1
|
Myers AK, Morel M, Gee SH, Hoffmann KA, Long W. ERK3 and DGKζ interact to modulate cell motility in lung cancer cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1192221. [PMID: 37287450 PMCID: PMC10242005 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1192221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) promotes cell migration and tumor metastasis in multiple cancer types, including lung cancer. The extracellular-regulated kinase 3 protein has a unique structure. In addition to the N-terminal kinase domain, ERK3 includes a central conserved in extracellular-regulated kinase 3 and ERK4 (C34) domain and an extended C-terminus. However, relatively little is known regarding the role(s) of the C34 domain. A yeast two-hybrid assay using extracellular-regulated kinase 3 as bait identified diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) as a binding partner. DGKζ was shown to promote migration and invasion in some cancer cell types, but its role in lung cancer cells is yet to be described. The interaction of extracellular-regulated kinase 3 and DGKζ was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding assays, consistent with their co-localization at the periphery of lung cancer cells. The C34 domain of ERK3 was sufficient for binding to DGKζ, while extracellular-regulated kinase 3 bound to the N-terminal and C1 domains of DGKζ. Surprisingly, in contrast to extracellular-regulated kinase 3, DGKζ suppresses lung cancer cell migration, suggesting DGKζ might inhibit ERK3-mediated cell motility. Indeed, co-overexpression of exogenous DGKζ and extracellular-regulated kinase 3 completely blocked the ability of ERK3 to promote cell migration, but DGKζ did not affect the migration of cells with stable ERK3 knockdown. Furthermore, DGKζ had little effect on cell migration induced by overexpression of an ERK3 mutant missing the C34 domain, suggesting DGKζ requires this domain to prevent ERK3-mediated increase in cell migration. In summary, this study has identified DGKζ as a new binding partner and negative regulator of extracellular-regulated kinase 3 in controlling lung cancer cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Marion Morel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Stephen H. Gee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine A. Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song G, Jin F. RhoGDI1 interacts with PHLDA2, suppresses the proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells, and participates in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1440-1452. [PMID: 35841528 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-associated disease, which is the major cause of mortality on maternity and perinatal infants. It is hypothesized that PE is a consequence of the dysfunction of the trophoblast cells. Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 2 (PHLDA2) was shown to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells in our previous studies. However, the mechanism by which PHLDA2 affects trophoblast cell function has not been clarified. In the current study, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) with mass spectroscopy analysis was used to explore the proteins that interacted with PHLDA2. A total of 291 candidate proteins were found to be associated with PHLDA2. The interaction between PHLDA2 and Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) 1 was identified by Co-IP and immunofluorescence staining. Western blot analysis indicated that overexpression of PHLDA2 resulted in upregulation of the RhoGDI1 protein levels, which were stabilized in the presence of cycloheximide. Similarly, overexpression of RhoGDI1 promoted PHLDA2 expression and its stability. Furthermore, pull-down and Co-IP results indicated that PHLDA2 repressed the activity of Rho guanosine triphosphate hydrolase family proteins by regulating RhoGDI1 expression. In addition, RhoGDI1 expression was upregulated in the placental tissues of patients with PE. The effects of the suppression of PHLDA2 expression on proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells were partly abrogated following knockdown of RhoGDI1. Taken together, the data indicated that RhoGDI1 mediated regulation of PHLDA2 on the biological behavior of trophoblast cells and may participate in the pathophysiology of PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyu Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ali R, Mir HA, Hamid R, Bhat B, Shah RA, Khanday FA, Bhat SS. Actin Modulation Regulates the Alpha-1-Syntrophin/p66Shc Mediated Redox Signaling Contributing to the RhoA GTPase Protein Activation in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841303. [PMID: 35273919 PMCID: PMC8904154 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SNTA1 signaling axis plays an essential role in cytoskeletal organization and is also implicated in breast cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of actin cytoskeleton in the propagation of SNTA1/p66shc mediated pro-metastatic cascade in breast cancer cells.The effect of actin filament depolymerization on SNTA1-p66Shc interaction and the trimeric complex formation was analyzed using co-immunoprecipitation assays. Immunofluorescence and RhoA activation assays were used to show the involvement of SNTA1-p66Shc interaction in RhoA activation and F-actin organization. Cellular proliferation and ROS levels were assessed using MTT assay and Amplex red catalase assay. The migratory potential was evaluated using transwell migration assay and wound healing assay.We found that cytochalasin D mediated actin depolymerization significantly declines endogenous interaction between SNTA1 and p66Shc protein in MDA-MB-231 cells. Results indicate that SNTA1 and p66Shc interact with RhoA protein under physiological conditions. The ROS generation and RhoA activation were substantially enhanced in cells overexpressing SNTA1 and p66Shc, promoting proliferation and migration in these cells. In addition, we found that loss of SNTA1-p66Shc interaction impaired actin organization, proliferation, and migration in breast cancer cells. Our results demonstrate a novel reciprocal regulatory mechanism between actin modulation and SNTA1/p66Shc/RhoA signaling cascade in human metastatic breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshia Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rabia Hamid
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Basharat Bhat
- National Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP) Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Riaz A Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Sahar Saleem Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Srinagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kowluru A, Gleason NF. Underappreciated roles for Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) in cell function: Lessons learned from the pancreatic islet β-cell. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114886. [PMID: 34968495 PMCID: PMC8858860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rho subfamily of G proteins (e.g., Rac1) have been implicated in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell. Interestingly, metabolic stress (e.g., chronic exposure to high glucose) results in sustained activation of Rac1 leading to increased oxidative stress, impaired insulin secretion and β-cell dysfunction. Activation-deactivation of Rho G proteins is mediated by three classes of regulatory proteins, namely the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which facilitate the conversion of inactive G proteins to their active conformations; the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which convert the active G proteins to their inactive forms); and the GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which prevent the dissociation of GDP from G proteins. Contrary to a large number of GEFs (82 members) and GAPs (69 members), only three members of RhoGDIs (RhoGDIα, RhoGDIβ and RhoGDIγ) are expressed in mammalian cells.Even though relatively smaller in number, the GDIs appear to play essential roles in G protein function (e.g., subcellular targeting) for effector activation and cell regulation. Emerging evidence also suggests that the GDIs are functionally regulated via post-translational modification (e.g., phosphorylation) and by lipid second messengers, lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases. We highlight the underappreciated regulatory roles of RhoGDI-Rho G protein signalome in islet β-cell function in health and metabolic stress. Potential knowledge gaps in the field, and directions for future research for the identification of novel therapeutic targets to loss of functional β-cell mass under the duress of metabolic stress are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ard R, Maillet JC, Daher E, Phan M, Zinoviev R, Parks RJ, Gee SH. PKCα-mediated phosphorylation of the diacylglycerol kinase ζ MARCKS domain switches cell migration modes by regulating interactions with Rac1 and RhoA. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100516. [PMID: 33676892 PMCID: PMC8042443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can switch between Rac1 (lamellipodia-based) and RhoA (blebbing-based) migration modes, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this shift are not fully understood. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ), which phosphorylates diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidic acid, forms independent complexes with Rac1 and RhoA, selectively dissociating each from their common inhibitor RhoGDI. DGKζ catalytic activity is required for Rac1 dissociation but is dispensable for RhoA dissociation; instead, DGKζ stimulates RhoA release via a kinase-independent scaffolding mechanism. The molecular determinants that mediate the selective targeting of DGKζ to Rac1 or RhoA signaling complexes are unknown. Here, we show that protein kinase Cα (PKCα)-mediated phosphorylation of the DGKζ MARCKS domain increased DGKζ association with RhoA and decreased its interaction with Rac1. The same modification also enhanced DGKζ interaction with the scaffold protein syntrophin. Expression of a phosphomimetic DGKζ mutant stimulated membrane blebbing in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and C2C12 myoblasts, which was augmented by inhibition of endogenous Rac1. DGKζ expression in differentiated C2 myotubes, which have low endogenous Rac1 levels, also induced substantial membrane blebbing via the RhoA-ROCK pathway. These events were independent of DGKζ catalytic activity, but dependent upon a functional C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. Rescue of RhoA activity in DGKζ-null cells also required the PDZ-binding motif, suggesting that syntrophin interaction is necessary for optimal RhoA activation. Collectively, our results define a switch-like mechanism whereby DGKζ phosphorylation by PKCα plays a role in the interconversion between Rac1 and RhoA signaling pathways that underlie different cellular migration modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Christian Maillet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elias Daher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Phan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Radoslav Zinoviev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H Gee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Catacuzzeno L, Sforna L, Esposito V, Limatola C, Franciolini F. Ion Channels in Glioma Malignancy. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:223-267. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Fazio A, Owusu Obeng E, Rusciano I, Marvi MV, Zoli M, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Follo MY, McCubrey JA, Cocco L, Manzoli L, Ratti S. Subcellular Localization Relevance and Cancer-Associated Mechanisms of Diacylglycerol Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5297. [PMID: 32722576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of reports suggests a significant involvement of the phosphoinositide (PI) cycle in cancer development and progression. