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Sanaya N, Janusaite M, Dalamaga M, Magkos F. The Physiological Effects of Weight-Cycling: A Review of Current Evidence. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:35-50. [PMID: 38172475 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a common perception among the public that yo-yo dieting, defined as repeated cycles of weight loss followed by weight regain, results in accumulation of fat in the body and lower metabolic rate, thus hindering subsequent attempts to lose weight. We evaluated the effects of weight-cycling on body weight and body mass index (BMI), body composition including fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM), and resting metabolic rate (RMR), by systematically reviewing existing scientific literature. RECENT FINDINGS Twenty-three cross-sectional and cohort studies (including subjects with a history of weight-cycling compared to those without such history) and interventional studies (evaluating physiological effects during one or more cycles of weight loss and regain) were identified, conducted in generally healthy adults across various age groups, races, and both genders, who had normal weight, overweight, or obesity. Eighteen studies investigated the association between weight-cycling and body weight or BMI, and thirteen of them found no significant association. Fifteen out of twenty studies also found no increase in FM, and none of eighteen studies found a decrease in LBM. Twelve out of fourteen studies reported no adverse changes in RMR either. The overwhelming majority of evidence suggests that weight-cycling (yo-yo effect) is not associated with any adverse effects in body weight, body composition, and metabolic rate. Accordingly, healthy individuals who struggle with overweight or obesity should not be discouraged from repeated attempts to lose the excess weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sanaya
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Monika Janusaite
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Charlot A, Bringolf A, Debrut L, Mallard J, Charles AL, Crouchet E, Duteil D, Geny B, Zoll J. Changes in Macronutrients during Dieting Lead to Weight Cycling and Metabolic Complications in Mouse Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:646. [PMID: 38474774 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Weight cycling is a major challenge in obesity management. Caloric restriction is known to promote this phenomenon, but the impact of macronutrient changes during dieting remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of macronutrient changes in weight maintenance without caloric restriction by alternating between two hypercaloric diets: a high-carbohydrate, high-fat Western diet (WD) and a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (LCHDF). Obesity was induced in 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice by 10 weeks of WD feeding. Then, the mice were subjected to 12 weeks of LCHFD interspersed with WD (I-WD), 3 periods of 2-week LCHFD followed by 2 periods of 3-week WD, or 12 weeks of continuous WD (C-WD). C-WD and I-WD mice were compared to standard diet (SD) mice. In the I-WD group, each LCHFD period decreased weight gain, but mice regained weight after WD resumption. I-WD mice exhibited obesity, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance, similarly to the C-WD mice. I-WD mice also developed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, associated with an increase in type-III collagen gene expression and a decrease in FGF21 protein levels, in comparison with SD. I-WD mice developed weight cycling despite maintaining a high caloric consumption, suggesting that changes in macronutrients during dieting are also a trigger of weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Charlot
- Biomedicine Research Center of Strasbourg (CRBS), UR 3072, "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Plasticité Musculaire", University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Bringolf
- Biomedicine Research Center of Strasbourg (CRBS), UR 3072, "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Plasticité Musculaire", University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Léa Debrut
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104-UMR-S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Joris Mallard
- Biomedicine Research Center of Strasbourg (CRBS), UR 3072, "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Plasticité Musculaire", University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- Biomedicine Research Center of Strasbourg (CRBS), UR 3072, "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Plasticité Musculaire", University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, University of Strasbourg, Inserm, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Duteil
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104-UMR-S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- Biomedicine Research Center of Strasbourg (CRBS), UR 3072, "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Plasticité Musculaire", University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joffrey Zoll
- Biomedicine Research Center of Strasbourg (CRBS), UR 3072, "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Plasticité Musculaire", University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
