1
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Chan CC, Damen MSMA, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Stankiewicz TE, Cappelletti M, Alarcon PC, Oates JR, Doll JR, Mukherjee R, Chen X, Karns R, Weirauch MT, Helmrath MA, Inge TH, Divanovic S. Type I interferon sensing unlocks dormant adipocyte inflammatory potential. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2745. [PMID: 32488081 PMCID: PMC7265526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue inflammation, in part via myeloid cell contribution, is central to obesity pathogenesis. Mechanisms regulating adipocyte inflammatory potential and consequent impact of such inflammation in disease pathogenesis remain poorly defined. We show that activation of the type I interferon (IFN)/IFNα receptor (IFNAR) axis amplifies adipocyte inflammatory vigor and uncovers dormant gene expression patterns resembling inflammatory myeloid cells. IFNβ-sensing promotes adipocyte glycolysis, while glycolysis inhibition impeded IFNβ-driven intra-adipocyte inflammation. Obesity-driven induction of the type I IFN axis and activation of adipocyte IFNAR signaling contributes to obesity-associated pathogenesis in mice. Notably, IFNβ effects are conserved in human adipocytes and detection of the type I IFN/IFNAR axis-associated signatures positively correlates with obesity-driven metabolic derangements in humans. Collectively, our findings reveal a capacity for the type I IFN/IFNAR axis to regulate unifying inflammatory features in both myeloid cells and adipocytes and hint at an underappreciated contribution of adipocyte inflammation in disease pathogenesis. White adipose inflammation can occur in obesity and is at least in part mediated by inflammatory immune cells. Here the authors show that the Type I Interferon/Interferon alpha-beta receptor axis promotes an inflammatory, glycolysis associated adipocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C Chan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Michelle S M A Damen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pablo C Alarcon
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Jarren R Oates
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Jessica R Doll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- The Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.,The Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Divsion of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Thomas H Inge
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA. .,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA. .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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2
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López S, García-Serrano S, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Rodríguez-Pacheco F, Ho-Plagaro A, Santiago-Fernandez C, Alba G, Cejudo-Guillen M, Rodríguez-Cañete A, Valdes S, Garrido-Sanchez L, Pozo D, García-Fuentes E. Tissue-Specific Phenotype and Activation of iNKT Cells in Morbidly Obese Subjects: Interaction with Adipocytes and Effect of Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2019; 28:2774-2782. [PMID: 29619756 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in obesity, in particular the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, has not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To characterize iNKT cells and its activation status in VAT and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in morbidly obese subjects (MO), and to analyze their association with metabolic parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty non-obese and 20 MO subjects underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and were studied before and 6 months after RYGB. VAT and PBMC were obtained. RESULTS A decrease in VAT iNKT cells from MO was found, however, not in PBMC. Visceral adipocytes from MO presented increased CD1d expression (p = 0.032). MO presented an increase in early activated CD69+ iNKT cells in PBMC before RYGB (p < 0.001), but not after RYGB nor in VAT, and an increase in later activated CD25+ iNKT in VAT (p = 0.046), without differences in PBMC. The co-expression of early and later markers (CD69+CD25+) in iNKT cells was increased in MO in VAT (p = 0.050) and PBMC (p = 0.006), decreasing after RYGB (p = 0.050). CD69+ iNKT and CD69+CD25+ iNKT cells in PBMC after RYGB correlated negatively with glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance levels. CONCLUSIONS There is a tissue-specific phenotype and activation of iNKT cells in VAT in morbid obesity, which could be involved in VAT immunometabolism dysregulation. Also, the increase in CD1d expression could be to offset the lack of VAT iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad López
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Seville, Spain. .,CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CSIC-University of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia), Seville, Spain. .,Dpto. Bioquímica Médica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Sara García-Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Malaga, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Malaga, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutierrez-Repiso
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Rodríguez-Pacheco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ailec Ho-Plagaro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Santiago-Fernandez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Alba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Cejudo-Guillen
- CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CSIC-University of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia), Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Rodríguez-Cañete
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General, Digestiva y Trasplantes, Hospital Regional Universitario, Malaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Valdes
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Malaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Malaga, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Malaga, Spain
| | - David Pozo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Seville, Spain.,CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CSIC-University of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia), Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Malaga, Spain. .,Laboratorio de Investigación, Hospital Civil, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n, 29009, Malaga, Spain.