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are very active in the PI cycle. They are a family of ten members that convert diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA), two-second messengers with versatile cellular functions. Notably, some DGK isoforms, such as DGKα, have been reported to possess promising therapeutic potential in cancer therapy. However, further studies are needed in order to better comprehend their involvement in cancer. In this review, we highlight that DGKs are an essential component of the PI cycle that localize within several subcellular compartments, including the nucleus and plasma membrane, together with their PI substrates and that they are involved in mediating major cancer cell mechanisms such as growth and metastasis. DGKs control cancer cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis by regulating Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways. In addition, some DGKs control cancer cell migration by regulating the activities of the Rho GTPases Rac1 and RhoA.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoshino F, Sakane F. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidic acids selectively interact with L-lactate dehydrogenase A and induce its secondary structural change and inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158768. [PMID: 32717303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) consists of various molecular species that have different fatty acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions; and consequently, mammalian cells contain at least 50 structurally distinct PA molecular species. However, the different roles of each PA species are poorly understood. In the present study, we attempted to identify dipalmitoyl (16:0/16:0)-PA-binding proteins from mouse skeletal muscle using liposome precipitation and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We identified L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) A, which catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to lactate and is a key checkpoint of anaerobic glycolysis critical for tumor growth, as a 16:0/16:0-PA-binding protein. LDHA did not substantially associate with other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphoinositides and cardiolipin at physiological pH (7.4), indicating that LDHA specifically bound to PA. Interestingly, 18:0/18:0-, 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA also interacted with LDHA, and their binding activities were stronger than 16:0/16:0-PA at pH 7.4. Moreover, circular dichroism spectrometry showed that 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA, but not 16:0/16:0- or 18:0/18:0-PA, significantly reduced the α-helical structure of LDHA. Furthermore, 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA attenuated LDH activity. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that LDHA is a PA-binding protein and is a unique PA-binding protein that is structurally and functionally controlled by associating with 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA.
Collapse
|
9
|
Xie D, Zhang S, Chen P, Deng W, Pan Y, Xie J, Wang J, Liao B, Sleasman JW, Zhong XP. Negative control of diacylglycerol kinase ζ-mediated inhibition of T cell receptor signaling by nuclear sequestration in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1729-1745. [PMID: 32525220 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) play important roles in restraining diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated signaling. Within the DGK family, the ζ isoform appears to be the most important isoform in T cells for controlling their development and function. DGKζ has been demonstrated to regulate T cell maturation, activation, anergy, effector/memory differentiation, defense against microbial infection, and antitumor immunity. Given its critical functions, DGKζ function should be tightly regulated to ensure proper signal transduction; however, mechanisms that control DGKζ function are still poorly understood. We report here that DGKζ dynamically translocates from the cytosol into the nuclei in T cells after TCR stimulation. In mice, DGKζ mutant defective in nuclear localization displayed enhanced ability to inhibit TCR-induced DAG-mediated signaling in primary T cells, maturation of conventional αβT and iNKT cells, and activation of peripheral T cells compared with WT DGKζ. Our study reveals for the first time nuclear sequestration of DGKζ as a negative control mechanism to spatially restrain it from terminating DAG mediated signaling in T cells. Our data suggest that manipulation of DGKζ nucleus-cytosol shuttling as a novel strategy to modulate DGKζ activity and immune responses for treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danli Xie
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yun Pan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jinhai Xie
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jinli Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bryce Liao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John W Sleasman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu CS, Schmezer P, Popanda O. Diacylglycerol Kinase Alpha in Radiation-Induced Fibrosis: Potential as a Predictive Marker or Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2020; 10:737. [PMID: 32477950 PMCID: PMC7235333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an efficient tool in cancer treatment, but it brings along the risk of side effects such as fibrosis in the irradiated healthy tissue thus limiting tumor control and impairing quality of life of cancer survivors. Knowledge on radiation-related fibrosis risk and therapeutic options is still limited and requires further research. Recent studies demonstrated that epigenetic regulation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKA) is associated with radiation-induced fibrosis. However, the specific mechanisms are still unknown. In this review, we scrutinized the role of DGKA in the radiation response and in further cellular functions to show the potential of DGKA as a predictive marker or a novel target in fibrosis treatment. DGKA was reported to participate in immune response, lipid signaling, exosome production, and migration as well as cell proliferation, all processes which are suggested to be critical steps in fibrogenesis. Most of these functions are based on the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA) at plasma membranes, but DGKA might have also other, yet not well-known functions in the nucleus. Current evidence summarized here underlines that DGKA activation may play a central role in fibrosis formation post-irradiation and shows a potential of direct DGKA inhibitors or epigenetic modulators to attenuate pro-fibrotic reactions, thus providing novel therapeutic choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shan Liu
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmezer
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odilia Popanda
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma Y, Wang L, Jia R. The role of mitochondrial dynamics in human cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1278-1293. [PMID: 32509379 PMCID: PMC7269774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial cellular organelles. Under extracellular stimulations, mitochondria undergo constant fusion and fission dynamics to meet different cellular demands. Mitochondrial dynamics is regulated by specialized proteins and lipids. Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics has been linked to the initiation and progression of diverse human cancers, affecting aspects such as cancer metastasis, drug resistance and cancer stem cell survival, suggesting that targeting mitochondrial dynamics is a potential therapeutic strategy. In the present review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying fusion and fission dynamics and discuss the effects of mitochondrial dynamics on the development of human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Merino-Cortés SV, Gardeta SR, Roman-Garcia S, Martínez-Riaño A, Pineau J, Liebana R, Merida I, Dumenil AML, Pierobon P, Husson J, Alarcon B, Carrasco YR. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ promotes actin cytoskeleton remodeling and mechanical forces at the B cell immune synapse. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/627/eaaw8214. [PMID: 32291315 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw8214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) limit antigen receptor signaling in immune cells by consuming the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Here, we showed that DGKζ promotes lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)-mediated adhesion and F-actin generation at the immune synapse of B cells with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), mostly in a PA-dependent manner. Measurement of single-cell mechanical force generation indicated that DGKζ-deficient B cells exerted lower forces at the immune synapse than did wild-type B cells. Nonmuscle myosin activation and translocation of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) to the immune synapse were also impaired in DGKζ-deficient B cells. These functional defects correlated with the decreased ability of B cells to present antigen and activate T cells in vitro. The in vivo germinal center response of DGKζ-deficient B cells was also reduced compared with that of wild-type B cells, indicating that loss of DGKζ in B cells impaired T cell help. Together, our data suggest that DGKζ shapes B cell responses by regulating actin remodeling, force generation, and antigen uptake-related events at the immune synapse. Hence, an appropriate balance in the amounts of DAG and PA is required for optimal B cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Merino-Cortés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia R Gardeta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Roman-Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Liebana
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyx), Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kotelevets L, Chastre E. Rac1 Signaling: From Intestinal Homeostasis to Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030665. [PMID: 32178475 PMCID: PMC7140047 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rac1 has been implicated in a variety of dynamic cell biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, cell-cell contacts, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell motility, and invasiveness. These processes are orchestrated through the fine tuning of Rac1 activity by upstream cell surface receptors and effectors that regulate the cycling Rac1-GDP (off state)/Rac1-GTP (on state), but also through the tuning of Rac1 accumulation, activity, and subcellular localization by post translational modifications or recruitment into molecular scaffolds. Another level of regulation involves Rac1 transcripts stability and splicing. Downstream, Rac1 initiates a series of signaling networks, including regulatory complex of actin cytoskeleton remodeling, activation of protein kinases (PAKs, MAPKs) and transcription factors (NFkB, Wnt/β-catenin/TCF, STAT3, Snail), production of reactive oxygen species (NADPH oxidase holoenzymes, mitochondrial ROS). Thus, this GTPase, its regulators, and effector systems might be involved at different steps of the neoplastic progression from dysplasia to the metastatic cascade. After briefly placing Rac1 and its effector systems in the more general context of intestinal homeostasis and in wound healing after intestinal injury, the present review mainly focuses on the several levels of Rac1 signaling pathway dysregulation in colorectal carcinogenesis, their biological significance, and their clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kotelevets
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Site Bâtiment Kourilsky, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (E.C.)
