1
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Garner MA, Hubbard MG, Boitet ER, Hubbard ST, Gade A, Ying G, Jones BW, Baehr W, Gross AK. NUDC is critical for rod photoreceptor function, maintenance, and survival. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23518. [PMID: 38441532 PMCID: PMC10917122 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301641rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
NUDC (nuclear distribution protein C) is a mitotic protein involved in nuclear migration and cytokinesis across species. Considered a cytoplasmic dynein (henceforth dynein) cofactor, NUDC was shown to associate with the dynein motor complex during neuronal migration. NUDC is also expressed in postmitotic vertebrate rod photoreceptors where its function is unknown. Here, we examined the role of NUDC in postmitotic rod photoreceptors by studying the consequences of a conditional NUDC knockout in mouse rods (rNudC-/- ). Loss of NUDC in rods led to complete photoreceptor cell death at 6 weeks of age. By 3 weeks of age, rNudC-/- function was diminished, and rhodopsin and mitochondria were mislocalized, consistent with dynein inhibition. Levels of outer segment proteins were reduced, but LIS1 (lissencephaly protein 1), a well-characterized dynein cofactor, was unaffected. Transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural defects within the rods of rNudC-/- by 3 weeks of age. We investigated whether NUDC interacts with the actin modulator cofilin 1 (CFL1) and found that in rods, CFL1 is localized in close proximity to NUDC. In addition to its potential role in dynein trafficking within rods, loss of NUDC also resulted in increased levels of phosphorylated CFL1 (pCFL1), which would purportedly prevent depolymerization of actin. The absence of NUDC also induced an inflammatory response in Müller glia and microglia across the neural retina by 3 weeks of age. Taken together, our data illustrate the critical role of NUDC in actin cytoskeletal maintenance and dynein-mediated protein trafficking in a postmitotic rod photoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Garner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294 USA
| | - Meredith G. Hubbard
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294 USA
| | - Evan R. Boitet
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294 USA
| | - Seth T. Hubbard
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294 USA
| | - Anushree Gade
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294 USA
| | - Guoxin Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132 USA
| | - Bryan W. Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132 USA
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132 USA
| | - Alecia K. Gross
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294 USA
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2
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Tsai MH, Ke HC, Lin WC, Nian FS, Huang CW, Cheng HY, Hsu CS, Granata T, Chang CH, Castellotti B, Lin SY, Doniselli FM, Lu CJ, Franceschetti S, Ragona F, Hou PS, Canafoglia L, Tung CY, Lee MH, Wang WJ, Tsai JW. Novel lissencephaly-associated NDEL1 variant reveals distinct roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in nucleokinesis and human cortical malformations. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:13. [PMID: 38194050 PMCID: PMC10776482 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex involves a series of dynamic events, including cell proliferation and migration, which rely on the motor protein dynein and its regulators NDE1 and NDEL1. While the loss of function in NDE1 leads to microcephaly-related malformations of cortical development (MCDs), NDEL1 variants have not been detected in MCD patients. Here, we identified two patients with pachygyria, with or without subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), carrying the same de novo somatic mosaic NDEL1 variant, p.Arg105Pro (p.R105P). Through single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic analysis, we observed complementary expression of Nde1/NDE1 and Ndel1/NDEL1 in neural progenitors and post-mitotic neurons, respectively. Ndel1 knockdown by in utero electroporation resulted in impaired neuronal migration, a phenotype that could not be rescued by p.R105P. Remarkably, p.R105P expression alone strongly disrupted neuronal migration, increased the length of the leading process, and impaired nucleus-centrosome coupling, suggesting a failure in nucleokinesis. Mechanistically, p.R105P disrupted NDEL1 binding to the dynein regulator LIS1. This study identifies the first lissencephaly-associated NDEL1 variant and sheds light on the distinct roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in nucleokinesis and MCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chen Ke
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Cian Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Shin Nian
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sin Hsu
- Genomics Center for Clinical and Biotechnological Applications, Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiziana Granata
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chien-Hui Chang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Shin-Yi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fabio M Doniselli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cheng-Ju Lu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Pei-Shan Hou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecule Biology, College of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Wang J, Liu M, Mao C, Li S, Zhou J, Fan Y, Guo L, Yu H, Yang X. Comparative proteomics reveals the mechanism of cyclosporine production and mycelial growth in Tolypocladium inflatum affected by different carbon sources. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1259101. [PMID: 38163081 PMCID: PMC10757567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a secondary cyclopeptide metabolite produced by Tolypocladium inflatum that is widely used clinically as an immunosuppressant. CsA production and mycelial growth differed when T. inflatum was cultured in different carbon source media. During early fermentation, CsA was preferred to be produced in fructose medium, while the mycelium preferred to accumulate in sucrose medium. On the sixth day, the difference was most pronounced. In this study, high-throughput comparative proteomics methods were applied to analyze differences in protein expression of mycelial samples on day 6, revealing the proteins and mechanisms that positively regulate CsA production related to carbon metabolism. The differences included small molecule acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, organic catabolism, exocrine secretion, CsA substrate Bmt synthesis, and transcriptional regulation processes. The proteins involved in the regulation of mycelial growth related to carbon metabolism were also revealed and were associated with waste reoxidation processes or coenzyme metabolism, small molecule synthesis or metabolism, the stress response, genetic information or epigenetic changes, cell component assembly, cell wall integrity, membrane metabolism, vesicle transport, intramembrane localization, and the regulation of filamentous growth. This study provides a reliable reference for CsA production from high-efficiency fermentation. This study provides key information for obtaining more CsA high-yielding strains through metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiuqing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Zhang J, Qiu R, Bieger BD, Oakley CE, Oakley BR, Egan MJ, Xiang X. Aspergillus SUMOylation mutants exhibit chromosome segregation defects including chromatin bridges. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad169. [PMID: 37724751 PMCID: PMC10697819 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Functions of protein SUMOylation remain incompletely understood in different cell types. Via forward genetics, here we identified ubaBQ247*, a loss-of-function mutation in a SUMO activation enzyme UbaB in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The ubaBQ247*, ΔubaB, and ΔsumO mutants all produce abnormal chromatin bridges, indicating the importance of SUMOylation in the completion of chromosome segregation. The bridges are enclosed by nuclear membrane containing peripheral nuclear pore complex proteins that normally get dispersed during mitosis, and the bridges are also surrounded by cytoplasmic microtubules typical of interphase cells. Time-lapse sequences further indicate that most bridges persist through interphase prior to the next mitosis, and anaphase chromosome segregation can produce new bridges that persist into the next interphase. When the first mitosis happens at a higher temperature of 42°C, SUMOylation deficiency produces not only chromatin bridges but also many abnormally shaped single nuclei that fail to divide. UbaB-GFP localizes to interphase nuclei just like the previously studied SumO-GFP, but the nuclear signals disappear during mitosis when the nuclear pores are partially open, and the signals reappear after mitosis. The nuclear localization is consistent with many SUMO targets being nuclear proteins. Finally, although the budding yeast SUMOylation machinery interacts with LIS1, a protein critical for dynein activation, loss of SUMOylation does not cause any obvious defect in dynein-mediated transport of nuclei and early endosomes, indicating that SUMOylation is unnecessary for dynein activation in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Baronger D Bieger
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - C Elizabeth Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Berl R Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Martin J Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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5
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Garner MA, Hubbard MG, Boitet ER, Hubbard ST, Gade A, Ying G, Jones BW, Baehr W, Gross AK. NUDC is critical for rod photoreceptor function, maintenance, and survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.568878. [PMID: 38076848 PMCID: PMC10705250 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.568878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
NUDC ( nu clear d istribution protein C) is a mitotic protein involved in nuclear migration and cytokinesis across species. Considered a cytoplasmic dynein (henceforth dynein) cofactor, NUDC was shown to associate with the dynein motor complex during neuronal migration. NUDC is also expressed in postmitotic vertebrate rod photoreceptors where its function is unknown. Here, we examined the role of NUDC in postmitotic rod photoreceptors by studying the consequences of a conditional NUDC knockout in mouse rods (r NudC -/- ). Loss of NUDC in rods led to complete photoreceptor cell death at six weeks of age. By 3 weeks of age, r NudC -/- function was diminished, and rhodopsin and mitochondria were mislocalized, consistent with dynein inhibition. Levels of outer segment proteins were reduced, but LIS1 (lissencephaly protein 1), a well-characterized dynein cofactor, was unaffected. Transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural defects within the rods of r NudC -/- by 3 weeks of age. We investigated whether NUDC interacts with the actin modulator cofilin 1 (CFL1) and found that in rods, CFL1 is localized in close proximity to NUDC. In addition to its potential role in dynein trafficking within rods, loss of NUDC also resulted in increased levels of phosphorylated CFL1 (pCFL1), which would purportedly prevent depolymerization of actin. Absence of NUDC also induced an inflammatory response in Müller glia and microglia across the neural retina by 3 weeks of age. Taken together, our data illustrate the critical role of NUDC in actin cytoskeletal maintenance and dynein-mediated protein trafficking in a postmitotic rod photoreceptor. Significance Statement Nuclear distribution protein C (NUDC) has been studied extensively as an essential protein for mitotic cell division. In this study, we discovered its expression and role in the postmitotic rod photoreceptor cell. In the absence of NUDC in mouse rods, we detected functional loss, protein mislocalization, and rapid retinal degeneration consistent with dynein inactivation. In the early phase of retinal degeneration, we observed ultrastructural defects and an upregulation of inflammatory markers suggesting additional, dynein-independent functions of NUDC.
