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Shehata AA, El-Nahas EM, Abo Hatab EM, Sharawi SSA, Ahmed HA. The genetic identification of camel contagious ecthyma virus as the causative agent of contagious ecthyma in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Qatar. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:332. [PMID: 34008092 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Camel contagious ecthyma is a contagious viral disease of camels caused by either Orf virus (ORFV) or camel contagious ecthyma virus (CCEV). It has been previously reported and shown to cause economic losses in some camel-rearing countries in Asia and Africa, but has not been detected in Qatar. The purpose of this study was to identify and genetically characterize the contagious ecthyma causative agent in Qatari dromedary camels between 2017 and 2018. Accordingly, we made diagnoses of camel contagious ecthyma based on the clinical signs and genetic analysis of the entire major envelop protein (B2L) gene. The sequence analysis showed that CCEV was the infecting virus, and the B2L gene sequences were highly conserved between the locally infected camels with 100% similarity with isolates from Bahrain. This is the first study reporting the detection of CCEV in Qatar. We suggest that sequencing of the CCEV genome is necessary to determine the origin and relationship of this virus with other members of the parapoxvirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Shehata
- Camel Genetic Research Center, Tharb Camel Hospital, Leawaina, Qatar. .,Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ehab M El-Nahas
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Eman M Abo Hatab
- Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saad S A Sharawi
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A Ahmed
- Camel Genetic Research Center, Tharb Camel Hospital, Leawaina, Qatar.,Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Khalafalla AI, Elhag AE, Ishag HZA. Field investigation and phylogenetic characterization of orf virus (ORFV) circulating in small ruminants and Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) in dromedary camels of eastern Sudan. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03595. [PMID: 32258461 PMCID: PMC7096746 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, livestock herders in eastern Sudan were interviewed through structured questionnaire involved 14046 animals in 151 herds (87 camel herds, 51 sheep and 13 goats) from June to September of 2016 in Showak area of Gadarif State to get some epidemiological information on contagious ecthyma (CE) infection. 102 suspected cases of CE were investigated (38 sheep, 22 goats and 42 camels) by a second questionnaire focusing on age and sex of affected animals beside number and localization of the lesions. Representative tissue samples of scab lesion scrapings were collected from a total of 36 suspected sheep, goats and camels for DNA extraction to identify PPV by quantitative real-time PCR and gel-based PCR, then a PCR protocol was used to obtain DNA fragment of B2L gene from six DNAs (2 from each animal species) for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences was constructed and all data were analyzed statistically. Obtained result has shown morbidity rate of 23.8% and a case fatality rate of 4.7 % in overall investigated animals resulting in a significant economic loss. Within individual herd, the morbidity rate varied from 5.6 to 42.8%, while the case fatality rate ranged between 0 and 33.3%. Camels accounted for the highest case fatality rate with 6.5% compared to sheep and goats which their rates were 2.8% and 1.3%, respectively. 93% of the affected animals were young less than one-year-old. The prevalence of CE was high in the rainy season compared to winter and summer. Out of 36 scab materials collected from sheep, goats, and camels, 24 gave positive specific amplification in real-time PCR and 21 in the gel-based PCR. DNA sequencing confirmed the PCR results. All sequences had a high G + C content of 62.6-63.9%. A BLAST search also revealed that the studied sheep PPV (SPPV) isolates shared 99.08% nucleotide sequence intragroup identity, 96.88-97.27% identity with the goat PPV (GPPV) isolates and together they belong to the Orf virus (ORFV) species, while the camel PPV (CPPV) isolates are close to the Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) species of the PPV genus and share 92.51-93.62 % identity with the GPPV isolates. In conclusion the present study demonstrated that the gross lesion produced by PPV in sheep, goats and camels is generally similar, yet the PPVs circulating in eastern Sudan in camels (PCPV) are genetically distinct from those affecting sheep and goats (ORFV). Contagious ecthyma in eastern Sudan causes significant morbidities and mortalities and control measures, guided by the results of this investigation ought to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Shambat, Sudan
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Eisa Elhag
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, 32211 Sudan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55270 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- College of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Sudan
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Oryan A, Mosadeghhesari M, Zibaee S, Mohammadi A. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of contagious ecthyma virus from camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 84:e1-e5. [PMID: 28397518 PMCID: PMC6238784 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants such as sheep, goats and camels. The identification and characterisation of a parapoxvirus (PPV) infecting camels is described here. The virus was detected in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Kerman and Shiraz in Iran. PPV-specific amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) further confirmed that the disease was associated with PPV infection. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF011 (B2L) gene sequences showed 99.79% and 82.13% similarity of the PPV identified in this study with the Jodhpur isolate and the bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) isolates (CE41), respectively. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the ORF045 gene indicated that the Shiraz sample was in all probability closely related to VR634 and to F00.120R and PCPV776. In conclusion, the results suggest that camel PPV (CPPV) is a likely cause of contagious ecthyma in dromedary camels in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathobiology, Shiraz University.
