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Eichel CA, Beuriot A, Chevalier MYE, Rougier JS, Louault F, Dilanian G, Amour J, Coulombe A, Abriel H, Hatem SN, Balse E. Lateral Membrane-Specific MAGUK CASK Down-Regulates NaV1.5 Channel in Cardiac Myocytes. Circ Res 2016; 119:544-56. [PMID: 27364017 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechanisms underlying membrane protein localization are crucial in the proper function of cardiac myocytes. The main cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5, carries the sodium current (INa) that provides a rapid depolarizing current during the upstroke of the action potential. Although enriched in the intercalated disc, NaV1.5 is present in different membrane domains in myocytes and interacts with several partners. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) interacts with and regulates NaV1.5 in cardiac myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining experiments showed that CASK localizes at lateral membranes of cardiac myocytes, in association with dystrophin. Whole-cell patch clamp showed that CASK-silencing increases INa in vitro. In vivo CASK knockdown similarly increased INa recorded in freshly isolated myocytes. Pull-down experiments revealed that CASK directly interacts with the C-terminus of NaV1.5. CASK silencing reduces syntrophin expression without affecting NaV1.5 and dystrophin expression levels. Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy and biotinylation assays showed that CASK silencing increased the surface expression of NaV1.5 without changing mRNA levels. Quantification of NaV1.5 expression at the lateral membrane and intercalated disc revealed that the lateral membrane pool only was increased upon CASK silencing. The protein transport inhibitor brefeldin-A prevented INa increase in CASK-silenced myocytes. During atrial dilation/remodeling, CASK expression was reduced but its localization remained unchanged. CONCLUSION This study constitutes the first description of an unconventional MAGUK protein, CASK, which directly interacts with NaV1.5 channel and controls its surface expression at the lateral membrane by regulating ion channel trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Eichel
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Adeline Beuriot
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Morgan Y E Chevalier
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Rougier
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Florent Louault
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Gilles Dilanian
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Julien Amour
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Alain Coulombe
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Hugues Abriel
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Stéphane N Hatem
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.)
| | - Elise Balse
- From the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (C.A.E., A.B., F.L., G.D., J.A., A.C., S.N.H., E.B.); Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France (J.A., S.N.H.); and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.Y.E.C., J.-S.R., H.A.).
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Shy D, Gillet L, Ogrodnik J, Albesa M, Verkerk AO, Wolswinkel R, Rougier JS, Barc J, Essers MC, Syam N, Marsman RF, van Mil AM, Rotman S, Redon R, Bezzina CR, Remme CA, Abriel H. PDZ domain-binding motif regulates cardiomyocyte compartment-specific NaV1.5 channel expression and function. Circulation 2014; 130:147-60. [PMID: 24895455 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium channel NaV1.5 underlies cardiac excitability and conduction. The last 3 residues of NaV1.5 (Ser-Ile-Val) constitute a PDZ domain-binding motif that interacts with PDZ proteins such as syntrophins and SAP97 at different locations within the cardiomyocyte, thus defining distinct pools of NaV1.5 multiprotein complexes. Here, we explored the in vivo and clinical impact of this motif through characterization of mutant mice and genetic screening of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate in vivo the regulatory role of this motif, we generated knock-in mice lacking the SIV domain (ΔSIV). ΔSIV mice displayed reduced NaV1.5 expression and sodium current (INa), specifically at the lateral myocyte membrane, whereas NaV1.5 expression and INa at the intercalated disks were unaffected. Optical mapping of ΔSIV hearts revealed that ventricular conduction velocity was preferentially decreased in the transversal direction to myocardial fiber orientation, leading to increased anisotropy of ventricular conduction. Internalization of wild-type and ΔSIV channels was unchanged in HEK293 cells. However, the proteasome inhibitor MG132 rescued ΔSIV INa, suggesting that the SIV motif is important for regulation of NaV1.5 degradation. A missense mutation within the SIV motif (p.V2016M) was identified in a patient with Brugada syndrome. The mutation decreased NaV1.5 cell surface expression and INa when expressed in HEK293 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the in vivo significance of the PDZ domain-binding motif in the correct expression of NaV1.5 at the lateral cardiomyocyte membrane and underline the functional role of lateral NaV1.5 in ventricular conduction. Furthermore, we reveal a clinical relevance of the SIV motif in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shy
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Ludovic Gillet
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Jakob Ogrodnik
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Maxime Albesa
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Rianne Wolswinkel
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Rougier
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Julien Barc
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Maria C Essers
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Ninda Syam
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Roos F Marsman
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Anneke M van Mil
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Samuel Rotman
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Richard Redon
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.)
| | - Hugues Abriel
- From the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (D.S., L.G., J.O., M.A., J.-S.R., M.C.E., N.S., H.A.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology (A.O.V.) and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology (R.W., J.B., R.F.M., C.R.B., C.A.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B.); Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.M.v.M.); Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1087, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France (R.R.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6291, Nantes, France (R.R.); Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (R.R.); and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France (R.R.).
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