hydrodynamic conditions, quorum sensing signals, and the characteristics of the medium, can have positive or negative influences on bacterial biofilm formation. The influences of each factor and the combined effects of multiple factors may be addressed using microfluidic approaches, which provide a promising means for controlling the hydrodynamic conditions, establishing stable chemical gradients, performing measurement in a high-throughput manner, providing real-time monitoring, and providing in vivo-like in vitro culture devices. An increased understanding of biofilms derived from microfluidic approaches may be relevant to improving our understanding of the contributions of determinants to bacterial biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (H.-D.P.)(S.C.); Tel.: +82-2-3290-3352 (S.C.); Fax: +82-2-926-9290 (S.C.)
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (H.-D.P.)(S.C.); Tel.: +82-2-3290-3352 (S.C.); Fax: +82-2-926-9290 (S.C.)
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Tolias P. The need to assess drugs selected from cancer genomic data prior to patient treatment. Per Med 2012; 9:463-466. [PMID: 29768772 DOI: 10.2217/pme.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tolias
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Interdepartmental Bioinnovation Program, Stevens Institute of Technology, 507 River Street, Castle Point on Hudson, McLean Hall Room 515, Hoboken NJ 07030, USA.
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Influence of Prophylactic Antibiotics on Tissue Integration versus Bacterial Colonization on Poly(Methyl Methacrylate). Int J Artif Organs 2012; 35:840-6. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Biomaterial-associated infections (BAI) remain a major concern in modern health care. BAI is difficult to treat and often results in implant replacement or removal. Pathogens can be introduced on implant surfaces during surgery and compete with host cells attempting to integrate the implant. Here we studied the influence of prophylactically given cephatholin in the competition between highly virulent Staphylococcus aureus and human osteoblast-like cells (U-2 OS, ATCC HTB-94) for a poly(methyl methacrylate) surface in vitro using a peri-operative contamination model. Method S. aureus was seeded on the acrylic surface in a parallel plate flow chamber prior to adhesion of U-2 OS cells. Next, S. aureus and U-2 OS cells were allowed to grow simultaneously under shear (0.14 1/s) in a modified culture medium containing cephatholin for 8 h, the time period this drug is supposed to be active in situ. Subsequently, the flow was continued with modified culture medium for another 64 h. Results In the absence of cephatholin, highly virulent S. aureus caused U-2 OS cell death within 18 h. In contrast, the presence of cephatholin for 8 h resulted in survival of U-2 OS cell up to 72 h during simultaneous growth of U-2 OS cells and bacteria. Not all adhering bacteria were killed however, but they showed a delayed growth. Conclusions These findings are in line with the recalcitrance of biofilms against antibiotic treatment observed clinically, and represent another support for the use of in vitro co-culture models in mimicking the clinical situation.
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Vertes A, Hitchins V, Phillips KS. Analytical Challenges of Microbial Biofilms on Medical Devices. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3858-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2029997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akos Vertes
- The George Washington University, Department of Chemistry
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Smits AIPM, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT. A mesofluidics-based test platform for systematic development of scaffolds for in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:475-85. [PMID: 22224590 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, in situ tissue engineering has emerged as a new approach to obtain autologous, living replacement tissues with off-the-shelf availability. The method is based on the use of an instructive biodegradable scaffold that is capable of repopulation with host cells in situ and subsequent tissue formation. This approach imposes high demands on scaffold properties. For cardiovascular grafts, the repopulation with endogenous cells from the circulation is further hypothesized to be influenced by the hemodynamic environment of the scaffold. To systematically study the effect of scaffold properties on the response of circulating cells, we aimed to develop a mesofluidics-based in vitro test platform that enables on-stage investigation of the interaction of circulating cells with three-dimensional (3D) synthetic scaffolds under physiologic hemodynamic conditions. The test platform consists of a custom-developed cross-flow chamber that houses small-scale 3D scaffolds. The cross-flow chamber is incorporated into a flow-loop to drive a cell suspension along the scaffold with physiological wall shear stress and perfusion pressure. The fluidics system is validated numerically and experimentally using a computational fluid dynamics model and real-time microbead tracing studies, demonstrating a fully developed flow profile with a homogeneous shear stress distribution over the scaffold. Wall shear stresses and pressure can be controlled independently, well within the target physiological range (0-8 Pa and 0-100 mmHg, respectively). Bench-top evaluation is performed using electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds with varying fiber diameter, exposed to a suspension of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in pulsatile flow for 72 h. Cell adhesion and infiltration are monitored using time-lapsed confocal laser scanning microscopy. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a mesofluidics platform to study cell-scaffold interactions under hemodynamic conditions in vitro. This platform not only enables us to systematically screen and develop potential scaffolds for future in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering approaches, but also acts as a tool to further elucidate processes as observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthal I P M Smits