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3
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Cottam MA, Itani HA, Beasley AA, Hasty AH. Links between Immunologic Memory and Metabolic Cycling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3681-3689. [PMID: 29784764 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for metabolic diseases, such as diet and therapeutics, often provide short-term therapy for metabolic stressors, but relapse is common. Repeated bouts of exposure to, and relief from, metabolic stimuli results in a phenomenon we call "metabolic cycling." Recent human and rodent data suggest metabolic cycling promotes an exaggerated response and ultimately worsened metabolic health. This is particularly evident with cycling of body weight and hypertension. The innate and adaptive immune systems have a profound impact on development of metabolic disease, and current data suggest that immunologic memory may partially explain this association, especially in the context of metabolic cycling. In this Brief Review, we highlight recent work in this field and discuss potential immunologic mechanisms for worsened disease prognosis in individuals who experience metabolic cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Hana A Itani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Arch A Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232
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4
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Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis Induction via Viral Protein ORF4 of Porcine Circovirus 2 Binding to Mitochondrial Adenine Nucleotide Translocase 3. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00238-18. [PMID: 29491154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00238-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential strategy of host defense responses and is used by viruses to maintain their life cycles. However, the apoptotic signals involved in virus replication are poorly known. In the present study, we report the molecular mechanism of apoptotic induction by the viral protein ORF4, a newly identified viral protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Apoptosis detection revealed not only that the activity of caspase-3 and -9 is increased in PCV2-infected and ORF4-transfected cells but also that cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol is upregulated. Subsequently, ORF4 protein colocalization with adenine nucleotide translocase 3 (ANT3) was observed using structured illumination microscopy. Moreover, coimmunoprecipitation and pulldown analyses confirmed that the ORF4 protein interacts directly with mitochondrial ANT3 (mtANT3). Binding domain analysis further confirmed that N-terminal residues 1 to 30 of the ORF4 protein, comprising a mitochondrial targeting signal, are essential for the interaction with ANT3. Knockdown of ANT3 markedly inhibited the apoptotic induction of both ORF4 protein and PCV2, indicating that ANT3 plays an important role in ORF4 protein-induced apoptosis during PCV2 infection. Taken together, these data indicate that the ORF4 protein is a mitochondrial targeting protein that induces apoptosis by interacting with ANT3 through the mitochondrial pathway.IMPORTANCE The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) protein ORF4 is a newly identified viral protein; however, little is known about its functions. Apoptosis is an essential strategy of the host defense response and is used by viruses to maintain their life cycles. In the present study, we report the molecular mechanism of the apoptosis induced by the ORF4 protein. The ORF4 protein contains a mitochondrial targeting signal and is an unstable protein that is degraded by the proteasome-dependent pathway. Viral protein ORF4 triggers caspase-3- and -9-dependent cellular apoptosis in mitochondria by directly binding to ANT3. We conclude that the ORF4 protein is a mitochondrial targeting protein and reveal a mechanism whereby circovirus recruits ANT3 to induce apoptosis.