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6
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, Siva A, Little SR, El Jbeily R, DeSantis ME. Ndel1 disfavors dynein-dynactin-adaptor complex formation in two distinct ways. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104735. [PMID: 37086789 PMCID: PMC10248797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynein is the primary minus-end-directed microtubule motor protein. To achieve activation, dynein binds to the dynactin complex and an adaptor to form the "activated dynein complex." The protein Lis1 aids activation by binding to dynein and promoting its association with dynactin and the adaptor. Ndel1 and its paralog Nde1 are dynein- and Lis1-binding proteins that help control dynein localization within the cell. Cell-based assays suggest that Ndel1-Nde1 also work with Lis1 to promote dynein activation, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Using purified proteins and quantitative binding assays, here we found that the C-terminal region of Ndel1 contributes to dynein binding and negatively regulates binding to Lis1. Using single-molecule imaging and protein biochemistry, we observed that Ndel1 inhibits dynein activation in two distinct ways. First, Ndel1 disfavors the formation of the activated dynein complex. We found that phosphomimetic mutations in the C-terminal domain of Ndel1 increase its ability to inhibit dynein-dynactin-adaptor complex formation. Second, we observed that Ndel1 interacts with dynein and Lis1 simultaneously and sequesters Lis1 away from its dynein-binding site. In doing this, Ndel1 prevents Lis1-mediated dynein activation. Together, our work suggests that in vitro, Ndel1 is a negative regulator of dynein activation, which contrasts with cellular studies where Ndel1 promotes dynein activity. To reconcile our findings with previous work, we posit that Ndel1 functions to scaffold dynein and Lis1 together while keeping dynein in an inhibited state. We speculate that Ndel1 release can be triggered in cellular settings to allow for timed dynein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Garrott
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aravintha Siva
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Saffron R Little
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rita El Jbeily
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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7
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Zhang J, Qiu R, Bieger BD, Oakley CE, Oakley BR, Egan MJ, Xiang X. Aspergillus SUMOylation mutants have normal dynein function but exhibit chromatin bridges. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.16.537086. [PMID: 37131833 PMCID: PMC10153134 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.16.537086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Functions of protein SUMOylation remain incompletely understood in different cell types. The budding yeast SUMOylation machinery interacts with LIS1, a protein critical for dynein activation, but dynein-pathway components were not identified as SUMO-targets in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Via A. nidulans forward genetics, here we identified ubaBQ247*, a loss-of-function mutation in a SUMO-activation enzyme UbaB. Colonies of the ubaBQ247*, ΔubaB and ΔsumO mutants looked similar and less healthy than the wild-type colony. In these mutants, about 10% of nuclei are connected by abnormal chromatin bridges, indicating the importance of SUMOylation in the completion of chromosome segregation. Nuclei connected by chromatin bridges are mostly in interphase, suggesting that these bridges do not prevent cell-cycle progression. UbaB-GFP localizes to interphase nuclei just like the previously studied SumO-GFP, but the nuclear signals disappear during mitosis when the nuclear pores are partially open, and the signals reappear after mitosis. The nuclear localization is consistent with many SUMO-targets being nuclear proteins, for example, topoisomerase II whose SUMOylation defect gives rise to chromatin bridges in mammalian cells. Unlike in mammalian cells, however, loss of SUMOylation in A. nidulans does not apparently affect the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, further highlighting differences in the requirements of SUMOylation in different cell types. Finally, loss of UbaB or SumO does not affect dynein- and LIS1-mediated early-endosome transport, indicating that SUMOylation is unnecessary for dynein or LIS1 function in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Baronger D. Bieger
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - C. Elizabeth Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Berl R. Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Martin J. Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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8
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, Siva A, Little SR, Jbeily REI, DeSantis ME. Ndel1 modulates dynein activation in two distinct ways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525437. [PMID: 36747695 PMCID: PMC9900795 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynein is the primary minus-end-directed microtubule motor [1]. To achieve activation, dynein binds to the dynactin complex and an adaptor to form the "activated dynein complex" [2, 3]. The protein Lis1 aids activation by binding to dynein and promoting its association with dynactin and adaptor [4, 5]. Ndel1 and its orthologue Nde1 are dynein and Lis1 binding proteins that help control where dynein localizes within the cell [6]. Cell-based assays suggest that Ndel1/Nde1 also work with Lis1 to promote dynein activation, although the underlying mechanism is unclear [6]. Using purified proteins and quantitative binding assays, we found that Ndel1's C-terminal region contributes to binding to dynein and negatively regulates binding to Lis1. Using single-molecule imaging and protein biochemistry, we observed that Ndel1 inhibits dynein activation in two distinct ways. First, Ndel1 disfavors the formation of the activated dynein complex. We found that phosphomimetic mutations in Ndel1's C-terminal domain increase its ability to inhibit dynein-dynactin-adaptor complex formation. Second, we observed that Ndel1 interacts with dynein and Lis1 simultaneously and sequesters Lis1 away from its dynein binding site. In doing this, Ndel1 prevents Lis1-mediated dynein activation. Our work suggests that in vitro, Ndel1 is a negative regulator of dynein activation, which contrasts with cellular studies where Ndel1 promotes dynein activity. To reconcile our findings with previous work, we posit that Ndel1 functions to scaffold dynein and Lis1 together while keeping dynein in an inhibited state. We speculate that Ndel1 release can be triggered in cellular settings to allow for timed dynein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Garrott
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aravintha Siva
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Saffron R Little
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rita EI Jbeily
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Reimer JM, DeSantis ME, Reck-Peterson SL, Leschziner AE. Structures of human dynein in complex with the lissencephaly 1 protein, LIS1. eLife 2023; 12:84302. [PMID: 36692009 PMCID: PMC9889085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The lissencephaly 1 protein, LIS1, is mutated in type-1 lissencephaly and is a key regulator of cytoplasmic dynein-1. At a molecular level, current models propose that LIS1 activates dynein by relieving its autoinhibited form. Previously we reported a 3.1 Å structure of yeast dynein bound to Pac1, the yeast homologue of LIS1, which revealed the details of their interactions (Gillies et al., 2022). Based on this structure, we made mutations that disrupted these interactions and showed that they were required for dynein's function in vivo in yeast. We also used our yeast dynein-Pac1 structure to design mutations in human dynein to probe the role of LIS1 in promoting the assembly of active dynein complexes. These mutations had relatively mild effects on dynein activation, suggesting that there may be differences in how dynein and Pac1/LIS1 interact between yeast and humans. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of human dynein-LIS1 complexes. Our new structures reveal the differences between the yeast and human systems, provide a blueprint to disrupt the human dynein-LIS1 interactions more accurately, and map type-1 lissencephaly disease mutations, as well as mutations in dynein linked to malformations of cortical development/intellectual disability, in the context of the dynein-LIS1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Reimer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
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10
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Kawano D, Pinter K, Chlebowski M, Petralia RS, Wang YX, Nechiporuk AV, Drerup CM. NudC regulated Lis1 stability is essential for the maintenance of dynamic microtubule ends in axon terminals. iScience 2022; 25:105072. [PMID: 36147950 PMCID: PMC9485903 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the axon terminal, microtubule stability is decreased relative to the axon shaft. The dynamic microtubule plus ends found in the axon terminal have many functions, including serving as a docking site for the Cytoplasmic dynein motor. Here, we report an unexplored function of dynein in microtubule regulation in axon terminals: regulation of microtubule stability. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified a mutant with an abnormal axon terminal structure owing to a loss of function mutation in NudC. We show that, in the axon terminal, NudC is a chaperone for the protein Lis1. Decreased Lis1 in nudc axon terminals causes dynein/dynactin accumulation and increased microtubule stability. Microtubule dynamics can be restored by pharmacologically inhibiting dynein, implicating excess dynein motor function in microtubule stabilization. Together, our data support a model in which local NudC-Lis1 modulation of the dynein motor is critical for the regulation of microtubule stability in the axon terminal. NudC, a dynein regulator, is crucial for axon terminal structure NudC mutation leads to a near complete loss of Lis1 protein in axon terminals Lis1 deficits cause accumulation of dynein and cargo in axon terminals Local elevation of dynein increases axon terminal microtubule stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Kawano
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Pinter
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madison Chlebowski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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11
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, DeSantis ME. Nde1 and Ndel1: Outstanding Mysteries in Dynein-Mediated Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871935. [PMID: 35493069 PMCID: PMC9041303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is the primary microtubule minus-end directed molecular motor in most eukaryotes. As such, dynein has a broad array of functions that range from driving retrograde-directed cargo trafficking to forming and focusing the mitotic spindle. Dynein does not function in isolation. Instead, a network of regulatory proteins mediate dynein’s interaction with cargo and modulate dynein’s ability to engage with and move on the microtubule track. A flurry of research over the past decade has revealed the function and mechanism of many of dynein’s regulators, including Lis1, dynactin, and a family of proteins called activating adaptors. However, the mechanistic details of two of dynein’s important binding partners, the paralogs Nde1 and Ndel1, have remained elusive. While genetic studies have firmly established Nde1/Ndel1 as players in the dynein transport pathway, the nature of how they regulate dynein activity is unknown. In this review, we will compare Ndel1 and Nde1 with a focus on discerning if the proteins are functionally redundant, outline the data that places Nde1/Ndel1 in the dynein transport pathway, and explore the literature supporting and opposing the predominant hypothesis about Nde1/Ndel1’s molecular effect on dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Garrott