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Kinoshita N, Uchiyama E, Ishikawa-Takata K, Yamada Y, Okuyama K. Association of energy availability with resting metabolic rates in competitive female teenage runners: a cross-sectional study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:70. [PMID: 34784926 PMCID: PMC8594218 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resting metabolic rate (RMR) has been examined as a proxy for low energy availability (EA). Previous studies have been limited to adult athletes, despite the serious health consequences of low EA, particularly during adolescence. This study aimed to explore the relationship between RMR and EA in competitive teenage girl runners. Methods Eighteen girl runners (mean ± standard-deviation; age, 16.8 ± 0.9 years; body mass, 45.6 ± 5.2 kg, %fat, 13.5 ± 4.2 %) in the same competitive high-school team were evaluated. Each runner was asked to report dietary records with photos and training logs for seven days. Energy intake (EI) was assessed by Registered Dietitian Nutritionists. The runners were evaluated on a treadmill with an indirect calorimeter to yield individual prediction equations for oxygen consumption using running velocity and heart rate (HR). Exercise energy expenditure (EEE) was calculated by the equations based on training logs and HR. Daily EA was calculated by subtracting EEE from EI. The daily means of these variables were calculated. RMR was measured early in the morning by whole-room calorimetry after overnight sleep on concluding the final day of the seven-day assessment. The ratio of measured RMR to predicted RMR (RMR ratio) was calculated by race, age, sex-specific formulae, and Cunningham’s equation. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bivariate correlation analyses were used to examine the relationship between variables. Results RMR, EI, EEE, and EA were 26.9 ± 2.4, 56.8 ± 15.2, 21.7 ± 5.9, and 35.0 ± 15.0 kcal⋅kg−1 FFM⋅d−1, respectively. RMR reduced linearly with statistical significance, while EA decreased to a threshold level (30 kcal⋅kg−1 FFM⋅d−1) (r= 0.58, p= 0.048). Further reduction in RMR was not observed when EA fell below the threshold. There was no significant correlation between RMR ratios and EA, irrespective of the prediction formulae used. Conclusions These results suggest that RMR does not reduce with a decrease in EA among highly competitive and lean teenage girl runners. RMR remains disproportionally higher than expected in low EA states. Free-living teenage girl runners with low EA should be cautiously identified using RMR as a proxy for EA change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Kinoshita
- Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342 Aihara, Tokyo, 194-0298, Machida, Japan.
| | - Eriko Uchiyama
- Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342 Aihara, Tokyo, 194-0298, Machida, Japan
| | - Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata
- Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, 1-23-1 Toyama, Tokyo, 162-8636, Shinjuku, Japan.,Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Tokyo, 156-8502, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamada
- Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, 1-23-1 Toyama, Tokyo, 162-8636, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Kenta Okuyama
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
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Marra M, Di Vincenzo O, Cioffi I, Sammarco R, Morlino D, Scalfi L. Resting energy expenditure in elite athletes: development of new predictive equations based on anthropometric variables and bioelectrical impedance analysis derived phase angle. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:68. [PMID: 34702296 PMCID: PMC8549253 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An accurate estimation of athletes’ energy needs is crucial in diet planning to improve sport performance and to maintain an appropriate body composition. This study aimed to develop and validate in elite athletes new equations for estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) based on anthropometric parameters as well as bioimpedance analysis (BIA)-derived raw variables and to validate the accuracy of selected predictive equations. Methods Adult elite athletes aged 18–40 yrs were studied. Anthropometry, indirect calorimetry and BIA were performed in all subjects. The new predictive equations were generated using different regression models. The accuracy of the new equations was assessed at the group level (bias) and at the individual level (precision accuracy), and then compared with the one of five equations used in the general population or three athletes-specific formulas. Results One-hundred and twenty-six male athletes (age 26.9 ± 9.1 yrs; weight 71.3 ± 10.9 kg; BMI 22.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2) from different sport specialties were randomly assigned to the calibration (n = 75) or validation group (n = 51). REE was directly correlated with individual characteristics, except for age, and raw BIA variables. Most of the equations from the literature were reasonably accurate at the population level (bias within ±5%). The new equations showed a mean bias −0.3% (Eq. A based on anthropometric parameters) and −0.6% (Eq. B based on BIA-derived raw variables). Precision accuracy (individual predicted-measured differences within ±5%) was ~75% in six out of eight of the selected equations and even higher for Eq. A (82.4%) and Eq. B (92.2%). Conclusion In elite athletes, BIA-derived phase angle is a significant predictor of REE. The new equations have a very good prediction accuracy at both group and individual levels. The use of phase angle as predictor of REE requires further research with respect to different sport specialties, training programs and training level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Marra
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Olivia Di Vincenzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Iolanda Cioffi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Sammarco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Delia Morlino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Scalfi
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