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Gu Y, Chen X, Lee JH, Monteiro DA, Wang H, Lee WY. Inkjet printed antibiotic- and calcium-eluting bioresorbable nanocomposite micropatterns for orthopedic implants. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:424-31. [PMID: 21864730 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Inkjet printing of antibiotic- and calcium-eluting micropatterns was explored as a novel means of preventing the formation of biofilm colonies and facilitating osteogenic cell development on orthopedic implant surfaces. The micropatterns consisted of a periodic array of ∼50 μm circular dots separated by ∼150 μm. The composition of the micropatterns was controlled by formulating inks with rifampicin (RFP) and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) dissolved in an organic solvent with ∼100 nm biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticles suspended in the solution. During printing RFP and PLGA co-precipitated to form a nanocomposite structure with ∼10-100 nm RFP and the BCP particles dispersed in the PLGA matrix. The rate of RFP release was strongly influenced by the RFP loading in the micropattern, particularly on the first day. The RFP-containing micropatterns effectively prevented the formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm colonies due to their ability to kill bacteria prior to forming colonies on the patterned surfaces. The BCP-containing micropatterns printed on the surface of the alloy TiAl6V4 significantly accelerated osteoblast cell differentiation, as measured by alkaline phosphatase expression and calcium deposition, without compromising cell proliferation.
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Lee JH, Gu Y, Wang H, Lee WY. Microfluidic 3D bone tissue model for high-throughput evaluation of wound-healing and infection-preventing biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011; 33:999-1006. [PMID: 22061488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of a microfluidic 3D bone tissue model, as a high-throughput means of evaluating the efficacy of biomaterials aimed at accelerating orthopaedic implant-related wound-healing while preventing bacterial infection. As an example of such biomaterials, inkjet-printed micropatterns were prepared to contain antibiotic and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticles dispersed in a poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid matrix. The micropatterns were integrated with a microfluidic device consisting of eight culture chambers. The micropatterns immediately and completely killed Staphylococcus epidermidis upon inoculation, and enhanced the calcified extracellular matrix production of osteoblasts. Without antibiotic elution, bacteria rapidly proliferated to result in an acidic microenvironment which was detrimental to osteoblasts. These results were used to demonstrate the tissue model's potential in: (i) significantly reducing the number of biomaterial samples and culture experiments required to assess in vitro efficacy for wound-healing and infection prevention and (ii) in situ monitoring of dynamic interactions of biomaterials with bacteria as wells as with tissue cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Hyun Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Bazaka K, Jacob MV, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Plasma-assisted surface modification of organic biopolymers to prevent bacterial attachment. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2015-28. [PMID: 21194574 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite many synthetic biomaterials having physical properties that are comparable or even superior to those of natural body tissues, they frequently fail due to the adverse physiological reactions they cause within the human body, such as infection and inflammation. The surface modification of biomaterials is an economical and effective method by which biocompatibility and biofunctionality can be achieved while preserving the favorable bulk characteristics of the biomaterial, such as strength and inertness. Amongst the numerous surface modification techniques available, plasma surface modification affords device manufacturers a flexible and environmentally friendly process that enables tailoring of the surface morphology, structure, composition, and properties of the material to a specific need. There are a vast range of possible applications of plasma modification in biomaterial applications, however, the focus of this review paper is on processes that can be used to develop surface morphologies and chemical structures for the prevention of adhesion and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria on the surfaces of in-dwelling medical devices. As such, the fundamental principles of bacterial cell attachment and biofilm formation are also discussed. Functional organic plasma polymerised coatings are also discussed for their potential as biosensitive interfaces, connecting inorganic/metallic electronic devices with their physiological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Bazaka
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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