| | - Eric Chastre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Site Bâtiment Kourilsky, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu C, Wan Z, Shaheen S, Wang J, Yang Z, Liu W. A PI(4,5)P2-derived "gasoline engine model" for the sustained B cell receptor activation. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:75-90. [PMID: 31402506 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To efficiently initiate activation responses against rare ligands in the microenvironment, lymphocytes employ sophisticated mechanisms involving signaling amplification. Recently, a signaling amplification mechanism initiated from phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4, 5-biphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] hydrolysis and synthesis for sustained B cell activation has been reported. Antigen and B cell receptor (BCR) recognition triggered the prompt reduction of PI(4,5)P2 density within the BCR microclusters, which led to the positive feedback for the synthesis of PI(4,5)P2 outside of the BCR microclusters. At single molecule level, the diffusion of PI(4,5)P2 was slow, allowing for the maintenance of a PI(4,5)P2 density gradient between the inside and outside of the BCR microclusters and the persistent supply of PI(4,5)P2 from outside to inside of the BCR microclusters. Here, we review studies that have contributed to uncovering the molecular mechanisms of PI(4,5)P2-derived signaling amplification model. Based on these studies, we proposed a "gasoline engine model" in which the activation of B cell signaling inside the microclusters is similar to the working principle of burning gasoline within the engine chamber of a gasoline engine. We also discuss the evidences showing the potential universality of this model and future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Xu
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengpeng Wan
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Samina Shaheen
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wanli Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xie F, Shao S, Zhang B, Deng S, Ur Rehman Aziz A, Liao X, Liu B. Differential phosphorylation regulates the shear stress-induced polar activity of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6978-6989. [PMID: 32003021 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The activity of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα) is regulated by its own phosphorylation at different amino acid sites. These phosphorylation sites may have a crucial role in local Rho GTPases activation during cell migration. This paper is designed to explore the influence of phosphorylation on shear stress-induced spatial RhoGDIα activation. Based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor sl-RhoGDIα, which was constructed to test the RhoGDIα activity in living cells, new RhoGDIα phosphomimetic mutation (sl-S101E/S174E, sl-Y156E, sl-S101E, sl-S174E) and phosphorylation-deficient mutation (sl-S101A/S174A, sl-Y156A, sl-S101A, sl-S174A) biosensors were designed to test their effects on RhoGDIα activation upon shear stress application in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results showed lower RhoGDIα activity at the downstream of HUVECs (the region from the edge of the nucleus to the edge of the cell along with the flow). The overall decrease in RhoGDIα activity was inhibited by Y156A-mutant, whereas the polarized RhoGDIα and Rac1 activity were blocked by S101A/S174A mutant. It is concluded that the Tyr156 phosphorylation mainly mediates shear stress-induced overall RhoGDIα activity, while Ser101/Ser174 phosphorylation mediates its polarization. This study demonstrates that differential phosphorylation of RhoGDIα regulates shear stress-induced spatial RhoGDIα activation, which could be a potential target to control cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Sha Deng
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McDermott MI, Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA. Mammalian phospholipase D: Function, and therapeutics. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 78:101018. [PMID: 31830503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite being discovered over 60 years ago, the precise role of phospholipase D (PLD) is still being elucidated. PLD enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids producing phosphatidic acid and the free headgroup. PLD family members are found in organisms ranging from viruses, and bacteria to plants, and mammals. They display a range of substrate specificities, are regulated by a diverse range of molecules, and have been implicated in a broad range of cellular processes including receptor signaling, cytoskeletal regulation and membrane trafficking. Recent technological advances including: the development of PLD knockout mice, isoform-specific antibodies, and specific inhibitors are finally permitting a thorough analysis of the in vivo role of mammalian PLDs. These studies are facilitating increased recognition of PLD's role in disease states including cancers and Alzheimer's disease, offering potential as a target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I McDermott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America.
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yamada H, Mizuno S, Honda S, Takahashi D, Sakane F. Characterization of α-synuclein N-terminal domain as a novel cellular phosphatidic acid sensor. FEBS J 2019; 287:2212-2234. [PMID: 31722116 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the localization and dynamics of the intracellular bioactive lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) is important for understanding diverse biological phenomena. Although several PA sensors have been developed, better ones are still needed for comprehensive PA detection in cells. We recently found that α-synuclein (α-Syn) selectively and strongly bound to PA in vitro. Here, we revealed that the N-terminal region of α-Syn (α-Syn-N) specifically bound to PA, with a dissociation constant of 6.6 μm. α-Syn-N colocalized with PA-producing enzymes, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) β at the plasma membrane (PM), myristoylated DGKζ at the Golgi apparatus, phorbol ester-stimulated DGKγ at the PM, and phospholipase D2 at the PM and Golgi but not with the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-producing enzyme in COS-7 cells. However, α-Syn-N failed to colocalize with them in the presence of their inhibitors and/or their inactive mutants. These results indicate that α-Syn-N specifically binds to cellular PA and can be applied as an excellent PA sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Shotaro Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cho HJ, Kim JT, Baek KE, Kim BY, Lee HG. Regulation of Rho GTPases by RhoGDIs in Human Cancers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091037. [PMID: 31492019 PMCID: PMC6769525 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the functions of the Rho GTPase family. Dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs is necessary for their spatiotemporal activation and is dynamically regulated by several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and protein interaction. The expression of RhoGDIs has changed in many human cancers and become associated with the malignant phenotype, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer agents. Here, we review how RhoGDIs control the function of Rho GTPases by regulating their spatiotemporal activity and describe the regulatory mechanisms of the dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs. We also discuss the role of RhoGDIs in cancer progression and their potential uses for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Eun Baek
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Cancer Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Myat MM, Louis D, Mavrommatis A, Collins L, Mattis J, Ledru M, Verghese S, Su TT. Regulators of cell movement during development and regeneration in Drosophila. Open Biol 2019; 9:180245. [PMID: 31039676 PMCID: PMC6544984 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental cell biological process essential both for normal development and for tissue regeneration after damage. Cells can migrate individually or as a collective. To better understand the genetic requirements for collective migration, we expressed RNA interference (RNAi) against 30 genes in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland cells that are known to migrate collectively. The genes were selected based on their effect on cell and membrane morphology, cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in cell culture-based screens or in Drosophila tissues other than salivary glands. Of these, eight disrupted salivary gland migration, targeting: Rac2, Rab35 and Rab40 GTPases, MAP kinase-activated kinase-2 (MAPk-AK2), RdgA diacylglycerol kinase, Cdk9, the PDSW subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ND-PDSW) and actin regulator Enabled (Ena). The same RNAi lines were used to determine their effect during regeneration of X-ray-damaged larval wing discs. Cells translocate during this process, but it remained unknown whether they do so by directed cell divisions, by cell migration or both. We found that RNAi targeting Rac2, MAPk-AK2 and RdgA disrupted cell translocation during wing disc regeneration, but RNAi against Ena and ND-PDSW had little effect. We conclude that, in Drosophila, cell movements in development and regeneration have common as well as distinct genetic requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monn Monn Myat