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5
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Apostolopoulos V, de Courten MPJ, Stojanovska L, Blatch GL, Tangalakis K, de Courten B. The complex immunological and inflammatory network of adipose tissue in obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:43-57. [PMID: 26331761 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of approaches have been utilized in the prevention, management, and treatment of obesity, including, surgery, medication, diet, exercise, and overall lifestyle changes. Despite these interventions, the prevalence of obesity and the various disorders related to it is growing. In obesity, there is a constant state of chronic low-grade inflammation which is characterized by activation and infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells and a dysregulated production of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pro-inflammatory milieu contributes to insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other related co-morbidities. The roles of the innate (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells, MAIT cells) and the adaptive (CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, regulatory T cells, and B cells) immune responses and the roles of adipokines and cytokines in adipose tissue inflammation and obesity are discussed. An understanding of the crosstalk between the immune system and adipocytes may shed light in better treatment modalities for obesity and obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy Tangalakis
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and preventative Medicine, Monash University, VIC, Australia.,Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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6
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Fazakerley DJ, Naghiloo S, Chaudhuri R, Koumanov F, Burchfield JG, Thomas KC, Krycer JR, Prior MJ, Parker BL, Murrow BA, Stöckli J, Meoli CC, Holman GD, James DE. Proteomic Analysis of GLUT4 Storage Vesicles Reveals Tumor Suppressor Candidate 5 (TUSC5) as a Novel Regulator of Insulin Action in Adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23528-42. [PMID: 26240143 PMCID: PMC4583025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling augments glucose transport by regulating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) trafficking from specialized intracellular compartments, termed GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs), to the plasma membrane. Proteomic analysis of GSVs by mass spectrometry revealed enrichment of 59 proteins in these vesicles. We measured reduced abundance of 23 of these proteins following insulin stimulation and assigned these as high confidence GSV proteins. These included established GSV proteins such as GLUT4 and insulin-responsive aminopeptidase, as well as six proteins not previously reported to be localized to GSVs. Tumor suppressor candidate 5 (TUSC5) was shown to be a novel GSV protein that underwent a 3.7-fold increase in abundance at the plasma membrane in response to insulin. siRNA-mediated knockdown of TUSC5 decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, although overexpression of TUSC5 had the opposite effect, implicating TUSC5 as a positive regulator of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes. Incubation of adipocytes with TNFα caused insulin resistance and a concomitant reduction in TUSC5. Consistent with previous studies, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ agonism reversed TNFα-induced insulin resistance. TUSC5 expression was necessary but insufficient for PPARγ-mediated reversal of insulin resistance. These findings functionally link TUSC5 to GLUT4 trafficking, insulin action, insulin resistance, and PPARγ action in the adipocyte. Further studies are required to establish the exact role of TUSC5 in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fazakerley
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Sheyda Naghiloo
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Rima Chaudhuri
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - James G Burchfield
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Kristen C Thomas
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and
| | - James R Krycer
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Matthew J Prior
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Ben L Parker
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Beverley A Murrow
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Christopher C Meoli
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | - Geoffrey D Holman
- the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - David E James
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, and The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia,
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7
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Huh JY, Park YJ, Ham M, Kim JB. Crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. Mol Cells 2014; 37:365-71. [PMID: 24781408 PMCID: PMC4044307 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings, notably on adipokines and adipose tissue inflammation, have revised the concept of adipose tissues being a mere storage depot for body energy. Instead, adipose tissues are emerging as endocrine and immunologically active organs with multiple effects on the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis. Notably, compared with other metabolic organs such as liver and muscle, various inflammatory responses are dynamically regulated in adipose tissues and most of the immune cells in adipose tissues are involved in obesity-mediated metabolic complications, including insulin resistance. Here, we summarize recent findings on the key roles of innate (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils) and adaptive (regulatory T cells, type 1 helper T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells) immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. In particular, the roles of natural killer T cells, one type of innate lymphocyte, in adipose tissue inflammation will be discussed. Finally, a new role of adipocytes as antigen presenting cells to modulate T cell activity and subsequent adipose tissue inflammation will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Huh
- School of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | | | - Mira Ham
- School of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- School of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
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8
