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Kelly PH, Zhang P, Dobler G, Halsby K, Angulo FJ, Pilz A, Madhava H, Moïsi JC. Global Seroprevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Antibodies in Humans, 1956-2022: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:854. [PMID: 39203981 PMCID: PMC11360530 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines, the incidence of TBE is increasing. To understand the historical patterns of infection, we conducted a global meta-analysis of studies before December 2023 reporting human antibody prevalence against TBEV (TBE virus) among general or high-risk population groups stratified by country, collection year, serological method, and vaccination status. Pooled data were compared within groups over time by random-effects modeling. In total, 2403 articles were retrieved; 130 articles published since 1959 were included. Data were extracted from 96 general populations (117,620 participants) and 71 high-risk populations (53,986 participants) across 33 countries. Germany had the most population groups (21), and Poland had the most participants (44,688). Seven serological methods were used; conventional IgG/IgM ELISAs were the most common (44%). Four studies (1.7%) used NS1-ELISA serology. Between 1956-1991 and 1992-2022, anti-TBEV seroprevalence remained at ~2.75% across all population groups from "high-risk" areas (p = 0.458) but decreased within general populations (1.7% to 1%; p = 0.001) and high-risk populations (5.1% to 1.3%; p < 0.001), possibly due to differences in the study methodologies between periods. This global summary explores how serological methods can be used to assess TBE vaccination coverage and potential exposure to TBEV or measure TBE burden and highlights the need for standardized methodology when conducting TBE seroprevalence studies to compare across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H. Kelly
- Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer US Commercial Division, New York, NY 10001-2192, USA;
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Medical Affairs Evidence Generation Statistics, Pfizer Global Product Development Group, Collegeville, PA 19426-3982, USA;
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, National TBEV Consultant Laboratory, 80937 Munchen, Germany;
| | - Kate Halsby
- Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, Tadworth KT20 7NS, UK; (K.H.); (H.M.)
| | - Frederick J. Angulo
- Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer US Commercial Division, New York, NY 10001-2192, USA;
| | - Andreas Pilz
- Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Harish Madhava
- Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, Tadworth KT20 7NS, UK; (K.H.); (H.M.)
| | - Jennifer C. Moïsi
- Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, 75014 Paris, France;
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Calero-Bernal R, Gennari SM, Cano S, Salas-Fajardo MY, Ríos A, Álvarez-García G, Ortega-Mora LM. Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020. Pathogens 2023; 12:1430. [PMID: 38133313 PMCID: PMC10745778 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis has a major impact on animal and public health. Information regarding the seroprevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infections from a European perspective has not yet been compiled to date. Thus, the present review summarized available resident data from the period 2000-2020. The overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG was 32.1%, with great variability between countries (n = 30). The subgroup analysis identified different pooled prevalence data depending on the geographic area (p < 0.0001), target population (p = 0.0147), and serological diagnosis assays used (p = 0.0059). A high heterogeneity (I2 = 100%, p < 0.001; Q = 3.5e+05, d.f. = 135, p < 0.001) and degree of publication bias (Egger's test = 6.14, p < 0.001) were observed among the 134 studies considered. The occurrence of anti-T. gondii IgM, which was reported in 64.7% of studies, reached a pooled seroprevalence of 0.6%. In addition, among the eight main risk factors identified, "contact with soil", "consumption of undercooked beef", and "intake of unwashed vegetables" were the most significantly associated with infections. The fact that one-third of the European population has been exposed to T. gondii justifies extra efforts to harmonize surveillance systems and develop additional risk-factor analyses based on detailed source attribution assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Solange María Gennari
- PhD Program in One Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo 04829-300, SP, Brazil;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Santiago Cano
- Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Martha Ynés Salas-Fajardo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Arantxa Ríos
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
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Arefkhah N, Shadzi MR, Mikaeili F, Sarkari B, Esfandiari F, Goudarzi F. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of toxocariasis among nomads in Boyer-Ahmad County, southwest Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:372-377. [PMID: 31825495 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human toxocariasis is caused by the larval stage of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence and the risk factors associated with Toxocara infection in nomads of Boyer-Ahmad County in the southwest of Iran. METHODS A total of 968 blood samples were collected from nomads. A structured questionnaire, containing sociodemographic data, was completed for each participant. Sera were evaluated for anti-Toxocara antibodies, using the T. canis excretory-secretory antigens prepared from the second stage larvae, in an ELISA system. RESULTS Among the 968 participants, 220 (22.7%) were males and 748 (77.3%) were females; the mean age was 40.71 y. Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies were detected in 14 (1.4%) of the 968 nomads. The association between Toxocara infection and gender, age, contact with dogs, residential area and level of education were not statistically significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study revealed a low prevalence rate of toxocariasis in nomadic communities in southwest Iran. Geographic location and climatic conditions as well as the lifestyle and sociodemographic features of the participants may contribute to the low prevalence rate of Toxocara infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Arefkhah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shadzi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Mikaeili
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farideh Esfandiari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Goudarzi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Stepanova EV, Kondrashin AV, Sergiev VP, Morozova LF, Turbabina NA, Maksimova MS, Romanov DV, Kinkulkina MA, Lazareva AV, Morozov EN. Toxoplasmosis and mental disorders in the Russian Federation (with special reference to schizophrenia). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219454. [PMID: 31291336 PMCID: PMC6636601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of latent toxoplasmosis with mental disorders in general and with schizophrenia in particular was noticed in the mid-1950s. In subsequent years, the role of Toxoplasma gondii was established based on its ability to survive for long periods of time in the nerve cells of the brain. The acute manifestations of the infection include psychopathic symptoms resembling those of schizophrenia. In the former USSR, and in other parts of the world, a number of studies were performed with respect to the association of latent toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia. However, with the dissolution of the USSR at the beginning of the 1990s, studies on the subject were halted due to financial problems and have resumed only recently. The reasons for the resumption of such studies in contemporary Russia are related to the progressively increasing incidence of schizophrenia over the last 25-30 years in the country. According to official data, approximately 550 000 persons reported suffering from the disease in 2014. There are reasons to believe that this is only a fraction of the real burden of the disease. Economically, it cost the state no less than approximately US $10 billion. The purpose of the study was to identify the level of toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in patients with verified diagnoses of schizophrenia in comparison to healthy people in Moscow City and in the Moscow region. A total of 155 persons constituted the patients group and 152 healthy people were in the control group. An integrated approach to the diagnosis and comparison of data from the entire spectrum of serological markers of infection was used, including the detection of specific IgM and the determination of IgG concentrations. It was found that among persons with neuropsychiatric disorders, the incidence of cases with latent toxoplasmosis was higher than in the control group. The effect of toxoplasmosis was significant and similar for men and women. Further statistical analyses revealed that among patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the incidence of latent toxoplasmosis was significantly higher than in the control group. These data are in agreement with the results of similar studies in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Stepanova
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne
Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian
Federation
| | - Anatoly V. Kondrashin
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne
Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian
Federation
| | - Vladimir P. Sergiev
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitic Diseases, I.M. Sechenov
First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian
Federation
| | - Lola F. Morozova
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitic Diseases, I.M. Sechenov
First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian
Federation
| | - Natalia A. Turbabina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne
Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian
Federation
| | - Maria S. Maksimova
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne
Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian
Federation
| | - Dmitry V. Romanov
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychosomatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow
State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian
Federation
| | - Marina A. Kinkulkina
- Department of Psychiatry & Substance Addiction, I.M. Sechenov First
Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alena V. Lazareva
- Department of Psychiatry & Substance Addiction, I.M. Sechenov First
Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny N. Morozov
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitic Diseases, I.M. Sechenov
First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian
Federation
- Department of Tropical, Parasitic Diseases and Disinfectology, Russian
Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian
Federation
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Nakhodkin SS, Pshennikova VG, Dyachkovskaya PS, Barashkov NA, Nikanorova AA, Teryutin FM, Melnichuk OA, Crubézy E, Fedorova SA, Magnaval JF. A serological survey of echinococcosis, toxocariasis and trichinellosis among rural inhabitants of Central Yakutia. Int J Circumpolar Health 2019; 78:1603550. [PMID: 31046654 PMCID: PMC6507814 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2019.1603550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out in 3 ulus, or districts (Churapchinsky, Megino-Kangalassky and Ust-Aldansky) in Central Yakutia (Sakha Republic, Russian Federation) about 3 helminth zoonoses, namely, echinococcosis (alveolar or cystic), toxocariasis and trichinellosis. Ninety rural volunteers agreed to answer a questionnaire that inquired about demographic and environmental parameters along with food habits. Then they were asked to provide a venous blood sample. Serological investigations were carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Four subjects tested positive for echinococcosis, 1 for toxocariasis and 2 for trichinellosis. No demographic or environmental or dietary possible risk factor was found to be associated with these positive results. In conclusion, only echinococcosis and trichinellosis appeared to be in Yakutia as health threats among the 3 investigated zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Nakhodkin
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Vera G Pshennikova
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | | | - Nikolay A Barashkov
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Alena A Nikanorova
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Fedor M Teryutin
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Olga A Melnichuk
- d Institute of Foreign Philology and Regional Studies , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Eric Crubézy
- e CNRS UMR 5288 "AMIS" , Université Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France
| | - Sardana A Fedorova
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
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Fakhri Y, Gasser RB, Rostami A, Fan CK, Ghasemi SM, Javanian M, Bayani M, Armoon B, Moradi B. Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide - A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1467-1475. [PMID: 30142562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a neglected tropical disease of humans. Although many studies have indicated or shown that environmental contamination with Toxocara species eggs is a major risk factor for toxocariasis in humans, there has been no comprehensive analysis of published data or information. Here, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of current literature to assess the global prevalence of Toxocara eggs in public places (including beaches, parks and playgrounds). We conducted searches of the PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Science Direct databases for relevant studies published until 20 April 2018, and assessed the prevalence rates of Toxocara eggs in public places. We used the random effects model to calculate pooled prevalence estimates, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and analysed data in relation to WHO geographical regions. Subgroup analysis and meta-regressions regarding the geographical and environmental variables were also performed. Of 2384 publications identified, 109 studies that tested 42,797 soil samples in 40 countries were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled global prevalence of Toxocara eggs in public places was 21% (95% CI, 16-27%; 13,895/42,797). The estimated prevalence rates in the different WHO regions ranged from 13% to 35%: Western Pacific (35%; 95% CI, 15-58%), Africa (27%; 95% CI, 11-47%), South America (25%; 95% CI, 13-33%), South-East Asia (21%; 95% CI, 3-49%), Middle East and North Africa (18%; 95% CI, 11-24%), Europe (18%; 95% CI, 14-22%), and North and Central Americas (13%; 95% CI, 8-23%). A high prevalence was significantly associated with high geographical longitude (P = 0.04), low latitude (P = 0.02) and high relative environmental humidity (P = 0.04). This meta-analysis of data from published records indicates that public places are often heavily contaminated with eggs of Toxocara. This finding calls for measures to reduce the potential risk of infection and disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - A Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR, Iran.
| | - C K Fan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S M Ghasemi
- Deputy of Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - M Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR, Iran
| | - M Bayani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR, Iran
| | - B Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - B Moradi
- Department of Health Public, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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