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Dheveline Louis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Andreas Mavrommatis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Latoya Collins
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Jamal Mattis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Michelle Ledru
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saito T, Takahashi D, Sakane F. Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Human Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ. ACS Omega 2019; 4:5540-5546. [PMID: 31893253 PMCID: PMC6935893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid. The dysfunction of DGKζ has been linked to several diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia, and seizures. Moreover, much attention has been paid to DGKζ, together with DGKα, as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. However, DGKζ has never been purified and, thus, neither its enzymatic properties nor its structure has yet been reported, hindering our understanding of the catalytic mechanism of DGKζ and the development of a reasonable structure-based drug design. In the present study, we generated a full-length DGKζ using a baculovirus-insect cell expression system for enzymological and structural studies. Full-length DGKζ remained soluble and was purified to near homogeneity as a monomer with yields suitable for protein crystallization (0.63 mg/1 L culture). Enzymatic characterization showed that the purified DGKζ is in a fully functional state. The K m values for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and DG were 0.05 mM and 1.5 mol %, respectively, and the EC50 for the activator phosphatidylserine was 8.6 mol %, indicating that its affinity for ATP is moderately higher than those of DGKα and DGKε, and its affinities for DG and phosphatidylserine are comparable to those of DGKα/DGKε. We further confirmed that the purified enzyme could be concentrated without any significant aggregation. Circular dichroism revealed that DGKζ is comprised of 25% α-helices and 18% β-strands. This is the first successful purification and characterization of the enzymatic and conformational properties of DGKζ. The purification of DGKζ allows detailed analyses of this important enzyme and will advance our understanding of DGKζ-related diseases and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Saito
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- E-mail: . Tel/Fax: +81-43-290-3695
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Caramia M, Sforna L, Franciolini F, Catacuzzeno L. The Volume-Regulated Anion Channel in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030307. [PMID: 30841564 PMCID: PMC6468384 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive form of human brain tumor, strongly depends on its enhanced cell invasion and death evasion which make surgery and accompanying therapies highly ineffective. Several ion channels that regulate membrane potential, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and cell volume in GBM cells play significant roles in sustaining these processes. Among them, the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC), which mediates the swelling-activated chloride current (IClswell) and is highly expressed in GBM cells, arguably plays a major role. VRAC is primarily involved in reestablishing the original cell volume that may be lost under several physiopathological conditions, but also in sustaining the shape and cell volume changes needed for cell migration and proliferation. While experimentally VRAC is activated by exposing cells to hypotonic solutions that cause the increase of cell volume, in vivo it is thought to be controlled by several different stimuli and modulators. In this review we focus on our recent work showing that two conditions normally occurring in pathological GBM tissues, namely high serum levels and severe hypoxia, were both able to activate VRAC, and their activation was found to promote cell migration and resistance to cell death, both features enhancing GBM malignancy. Also, the fact that the signal transduction pathway leading to VRAC activation appears to involve GBM specific intracellular components, such as diacylglicerol kinase and phosphatidic acid, reportedly not involved in the activation of VRAC in healthy tissues, is a relevant finding. Based on these observations and the impact of VRAC in the physiopathology of GBM, targeting this channel or its intracellular regulators may represent an effective strategy to contrast this lethal tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martino Caramia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Luigi Sforna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Fabio Franciolini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Luigi Catacuzzeno
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stewart CM, Dorion SS, Ottenbrite MAF, LeBlond ND, Smith TKT, Qiu S, Fullerton MD, Kobasa D, Côté M. A Diacylglycerol Kinase Inhibitor, R-59-022, Blocks Filovirus Internalization in Host Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:E206. [PMID: 30832223 DOI: 10.3390/v11030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, such as Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus, are causative agents of unpredictable outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates. For infection, filoviral particles need to be internalized and delivered to intracellular vesicles containing cathepsin proteases and the viral receptor Niemann-Pick C1. Previous studies have shown that EBOV triggers macropinocytosis of the viral particles in a glycoprotein (GP)-dependent manner, but the molecular events required for filovirus internalization remain mostly unknown. Here we report that the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor, R-59-022, blocks EBOV GP-mediated entry into Vero cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Investigation of the mode of action of the inhibitor revealed that it blocked an early step in entry, more specifically, the internalization of the viral particles via macropinocytosis. Finally, R-59-022 blocked viral entry mediated by a panel of pathogenic filovirus GPs and inhibited growth of replicative Ebola virus. Taken together, our studies suggest that R-59-022 could be used as a tool to investigate macropinocytic uptake of filoviruses and could be a starting point for the development of pan-filoviral therapeutics.
Collapse
|
23
|
Shao S, Liao X, Xie F, Deng S, Liu X, Ristaniemi T, Liu B. FRET biosensor allows spatio-temporal observation of shear stress-induced polar RhoGDIα activation. Commun Biol 2018; 1:224. [PMID: 30564745 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα) is a known negative regulator of the Rho family that shuts off GDP/GTP cycling and cytoplasm/membrane translocation to regulate cell migration. However, to our knowledge, no reports are available that focus on how the RhoGDIα-Rho GTPases complex is activated by laminar flow through exploring the activation of RhoGDIα itself. Here, we constructed a new biosensor using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to measure the spatio-temporal activation of RhoGDIα in its binding with Rho GTPases in living HeLa cells. Using this biosensor, we find that the dissociation of the RhoGDIα-Rho GTPases complex is increased by shear stress, and its dissociation rate varies with subcellular location. Moreover, this process is mediated by membrane fluidity, cytoskeleton and Src activity, which indicates that the regulation of RhoGDIα activation under shear stress application represents a relatively separate pathway from the shear stress-induced Rho pathway. Shuai Shao, Xiaoling Liao et al. present a new FRET biosensor for measuring the spatio-temporal activation of RhoGDIα upon binding Rho GTPases. They find that dissociation of the RhoGDIα-Rho GTPase complex is increased by shear stress and varies with subcellular location.
Collapse
|
24
|
Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cho HJ, Kim JT, Lee SJ, Hwang YS, Park SY, Kim BY, Yoo J, Hong KS, Min JK, Lee CH, Lim JS, Yoon SR, Choi I, Choe YK, Lee HG. Protein phosphatase 1B dephosphorylates Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 1 and suppresses cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:141-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
26
|
Xie F, Shao S, Aziz AUR, Zhang B, Wang H, Liu B. Role of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α regulation in cell migration. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:183-9. [PMID: 28187905 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a vital process for many physiological and pathological events, and Rho GTPases have been confirmed as key factors in its regulation. The most studied negative regulator of Rho GTPases, Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα), mediates cell migration through altering the overall expression and spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPases. The RhoGDIα-Rho GTPases dissociation can be mediated by signal pathways targeting RhoGDIα directly. This review summarizes the research about the regulation of RhoGDIα during cell migration, which can be in a Rho GTPases association independent manner. Non-kinase proteins regulation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation and extracellular environmental factors are classified to discuss their direct signal regulations on RhoGDIα, which provide varied signal pathways for selective activation of Rho GTPases in cell migration.