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John P. Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Morgan E. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Morgan E. DeSantis,
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12
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Gillies JP, Reimer JM, Karasmanis EP, Lahiri I, Htet ZM, Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Structural basis for cytoplasmic dynein-1 regulation by Lis1. eLife 2022; 11:71229. [PMID: 34994688 PMCID: PMC8824474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lissencephaly 1 gene, LIS1, is mutated in patients with the neurodevelopmental disease lissencephaly. The Lis1 protein is conserved from fungi to mammals and is a key regulator of cytoplasmic dynein-1, the major minus-end-directed microtubule motor in many eukaryotes. Lis1 is the only dynein regulator known to bind directly to dynein’s motor domain, and by doing so alters dynein’s mechanochemistry. Lis1 is required for the formation of fully active dynein complexes, which also contain essential cofactors: dynactin and an activating adaptor. Here, we report the first high-resolution structure of the yeast dynein–Lis1 complex. Our 3.1 Å structure reveals, in molecular detail, the major contacts between dynein and Lis1 and between Lis1’s ß-propellers. Structure-guided mutations in Lis1 and dynein show that these contacts are required for Lis1’s ability to form fully active human dynein complexes and to regulate yeast dynein’s mechanochemistry and in vivo function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gillies
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Janice M Reimer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Eva P Karasmanis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Indrajit Lahiri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Zaw Min Htet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
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13
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Rotty JD, Xiang X. Dynein activation in vivo is regulated by the nucleotide states of its AAA3 domain. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4486-4498.e6. [PMID: 34428469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is activated by the dynactin complex, cargo adapters and LIS1 (Lissencephaly 1). How this process is regulated in vivo remains unclear. The dynein motor ring contains six AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) domains. Here, we used the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans to examine whether ATP hydrolysis at AAA3 regulates dynein activation in the context of other regulators. In fungal hyphae, early endosomes undergo dynein-mediated movement away from the microtubule plus ends near the hyphal tip. Dynein normally accumulates at the microtubule plus ends. The early endosomal adaptor Hook protein, together with dynactin, drives dynein activation to cause its relocation to the microtubule minus ends. This activation process depends on LIS1, but LIS1 tends to dissociate from dynein after its activation. In this study, we found that dynein containing a mutation-blocking ATP hydrolysis at AAA3 can undergo LIS1-independent activation, consistent with our genetic data that the same mutation suppresses the growth defect of the A. nidulans LIS1-deletion mutant. Our data also suggest that blocking AAA3 ATP hydrolysis allows dynein activation by dynactin without the early endosomal adaptor. As a consequence, dynein accumulates at microtubule minus ends whereas early endosomes stay near the plus ends. Dynein containing a mutation-blocking ATP binding at AAA3 largely depends on LIS1 for activation, but this mutation abnormally prevents LIS1 dissociation upon dynein activation. Together, our data suggest that the AAA3 ATPase cycle regulates the coordination between dynein activation and cargo binding as well as the dynamic dynein-LIS1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rotty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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14
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Deshpande O, Telley IA. Nuclear positioning during development: Pushing, pulling and flowing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:10-21. [PMID: 34642103 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The positioning of the nucleus, the central organelle of the cell, is an active and regulated process crucially linked to cell cycle, differentiation, migration, and polarity. Alterations in positioning have been correlated with cell and tissue function deficiency and genetic or chemical manipulation of nuclear position is embryonic lethal. Nuclear positioning is a precursor for symmetric or asymmetric cell division which is accompanied by fate determination of the daughter cells. Nuclear positioning also plays a key role during early embryonic developmental stages in insects, such as Drosophila, where hundreds of nuclei divide without cytokinesis and are distributed within the large syncytial embryo at roughly regular spacing. While the cytoskeletal elements and the linker proteins to the nucleus are fairly well characterised, including some of the force generating elements driving nuclear movement, there is considerable uncertainty about the biophysical mechanism of nuclear positioning, while the field is debating different force models. In this review, we highlight the current body of knowledge, discuss cell context dependent models of nuclear positioning, and outline open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas Deshpande
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ivo A Telley
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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15
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Pinar M, Peñalva MA. The fungal RABOME: RAB GTPases acting in the endocytic and exocytic pathways of Aspergillus nidulans (with excursions to other filamentous fungi). Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:53-70. [PMID: 33724562 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RAB GTPases are major determinants of membrane identity that have been exploited as highly specific reporters to study intracellular traffic in vivo. A score of fungal papers have considered individual RABs, but systematic, integrated studies on the localization and physiological role of these regulators and their effectors have been performed only with Aspergillus nidulans. These studies have influenced the intracellular trafficking field beyond fungal specialists, leading to findings such as the maturation of trans-Golgi (TGN) cisternae into post-Golgi RAB11 secretory vesicles, the concept that these RAB11 secretory carriers are loaded with three molecular nanomotors, the understanding of the role of endocytic recycling mediated by RAB6 and RAB11 in determining the hyphal mode of life, the discovery that early endosome maturation and the ESCRT pathway are essential, the identification of specific adaptors of dynein-dynactin to RAB5 endosomes, the exquisite dependence that autophagy displays on RAB1 activity, the role of TRAPPII as a GEF for RAB11, or the conclusion that the RAB1-to-RAB11 transition is not mediated by TRAPP maturation. A remarkable finding was that the A. nidulans Spitzenkörper contains four RABs: RAB11, Sec4, RAB6, and RAB1. How these RABs cooperate during exocytosis represents an as yet outstanding question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Xiang X, Qiu R. Cargo-Mediated Activation of Cytoplasmic Dynein in vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598952. [PMID: 33195284 PMCID: PMC7649786 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is a minus-end-directed microtubule motor that transports a variety of cargoes including early endosomes, late endosomes and other organelles. In many cell types, dynein accumulates at the microtubule plus end, where it interacts with its cargo to be moved toward the minus end. Dynein binds to its various cargoes via the dynactin complex and specific cargo adapters. Dynactin and some of the coiled-coil-domain-containing cargo adapters not only link dynein to cargo but also activate dynein motility, which implies that dynein is activated by its cellular cargo. Structural studies indicate that a dynein dimer switches between the autoinhibited phi state and an open state; and the binding of dynactin and a cargo adapter to the dynein tails causes the dynein motor domains to have a parallel configuration, allowing dynein to walk processively along a microtubule. Recently, the dynein regulator LIS1 has been shown to be required for dynein activation in vivo, and its mechanism of action involves preventing dynein from switching back to the autoinhibited state. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of dynein activation and point out the gaps of knowledge on the spatial regulation of dynein in live cells. In addition, we will emphasize the importance of studying a complete set of dynein regulators for a better understanding of dynein regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Markus SM, Marzo MG, McKenney RJ. New insights into the mechanism of dynein motor regulation by lissencephaly-1. eLife 2020; 9:59737. [PMID: 32692650 PMCID: PMC7373426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly (‘smooth brain’) is a severe brain disease associated with numerous symptoms, including cognitive impairment, and shortened lifespan. The main causative gene of this disease – lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) – has been a focus of intense scrutiny since its first identification almost 30 years ago. LIS1 is a critical regulator of the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein, which transports numerous cargoes throughout the cell, and is a key effector of nuclear and neuronal transport during brain development. Here, we review the role of LIS1 in cellular dynein function and discuss recent key findings that have revealed a new mechanism by which this molecule influences dynein-mediated transport. In addition to reconciling prior observations with this new model for LIS1 function, we also discuss phylogenetic data that suggest that LIS1 may have coevolved with an autoinhibitory mode of cytoplasmic dynein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Matthew G Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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18
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Abstract
Cell migration plays pivotal roles in many biological processes; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we find that NudC-like protein 2 (NudCL2), a cochaperone of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), modulates cell migration by stabilizing both myosin-9 and lissencephaly protein 1 (LIS1). Either knockdown or knockout of NudCL2 significantly increases single-cell migration, but has no significant effect on collective cell migration. Immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry and western blotting analyses reveal that NudCL2 binds to myosin-9 in mammalian cells. Depletion of NudCL2 not only decreases myosin-9 protein levels, but also results in actin disorganization. Ectopic expression of myosin-9 efficiently reverses defects in actin disorganization and single-cell migration in cells depleted of NudCL2. Interestingly, knockdown of myosin-9 increases both single and collective cell migration. Depletion of LIS1, a NudCL2 client protein, suppresses both single and collective cell migration, which exhibits the opposite effect compared with myosin-9 depletion. Co-depletion of myosin-9 and LIS1 promotes single-cell migration, resembling the phenotype caused by NudCL2 depletion. Furthermore, inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity also reduces the Hsp90-interacting protein myosin-9 stability and increases single-cell migration. Forced expression of Hsp90 efficiently reverses myosin-9 protein instability and the defects induced by NudCL2 depletion, but not vice versa. Taken together, these data suggest that NudCL2 plays an important role in the precise regulation of cell migration by stabilizing both myosin-9 and LIS1 via Hsp90 pathway.