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Contreras RE, Schriever SC, Pfluger PT. Physiological and Epigenetic Features of Yoyo Dieting and Weight Control. Front Genet 2019; 10:1015. [PMID: 31921275 PMCID: PMC6917653 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and being overweight have become a worldwide epidemic affecting more than 1.9 billion adults and 340 million children. Efforts to curb this global health burden by developing effective long-term non-surgical weight loss interventions continue to fail due to weight regain after weight loss. Weight cycling, often referred to as Yoyo dieting, is driven by physiological counter-regulatory mechanisms that aim at preserving energy, i.e. decreased energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and impaired brain-periphery communication. Models based on genetically determined set points explained some of the weight control mechanisms, but exact molecular underpinnings remained elusive. Today, gene–environment interactions begin to emerge as likely drivers for the obesogenic memory effect associated with weight cycling. Here, epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, appear as likely factors that underpin long-lasting deleterious adaptations or an imprinted obesogenic memory to prevent weight loss maintenance. The first part summarizes our current knowledge on the physiology of weight cycling by discussing human and murine studies on the Yoyo-dieting phenomenon and physiological adaptations associated with weight loss and weight re-gain. The second part provides an overview on known associations between obesity and epigenetic modifications. We further interrogate the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in the CNS control of cognitive functions as well as reward and addictive behaviors, and subsequently discuss whether such mechanisms play a role in weight control. The final two parts describe major opportunities and challenges associated with studying epigenetic mechanisms in the CNS with its highly heterogenous cell populations, and provide a summary of recent technological advances that will help to delineate whether an obese memory is based upon epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raian E Contreras
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Greene DA, Varley BJ, Hartwig TB, Chapman P, Rigney M. A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet Reduces Body Mass Without Compromising Performance in Powerlifting and Olympic Weightlifting Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:3373-3382. [PMID: 30335720 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Greene, DA, Varley, BJ, Hartwig, TB, Chapman, P, and Rigney, M. A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet reduces body mass without compromising performance in powerlifting and Olympic weightlifting athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3382-3391, 2018-Weight class athletes use weight-making strategies to compete in specific weight categories with an optimum power-to-weight ratio. There is evidence that low carbohydrate diets might offer specific advantages for weight reduction without the negative impact on strength and power previously hypothesized to accompany carbohydrate restriction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) could be used as a weight reduction strategy for athletes competing in the weight class sports of powerlifting and Olympic weightlifting. Fourteen intermediate to elite competitive lifting athletes (age 34 ± 10.5, n = 5 female) consumed an ad libitum usual diet (UD) (>250 g daily intake of carbohydrates) and an ad libitum LCKD (≤50 g or ≤10% daily intake of carbohydrates) in random order, each for 3 months in a crossover design. Lifting performance, body composition, resting metabolic rate, blood glucose, and blood electrolytes were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The LCKD phase resulted in significantly lower body mass (-3.26 kg, p = 0.038) and lean mass (-2.26 kg, p = 0.016) compared with the UD phase. Lean mass losses were not reflected in lifting performances that were not different between dietary phases. No other differences in primary or secondary outcome measures were found between dietary phases. Weight class athletes consuming an ad libitum LCKD decreased body mass and achieved lifting performances that were comparable with their UD. Coaches and athletes should consider using an LCKD to achieve targeted weight reduction goals for weight class sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
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Attenuating the Biologic Drive for Weight Regain Following Weight Loss: Must What Goes Down Always Go Back Up? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050468. [PMID: 28481261 PMCID: PMC5452198 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations occur with weight loss that result in increased hunger with discordant simultaneous reductions in energy requirements—producing the so-called energy gap in which more energy is desired than is required. The increased hunger is associated with elevation of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and decrements in anorexigenic hormones. The lower total daily energy expenditure with diet-induced weight loss results from (1) a disproportionately greater decrease in circulating leptin and resting metabolic rate (RMR) than would be predicted based on the decline in body mass, (2) decreased thermic effect of food (TEF), and (3) increased energy efficiency at work intensities characteristic of activities of daily living. These metabolic adaptations can readily promote weight regain. While more experimental research is needed to identify effective strategies to narrow the energy gap and attenuate weight regain, some factors contributing to long-term weight loss maintenance have been identified. Less hunger and greater satiation have been associated with higher intakes of protein and dietary fiber, and lower glycemic load diets. High levels of physical activity are characteristic of most successful weight maintainers. A high energy flux state characterized by high daily energy expenditure and matching energy intake may attenuate the declines in RMR and TEF, and may also result in more accurate regulation of energy intake to match daily energy expenditure.