Collapse
|
27
|
Aufschnaiter A, Kohler V, Diessl J, Peselj C, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Keller W, Büttner S. Mitochondrial lipids in neurodegeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:125-140. [PMID: 27449929 PMCID: PMC5203858 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, including proteinopathies such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, which are characterized by the deposition of aggregated proteins in the form of insoluble fibrils or plaques. The distinct molecular processes that eventually result in mitochondrial dysfunction during neurodegeneration are well studied but still not fully understood. However, defects in mitochondrial fission and fusion, mitophagy, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial bioenergetics have been linked to cellular demise. These processes are influenced by the lipid environment within mitochondrial membranes as, besides membrane structure and curvature, recruitment and activity of different proteins also largely depend on the respective lipid composition. Hence, the interaction of neurotoxic proteins with certain lipids and the modification of lipid composition in different cell compartments, in particular mitochondria, decisively impact cell death associated with neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss the relevance of mitochondrial lipids in the pathological alterations that result in neuronal demise, focussing on proteinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Aufschnaiter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jutta Diessl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlotta Peselj
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Didac Carmona-Gutierrez
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baldanzi G, Bettio V, Malacarne V, Graziani A. Diacylglycerol Kinases: Shaping Diacylglycerol and Phosphatidic Acid Gradients to Control Cell Polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:140. [PMID: 27965956 PMCID: PMC5126041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) terminate diacylglycerol (DAG) signaling and promote phosphatidic acid (PA) production. Isoform specific regulation of DGKs activity and localization allows DGKs to shape the DAG and PA gradients. The capacity of DGKs to constrain the areas of DAG signaling is exemplified by their role in defining the contact interface between T cells and antigen presenting cells: the immune synapse. Upon T cell receptor engagement, both DGK α and ζ metabolize DAG at the immune synapse thus constraining DAG signaling. Interestingly, their activity and localization are not fully redundant because DGKζ activity metabolizes the bulk of DAG in the cell, whereas DGKα limits the DAG signaling area localizing specifically at the periphery of the immune synapse. When DGKs terminate DAG signaling, the local PA production defines a new signaling domain, where PA recruits and activates a second wave of effector proteins. The best-characterized example is the role of DGKs in protrusion elongation and cell migration. Indeed, upon growth factor stimulation, several DGK isoforms, such as α, ζ, and γ, are recruited and activated at the plasma membrane. Here, local PA production controls cell migration by finely modulating cytoskeletal remodeling and integrin recycling. Interestingly, DGK-produced PA also controls the localization and activity of key players in cell polarity such as aPKC, Par3, and integrin β1. Thus, T cell polarization and directional migration may be just two instances of the general contribution of DGKs to the definition of cell polarity by local specification of membrane identity signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte OrientaleNovara, Italy; Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune DiseasesNovara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte OrientaleNovara, Italy; Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune DiseasesNovara, Italy
| | - Valeria Malacarne
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte OrientaleNovara, Italy; Division of Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, University Vita e Salute San RaffaeleMilan, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte OrientaleNovara, Italy; Division of Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, University Vita e Salute San RaffaeleMilan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Castro-Castro A, Muriel O, Del Pozo MA, Bustelo XR. Characterization of Novel Molecular Mechanisms Favoring Rac1 Membrane Translocation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166715. [PMID: 27835684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac1 GTPase plays key roles in cytoskeletal organization, cell motility and a variety of physiological and disease-linked responses. Wild type Rac1 signaling entails dissociation of the GTPase from cytosolic Rac1-Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) complexes, translocation to membranes, activation by exchange factors, effector binding, and activation of downstream signaling cascades. Out of those steps, membrane translocation is the less understood. Using transfections of a expression cDNA library in cells expressing a Rac1 bioreporter, we previously identified a cytoskeletal feedback loop nucleated by the F-actin binding protein coronin 1A (Coro1A) that promotes Rac1 translocation to the plasma membrane by facilitating the Pak-dependent dissociation of Rac1-Rho GDI complexes. This screening identified other potential regulators of this process, including WDR26, basigin, and TMEM8A. Here, we show that WDR26 promotes Rac1 translocation following a Coro1A-like and Coro1A-dependent mechanism. By contrast, basigin and TMEM8A stabilize Rac1 at the plasma membrane by inhibiting the internalization of caveolin-rich membrane subdomains. This latter pathway is F-actin-dependent but Coro1A-, Pak- and Rho GDI-independent.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mizuno S, Kado S, Goto K, Takahashi D, Sakane F. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ generates dipalmitoyl-phosphatidic acid species during neuroblastoma cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:352-359. [PMID: 28955976 PMCID: PMC5614480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is one of the phospholipids composing the plasma membrane and acts as a second messenger to regulate a wide variety of important cellular events, including mitogenesis, migration and differentiation. PA consists of various molecular species with different acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. However, it has been poorly understood what PA molecular species are produced during such cellular events. Here we identified the PA molecular species generated during retinoic acid (RA)-induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation using a newly established liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method. Intriguingly, the amount of 32:0-PA species was dramatically and transiently increased in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells 24-48 h after RA-treatment. In addition, 30:0- and 34:0-PA species were also moderately increased. Moreover, similar results were obtained when Neuro-2a cells were differentiated for 24 h by serum starvation. MS/MS analysis revealed that 32:0-PA species contains two palmitic acids (16:0 s). RT-PCR analysis showed that diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) δ and DGKζ were highly expressed in Neuro-2a cells. The silencing of DGKζ expression significantly decreased the production of 32:0-PA species, whereas DGKδ-siRNA did not. Moreover, neurite outgrowth was also markedly attenuated by the deficiency of DGKζ. Taken together, these results indicate that DGKζ exclusively generates very restricted PA species, 16:0/16:0-PA, and up-regulates neurite outgrowth during the initial/early stage of neuroblastoma cell differentiation.
Collapse
Key Words
- DG, diacylglycerol
- DGK, diacylglycerol kinase
- Diacylglycerol kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FIPI, 5-fluoro-2-indolyl deschlorohalopemide
- I.S., internal standard
- LC, liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- Neurite outgrowth
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PLD, phospholipase D
- Phosphatidic acid
- RA, retinoic acid
- Retinoic acid
- Serum starvation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kado
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schlam D, Canton J. Every day I'm rufflin': Calcium sensing and actin dynamics in the growth factor-independent membrane ruffling of professional phagocytes. Small GTPases 2016; 8:65-70. [PMID: 27267709 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1197873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional phagocytes continuously extend dynamic, actin-driven membrane protrusions. These protrusions, often referred to as membrane ruffles, serve a critical role in the essential phagocyte processes of macropinocytosis and phagocytosis. Small GTPases, such as RAC1/2, spatially and temporally regulate membrane ruffle formation. We have recently shown that extracellular calcium regulates the elaboration of membrane ruffles primarily through the synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) at the plasma membrane. RAC1/2 guanine nucleotide exchange factors harbouring polybasic stretches are recruited by PtdOH to sites of ruffle formation. Here we discuss our findings and offer perspectives on how the regulation of dynamic actin structures at the plasma membrane by small GTPases is a critical component of phagocyte function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schlam
- a Division of Cell Biology , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Johnathan Canton