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19
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Htet ZM, Gillies JP, Baker RW, Leschziner AE, DeSantis ME, Reck-Peterson SL. LIS1 promotes the formation of activated cytoplasmic dynein-1 complexes. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:518-525. [PMID: 32341549 PMCID: PMC7271980 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is a molecular motor that drives nearly all minus-end-directed microtubule-based transport in human cells, performing functions that range from retrograde axonal transport to mitotic spindle assembly1,2. Activated dynein complexes consist of one or two dynein dimers, the dynactin complex and an 'activating adaptor', and they show faster velocity when two dynein dimers are present3-6. Little is known about the assembly process of this massive ~4 MDa complex. Here, using purified recombinant human proteins, we uncover a role for the dynein-binding protein LIS1 in promoting the formation of activated dynein-dynactin complexes that contain two dynein dimers. Complexes activated by proteins representing three families of activating adaptors-BicD2, Hook3 and Ninl-all show enhanced motile properties in the presence of LIS1. Activated dynein complexes do not require sustained LIS1 binding for fast velocity. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we show that human LIS1 binds to dynein at two sites on the motor domain of dynein. Our research suggests that LIS1 binding at these sites functions in multiple stages of assembling the motile dynein-dynactin-activating adaptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Min Htet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard W Baker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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20
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Xiang X. The splicing-factor Prp40 affects dynein-dynactin function in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1289-1301. [PMID: 32267207 PMCID: PMC7353152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-component cytoplasmic dynein transports cellular cargoes with the help of another multi-component complex dynactin, but we do not know enough about factors that may affect the assembly and functions of these proteins. From a genetic screen for mutations affecting early-endosome distribution in Aspergillus nidulans, we identified the prp40AL438* mutation in Prp40A, a homologue of Prp40, an essential RNA-splicing factor in the budding yeast. Prp40A is not essential for splicing, although it associates with the nuclear splicing machinery. The prp40AL438* mutant is much healthier than the ∆prp40A mutant, but both mutants exhibit similar defects in dynein-mediated early-endosome transport and nuclear distribution. In the prp40AL438* mutant, the frequency but not the speed of dynein-mediated early-endosome transport is decreased, which correlates with a decrease in the microtubule plus-end accumulations of dynein and dynactin. Within the dynactin complex, the actin-related protein Arp1 forms a mini-filament. In a pull-down assay, the amount of Arp1 pulled down with its pointed-end protein Arp11 is lowered in the prp40AL438* mutant. In addition, we found from published interactome data that a mammalian Prp40 homologue PRPF40A interacts with Arp1. Thus, Prp40 homologues may regulate the assembly or function of dynein–dynactin and their mechanisms deserve to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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21
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Hirotsune S, Kiyonari H, Jin M, Kumamoto K, Yoshida K, Shinohara M, Watanabe H, Wynshaw-Boris A, Matsuzaki F. Enhanced homologous recombination by the modulation of targeting vector ends. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2518. [PMID: 32054870 PMCID: PMC7018964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of genome editing was founded on the establishment of methods, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system, used to target DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, the efficiency of genome editing also largely depends on the endogenous cellular repair machinery. Here, we report that the specific modulation of targeting vectors to provide 3' overhangs at both ends increased the efficiency of homology-directed repair (HDR) in embryonic stem cells. We applied the modulated targeting vectors to produce homologous recombinant mice directly by pronuclear injection, but the frequency of HDR was low. Furthermore, we combined our method with the CRISPR/Cas9 system, resulting in a significant increase in HDR frequency. Thus, our HDR-based method, enhanced homologous recombination for genome targeting (eHOT), is a new and powerful method for genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hirotsune
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit, Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mingyue Jin
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kanako Kumamoto
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshida
- Laboratory Animal Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Miki Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara-city, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB731, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-4955, USA
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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22
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Xiang X. LIS1 regulates cargo-adapter-mediated activation of dynein by overcoming its autoinhibition in vivo. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3630-3646. [PMID: 31562232 PMCID: PMC6829669 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the LIS1 protein causes lissencephaly, a brain developmental disorder. Although LIS1 binds the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein and has been linked to dynein function in many experimental systems, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we revealed its function in cargo-adapter-mediated dynein activation in the model organism Aspergillus nidulans Specifically, we found that overexpressed cargo adapter HookA (Hook in A. nidulans) missing its cargo-binding domain (ΔC-HookA) causes dynein and its regulator dynactin to relocate from the microtubule plus ends to the minus ends, and this relocation requires LIS1 and its binding protein, NudE. Astonishingly, the requirement for LIS1 or NudE can be bypassed to a significant extent by mutations that prohibit dynein from forming an autoinhibited conformation in which the motor domains of the dynein dimer are held close together. Our results suggest a novel mechanism of LIS1 action that promotes the switch of dynein from the autoinhibited state to an open state to facilitate dynein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD
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NudC-like protein 2 restrains centriole amplification by stabilizing HERC2. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:628. [PMID: 31427565 PMCID: PMC6700069 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Centriole duplication is tightly controlled to occur once per cell cycle, and disruption of this synchrony causes centriole amplification, which is frequently observed in many cancers. Our previous work showed that nuclear distribution gene C (NudC)-like protein 2 (NudCL2) localizes to centrosomes; however, little is known about the role of NudCL2 in the regulation of centrosome function. Here, we find that NudCL2 is required for accurate centriole duplication by stabilizing the E3 ligase HECT domain and RCC1-like domain-containing protein 2 (HERC2). Knockout (KO) of NudCL2 using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing or depletion of NudCL2 using small interfering RNA causes significant centriole amplification. Overexpression of NudCL2 significantly suppresses hydroxyurea-induced centriole overduplication. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that HERC2 is downregulated in NudCL2 KO cells. NudCL2 is shown to interact with and stabilize HERC2. Depletion of HERC2 leads to the similar defects to that in NudCL2-downregulated cells, and ectopic expression of HERC2 effectively rescues the centriole amplification caused by the loss of NudCL2, whereas the defects induced by HERC2 depletion cannot be reversed by exogenous expression of NudCL2. Either loss of NudCL2 or depletion of HERC2 leads to the accumulation of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 33 (USP33), a centrosomal protein that positively regulates centriole duplication. Moreover, knockdown of USP33 reverses centriole amplification in both NudCL2 KO and HERC2-depleted cells. Taken together, our data suggest that NudCL2 plays an important role in maintaining the fidelity of centriole duplication by stabilizing HERC2 to control USP33 protein levels, providing a previously undescribed mechanism restraining centriole amplification.