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Mackie GM, Samocha-Bonet D, Tam CS. Does weight cycling promote obesity and metabolic risk factors? Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 11:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.10.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vitamin D and Weight Cycling: Impact on Injury, Illness, and Inflammation in Collegiate Wrestlers. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120775. [PMID: 27916879 PMCID: PMC5188430 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the link between vitamin D status and frequency of skin infections, inflammation, and injury in college wrestlers during an academic year. Methods: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (n = 19), plasma cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) (n = 18) concentrations, and body weight/composition were measured and injury/illness/skin infection data were collected in fall, winter, and spring. Results: In the fall, 74% of wrestlers had vitamin D concentrations <32 ng/mL which increased to 94% in winter and spring. Wrestlers lost an average of 3.4 ± 3.9 kg (p < 0.001) during the season with corresponding decreases in fat mass and increases in lean mass (p < 0.01). An inverse association between 25(OH)D concentrations and total body mass and body fat percentage was observed at all-time points (p < 0.01). Concentrations of cytokines were highly variable among individuals and did not change across time (p > 0.05). Correlations between vitamin D status, cytokines, or frequency of illness, injury, or skin infections were not observed. Conclusions: A high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (<32 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was observed in wrestlers and was associated with higher adiposity. It remains unclear if higher vitamin D status would reduce injury, illness, and skin infection risk.
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Physiological and health characteristics of ex-jockeys. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:283-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Paris HL, Foright RM, Werth KA, Larson LC, Beals JW, Cox-York K, Bell C, Melby CL. Increasing energy flux to decrease the biological drive toward weight regain after weight loss - A proof-of-concept pilot study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2015; 11:e12-e20. [PMID: 28531421 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight loss induces compensatory biological adjustments that increase hunger and decrease resting metabolic rate (RMR), which increase propensity for weight regain. In non-obese adults high levels of physical activity coupled with high energy intake (high energy flux) are associated with higher RMR and reduced hunger. We tested the possibility that a high flux state attenuates the increase in hunger and the decrease in RMR characteristic of diet-induced weight loss. METHODS Six obese adults [age (mean ± SE) = 42 ± 12 y; body mass index (BMI) = 35.7 ± 3.7 kg/m2] underwent measures of RMR, the thermic effect of a meal (TEM), and fasting and postprandial measures of hunger and fullness as well as plasma glucose and insulin. Following weight loss, subjects completed two 5-day conditions of energy balance in random order-Low Flux (LF): sedentary with energy intake (EI) = RMR (kcal/d) × 1.35; and High Flux (HF): net exercise energy cost of ∼500 kcal/d and EI = RMR (kcal/d) × 1.7. RMR was measured daily for each flux condition. The morning following each of the respective experimentally controlled HF and LF conditions (flux day 5), they underwent the same pre-weight loss tests and also reported their perceptions of hunger and fullness during the previous four days of HF and LF, respectively. RESULTS Average daily RMR was higher during HF (1926 ± 138 kcal/day) compared to LF (1847 ± 126 kcal/day; P < 0.05). Perceived hunger at the end of day was lower (p < 0.03) and fullness throughout the day was higher (p < 0.02) in HF compared to LF conditions. On day 5 of each flux condition, the thermic effect of a meal and circulating glucose and insulin after the meal did not differ between HF and LF. CONCLUSION Following weight loss, compared to a sedentary LF state of energy balance, a short-term HF energy balance state is associated with higher RMR, lower perceived hunger, and greater perceived fullness, all of which could help attenuate the biologic drive to regain weight. Given the pilot nature of this study and the relatively short period of time spent in the high and low flux states, future research is needed to address this research question in a larger sample over a longer time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Paris
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Rebecca M Foright
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Kelsey A Werth
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Lauren C Larson
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Kimberly Cox-York
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Christopher Bell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Christopher L Melby
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