- a Division of Cell Biology , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ard R, Mulatz K, Pomoransky JL, Parks RJ, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Bell JC, Gee SH. Regulation of Macropinocytosis by Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144942. [PMID: 26701304 PMCID: PMC4689489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinosomes arise from the closure of plasma membrane ruffles to bring about the non-selective uptake of nutrients and solutes into cells. The morphological changes underlying ruffle formation and macropinosome biogenesis are driven by actin cytoskeleton rearrangements under the control of the Rho GTPase Rac1. We showed previously that Rac1 is activated by diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ), which phosphorylates diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidic acid. Here, we show DGKζ is required for optimal macropinocytosis induced by growth factor stimulation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Time-lapse imaging of live cells and quantitative analysis revealed DGKζ was associated with membrane ruffles and nascent macropinosomes. Macropinocytosis was attenuated in DGKζ-null cells, as determined by live imaging and vaccinia virus uptake experiments. Moreover, macropinosomes that did form in DGKζ-null cells were smaller than those found in wild type cells. Rescue of this defect required DGKζ catalytic activity, consistent with it also being required for Rac1 activation. A constitutively membrane bound DGKζ mutant substantially increased the size of macropinosomes and potentiated the effect of a constitutively active Rac1 mutant on macropinocytosis. Collectively, our results suggest DGKζ functions in concert with Rac1 to regulate macropinocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kirk Mulatz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julia L. Pomoransky
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 503 Smyth Road, 3rd floor ORCC, Ottawa, ON, K1H 1C4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 503 Smyth Road, 3rd floor ORCC, Ottawa, ON, K1H 1C4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H. Gee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barr T, Girke T, Sureshchandra S, Nguyen C, Grant K, Messaoudi I. Alcohol Consumption Modulates Host Defense in Rhesus Macaques by Altering Gene Expression in Circulating Leukocytes. J Immunol 2015; 196:182-95. [PMID: 26621857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that chronic alcohol use disorder leads to increased susceptibility to several viral and bacterial infections, whereas moderate alcohol consumption decreases the incidence of colds and improves immune responses to some pathogens. In line with these observations, we recently showed that heavy ethanol intake (average blood ethanol concentrations > 80 mg/dl) suppressed, whereas moderate alcohol consumption (blood ethanol concentrations < 50 mg/dl) enhanced, T and B cell responses to modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in a nonhuman primate model of voluntary ethanol consumption. To uncover the molecular basis for impaired immunity with heavy alcohol consumption and enhanced immune response with moderate alcohol consumption, we performed a transcriptome analysis using PBMCs isolated on day 7 post-modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination, the earliest time point at which we detected differences in T cell and Ab responses. Overall, chronic heavy alcohol consumption reduced the expression of immune genes involved in response to infection and wound healing and increased the expression of genes associated with the development of lung inflammatory disease and cancer. In contrast, chronic moderate alcohol consumption upregulated the expression of genes involved in immune response and reduced the expression of genes involved in cancer. To uncover mechanisms underlying the alterations in PBMC transcriptomes, we profiled the expression of microRNAs within the same samples. Chronic heavy ethanol consumption altered the levels of several microRNAs involved in cancer and immunity and known to regulate the expression of mRNAs differentially expressed in our data set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Barr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Thomas Girke
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; and
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Christina Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kathleen Grant
- Division of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Miao Y, Yang J, Xu Z, Jing L, Zhao S, Li X. RNA sequencing identifies upregulated kyphoscoliosis peptidase and phosphatidic acid signaling pathways in muscle hypertrophy generated by transgenic expression of myostatin propeptide. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7976-94. [PMID: 25860951 PMCID: PMC4425062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, plays a crucial negative role in muscle growth. MSTN mutations or inhibitions can dramatically increase muscle mass in most mammal species. Previously, we generated a transgenic mouse model of muscle hypertrophy via the transgenic expression of the MSTN N-terminal propeptide cDNA under the control of the skeletal muscle-specific MLC1 promoter. Here, we compare the mRNA profiles between transgenic mice and wild-type littermate controls with a high-throughput RNA sequencing method. The results show that 132 genes were significantly differentially expressed between transgenic mice and wild-type control mice; 97 of these genes were up-regulated, and 35 genes were down-regulated in the skeletal muscle. Several genes that had not been reported to be involved in muscle hypertrophy were identified, including up-regulated myosin binding protein H (mybph), and zinc metallopeptidase STE24 (Zmpste24). In addition, kyphoscoliosis peptidase (Ky), which plays a vital role in muscle growth, was also up-regulated in the transgenic mice. Interestingly, a pathway analysis based on grouping the differentially expressed genes uncovered that cardiomyopathy-related pathways and phosphatidic acid (PA) pathways (Dgki, Dgkz, Plcd4) were up-regulated. Increased PA signaling may increase mTOR signaling, resulting in skeletal muscle growth. The findings of the RNA sequencing analysis help to understand the molecular mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy caused by MSTN inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Zhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lu Jing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang HY, Zhang WT, Jiang WY, Chen SZ, Liu Y, Ge X, Li X, Dang YJ, Wen B, Liu XH, Lu HJ, Tang QQ. RhoGDIβ Inhibits Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4)-induced Adipocyte Lineage Commitment and Favors Smooth Muscle-like Cell Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11119-29. [PMID: 25778399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of signals involved in deciding the fate of mesenchymal stem cells is largely unknown. We used proteomics profiling to identify RhoGDIβ, an inhibitor of the small G-protein Rho family, as a component that regulates commitment of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells to the adipocyte or smooth muscle cell lineage in response to bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). RhoGDIβ is notably down-regulated during BMP4-induced adipocytic lineage commitment of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells, and this involves the cytoskeleton-associated protein lysyl oxidase. Excess RhoGDIβ completely prevents BMP4-induced commitment to the adipocyte lineage and simultaneously stimulates smooth muscle cell commitment by suppressing the activation of Rac1. Overexpression of RhoGDIβ induces stress fibers of F-actin by a process involving phosphomyosin light chain, indicating that cytoskeletal tension regulated by RhoGDIβ contributes to determining adipocyte versus myocyte commitment. Furthermore, the overexpression of RacV12 (constitutively active form of Rac1) totally rescues the inhibition of adipocyte commitment by RhoGDIβ, simultaneously preventing formation of the smooth muscle-like phenotype and disrupting the stress fibers in cells overexpressing RhoGDIβ. Collectively, these results indicate that RhoGDIβ functions as a novel BMP4 signaling target that regulates adipogenesis and myogensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Wen-Ting Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Wen-Yan Jiang
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Su-Zhen Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Yang Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Xin Ge
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Xi Li
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Yong-Jun Dang
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Bo Wen
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Xiao-Hui Liu
- the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Jie Lu
- the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- From the Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032 and
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Frohman MA. Role of mitochondrial lipids in guiding fission and fusion. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:263-9. [PMID: 25471483 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinically important links have been established between mitochondrial function and cardiac physiology and disease in the context of signaling mechanisms, energy production, and muscle cell development. The proteins and processes that drive mitochondrial fusion and fission are now known to have emergent functions in intracellular calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, myofibril organization, and Notch-driven cell differentiation, all key issues in cardiac disease. Moreover, decreasing fission may confer protection against ischemic heart disease, particularly in the setting of obesity, diabetes, and heart failure. The importance of lipids in controlling mitochondrial fission and fusion is increasingly becoming appreciated. Roles for the bulk and signaling lipids cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, and lysophosphatidic acid and the enzymes that synthesize or metabolize them in the control of mitochondrial shape and function are reviewed here. A number of diseases have been linked to loss-of-function alleles for a subset of the enzymes, emphasizing the importance of the lipid environment in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ammar MR, Kassas N, Bader MF, Vitale N. Phosphatidic acid in neuronal development: A node for membrane and cytoskeleton rearrangements. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
38
|
Tan X, Gong YZ, Wu P, Liao DF, Zheng XL. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microparticles: a promising therapeutic strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14348-63. [PMID: 25196436 PMCID: PMC4159854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that give rise to various cell types of the mesodermal germ layer. Because of their unique ability to home in on injured and cancerous tissues, MSCs are of great potential in regenerative medicine. MSCs also contribute to reparative processes in different pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, many studies have shown that only a small proportion of transplanted MSCs can actually survive and be incorporated into host tissues. The effects of MSCs cannot be fully explained by their number. Recent discoveries suggest that microparticles (MPs) derived from MSCs may be important for the physiological functions of their parent. Though the physiological role of MSC-MPs is currently not well understood, inspiring results indicate that, in tissue repair and anti-cancer therapy, MSC-MPs have similar pro-regenerative and protective properties as their cellular counterparts. Thus, MSC-MPs represent a promising approach that may overcome the obstacles and risks associated with the use of native or engineered MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tan