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Sharpe LJ, Luu W, Brown AJ. Akt phosphorylates Sec24: new clues into the regulation of ER-to-Golgi trafficking. Traffic 2010; 12:19-27. [PMID: 20950345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein transport within the early secretory pathway is a relatively unexplored area. Here, we propose a new player in the control of protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Akt is an important signaling kinase whose functioning is perturbed in diseases such as cancer and diabetes. We discovered that Akt phosphorylates Sec24, an essential coat protein II (COPII) component involved in mediating cargo selection for ER-to-Golgi trafficking. We discuss how this finding may provide new insights into the regulation of protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Sharpe
- BABS, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Biosciences Building D26, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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Keller P, Vollaard NBJ, Gustafsson T, Gallagher IJ, Sundberg CJ, Rankinen T, Britton SL, Bouchard C, Koch LG, Timmons JA. A transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 110:46-59. [PMID: 20930125 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00634.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways that are activated and contribute to physiological remodeling of skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercise have not been fully characterized. We previously reported that ∼800 gene transcripts are regulated following 6 wk of supervised endurance training in young sedentary males, referred to as the training-responsive transcriptome (TRT) (Timmons JA et al. J Appl Physiol 108: 1487-1496, 2010). Here we utilized this database together with data on biological variation in muscle adaptation to aerobic endurance training in both humans and a novel out-bred rodent model to study the potential regulatory molecules that coordinate this complex network of genes. We identified three DNA sequences representing RUNX1, SOX9, and PAX3 transcription factor binding sites as overrepresented in the TRT. In turn, miRNA profiling indicated that several miRNAs targeting RUNX1, SOX9, and PAX3 were downregulated by endurance training. The TRT was then examined by contrasting subjects who demonstrated the least vs. the greatest improvement in aerobic capacity (low vs. high responders), and at least 100 of the 800 TRT genes were differentially regulated, thus suggesting regulation of these genes may be important for improving aerobic capacity. In high responders, proangiogenic and tissue developmental networks emerged as key candidates for coordinating tissue aerobic adaptation. Beyond RNA-level validation there were several DNA variants that associated with maximal aerobic capacity (Vo(₂max)) trainability in the HERITAGE Family Study but these did not pass conservative Bonferroni adjustment. In addition, in a rat model selected across 10 generations for high aerobic training responsiveness, we found that both the TRT and a homologous subset of the human high responder genes were regulated to a greater degree in high responder rodent skeletal muscle. This analysis provides a comprehensive map of the transcriptomic features important for aerobic exercise-induced improvements in maximal oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Keller
- Translational Biomedicine, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Stöckli J, Davey JR, Hohnen-Behrens C, Xu A, James DE, Ramm G. Regulation of glucose transporter 4 translocation by the Rab guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein AS160/TBC1D4: role of phosphorylation and membrane association. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:2703-15. [PMID: 18801932 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in muscle and fat cells depends on the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. The downstream target AS160/TBC1D4 is phosphorylated upon insulin stimulation and contains a TBC domain (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16) that is present in most Rab guanosine triphosphatase-activating proteins. TBC1D4 associates with GLUT4-containing membranes under basal conditions and dissociates from membranes with insulin. Here we show that the association of TBC1D4 with membranes is required for its inhibitory action on GLUT4 translocation under basal conditions. Whereas the insulin-dependent dissociation of TBC1D4 from membranes was not required for GLUT4 translocation, its phosphorylation was essential. Many agonists that stimulate GLUT4 translocation failed to trigger TBC1D4 translocation to the cytosol, but in most cases these agonists stimulated TBC1D4 phosphorylation at T642, and their effects on GLUT4 translocation were inhibited by overexpression of the TBC1D4 phosphorylation mutant (TBC1D4-4P). We postulate that TBC1D4 acts to impede GLUT4 translocation by disarming a Rab protein found on GLUT4-containing-membranes and that phosphorylation of TBC1D4 per se is sufficient to overcome this effect, allowing GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stöckli
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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Application of immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques to adipose tissue and cell cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 456:285-97. [PMID: 18516569 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-245-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
When isolated from tissue, white adipose cells are round, and their interior is filled with a large (80-120 microm) droplet of stored triglyceride, leaving a thin (1-2-microm) layer of cytoplasm between the lipid droplet and the plasma membrane. Their three-dimensional architecture, together with the fact that these cells ordinarily float in medium, have created major challenges when one attempts to perform microscopy techniques with these cells. Adipocytes serve as the principal energy reservoir in the body, and it is essential to overcome these difficulties to be able to study hormone-mediated responses in real adipose cells, which convey physiological significance that cannot be readily duplicated by the use of cultured model adipocytes. This chapter focuses on the use of confocal microscopy optical sectioning and computer-assisted image reconstruction in the whole adipose cell in the study of insulin-regulated protein trafficking. In addition, we illustrate the possibility to image whole-mount preparations of living adipose tissue, opening new ways to probe adipose cells in situ without disrupting their cellular interactions within living adipose tissue. Confocal microscopy constitutes an effective morphological approach to investigating adipose cell physiology and pathophysiology.