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Reljic D, Jost J, Dickau K, Kinscherf R, Bonaterra G, Friedmann-Bette B. Effects of pre-competitional rapid weight loss on nutrition, vitamin status and oxidative stress in elite boxers. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:437-48. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.949825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Slater G, Rice A, Jenkins D, Hahn A. Body mass management of lightweight rowers: nutritional strategies and performance implications. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:1529-33. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Sagayama H, Yoshimura E, Yamada Y, Ichikawa M, Ebine N, Higaki Y, Kiyonaga A, Tanaka H. Effects of rapid weight loss and regain on body composition and energy expenditure. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:21-7. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Nutritional Education, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ebine
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kiyonaga
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sundgot-Borgen J, Garthe I. Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions. J Sports Sci 2011; 29 Suppl 1:S101-14. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.565783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Montani JP, Viecelli AK, Prévot A, Dulloo AG. Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for later cardiovascular diseases: the 'repeated overshoot' theory. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 30 Suppl 4:S58-66. [PMID: 17133237 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In people trying to lose weight, there are often repeated cycles of weight loss and regain. Weight cycling is, however, not limited to obese adults but affects people of normal weight, particularly young women, who are unhappy with their appearance. Furthermore, the onset of a pattern of weight cycling is shifting towards younger ages, owing to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, and the pressure from the media and society for a slim image even for normal weight children. Although there is still controversy whether weight cycling promotes body fat accumulation and obesity, there is mounting evidence from large population studies for increased cardiovascular risks in response to a behavior of weight cycling. Potential mechanisms by which weight cycling contributes to cardiovascular morbidity include hypertension, visceral fat accumulation, changes in adipose tissue fatty acid composition, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Moreover, fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic activity, glomerular filtration rate, blood glucose and lipids that may occur during weight cycling--with overshoots above normal values during weight regain periods--put an additional load on the cardiovascular system, and may be easily overlooked if humans or animals are studied during a state of relatively stable weight. Overshoot of those risks factors, when repeated over time, will stress the cardiovascular system and probably contribute to the overall cardiovascular morbidity of weight cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Montani
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Lingor RJ, Olson A. Fluid and Diet Patterns Associated with Weight Cycling and Changes in Body Composition Assessed by Continuous Monitoring Throughout a College Wrestling Season. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1763-72. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181db22fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Seasonal Changes of Body Mass, Body Composition, and Muscular Performance in Collegiate Wrestlers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2008; 3:176-84. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.3.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the physiological response of collegiate wrestlers to their competitive season.Methods:Eleven Division I collegiate wrestlers (mean ± SD; 19.45 ± 1.13 y) volunteered and completed 4 testing sessions throughout the course of the collegiate wrestling season. Testing sessions were conducted pre-, mid-, and postseason, as well as before the national tournament. Testing consisted of weigh-in, skinfold body composition testing, and a 50-rep concentric, isokinetic leg extension muscle endurance test (180°/s). Muscular performance variables measured included peak torque, peak torque at fatigue, percent decline, and peak torque/body mass ratio.Results:A significant increase (P < .05) of 2.9% was observed for body mass between midseason and postseason (2.38 kg). From pre- to postseason, a mean increase of 3.8% (3.1 kg) was observed for body mass. An increase (P < .05) in BF% of 2.9% was observed between prenationals and postseason. No significant differences (P > .05) were observed between consecutive time points for quadriceps peak torque; however, there was a significant increase (P < .05) between preseason and prenationals (23.39 N·m). Peak torque at fatigue was greater (P < .05) at midseason than preseason, representing an increase of 9.82 N·m. Between midseason and prenationals testing, we observed an 11% increase (P < .05) in %DCLN. Finally, we noted an increase (P < .05) from 0.6 to 0.69 in peak torque/body mass ratio between preseason and prenationals.Conclusions:Our results indicate that while force values seem to suffer at midseason, the wrestlers compensated and were strongest just before their national competition.