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Yong-Zhen Gong
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Ping Wu
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in identifying key protein factors that regulate mitochondrial morphology through mediating fission and fusion, signaling lipids are increasingly being recognized as important in the process as well. We review here roles that have been proposed for the signaling and bulk lipids cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine and the enzymes that generate or catabolize them in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology in yeast and mammals. Mutations in some of these enzymes are causal in a number of disease settings, highlighting the significance of controlling the lipid environment in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Frohman
- Corresponding author: Michael A. Frohman, 438 Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, , Phone: 631-632-1476, Fax: 631-632-1692
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Natalini PM, Mateos MV, Ilincheta de Boschero MG, Giusto NM. A novel light-dependent activation of DAGK and PKC in bovine photoreceptor nuclei. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:142-55. [PMID: 24950064 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a selective light-dependent distribution of the lipid kinase 1,2-diacylglycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.107, DAGK) and the phosphorylated protein kinase C alpha (pPKCα) in a nuclear fraction of photoreceptor cells from bovine retinas. A nuclear fraction enriched in small nuclei from photoreceptor cells (PNF), was obtained when a modified nuclear isolation protocol developed by our laboratory was used. We measured and compared DAGK activity as phosphatidic acid (PA) formation in PNF obtained from retinas exposed to light and in retinas kept in darkness using [γ-(32)P]ATP or [(3)H]DAG. In the absence of exogenous substrates and detergents, no changes in DAGK activity were observed. However, when DAGK activity assays were performed in the presence of exogenous substrates, such as stearoyl arachidonoyl glycerol (SAG) or dioleoyl glycerol (DOG), and different detergents (used to make different DAGK isoforms evident), we observed significant light effects on DAGK activity, suggesting the presence of several DAGK isoforms in PNF. Under conditions favoring DAGKζ activity (DOG, Triton X-100, dioleoyl phosphatidylserine and R59022) we observed an increase in PA formation in PNF from retinas exposed to light with respect to those exposed to darkness. In contrast, under conditions favoring DAGKɛ (SAG, octylglucoside and R59022) we observed a decrease in its activity. These results suggest different physiological roles of the above-mentioned DAGK isoforms. Western blot analysis showed that whereas light stimulation of bovine retinas increases DAGKζ nuclear content, it decreases DAGKɛ and DAGKβ content in PNF. The role of PIP2-phospholipase C in light-stimulated DAGK activity was demonstrated using U73122. Light was also observed to induce enhanced pPKCα content in PNF. The selective distribution of DAGKζ and ɛ in PNF could be a light-dependent mechanism that in vertebrate retina promotes selective DAG removal and PKC regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Natalini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina V Mateos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica G Ilincheta de Boschero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Norma M Giusto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cai K, Mulatz K, Ard R, Nguyen T, Gee SH. Increased diacylglycerol kinase ζ expression in human metastatic colon cancer cells augments Rho GTPase activity and contributes to enhanced invasion. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:208. [PMID: 24646293 PMCID: PMC3995506 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unraveling the signaling pathways responsible for the establishment of a metastatic phenotype in carcinoma cells is critically important for understanding the pathology of cancer. The acquisition of cell motility is a key property of metastatic tumor cells and is a prerequisite for invasion. Rho GTPases regulate actin cytoskeleton reorganization and the cellular responses required for cell motility and invasion. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ), an enzyme that phosphorylates diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidic acid, regulates the activity of the Rho GTPases Rac1 and RhoA. DGKζ mRNA is highly expressed in several different colon cancer cell lines, as well as in colon cancer tissue relative to normal colonic epithelium, and thus may contribute to the metastatic process. METHODS To investigate potential roles of DGKζ in cancer metastasis, a cellular, isogenic model of human colorectal cancer metastatic transition was used. DGKζ protein levels, Rac1 and RhoA activity, and PAK phosphorylation were measured in the non-metastatic SW480 adenocarcinoma cell line and its highly metastatic variant, the SW620 line. The effect of DGKζ silencing on Rho GTPase activity and invasion through Matrigel-coated Transwell inserts was studied in SW620 cells. Invasiveness was also measured in PC-3 prostate cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells depleted of DGKζ. RESULTS DGKζ protein levels were elevated approximately 3-fold in SW620 cells compared to SW480 cells. There was a concomitant increase in active Rac1 in SW620 cells, as well as substantial increases in the expression and phosphorylation of the Rac1 effector PAK1. Similarly, RhoA activity and expression were increased in SW620 cells. Knockdown of DGKζ expression in SW620 cells by shRNA-mediated silencing significantly reduced Rac1 and RhoA activity and attenuated the invasiveness of SW620 cells in vitro. DGKζ silencing in highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and PC-3 prostate cancer cells also significantly attenuated their invasiveness. CONCLUSION Elevated DGKζ expression contributes to increased Rho GTPase activation and the enhanced motility of metastatic cancer cells. These findings warrant further investigation of the clinical relevance of DGKζ upregulation in colon and other cancers. Interfering with DGKζ function could provide a means of inhibiting invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stephen H Gee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8 M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Maurya VK, Sangappa C, Kumar V, Mahfooz S, Singh A, Rajender S, Jha RK. Expression and activity of Rac1 is negatively affected in the dehydroepiandrosterone induced polycystic ovary of mouse. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:32. [PMID: 24628852 PMCID: PMC3995551 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by the presence of multiple follicular cysts, giving rise to infertility due to anovulation. This syndrome affects about 10% of women, worldwide. The exact molecular mechanism leading to PCOS remains obscure. RhoGTPase has been associated with oogenesis, but its role in PCOS remains unexplored. Therefore, we attempted to elucidate the Vav-Rac1 signaling in PCOS mice model. Methods We generated a PCOS mice model by injecting dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for a period of 20 days. The expression levels of Rac1, pRac1, Vav, pVav and Caveolin1 were analyzed by employing immuno-blotting and densitometry. The association between Vav and Rac1 proteins were studied by immuno-precipitation. Furthermore, we analyzed the activity of Rac1 and levels of inhibin B and 17β-estradiol in ovary using biochemical assays. Results The presence of multiple follicular cysts in ovary were confirmed by histology. The activity of Rac1 (GTP bound state) was significantly reduced in the PCOS ovary. Similarly, the expression levels of Rac1 and its phosphorylated form (pRac1) were decreased in PCOS in comparison to the sham ovary. The expression level and activity (phosphorylated form) of guanine nucleotide exchanger of Rac1, Vav, was moderately down-regulated. We observed comparatively increased expressions of Caveolin1, 17β-estradiol, and inhibin B in the polycystic ovary. Conclusion We conclude that hyperandrogenization (PCOS) by DHEA diminishes ovarian Rac1 and Vav expression and activity along with an increase in expression of Caveolin1. This is accompanied by an increase in the intra-ovarian level of '17 β-estradiol and inhibin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajesh Kumar Jha
- Division of Endocrinology, Life Science North 111B/101, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B,S, 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Falke JJ, Ziemba BP. Interplay between phosphoinositide lipids and calcium signals at the leading edge of chemotaxing ameboid cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 182:73-9. [PMID: 24451847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemotactic migration of eukaryotic ameboid cells up concentration gradients is among the most advanced forms of cellular behavior. Chemotaxis is controlled by a complex network of signaling proteins bound to specific lipids on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane at the front of the cell, or the leading edge. The central lipid players in this leading edge signaling pathway include the phosphoinositides PI(4,5)P2 (PIP2) and PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3), both of which play multiple roles. The products of PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, diacylglycerol (DAG) and Ins(1,4,5)P3 (IP3), are also implicated as important players. Together, these leading edge phosphoinositides and their degradation products, in concert with a local Ca(2+) signal, control the recruitment and activities of many peripheral membrane proteins that are crucial to the leading edge signaling network. The present critical review summarizes the current molecular understanding of chemotactic signaling at the leading edge, including newly discovered roles of phosphoinositide lipids and Ca(2+), while highlighting key questions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Falke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA.