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Monte GG, Nani JV, de Almeida Campos MR, Dal Mas C, Marins LAN, Martins LG, Tasic L, Mori MA, Hayashi MAF. Impact of nuclear distribution element genes in the typical and atypical antipsychotics effects on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Putative animal model for studying the pathways correlated to schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:19-30. [PMID: 30578843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear distribution element genes are conserved from fungus to humans. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses two isoforms of nuclear distribution element genes, namely nud-1 and nud-2. While nud-1 was functionally demonstrated to be the worm nudC ortholog, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the nud-2 gene encodes the worm ortholog of the mammalian NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1 or NudE) and NDEL1 (NDE-Like 1 or NudEL) genes, which share overlapping roles in brain development in mammals and also mediate the axon guidance in mammalian and C. elegans neurons. A significantly higher NDEL1 enzyme activity was shown in treatment non-resistant compared to treatment resistant SCZ patients, who essentially present response to the therapy with atypical clozapine but not with typical antipsychotics. Using C. elegans as a model, we tested the consequence of nud genes suppression in the effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics. To assess the role of nud genes and antipsychotic drugs over C. elegans behavior, we measured body bend frequency, egg laying and pharyngeal pumping, which traits are controlled by specific neurons and neurotransmitters known to be involved in SCZ, as dopamine and serotonin. Evaluation of metabolic and behavioral response to the pharmacotherapy with these antipsychotics demonstrates an important unbalance in serotonin pathway in both nud-1 and nud-2 knockout worms, with more significant effects for nud-2 knockout. The present data also show an interesting trend of mutant knockout worm strains to present a metabolic profile closer to that observed for the wild-type animals after the treatment with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, but which was not observed for the treatment with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Paradoxically, behavioral assays showed more evident effects for clozapine than for haloperidol, which is in line with previous studies with rodent animal models and clinical evaluations with SCZ patients. In addition, the validity and reliability of using this experimental animal model to further explore the convergence between the dopamine/serotonin pathways and neurodevelopmental processes was demonstrated here, and the potential usefulness of this model for evaluating the metabolic consequences of treatments with antipsychotics is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guilherme Monte
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João V Nani
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Dal Mas
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Augusto Negri Marins
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gelain Martins
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Departament of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (hereafter dynein) is an essential cellular motor that drives the movement of diverse cargos along the microtubule cytoskeleton, including organelles, vesicles and RNAs. A long-standing question is how a single form of dynein can be adapted to a wide range of cellular functions in both interphase and mitosis. Recent progress has provided new insights - dynein interacts with a group of activating adaptors that provide cargo-specific and/or function-specific regulation of the motor complex. Activating adaptors such as BICD2 and Hook1 enhance the stability of the complex that dynein forms with its required activator dynactin, leading to highly processive motility toward the microtubule minus end. Furthermore, activating adaptors mediate specific interactions of the motor complex with cargos such as Rab6-positive vesicles or ribonucleoprotein particles for BICD2, and signaling endosomes for Hook1. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we highlight the conserved structural features found in dynein activators, the effects of these activators on biophysical parameters, such as motor velocity and stall force, and the specific intracellular functions they mediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Olenick
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Yang Y, Wang W, Li M, Gao Y, Zhang W, Huang Y, Zhuo W, Yan X, Liu W, Wang F, Chen D, Zhou T. NudCL2 is an Hsp90 cochaperone to regulate sister chromatid cohesion by stabilizing cohesin subunits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:381-395. [PMID: 30368549 PMCID: PMC6339671 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion plays a key role in ensuring precise chromosome segregation during mitosis, which is mediated by the multisubunit cohesin complex. However, the molecular regulation of cohesin subunits stability remains unclear. Here, we show that NudCL2 (NudC-like protein 2) is essential for the stability of cohesin subunits by regulating Hsp90 ATPase activity in mammalian cells. Depletion of NudCL2 induces mitotic defects and premature sister chromatid separation and destabilizes cohesin subunits that interact with NudCL2. Similar defects are also observed upon inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity. Interestingly, ectopic expression of Hsp90 efficiently rescues the protein instability and functional deficiency of cohesin induced by NudCL2 depletion, but not vice versa. Moreover, NudCL2 not only binds to Hsp90, but also significantly modulates Hsp90 ATPase activity and promotes the chaperone function of Hsp90. Taken together, these data suggest that NudCL2 is a previously undescribed Hsp90 cochaperone to modulate sister chromatid cohesion by stabilizing cohesin subunits, providing a hitherto unrecognized mechanism that is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuliang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingwei Chen
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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27
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Ejmal MA, Holland DJ, MacDiarmid RM, Pearson MN. The Effect of Aspergillus Thermomutatus Chrysovirus 1 on the Biology of Three Aspergillus Species. Viruses 2018; 10:E539. [PMID: 30279352 PMCID: PMC6213286 DOI: 10.3390/v10100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of Aspergillus thermomutatus chrysovirus 1 (AthCV1), isolated from Aspergillus thermomutatus, on A. fumigatus, A. nidulans and A. niger. Protoplasts of virus-free isolates of A. fumigatus, A. nidulans and A. niger were transfected with purified AthCV1 particles and the phenotype, growth and sporulation of the isogenic AthCV1-free and AthCV1-infected lines assessed at 20 °C and 37 °C and gene expression data collected at 37 °C. AthCV1-free and AthCV1-infected A. fumigatus produced only conidia at both temperatures but more than ten-fold reduced compared to the AthCV1-infected line. Conidiation was also significantly reduced in infected lines of A. nidulans and A. niger at 37 °C. AthCV1-infected lines of A. thermomutatus and A. nidulans produced large numbers of ascospores at both temperatures, whereas the AthCV1-free line of the former did not produce ascospores. AthCV1-infected lines of all species developed sectoring phenotypes with sclerotia produced in aconidial sectors of A. niger at 37 °C. AthCV1 was detected in 18% of sclerotia produced by AthCV1-infected A. niger and 31% of ascospores from AthCV1-infected A. nidulans. Transcriptome analysis of the naturally AthCV1-infected A. thermomutatus and the three AthCV1-transfected Aspergillus species showed altered gene expression as a result of AthCV1-infection. The results demonstrate that AthCV1 can infect a range of Aspergillus species resulting in reduced sporulation, a potentially useful attribute for a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjoub A Ejmal
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand.
| | - David J Holland
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Division of Medicine, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland 1640, New Zealand.
| | - Robin M MacDiarmid
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand.
- Plant and Food Research, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Michael N Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand.
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28
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Dwivedi D, Sharma M. Multiple Roles, Multiple Adaptors: Dynein During Cell Cycle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1112:13-30. [PMID: 30637687 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynein is an essential protein complex present in most eukaryotes that regulate biological processes ranging from ciliary beating, intracellular transport, to cell division. Elucidating the detailed mechanism of dynein function has been a challenging task owing to its large molecular weight and high complexity of the motor. With the advent of technologies in the last two decades, studies have uncovered a wealth of information about the structural, biochemical, and cell biological roles of this motor protein. Cytoplasmic dynein associates with dynactin through adaptor proteins to mediate retrograde transport of vesicles, mRNA, proteins, and organelles on the microtubule tracts. In a mitotic cell, dynein has multiple localizations, such as at the nuclear envelope, kinetochores, mitotic spindle and spindle poles, and cell cortex. In line with this, dynein regulates multiple events during the cell cycle, such as centrosome separation, nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation, chromosome segregation, and spindle positioning. Here, we provide an overview of dynein structure and function with focus on the roles played by this motor during different stages of the cell cycle. Further, we review in detail the role of dynactin and dynein adaptors that regulate both recruitment and activity of dynein during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Dwivedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India.