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12
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Ghedin E, Sengamalay NA, Shumway M, Zaborsky J, Feldblyum T, Subbu V, Spiro DJ, Sitz J, Koo H, Bolotov P, Dernovoy D, Tatusova T, Bao Y, St George K, Taylor J, Lipman DJ, Fraser CM, Taubenberger JK, Salzberg SL. Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution. Nature 2005; 437:1162-6. [PMID: 16208317 DOI: 10.1038/nature04239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are remarkably adept at surviving in the human population over a long timescale. The human influenza A virus continues to thrive even among populations with widespread access to vaccines, and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The virus mutates from year to year, making the existing vaccines ineffective on a regular basis, and requiring that new strains be chosen for a new vaccine. Less-frequent major changes, known as antigenic shift, create new strains against which the human population has little protective immunity, thereby causing worldwide pandemics. The most recent pandemics include the 1918 'Spanish' flu, one of the most deadly outbreaks in recorded history, which killed 30-50 million people worldwide, the 1957 'Asian' flu, and the 1968 'Hong Kong' flu. Motivated by the need for a better understanding of influenza evolution, we have developed flexible protocols that make it possible to apply large-scale sequencing techniques to the highly variable influenza genome. Here we report the results of sequencing 209 complete genomes of the human influenza A virus, encompassing a total of 2,821,103 nucleotides. In addition to increasing markedly the number of publicly available, complete influenza virus genomes, we have discovered several anomalies in these first 209 genomes that demonstrate the dynamic nature of influenza transmission and evolution. This new, large-scale sequencing effort promises to provide a more comprehensive picture of the evolution of influenza viruses and of their pattern of transmission through human and animal populations. All data from this project are being deposited, without delay, in public archives.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genome, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/history
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/veterinary
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mutagenesis/genetics
- Mutation/genetics
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/metabolism
- New York/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Public Sector
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Sequence Analysis
- Time Factors
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ghedin
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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13
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Moyer BD, Balch WE. A new frontier in pharmacology: the endoplasmic reticulum as a regulated export pathway in health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:165-76. [PMID: 15992174 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.5.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the first secretory compartment of eukaryotic cells, co-ordinates the biogenesis and export of all membrane-bound and soluble cargo molecules to the cell surface. ER function is now recognised to have unprecedented links with signalling pathways regulating cell growth and differentiation and host physiology. Misfolding and aggregation of newly synthesised proteins in the ER or alterations in ER processing of cargo mediated by pathogens is responsible for a broad range of diseases including cystic fibrosis, emphysema and neuropathies such as Alzheimer's disease. The central, integrative role of the ER in determining cell physiology in health and disease represents an untapped area for pharmacological intervention. This review focuses on the potential use of pharmacological agents to modulate cargo selection, folding and degradation in the ER with the goal of alleviating ER export disease. In addition, implementation of novel technologies that utilise normal ER function to store and release biologically active substances of therapeutic relevance are presented as a new frontier in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Moyer