| | - Brian P Ziemba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Catacuzzeno L, Michelucci A, Sforna L, Aiello F, Sciaccaluga M, Fioretti B, Castigli E, Franciolini F. Identification of key signaling molecules involved in the activation of the swelling-activated chloride current in human glioblastoma cells. J Membr Biol 2013; 247:45-55. [PMID: 24240542 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The swelling-activated chloride current (I Cl,Vol) is abundantly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM) cells, where it controls cell volume and invasive migration. The transduction pathway mediating I Cl,Vol activation in GBM cells is, however, poorly understood. By means of pharmacological and electrophysiological approaches, on GL-15 human GBM cells we found that I Cl,Vol activation by hypotonic swelling required the activity of a U73122-sensitive phospholipase C (PLC). I Cl,Vol activation could also be induced by the membrane-permeable diacylglycerol (DAG) analog OAG. In contrast, neither calcium (Ca(2+)) chelation by BAPTA-AM nor changes in PKC activity were able to affect I Cl,Vol activation by hypotonic swelling. We further found that R59022, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), reverted I Cl,Vol activation, suggesting the involvement of phosphatidic acid. In addition, I Cl,Vol activation required the activity of a EHT1864-sensitive Rac1 small GTPase and the resulting actin polymerization, as I Cl,Vol activation was prevented by cytochalasin B. We finally show that I Cl,Vol can be activated by the promigratory fetal calf serum in a PLC- and DGK-dependent manner. This observation is potentially relevant because blood serum can likely come in contact with glioblastoma cells in vivo as a result of the tumor-related partial breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Given the relevance of I Cl,Vol in GBM cell volume regulation and invasiveness, the several key signaling molecules found in this study to be involved in the activation of the I Cl,Vol may represent potential therapeutic targets against this lethal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Catacuzzeno
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Universita' di Perugia, Via Pascoli 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ueyama T, Son J, Kobayashi T, Hamada T, Nakamura T, Sakaguchi H, Shirafuji T, Saito N. Negative charges in the flexible N-terminal domain of Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) regulate the targeting of the RhoGDI-Rac1 complex to membranes. J Immunol 2013; 191:2560-9. [PMID: 23918979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In its resting state, Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) α forms a soluble cytoplasmic heterodimer with the GDP-bound form of Rac. Upon stimulation, the dissociation of RhoGDIα from the RhoGDIα-Rac complex is a mandatory step for Rac activation; however, this mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we examined how the cytoplasm/membrane cycles of the RhoGDI-Rac complex are regulated, as well as where RhoGDI dissociates from the RhoGDI-Rac complex, during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. The negatively charged and flexible N terminus (25 residues) of RhoGDIα, particularly its second negative amino acid cluster possessing five negatively charged amino acids, was a pivotal regulator in the cytoplasm/membrane cycles of the RhoGDI-Rac complex. We also found that RhoGDIα translocated to the phagosomes as a RhoGDIα-Rac1 complex, and this translocation was mediated by an interaction between the polybasic motif in the C terminus of Rac1 and anionic phospholipids produced on phagosomes, such as phosphatidic acid, that is, by a phagosome-targeting mechanism of Rac1. Thus, we demonstrated that the targeting/accumulation of the RhoGDIα-Rac1 complex to phagosomes is regulated by a balance between three factors: 1) the negatively charged and flexible N-terminal of RhoGDIα, 2) the binding affinity of RhoGDIα for Rac1, and 3) anionic phospholipids produced on phagosomes. Moreover, we demonstrated that the mechanism of targeting/accumulation of the RhoGDIα-Rac1 complex is also applicable for the RhoGDIβ-Rac1 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bohdanowicz M, Schlam D, Hermansson M, Rizzuti D, Fairn GD, Ueyama T, Somerharju P, Du G, Grinstein S. Phosphatidic acid is required for the constitutive ruffling and macropinocytosis of phagocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1700-12, S1-7. [PMID: 23576545 PMCID: PMC3667723 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-11-0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes spontaneously ruffle as they probe their environment and take up antigens. These cells are uniquely enriched in phosphatidic acid, which is necessary for ruffling and macropinocytosis. Macrophages and dendritic cells continuously survey their environment in search of foreign particles and soluble antigens. Such surveillance involves the ongoing extension of actin-rich protrusions and the consequent formation of phagosomes and macropinosomes. The signals inducing this constitutive cytoskeletal remodeling have not been defined. We report that, unlike nonphagocytic cells, macrophages and immature dendritic cells have elevated levels of phosphatidic acid (PA) in their plasma membrane. The plasmalemmal PA is synthesized by phosphorylation of diacylglycerol, which is in turn generated by a G protein–stimulated phospholipase C. Inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase activity results in the detachment of T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis–inducing protein 1 (TIAM1)—a Rac guanine exchange factor—from the plasma membrane, thereby depressing Rac activity and abolishing the constitutive ruffling and macropinocytosis that characterize macrophages and immature dendritic cells. Accumulation of PA and binding of TIAM1 to the membrane require the activity of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase. Thus a distinctive, constitutive pathway of PA biosynthesis promotes the actin remodeling required for immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bohdanowicz
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bustelo XR, Ojeda V, Barreira M, Sauzeau V, Castro-Castro A. Rac-ing to the plasma membrane: the long and complex work commute of Rac1 during cell signaling. Small GTPases 2013; 3:60-6. [PMID: 22714419 PMCID: PMC3398920 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.19111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional cycle of the Rac1 GTPase involves a large number of steps, including post-translational processing, cytosolic sequestration by RhoGDIs, translocation to specific subcellular localizations, activation by GDP/GTP exchange, inactivation by GTP hydrolysis, and re-formation of cytosolic Rac1/RhoGDI inhibitory complexes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the regulation of those steps. In addition, we discuss a recently described, cytoskeletal-dependent feed-back loop that favors the efficient translocation and activation of Rac subfamily proteins during cell signaling. This route is mediated by a heteromolecular protein complex composed of the cytoskeletal protein coronin1A, the Dbl family member ArhGEF7, the serine/threonine kinase Pak1, and the Rac1/RhoGDI dimer. This route promotes the translocation of Rac1/RhoGDI to F-actin-rich juxtamembrane areas, the Pak1-dependent release of Rac1 from the Rac1/RhoGDI complex, and Rac1 activation. This pathway is important for optimal Rac1 activation during the signaling of the EGF receptor, integrins, and the antigenic T-cell receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ali WH, Chen Q, Delgiorno KE, Su W, Hall JC, Hongu T, Tian H, Kanaho Y, Di Paolo G, Crawford HC, Frohman MA. Deficiencies of the lipid-signaling enzymes phospholipase D1 and D2 alter cytoskeletal organization, macrophage phagocytosis, and cytokine-stimulated neutrophil recruitment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55325. [PMID: 23383154 PMCID: PMC3557251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and phagocytosis ensue from extracellular-initiated signaling cascades that orchestrate dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The reorganization is mediated by effector proteins recruited to the site of activity by locally-generated lipid second messengers. Phosphatidic acid (PA), a membrane phospholipid generated by multiple enzyme families including Phospholipase D (PLD), has been proposed to function in this role. Here, we show that macrophages prepared from mice lacking either of the classical PLD isoforms PLD1 or PLD2, or wild-type macrophages whose PLD activity has been pharmacologically inhibited, display isoform-specific actin cytoskeleton abnormalities that likely underlie decreases observed in phagocytic capacity. Unexpectedly, PA continued to be detected on the phagosome in the absence of either isoform and even when all PLD activity was eliminated. However, a disorganized phagocytic cup was observed as visualized by imaging PA, F-actin, Rac1, an organizer of the F-actin network, and DOCK2, a Rac1 activator, suggesting that PLD-mediated PA production during phagocytosis is specifically critical for the integrity of the process. The abnormal F-actin reorganization additionally impacted neutrophil migration and extravasation from the vasculature into interstitial tissues. Although both PLD1 and PLD2 were important in these processes, we also observed isoform-specific functions. PLD1-driven processes in particular were observed to be critical in transmigration of macrophages exiting the vasculature during immune responses such as those seen in acute pancreatitis or irritant-induced skin vascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wahida H. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E. Delgiorno
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Wenjuan Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Tsunaki Hongu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Huasong Tian
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Frohman
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis are fundamental processes that enable cells to sample their environment, eliminate pathogens and apoptotic bodies, and regulate the expression of surface components. While a great deal of effort has been devoted over many years to understanding the proteins involved in these processes, the important contribution of phospholipids has only recently been appreciated. This review is an attempt to collate and analyze the rapidly emerging evidence documenting the role of phospholipids in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis. A primer on phospholipid biosynthesis, catabolism, subcellular distribution, and transport is presented initially, for reference, together with general considerations of the effects of phospholipids on membrane curvature and charge. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the critical functions of phospholipids in the internalization processes and in the maturation of the resulting vesicles and vacuoles as they progress along the endo-lysosomal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bohdanowicz
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The Ras proto-oncogenic proteins, prototypes of the small GTPases, work as molecular switches: they are active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP. A variety of evidence suggested that the Ras paradigm is not fully valid for the Rho-family of small GTPases. Indeed, permanent activation is not sufficient but it is rather the continuous oscillation between the GDP-bound and GTP-bound conformations (namely the GDP/GTP cycling or GTPase flux), that is required for Rho-GTPases to perform their biological functions and properly coordinate actin cytoskeleton reorganization. In our recent study, we show that Rac1 needs to cycle between the GDP and GTP states in order to efficiently control cell motility. Similarly, it was previously reported that GDP/GTP cycling is required by RhoA for cytokinesis and by Cdc42 for cell polarization. The future challenge is to understand why the GTPase flux is so important for the biological actions of Rho GTPases.
Collapse
|