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KUKIDOME TAKESHI, AIZAWA KATSUJI, OKADA AI, TOKUYAMA KUMPEI, KONO ICHIRO. METABOLIC EFFECTS OF RAPID WEIGHT LOSS IN ELITE ATHLETES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.56.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
With exercise for sports competition in children and adolescents, acute nutrient needs will change. Fluid intake to ensure the replacement of water and minerals (electrolytes) lost in sweat is important. Energy needs also increase because of the elevated energy expenditure with physical activity. Arguably carbohydrate is the recommended source of training needs, although research has yet to be done to show performance benefits in young athletes on a high-carbohydrate diet. In the majority of sports, an increased intake of food naturally occurs to accommodate the day-to-day nutrient needs of young athletes, and unlike non-athlete, young competitors typically come closer to meeting their requirements for micronutrients. Nonetheless, certain athletic groups may be at risk for shortfalls in their diet. Compared to athletes in team sports, participants in weight-control sports may be at greater risk of failing to meet requirements for energy, protein, and some micronutrients. Endurance athletes, particularly female distance runners, may have intake deficits for the minerals iron and calcium. Acute issues such as heat illness and chronic concerns that include impaired growth and development, and the risk of injuries that include stress fractures may be an outcome of inadequate nutrition during physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Petrie
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, Illinois 60010, USA
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Doi T, Matsuo T, Sugawara M, Matsumoto K, Minehira K, Hamada K, Okamura K, Suzuki M. New approach for weight reduction by a combination of diet, light resistance exercise and the timing of ingesting a protein supplement. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002; 10:226-32. [PMID: 11708314 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that ingesting a meal immediately after exercise increased skeletal muscle accretion and less adipose tissue accumulation in rats employed in a 10 week resistance exercise program. We hypothesized that a possible increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) as a result of the larger skeletal muscle mass might be responsible for the less adipose deposition. Therefore, the effect of the timing of a protein supplement after resistance exercise on body composition and the RMR was investigated in 17 slightly overweight men. The subjects participated in a 12-week weight reduction program consisting of mild energy restriction (17% energy intake reduction) and a light resistance exercise using a pair of dumbbells (3-5 kg). The subjects were assigned to two groups. Group S ingested a protein supplement (10 g protein, 7 g carbohydrate, 3.3 g fat and one-third of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamins and minerals) immediately after exercise. Group C did not ingest the supplement. Daily intake of both energy and protein was equal between the two groups and the protein intake met the RDA. After 12 weeks, the bodyweight, skinfold thickness, girth of waist and hip and percentage bodyfat significantly decreased in the both groups, however, no significant differences were observed between the groups. The fat-free mass significantly decreased in C, whereas its decrease in S was not significant. The RMR and post-meal total energy output significantly increased in S, while these variables did not change in C. In addition, the urinary nitrogen excretion tended to increase in C but not in S. These results suggest that the RMR increase observed in S might be associated with an increase in body protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Doi
- Saga Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd Higashisefuri, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Several recent studies have pointed out that the weight loss techniques used by wrestlers to make weight are similar to the behavior of bulimics. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an increased risk of bulimia nervosa existed for a group of junior high and high school wrestlers. METHODS Wrestlers (N = 85) completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) once during the season, and once during the off-season. A comparison group of nonwrestlers (N = 75) also completed the questionnaire. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the number of in-season wrestlers and nonwrestlers classified as "at risk" for bulimia nervosa. Significant differences were revealed, however, between in-season wrestlers and nonwrestlers, and between in-season wrestlers and off-season wrestlers, on the Drive for Thinness subscale. In both cases, significantly more in-season wrestlers scored above the "at risk" cutoff on the subscale. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that although in-season wrestlers are more weight conscious than nonwrestlers, these feelings and attitudes are transient. All subjects classified as "at risk" also participated in an interview which followed the format of the Eating Disorder Examination. Interviews with in-season wrestlers revealed that their concerns with weight were due entirely to the demands of wrestling, and did not meet the severity level required for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Dale
- Exercise and Sports Research Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-0701, USA