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29
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Xiang X. Nuclear movement in fungi. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 82:3-16. [PMID: 29241689 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear movement within a cell occurs in a variety of eukaryotic organisms including yeasts and filamentous fungi. Fungal molecular genetic studies identified the minus-end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein as a critical protein for nuclear movement or orientation of the mitotic spindle contained in the nucleus. Studies in the budding yeast first indicated that dynein anchored at the cortex via its anchoring protein Num1 exerts pulling force on an astral microtubule to orient the anaphase spindle across the mother-daughter axis before nuclear division. Prior to anaphase, myosin V interacts with the plus end of an astral microtubule via Kar9-Bim1/EB1 and pulls the plus end along the actin cables to move the nucleus/spindle close to the bud neck. In addition, pushing or pulling forces generated from cortex-linked polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules drive nuclear movements in yeasts and possibly also in filamentous fungi. In filamentous fungi, multiple nuclei within a hyphal segment undergo dynein-dependent back-and-forth movements and their positioning is also influenced by cytoplasmic streaming toward the hyphal tip. In addition, nuclear movement occurs at various stages of fungal development and fungal infection of plant tissues. This review discusses our current understanding on the mechanisms of nuclear movement in fungal organisms, the importance of nuclear positioning and the regulatory strategies that ensure the proper positioning of nucleus/spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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30
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Goffinet AM. The evolution of cortical development: the synapsid-diapsid divergence. Development 2017; 144:4061-4077. [PMID: 29138289 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex covers the rostral part of the brain and, in higher mammals and particularly humans, plays a key role in cognition and consciousness. It is populated with neuronal cell bodies distributed in radially organized layers. Understanding the common and lineage-specific molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cortical development and evolution are key issues in neurobiology. During evolution, the cortex appeared in stem amniotes and evolved divergently in two main branches of the phylogenetic tree: the synapsids (which led to present day mammals) and the diapsids (reptiles and birds). Comparative studies in organisms that belong to those two branches have identified some common principles of cortical development and organization that are possibly inherited from stem amniotes and regulated by similar molecular mechanisms. These comparisons have also highlighted certain essential features of mammalian cortices that are absent or different in diapsids and that probably evolved after the synapsid-diapsid divergence. Chief among these is the size and multi-laminar organization of the mammalian cortex, and the propensity to increase its area by folding. Here, I review recent data on cortical neurogenesis, neuronal migration and cortical layer formation and folding in this evolutionary perspective, and highlight important unanswered questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Goffinet
- University of Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73 Box B1.73.16, B1200 Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Bradshaw NJ, Hayashi MAF. NDE1 and NDEL1 from genes to (mal)functions: parallel but distinct roles impacting on neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric illness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1191-1210. [PMID: 27742926 PMCID: PMC11107680 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1, also known as NudE) and NDEL1 (NDE-Like 1, also known as NudEL) are the mammalian homologues of the fungus nudE gene, with important and at least partially overlapping roles for brain development. While a large number of studies describe the various properties and functions of these proteins, many do not directly compare the similarities and differences between NDE1 and NDEL1. Although sharing a high degree structural similarity and multiple common cellular roles, each protein presents several distinct features that justify their parallel but also unique functions. Notably both proteins have key binding partners in dynein, LIS1 and DISC1, which impact on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric illnesses. Both are implicated in schizophrenia through genetic and functional evidence, with NDE1 also strongly implicated in microcephaly, as well as other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions through copy number variation, while NDEL1 possesses an oligopeptidase activity with a unique potential as a biomarker in schizophrenia. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of the various cellular roles of these proteins in a "bottom-up" manner, from their biochemistry and protein-protein interactions on the molecular level, up to the consequences for neuronal differentiation, and ultimately to their importance for correct cortical development, with direct consequences for the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Kong Q, Chen XS, Tian T, Xia XY, Xu P. MicroRNA-194 suppresses prostate cancer migration and invasion by downregulating human nuclear distribution protein. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:803-812. [PMID: 27959429 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NudC nuclear distribution protein (hNUDC) is differentially expressed between normal and cancer cells. Based on its marked altered expression and its roles in modulating cell division, cytokineses and migration, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating hNUDC expression in cancer cells is critical. In this study, we identified miR-194 as a downstream target of hNUDC and linked its expression to reduced metastatic capacity and tumorigenicity of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Using miRNA target prediction programs, hNUDC mRNA was found to contain a potential binding site for miR-194 within its 3'UTR. A Reporter assay confirmed that post-transcriptional regulation of hNUDC was dependent on the miR-194 binding site. Forced expression of miR-194 in PCa cell lines, PC-3 and DU-145, led to a decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of hNUDC. Overexpression of miR-194 in these cells inhibited cell migration and invasion, and induced multinucleated cells. Our data showed that hNUDC knockdown by siRNA significantly reduced the migration and invasion in the PC-3 and DU-145 cells, phenocopying the results of miR-194 overexpression. Furthermore, lentivirus-mediated stable expression of miR-194 in PCa cells reduced the ability of colony formation as detected by a soft agar assay and exhibited significantly less tumorigenic ability in vivo. Our results suggest a novel role for miR-194 in effectively controlling cell metastatic processes in PCa cells via the regulation of hNUDC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Shen Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Tian Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-You Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Peilin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
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33
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Salogiannis J, Reck-Peterson SL. Hitchhiking: A Non-Canonical Mode of Microtubule-Based Transport. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:141-150. [PMID: 27665063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The long-range movement of organelles, vesicles, and macromolecular complexes by microtubule-based transport is crucial for cell growth and survival. The canonical view of intracellular transport is that each cargo directly recruits molecular motors via cargo-specific adaptor molecules. Recently, a new paradigm called 'hitchhiking' has emerged: some cargos can achieve motility by interacting with other cargos that have already recruited molecular motors. In this way, cargos are co-transported together and their movements are directly coupled. Cargo hitchhiking was discovered in fungi. However, the observation that organelle dynamics are coupled in mammalian cells suggests that this paradigm may be evolutionarily conserved. We review here the data for hitchhiking and discuss the biological significance of this non-canonical mode of microtubule-based transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Salogiannis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Fu Q, Wang W, Zhou T, Yang Y. Emerging roles of NudC family: from molecular regulation to clinical implications. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:455-62. [PMID: 26965524 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear distribution gene C (NudC) was first found in Aspergillus nidulans as an upstream regulator of NudF, whose mammalian homolog is Lissencephaly 1 (Lis1). NudC is conserved from fungi to mammals. Vertebrate NudC has three homologs: NudC, NudC-like protein (NudCL), and NudC-like protein 2 (NudCL2). All members of the NudC family share a conserved p23 domain, which possesses chaperone activity both in conjunction with and independently of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Our group and the others found that NudC homologs were involved in cell cycle regulation by stabilizing the components of the LIS1/dynein complex. Additionally, NudC plays important roles in cell migration, ciliogenesis, thrombopoiesis, and the inflammatory response. It has been reported that NudCL is essential for the stability of the dynein intermediate chain and ciliogenesis via its interaction with the dynein 2 complex. Our data showed that NudCL2 regulates the LIS1/dynein pathway by stabilizing LIS1 with Hsp90 chaperone. The fourth distantly related member of the NudC family, CML66, a tumor-associated antigen in human leukemia, contains a p23 domain and appears to promote oncogenesis by regulating the IGF-1R-MAPK signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the NudC family and highlight its potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqin Fu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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35
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Vagnoni A, Hoffmann PC, Bullock SL. Reducing Lissencephaly-1 levels augments mitochondrial transport and has a protective effect in adult Drosophila neurons. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:178-90. [PMID: 26598558 PMCID: PMC4732301 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective transport of mitochondria in axons is implicated in the pathogenesis of several age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, the regulation and function of axonal mitochondrial motility during normal ageing is poorly understood. Here, we use novel imaging procedures to characterise axonal transport of these organelles in the adult Drosophila wing nerve. During early adult life there is a boost and progressive decline in the proportion of mitochondria that are motile, which is not due to general changes in cargo transport. Experimental inhibition of the mitochondrial transport machinery specifically in adulthood accelerates the appearance of focal protein accumulations in ageing axons, which is suggestive of defects in protein homeostasis. Unexpectedly, lowering levels of Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1), a dynein motor co-factor, augments axonal mitochondrial transport in ageing wing neurons. Lis1 mutations suppress focal protein accumulations in ageing neurons, including those caused by interfering with the mitochondrial transport machinery. Our data provide new insights into the dynamics of mitochondrial motility in adult neurons in vivo, identify Lis1 as a negative regulator of transport of these organelles, and provide evidence of a link between mitochondrial movement and neuronal protein homeostasis. Summary: Novel imaging procedures in the adult Drosophila wing reveal that Lissencephaly-1 restrains mitochondrial motion and that reducing levels of this protein protects against an age-related decline in protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Vagnoni