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Gelaye E, Mach L, Kolodziejek J, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Achenbach JE, Nowotny N, Diallo A, Lamien CE. A novel HRM assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses of medical and veterinary importance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42892. [PMID: 28216667 PMCID: PMC5316968 DOI: 10.1038/srep42892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses belonging to the Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus and Parapoxvirus genera share common host species and create a challenge for diagnosis. Here, we developed a novel multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses, belonging to three genera: cowpox virus (CPXV) and camelpox virus (CMLV) [genus Orthopoxvirus]; goatpox virus (GTPV), sheeppox virus (SPPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) [genus Capripoxvirus]; orf virus (ORFV), pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) [genus Parapoxvirus]. The assay is based on high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRMCA) of PCR amplicons produced using genus specific primer pairs and dsDNA binding dye. Differences in fragment size and GC content were used as discriminating power. The assay generated three well separated melting regions for each genus and provided additional intra-genus genotyping allowing the differentiation of the eight poxviruses based on amplicon melting temperature. Out of 271 poxviral DNA samples tested: seven CPXV, 25 CMLV, 42 GTPV, 20 SPPV, 120 LSDV, 33 ORFV, 20 PCPV and two BPSV were detected; two samples presented co-infection with CMLV and PCPV. The assay provides a rapid, sensitive, specific and cost-effective method for the detection of pox diseases in a broad range of animal species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Research and Development Department, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Lukas Mach
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Jenna E. Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
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Gelaye E, Achenbach JE, Ayelet G, Jenberie S, Yami M, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Diallo A, Lamien CE. Genetic characterization of poxviruses in Camelus dromedarius in Ethiopia, 2011-2014. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:17-25. [PMID: 27544702 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox and camel contagious ecthyma are infectious viral diseases of camelids caused by camelpox virus (CMLV) and camel contagious ecthyma virus (CCEV), respectively. Even though, in Ethiopia, pox disease has been creating significant economic losses in camel production, little is known on the responsible pathogens and their genetic diversity. Thus, the present study aimed at isolation, identification and genetic characterization of the causative viruses. Accordingly, clinical case observations, infectious virus isolation, and molecular and phylogenetic analysis of poxviruses infecting camels in three regions and six districts in the country, Afar (Chifra), Oromia (Arero, Miyu and Yabello) and Somali (Gursum and Jijiga) between 2011 and 2014 were undertaken. The full hemagglutinin (HA) and partial A-type inclusion protein (ATIP) genes of CMLV and full major envelope protein (B2L) gene of CCEV of Ethiopian isolates were sequenced, analyzed and compared among each other and to foreign isolates. The viral isolation confirmed the presence of infectious poxviruses. The preliminary screening by PCR showed 27 CMLVs and 20 CCEVs. The sequence analyses showed that the HA and ATIP gene sequences are highly conserved within the local isolates of CMLVs, and formed a single cluster together with isolates from Somalia and Syria. Unlike CMLVs, the B2L gene analysis of Ethiopian CCEV showed few genetic variations. The phylogenetic analysis revealed three clusters of CCEV in Ethiopia with the isolates clustering according to their geographical origins. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating the existence of CCEV in Ethiopia where camel contagious ecthyma was misdiagnosed as camelpox. Additionally, this study has also disclosed the existence of co-infections with CMLV and CCEV. A comprehensive characterization of poxviruses affecting camels in Ethiopia and the full genome sequencing of representative isolates are recommended to better understand the dynamics of pox diseases of camels and to assist in the implementation of more efficient control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria; Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
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Khalafalla AI, El-Sabagh IM, Al-Busada KA, Al-Mubarak AI, Ali YH. Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence. Virol J 2015; 12:124. [PMID: 26260127 PMCID: PMC4578853 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has been reported in west and east of the Sudan causing economical losses. However, the PPVs that cause the disease in camels of the Sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. At present, the PPV that cause CCE cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR was used to amplify the B2L gene of the PPV directly from clinical specimens collected from dromedary camels affected with contagious ecthyma in the Sudan between 1993 and 2013. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to genetic analysis. The results provided evidence for close relationships and genetic variation of the camel PPV (CPPV) represented by the circulation of both Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) strains among dromedary camels in the Sudan. Based on the B2L gene sequence the available CPPV isolates can be divided into two genetic clades or lineages; the Asian lineage represented by isolates from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and India and the African lineage comprising isolates from the Sudan. CONCLUSION The camel parapoxvirus is genetically diverse involving predominantly viruses close to PCPV in addition to ORFVs, and can be divided into two genetically distant lineages. Based on sequences of the B2L gene it is not possible to suggest that the viruses that cause CCE form a monophylogenetic group or species within the PPV phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I Khalafalla
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Shambat, Sudan.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sabagh
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Virology, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Khalid A Al-Busada
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah I Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahia H Ali
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P. O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Khalafalla AI, Al-Busada KA, El-Sabagh IM. Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels. Virol J 2015; 12:102. [PMID: 26148497 PMCID: PMC4491865 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pox and pox-like diseases of camels are a group of exanthematous skin conditions that have become increasingly important economically. Three distinct viruses may cause them: camelpox virus (CMLV), camel parapox virus (CPPV) and camelus dromedary papilloma virus (CdPV). These diseases are often difficult to differentiate based on clinical presentation in disease outbreaks. Molecular methods such as PCR targeting species-specific genes have been developed and used to identify these diseases, but not simultaneously in a single tube. Recently, multiplex PCR has gained reputation as a convenient diagnostic method with cost-and timesaving benefits. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present communication, we describe the development, optimization and validation of a multiplex PCR assay able to detect simultaneously the genome of the three viruses in one single test allowing for rapid and efficient molecular diagnosis. The assay was developed based on the evaluation and combination of published and new primer sets and was validated with viral genomic DNA extracted from known virus strains (n = 14) and DNA extracted from homogenized clinical skin specimens (n = 86). The assay detects correctly the target pathogens by amplification of targeted genes, even in case of co-infection. The method showed high sensitivity, and the specificity was confirmed by PCR-product sequencing. CONCLUSION This assay provide rapid, sensitive and specific method for identifying three important viruses in specimens collected from dromedary camels with varying clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I Khalafalla
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Shambat, Sudan.
