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Sancho-Saldaña A, Gil-Sánchez A, Quirant-Sánchez B, Boigues M, Canudes M, Peralta S, Solana MJ, González-Mingot C, Quibus L, Martínez-Cáceres E, Torres P, Hervás JV, Moreno-Magallon J, Brieva L. Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months. J Clin Med 2025; 14:3736. [PMID: 40507498 PMCID: PMC12155705 DOI: 10.3390/jcm14113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2025] [Revised: 05/08/2025] [Accepted: 05/18/2025] [Indexed: 06/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may exhibit altered immune responses to infections such as SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to characterize the cytokine profiles associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify immune markers related to the persistence of the humoral response in pwMS. Methods: A total of 90 pwMS were recruited before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination in Spain; 46 were seropositive-defined by the presence of IgG, IgM, or IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2-and 44 were seronegative. We compared baseline cytokine levels between groups and followed seropositive individuals for six months to assess IgG antibody persistence. Results: Seropositive patients showed significantly lower baseline levels of IL-10, IL-23, and IFN-α compared to seronegative individuals. Notably, elevated IL-18 at baseline was associated with persistent IgG seropositivity at six months. Conclusions: These findings suggest a distinct cytokine profile in SARS-CoV-2-exposed pwMS and highlight IL-18 as a potential marker of sustained humoral response. This study provides insight into host-virus immune dynamics in MS patients and may help guide future strategies for infection monitoring and immune evaluation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Sancho-Saldaña
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Anna Gil-Sánchez
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (B.Q.-S.); (M.B.); (E.M.-C.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Marc Boigues
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (B.Q.-S.); (M.B.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Marc Canudes
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Silvia Peralta
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - María José Solana
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Cristina González-Mingot
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Laura Quibus
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Eva Martínez-Cáceres
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (B.Q.-S.); (M.B.); (E.M.-C.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Pascual Torres
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Vicente Hervás
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital de Sant Joan Despí Moisés Broggi, 08970 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Judith Moreno-Magallon
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Luis Brieva
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.S.-S.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (M.C.); (L.Q.); (P.T.); (J.M.-M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Ignacio-Mejía I, Bandala C, González-Zamora JF, Chavez-Galan L, Buendia-Roldan I, Pérez-Torres K, Rodríguez-Díaz MZ, Pacheco-Tobón DX, Quintero-Fabián S, Vargas-Hernández MA, Carrasco-Vargas H, Falfán-Valencia R, Pérez-Rubio G, Hernández-Lara KA, Gómez-Manzo S, Ortega-Cuellar D, Ignacio-Mejía F, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N. Association of Vitamin D Supplementation with Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity, Interleukine-6 (IL-6) Levels, and Anxiety and Depression Scores in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4582. [PMID: 40429727 PMCID: PMC12110956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2025] [Revised: 05/07/2025] [Accepted: 05/08/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents with various symptoms, and some patients develop post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). Vitamin D has shown therapeutic potential in COVID-19 and may offer benefits for PCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences associated with two supplementation strategies (bolus and daily) on interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and clinical outcomes in PCC patients, regardless of whether target 25 (OH) D levels reached the ideal range. We conducted a self-controlled study in which 54 participants with PCC were supplemented with vitamin D3 (n = 28 bolus and n = 26 daily) for 2 months. Blood samples were collected to measure IL-6 levels and GPx activity using spectrophotometric methods. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess mental function. Both bolus and daily vitamin D supplementation were significantly associated with increased GPx activity and decreased IL-6 levels. Daily supplementation was additionally associated with a significant reduction in anxiety and depression scores. However, neither regimen was associated with improvements in cough, dyspnea, or fatigue. These findings suggest a potential association between vitamin D supplementation and improvements in antioxidant and neuropsychiatric parameters in PCC, possibly mediated by its immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. Further placebo-controlled trials are warranted to determine whether these observed associations reflect causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ignacio-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico; (I.I.-M.); (S.Q.-F.)
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | | | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Integrativa, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Ivette Buendia-Roldan
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibróticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (K.P.-T.); (M.Z.R.-D.); (D.X.P.-T.)
| | - Karina Pérez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibróticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (K.P.-T.); (M.Z.R.-D.); (D.X.P.-T.)
| | - María Zobeida Rodríguez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibróticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (K.P.-T.); (M.Z.R.-D.); (D.X.P.-T.)
| | - Denilson Xipe Pacheco-Tobón
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibróticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (K.P.-T.); (M.Z.R.-D.); (D.X.P.-T.)
| | - Saray Quintero-Fabián
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico; (I.I.-M.); (S.Q.-F.)
| | - Marco Antonio Vargas-Hernández
- Subdirección de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico;
| | - Humberto Carrasco-Vargas
- Dirección de la Escuela Militar de Medicina, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico;
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- Laboratorio de HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.F.-V.)
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- Laboratorio de HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.F.-V.)
| | - Kevin Alexis Hernández-Lara
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | | | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
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Coulon PG, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Srivastava R, Zayou L, Tifrea DF, Edwards RA, Figueroa CJ, Schubl SD, Hsieh L, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, Bahraoui E, Vahed H, Gil D, Jones TM, Ulmer JB, BenMohamed L. High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cells are associated with protection from symptomatic and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343716. [PMID: 38605956 PMCID: PMC11007208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are present in up to 50% of unexposed, pre-pandemic, healthy individuals (UPPHIs). However, the characteristics of cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells associated with subsequent protection of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (i.e., unvaccinated individuals who never develop any COVID-19 symptoms despite being infected with SARS-CoV-2) remains to be fully elucidated. Methods This study compares the antigen specificity, frequency, phenotype, and function of cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) and SARS-CoV-2. T-cell responses against genome-wide conserved epitopes were studied early in the disease course in a cohort of 147 unvaccinated COVID-19 patients who were divided into six groups based on the severity of their symptoms. Results Compared to severely ill COVID-19 patients and patients with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, the asymptomatic COVID-19 patients displayed significantly: (i) higher rates of co-infection with the 229E alpha species of CCCs (α-CCC-229E); (ii) higher frequencies of cross-reactive functional CD134+CD137+CD4+ and CD134+CD137+CD8+ T cells that cross-recognized conserved epitopes from α-CCCs and SARS-CoV-2 structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins; and (iii) lower frequencies of CCCs/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive exhausted PD-1+TIM3+TIGIT+CTLA4+CD4+ and PD-1+TIM3+TIGIT+CTLA4+CD8+ T cells, detected both ex vivo and in vitro. Conclusions These findings (i) support a crucial role of functional, poly-antigenic α-CCCs/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, induced following previous CCCs seasonal exposures, in protection against subsequent severe COVID-19 disease and (ii) provide critical insights into developing broadly protective, multi-antigen, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell-based, universal pan-Coronavirus vaccines capable of conferring cross-species protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R. Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Delia F. Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Cesar J. Figueroa
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma, Burns and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian D. Schubl
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma, Burns and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lanny Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospitalist Program, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Trevor M. Jones
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Ulmer
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Université Paul Sabatier, Infinity, Inserm, Toulouse, France
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, The University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
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