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Patrick C Hoffmann
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Simon L Bullock
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Cianfrocco MA, DeSantis ME, Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Mechanism and regulation of cytoplasmic dynein. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:83-108. [PMID: 26436706 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, dynein was the least understood of the cytoskeletal motors. However, a wealth of new structural, mechanistic, and cell biological data is shedding light on how this complicated minus-end-directed, microtubule-based motor works. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 performs a wide array of functions in most eukaryotes, both in interphase, in which it transports organelles, proteins, mRNAs, and viruses, and in mitosis and meiosis. Mutations in dynein or its regulators are linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we begin by providing a synthesis of recent data to describe the current model of dynein's mechanochemical cycle. Next, we discuss regulators of dynein, with particular focus on those that directly interact with the motor to modulate its recruitment to microtubules, initiate cargo transport, or activate minus-end-directed motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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37
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Yao X, Arst HN, Wang X, Xiang X. Discovery of a vezatin-like protein for dynein-mediated early endosome transport. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3816-27. [PMID: 26378255 PMCID: PMC4626066 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, dynein moves early endosomes away from the hyphal tip. Aspergillus genetics is used to identify a vezatin-like protein, VezA, which is critical for dynein-mediated transport of early endosomes. VezA localizes to the hyphal tip in an actin-dependent manner and regulates the interaction between dynein and early endosomes. Early endosomes are transported bidirectionally by cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin-3, but how the movements are regulated in vivo remains unclear. Here our forward genetic study led to the discovery of VezA, a vezatin-like protein in Aspergillus nidulans, as a factor critical for early endosome distribution. Loss of vezA causes an abnormal accumulation of early endosomes at the hyphal tip, where microtubule plus ends are located. This abnormal accumulation depends on kinesin-3 and is due to a decrease in the frequency but not the speed of dynein-mediated early endosome movement. VezA-GFP signals are enriched at the hypha tip in an actin-dependent manner but are not obviously associated with early endosomes, thus differing from the early endosome association of the cargo adapter HookA (Hook in A. nidulans). On loss of VezA, HookA associates normally with early endosomes, but the interaction between dynein-dynactin and the early-endosome-bound HookA is significantly decreased. However, VezA is not required for linking dynein-dynactin to the cytosolic ∆C-HookA, lacking the cargo-binding C-terminus. These results identify VezA as a novel regulator required for the interaction between dynein and the Hook-bound early endosomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanli Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Herbert N Arst
- Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
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38
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Callejas-Negrete OA, Plamann M, Schnittker R, Bartnicki-García S, Roberson RW, Pimienta G, Mouriño-Pérez RR. Two microtubule-plus-end binding proteins LIS1-1 and LIS1-2, homologues of human LIS1 in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:213-27. [PMID: 26231681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LIS1 is a microtubule (Mt) plus-end binding protein that interacts with the dynein/dynactin complex. In humans, LIS1 is required for proper nuclear and organelle migration during cell growth. Although gene duplication is absent from Neurospora crassa, we found two paralogues of human LIS1. We named them LIS1-1 and LIS1-2 and studied their dynamics and function by fluorescent tagging. At the protein level, LIS1-1 and LIS1-2 were very similar. Although, the characteristic coiled-coil motif was not present in LIS1-2. LIS1-1-GFP and LIS1-2-GFP showed the same cellular distribution and dynamics, but LIS1-2-GFP was less abundant. Both LIS1 proteins were found in the subapical region as single fluorescent particles traveling toward the cell apex, they accumulated in the apical dome forming prominent short filament-like structures, some of which traversed the Spitzenkörper (Spk). The fluorescent structures moved exclusively in anterograde fashion along straight paths suggesting they traveled on Mts. There was no effect in the filament behavior of LIS1-1-GFP in the Δlis1-2 mutant but the dynamics of LIS1-2-GFP was affected in the Δlis1-1 mutant. Microtubular integrity and the dynein-dynactin complex were necessary for the formation of filament-like structures of LIS1-1-GFP in the subapical and apical regions; however, conventional kinesin (KIN-1) was not. Deletion mutants showed that the lack of lis1-1 decreased cell growth by ∼75%; however, the lack of lis1-2 had no effect on growth. A Δlis1-1;Δlis1-2 double mutant showed slower growth than either single mutant. Conidia production was reduced but branching rate increased in Δlis1-1 and the Δlis1-1;Δlis1-2 double mutants. The absence of LIS1-1 had a strong effect on Mt organization and dynamics and indirectly affected nuclear and mitochondrial distribution. The absence of LIS1-1 filaments in dynein mutants (ropy mutants) or in benomyl treated hyphae indicates the strong association between this protein and the regulation of the dynein-dynactin complex and Mt organization. LIS1-1 and LIS1-2 had a high amino acid homology, nevertheless, the absence of the coiled-coil motif in LIS1-2 suggests that its function or regulation may be distinct from that of LIS1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Callejas-Negrete
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
| | - Michael Plamann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Robert Schnittker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
| | | | - Genaro Pimienta
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico.
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Xiang X, Qiu R, Yao X, Arst HN, Peñalva MA, Zhang J. Cytoplasmic dynein and early endosome transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3267-80. [PMID: 26001903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-based distribution of organelles/vesicles is crucial for the function of many types of eukaryotic cells and the molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein is required for transporting a variety of cellular cargos toward the microtubule minus ends. Early endosomes represent a major cargo of dynein in filamentous fungi, and dynein regulators such as LIS1 and the dynactin complex are both required for early endosome movement. In fungal hyphae, kinesin-3 and dynein drive bi-directional movements of early endosomes. Dynein accumulates at microtubule plus ends; this accumulation depends on kinesin-1 and dynactin, and it is important for early endosome movements towards the microtubule minus ends. The physical interaction between dynein and early endosome requires the dynactin complex, and in particular, its p25 component. The FTS-Hook-FHIP (FHF) complex links dynein-dynactin to early endosomes, and within the FHF complex, Hook interacts with dynein-dynactin, and Hook-early endosome interaction depends on FHIP and FTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA,
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40
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Wolniak SM, Boothby TC, van der Weele CM. Posttranscriptional control over rapid development and ciliogenesis in Marsilea. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:403-44. [PMID: 25837402 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Marsilea vestita is a semiaquatic fern that produces its spores (meiotic products) as it undergoes a process of natural desiccation. During the period of desiccation, the spores mature, and produce large quantities of pre-mRNA, which is partially processed and stored in nuclear speckles and can remain stable during a period of extended quiescence in the dry spore. Rehydration of the spores initiates a highly coordinated developmental program, featuring nine successive mitotic division cycles that occur at precise times and in precise planes within the spore wall to produce 39 cells, 32 of which are spermatids. The spermatids then undergo de novo basal body formation, the assembly of a massive cytoskeleton, nuclear and cell elongation, and finally ciliogenesis, before being released from the spore wall. The entire developmental program requires only 11 h to reach completion, and is synchronous in a population of spores rehydrated at the same time. Rapid development in this endosporic gametophyte is controlled posttranscriptionally, where stored pre-mRNAs, many of which are intron-retaining transcripts, are unmasked, processed, and translated under tight spatial and temporal control. Here, we describe posttranscriptional mechanisms that exert temporal and spatial control over this developmental program, which culminates in the production of ∼140 ciliary axonemes in each spermatozoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Wolniak
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA
| | - Thomas C Boothby
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA
| | - Corine M van der Weele
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA
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41
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Peñalva MA, Galindo A, Abenza JF, Pinar M, Calcagno-Pizarelli AM, Arst HN, Pantazopoulou A. Searching for gold beyond mitosis: Mining intracellular membrane traffic in Aspergillus nidulans. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 2:2-14. [PMID: 22645705 PMCID: PMC3355971 DOI: 10.4161/cl.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genetically tractable filamentous ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans has been successfully exploited to gain major insight into the eukaryotic cell cycle. More recently, its amenability to in vivo multidimensional microscopy has fueled a potentially gilded second age of A. nidulans cell biology studies. This review specifically deals with studies on intracellular membrane traffic in A. nidulans. The cellular logistics are subordinated to the needs imposed by the polarized mode of growth of the multinucleated hyphal tip cells, whereas membrane traffic is adapted to the large intracellular distances. Recent work illustrates the usefulness of this fungus for morphological and biochemical studies on endosome and Golgi maturation, and on the role of microtubule-dependent motors in the long-distance movement of endosomes. The fungus is ideally suited for genetic studies on the secretory pathway, as mutations impairing secretion reduce apical extension rates, resulting in phenotypes detectable by visual inspection of colonies.