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Scott DB, Blanpied TA, Ehlers MD. Coordinated PKA and PKC phosphorylation suppresses RXR-mediated ER retention and regulates the surface delivery of NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2004; 45:755-67. [PMID: 14529714 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention mediated by the RXR (Arg-X-Arg) motif is an important quality control mechanism used by G-protein coupled receptors and ion channels, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, to ensure the proper assembly and trafficking of multimeric complexes. During assembly, RXR motifs are masked by intersubunit interactions thereby allowing ER release. Here, we find that PKA and PKC phosphorylation sites flanking the RXR motif of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit suppress ER retention and regulate receptor forward trafficking. These sites are differentially phosphorylated during the trafficking of NR1 subunits in vivo, and phosphorylation at these sites occurs in early secretory compartments. In addition, residues near the RXR motif not involved in phosphorylation are also required for ER retention. These results indicate that ER retention of NMDA receptors is tightly regulated, and suggest that coordinated phosphorylation by PKA and PKC mediates release of receptors from the ER for subsequent traffic to synapses. Phosphorylation-induced ER export of RXR-containing channels and receptors may serve as a novel quality control mechanism for creating a readily releasable pool of receptors sensitive to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B Scott
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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15
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Zhang L, Wu G, Tate CG, Lookene A, Olivecrona G. Calreticulin promotes folding/dimerization of human lipoprotein lipase expressed in insect cells (sf21). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:29344-51. [PMID: 12740382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300455200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a non-covalent, homodimeric, N-glycosylated enzyme important for metabolism of blood lipids. LPL is regulated by yet unknown post-translational events affecting the levels of active dimers. On co-expression of LPL with human molecular chaperones, we found that calreticulin had the most pronounced effects on LPL activity, but calnexin was also effective. Calreticulin caused a 9-fold increase in active LPL, amounting to about 50% of the expressed LPL protein. The total expression of LPL protein was increased less than 20%, and the secretion rates for active and inactive LPL were not significantly changed by the chaperone. Thus, the main effect was an increased specific activity of LPL both in cells and media. Chromatography on heparin-Sepharose and sucrose density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that most of the inactive LPL was monomeric and that calreticulin promoted formation of active dimers. Higher oligomers of inactive LPL were present in cell extracts, but only monomers and dimers were secreted to the medium. Interaction between LPL and calreticulin was demonstrated, and the effect of the chaperone was prevented by castanospermine, an inhibitor of N-glycan glucose trimming. Our data indicate an important role of endoplasmic reticulum-based chaperones for the folding/dimerization of LPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Abstract
The coat protein complex II (COPII) forms transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and segregates biosynthetic cargo from ER-resident proteins. Recent high-resolution structural studies on individual COPII subunits and on the polymerized coat reveal the molecular architecture of COPII vesicles. Other advances have shown that integral membrane accessory proteins act with the COPII coat to collect specific cargo molecules into ER-derived transport vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Barlowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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17
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Iodice L, Sarnataro S, Bonatti S. The carboxyl-terminal valine is required for transport of glycoprotein CD8 alpha from the endoplasmic reticulum to the intermediate compartment. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28920-6. [PMID: 11384990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that a carboxyl-terminal valine residue is an anterograde transport signal for type I transmembrane proteins. Removal of the signal would either delay glycosylation in the Golgi complex of proteins destined to recycle to the endoplasmic reticulum or determine accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum of newly synthesized proteins destined for the plasma membrane. We used the human CD8 alpha glycoprotein to investigate the role of the carboxyl-terminal valine in the exocytic pathway. Using immunofluorescence light microscopy, metabolic labeling, and cell fractionation, we demonstrate that removal of the carboxyl-terminal valine residue delays transport of CD8 alpha from the endoplasmic reticulum to the intermediate compartment. Removal of the residue did not affect the other steps of the exocytic pathway or the folding/dimerization and glycosylation processes. Therefore, it is likely that this signal plays a role in the transport of CD8 alpha from the endoplasmic reticulum to the intermediate compartment either before or during the formation of the transport vesicles that drive the exit the protein from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iodice
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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