| | - Khalid A Al-Busada
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sabagh
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Virology, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Dahiya SS, Narnaware SD, Mehta SC, Singh PK, Singh R, Tuteja FC, Patil NV. Characterization of GM-CSF-inhibitory factor and Uracil DNA glycosylase encoding genes from camel pseudocowpoxvirus. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:291-6. [PMID: 25816930 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the PCR amplification of GM-CSF-inhibitory factor (GIF) and Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) encoding genes of pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) from the Indian Dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) infected with contagious ecthyma using the primers based on the corresponding gene sequences of human PCPV and reindeer PCPV, respectively. The length of GIF gene of PCPV obtained from camel is 795 bp and due to the addition of one cytosine residue at position 374 and one adenine residue at position 516, the open reading frame (ORF) got altered, resulting in the production of truncated polypeptide. The ORF of UDG encoding gene of camel PCPV is 696 bp encoding a polypeptide of 26.0 kDa. Comparison of amino acid sequence homologies of GIF and UDG of camel PCPV revealed that the camel PCPV is closer to ORFV and PCPV (reference stains of both human and reindeer), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India.
| | - Shelesh Kumar Swami
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - S D Narnaware
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - S C Mehta
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - P K Singh
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - Raghvendar Singh
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - F C Tuteja
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - N V Patil
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
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Haller SL, Peng C, McFadden G, Rothenburg S. Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 21:15-40. [PMID: 24161410 PMCID: PMC3945082 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses as a group can infect a large number of animals. However, at the level of individual viruses, even closely related poxviruses display highly diverse host ranges and virulence. For example, variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is human-specific and highly virulent only to humans, whereas related cowpox viruses naturally infect a broad spectrum of animals and only cause relatively mild disease in humans. The successful replication of poxviruses depends on their effective manipulation of the host antiviral responses, at the cellular-, tissue- and species-specific levels, which constitutes a molecular basis for differences in poxvirus host range and virulence. A number of poxvirus genes have been identified that possess host range function in experimental settings, and many of these host range genes target specific antiviral host pathways. Herein, we review the biology of poxviruses with a focus on host range, zoonotic infections, virulence, genomics and host range genes as well as the current knowledge about the function of poxvirus host range factors and how their interaction with the host innate immune system contributes to poxvirus host range and virulence. We further discuss the evolution of host range and virulence in poxviruses as well as host switches and potential poxvirus threats for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Haller
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chen Peng
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA.
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Dahiya SS, Sivakumar G, Narnaware SD, Tuteja FC, Patil NV. Sequence analysis of topoisomerase gene of pseudocowpox virus isolates from camels (Camelus dromedarius). Virus Res 2011; 158:277-80. [PMID: 21501639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase gene of pseudocowposvirus from Indian dromedarian camel was amplified by PCR using the primers of PCPV from Finnish reindeer and cloned into pGEM-T for sequence analysis. Analysis of amino acid identity revealed that Indian PCPV of camel shared 95.9-96.8 with PCPV of reindeer, 96.2-96.5 with ORFV and 87.5 with BPSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No. 7, Jorbeer, Bikaner 334 001, Rajasthan, India.
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Abstract
With the eradication of smallpox about 30 years ago, the identification and differentiation of other poxviruses with varying pathogenicity in humans present a challenge for diagnostic facilities. While a clinical differentiation can be demanding, electron microscopy is the fastest approach to identify poxviruses. Molecular techniques, based on specific genomic sequences, are routinely applied to identify poxvirus species and distinguish between individual virus variants. In this chapter, we present detailed protocols for both techniques and discuss questions relevant to fast and reliable diagnostics of poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Nagarajan G, Ghorui SK, Kumar S, Pathak KML. Complete nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of pseudocowpox virus isolates from Indian dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius). Arch Virol 2010; 155:1725-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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