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42
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Raaijmakers JA, Medema RH. Function and regulation of dynein in mitotic chromosome segregation. Chromosoma 2014; 123:407-22. [PMID: 24871939 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-014-0468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a large minus-end-directed microtubule motor complex, involved in many different cellular processes including intracellular trafficking, organelle positioning, and microtubule organization. Furthermore, dynein plays essential roles during cell division where it is implicated in multiple processes including centrosome separation, chromosome movements, spindle organization, spindle positioning, and mitotic checkpoint silencing. How is a single motor able to fulfill this large array of functions and how are these activities temporally and spatially regulated? The answer lies in the unique composition of the dynein motor and in the interactions it makes with multiple regulatory proteins that define the time and place where dynein becomes active. Here, we will focus on the different mitotic processes that dynein is involved in, and how its regulatory proteins act to support dynein. Although dynein is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes (with the exception of plants), there is significant variability in the cellular processes that depend on dynein in different species. In this review, we concentrate on the functions of cytoplasmic dynein in mammals but will also refer to data obtained in other model organisms that have contributed to our understanding of dynein function in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Raaijmakers
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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43
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Zhang J, Qiu R, Arst HN, Peñalva MA, Xiang X. HookA is a novel dynein-early endosome linker critical for cargo movement in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:1009-26. [PMID: 24637327 PMCID: PMC3998793 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201308009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HookA is a novel linker protein that binds to endosomes and to dynein–dynactin and promotes dynein–early endosome interaction in Aspergillus. Cytoplasmic dynein transports membranous cargoes along microtubules, but the mechanism of dynein–cargo interaction is unclear. From a genetic screen, we identified a homologue of human Hook proteins, HookA, as a factor required for dynein-mediated early endosome movement in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. HookA contains a putative N-terminal microtubule-binding domain followed by coiled-coil domains and a C-terminal cargo-binding domain, an organization reminiscent of cytoplasmic linker proteins. HookA–early endosome interaction occurs independently of dynein–early endosome interaction and requires the C-terminal domain. Importantly, HookA interacts with dynein and dynactin independently of HookA–early endosome interaction but dependent on the N-terminal part of HookA. Both dynein and the p25 subunit of dynactin are required for the interaction between HookA and dynein–dynactin, and loss of HookA significantly weakens dynein–early endosome interaction, causing a virtually complete absence of early endosome movement. Thus, HookA is a novel linker important for dynein–early endosome interaction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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44
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Steinberg G. Endocytosis and early endosome motility in filamentous fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:10-8. [PMID: 24835422 PMCID: PMC4148197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyphal growth of filamentous fungi requires microtubule-based long-distance motility of early endosomes. Since the discovery of this process in Ustilago maydis, our understanding of its molecular basis and biological function has greatly advanced. Studies in U. maydis and Aspergillus nidulans reveal a complex interplay of the motor proteins kinesin-3 and dynein, which co-operate to support bi-directional motion of early endosomes. Genetic screening has shed light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning motor regulation, revealing Hook protein as general motor adapters on early endosomes. Recently, fascinating insight into unexpected roles for endosome motility has emerged. This includes septin filament formation and cellular distribution of the machinery for protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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45
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Tan K, Roberts AJ, Chonofsky M, Egan MJ, Reck-Peterson SL. A microscopy-based screen employing multiplex genome sequencing identifies cargo-specific requirements for dynein velocity. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:669-78. [PMID: 24403603 PMCID: PMC3937092 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-09-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The timely delivery of membranous organelles and macromolecules to specific locations within the majority of eukaryotic cells depends on microtubule-based transport. Here we describe a screening method to identify mutations that have a critical effect on intracellular transport and its regulation using mutagenesis, multicolor-fluorescence microscopy, and multiplex genome sequencing. This screen exploits the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, which has many of the advantages of yeast molecular genetics but uses long-range microtubule-based transport in a manner more similar to metazoan cells. Using this method, we identified seven mutants that represent novel alleles of components of the intracellular transport machinery: specifically, kinesin-1, cytoplasmic dynein, and the dynein regulators Lis1 and dynactin. The two dynein mutations identified in our screen map to dynein's AAA+ catalytic core. Single-molecule studies reveal that both mutations reduce dynein's velocity in vitro. In vivo these mutants severely impair the distribution and velocity of endosomes, a known dynein cargo. In contrast, another dynein cargo, the nucleus, is positioned normally in these mutants. These results reveal that different dynein functions have distinct stringencies for motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaeling Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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46
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Hippenmeyer S. Molecular pathways controlling the sequential steps of cortical projection neuron migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:1-24. [PMID: 24243097 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated migration of newly-born neurons to their target territories is essential for correct neuronal circuit assembly in the developing brain. Although a cohort of signaling pathways has been implicated in the regulation of cortical projection neuron migration, the precise molecular mechanisms and how a balanced interplay of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous functions of candidate signaling molecules controls the discrete steps in the migration process, are just being revealed. In this chapter, I will focally review recent advances that improved our understanding of the cell-autonomous and possible cell-nonautonomous functions of the evolutionarily conserved LIS1/NDEL1-complex in regulating the sequential steps of cortical projection neuron migration. I will then elaborate on the emerging concept that the Reelin signaling pathway, acts exactly at precise stages in the course of cortical projection neuron migration. Lastly, I will discuss how finely tuned transcriptional programs and downstream effectors govern particular aspects in driving radial migration at discrete stages and how they regulate the precise positioning of cortical projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hippenmeyer
- Developmental Neurobiology, IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, A-3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria,
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47
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Rab6a releases LIS1 from a dynein idling complex and activates dynein for retrograde movement. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2033. [PMID: 23783758 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein drives the movement of a wide range of cargoes towards the minus ends of microtubules. We previously demonstrated that LIS1 forms an idling complex with dynein, which is transported to the plus ends of microtubules by kinesin motors. Here we report that the small GTPase Rab6a is essential for activation of idling dynein. Immunoprecipitation and microtubule pull-down assays reveal that the GTP bound mutant, Rab6a(Q72L), dissociates LIS1 from a LIS1-dynein complex, activating dynein movement in in vitro microtubule gliding assays. We monitor transient interaction between Rab6a(Q72L) and dynein in vivo using dual-colour fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Finally, we demonstrate that Rab6a(Q72L) mediates LIS1 release from a LIS1-dynein complex followed by dynein activation through an in vitro single-molecule assay using triple-colour quantum dots. Our findings reveal a surprising function for GTP bound Rab6a as an activator of idling dynein.
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48
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Dix CI, Soundararajan HC, Dzhindzhev NS, Begum F, Suter B, Ohkura H, Stephens E, Bullock SL. Lissencephaly-1 promotes the recruitment of dynein and dynactin to transported mRNAs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:479-94. [PMID: 23918939 PMCID: PMC3734092 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lissencephaly-1 promotes the interaction of dynein with dynactin and facilitates motor complex association with mRNA cargos. Microtubule-based transport mediates the sorting and dispersal of many cellular components and pathogens. However, the mechanisms by which motor complexes are recruited to and regulated on different cargos remain poorly understood. Here we describe a large-scale biochemical screen for novel factors associated with RNA localization signals mediating minus end–directed mRNA transport during Drosophila development. We identified the protein Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1) and found that minus-end travel distances of localizing transcripts are dramatically reduced in lis1 mutant embryos. Surprisingly, given its well-documented role in regulating dynein mechanochemistry, we uncovered an important requirement for Lis1 in promoting the recruitment of dynein and its accessory complex dynactin to RNA localization complexes. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Lis1 levels regulate the overall association of dynein with dynactin. Our data therefore reveal a critical role for Lis1 within the mRNA localization machinery and suggest a model in which Lis1 facilitates motor complex association with cargos by promoting the interaction of dynein with dynactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly I Dix
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
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49
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Abstract
Shootin1 has been ascribed a role in regulating polarization of primary hippocampal neurons. To better understand the possible role of Shootin1 in the developing brain, we identified a member of the kinesin superfamily, KIF20B, as a novel Shootin1 interacting protein and a potential mediator of Shootin1 interaction with microtubules. KIF20B/Shootin1 binding was mapped to a 57 aa KIF20B sequence, which was used as a dominant-negative fragment. Direct interaction between that peptide (MBD) and Shootin1 was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance-based technology and the affinity was determined in the 10⁻⁷ m range. The proteins are expressed in the developing brain and formed a complex in vivo based on coimmunoprecipitation experiments and coimmunostaining in primary neurons. In primary hippocampal neurons Kif20b knockdown reduced Shootin1 mobilization to the developing axon, as evidenced by immunostaining and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis, suggesting that Shootin1 is a novel KIF20B cargo. shRNA targeting of Shootin1 reduced PIP3 accumulation in the growth cone, as did Kif20b shRNA. In the developing mouse brain, Kif20b knockdown or expression of the KIF20B minimal binding domain inhibited neuronal migration, and in vivo migration assays suggested that Shootin1/Kif20b acts in the same genetic pathway. Time-lapse imaging of multipolar cells in the subventricular zone revealed that downregulating levels of either Shootin1 or Kif20b hindered the transition from multipolar to bipolar cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate the importance of the Shootin1/KIF20B interaction to the dynamic process of pyramidal neuronal polarization and migration.
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Moon HM, Youn YH, Pemble H, Yingling J, Wittmann T, Wynshaw-Boris A. LIS1 controls mitosis and mitotic spindle organization via the LIS1-NDEL1-dynein complex. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:449-66. [PMID: 24030547 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous LIS1 mutations are responsible for the human neuronal migration disorder lissencephaly. Mitotic functions of LIS1 have been suggested from many organisms throughout evolution. However, the cellular functions of LIS1 at distinct intracellular compartments such as the centrosome and the cell cortex have not been well defined especially during mitotic cell division. Here, we used detailed cellular approaches and time-lapse live cell imaging of mitosis from Lis1 mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts to reveal critical roles of LIS1 in mitotic spindle regulation. We found that LIS1 is required for the tight control of chromosome congression and segregation to dictate kinetochore-microtubule (MT) interactions and anaphase progression. In addition, LIS1 is essential for the establishment of mitotic spindle pole integrity by maintaining normal centrosome number. Moreover, LIS1 plays crucial roles in mitotic spindle orientation by increasing the density of astral MT plus-end movements toward the cell cortex, which enhances cortical targeting of LIS1-dynein complex. Overexpression of NDEL1-dynein and MT stabilization rescues spindle orientation defects in Lis1 mutants, demonstrating that mouse LIS1 acts via the LIS1-NDEL1-dynein complex to regulate astral MT plus-ends dynamics and establish proper contacts of MTs with the cell cortex to ensure precise cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Mi Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics
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