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Posicionamento Oficial: Redução de peso em lutadores. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86921999000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Iwao S, Mori K, Sato Y. Effects of meal frequency on body composition during weight control in boxers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996; 6:265-72. [PMID: 8960647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of meal frequency on changes in body composition by food restriction were investigated. Twelve boxers were divided between a two meals day-1 group (the 2M group) and a six meals day-1 group (the 6M group). Both groups ingested 5.02 MJ (1200 kcal) day-1 for 2 weeks. Although there was no difference in change of body weight by food restriction between the two groups, the decrease in lean body mass (LBM) was significantly greater in the 2M group than in the 6M group. The decrease in urinary 3-methylhistidine/creatinine was significantly greater in the 6M group than in the 2M group. These results suggest that the lower frequency of meal intake leads to a greater myoprotein catabolism even if the same diet is consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iwao
- First Division of Health Promotion Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
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Abstract
Most men and women who attempt to lose weight will regain any weight that is lost. This cycle of weight loss and regain - referred to as weight cycling is a recurrent phenomenon for many patients. With the increased frequency of obesity and the increased prescriptions for weight-loss practices without an associated increase in the success of weight-loss maintenance, the concerns about weight cycling have grown. Recent literature has focused on the possible physiologic and psychologic hazards of weight cycling. Review of both human and animal studies indicates no conclusive evidence about harmful effects of weight cycling. Most studies show no adverse effects on metabolism. Some observational studies indicate an association between variations in body weight and increased morbidity and mortality but do not distinguish between voluntary and involuntary weight-loss events. The studies of psychologic hazards have been limited, and little convincing information is available. Without more compelling evidence of the risks of weight cycling, warnings overriding safe, effective weight-loss treatments for the obese are unwarranted. Appropriately designed studies are urgently needed to assess the long-term efficacy of procedures and treatments that promote weight-loss maintenance and to provide further analyses of the effects of weight cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Albu
- Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10025, USA
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Schmidt WD, Hyner GC, Lyle RM, Corrigan D, Bottoms G, Melby CL. The effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise conditioning on resting metabolic rate and the thermic effect of a meal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1994; 4:335-346. [PMID: 7874150 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.4.4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) among athletes who had participated in long-term anaerobic or aerobic exercise. Nine collegiate wrestlers were matched for age, weight, and fat-free weight with 9 collegiate swimmers. Preliminary testing included maximal oxygen consumption, maximal anaerobic capacity (MAnC) for both the arms and the legs, and percent body fat. On two separate occasions, RMR and TEM were measured using indirect calorimetry. VO2max was significantly higher in the swimmers while MAnC was significantly higher in the wrestlers for both the arms and the legs. RMR adjusted for fat-free weight was not significantly different between groups. The differences in total and percentage of TEM between the groups were not statistically significant, and there were no differences in baseline thyroid hormones. These data suggest that despite significant differences in VO2max and WAnT values following long-term aerobic and anaerobic exercise training, resting energy expenditure does not differ between these college athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Schmidt
- Human Performance Laboratory, Trenton State College, NJ 08650-4700
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Gillette CA, Bullough RC, Melby CL. Postexercise energy expenditure in response to acute aerobic or resistive exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1994; 4:347-60. [PMID: 7874151 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.4.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Postexercise energy metabolism was examined in male subjects age 22-35 years in response to three different treatments: a strenuous bout of resistive exercise (REx), a bout of stationary cycling (AEx) at 50% peak VO2, and a control condition (C) of quiet sitting. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured the morning of and the morning following each condition. Recovery oxygen consumption (RcO2) was measured for 5 hr following each treatment. Total 5-hr RcO2 was higher for the REx treatment relative to both AEx and C, with the largest treatment differences occurring early during recovery. There were no large treatment differences in postexercise respiratory exchange ratio values, except for the first hour of recovery following REx. RMR measured 14.5 hr postexercise for the REx condition was significantly elevated compared to C. These results suggest that strenuous resistive exercise results in a greater excess postexercise oxygen consumption compared to steady-state endurance exercise of similar estimated energy cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gillette
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins 80523
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Simpson JA, Wainwright PE, Hoffman-Goetz L, Lévesque S. Effects of different weight loss treatments on weight cycling and metabolic measures in male mice. Physiol Behav 1994; 56:197-201. [PMID: 8084902 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different weight loss treatments on subsequent weight regain, food efficiency, body composition, metabolic rate, and corticosterone concentrations were investigated in obese male B6D2F1 mice. Treatment groups were: restricted (RES, food restricted); exercised (EX, treadmill exercised); sham control (SHAM, treadmill exposure, not exercised); lab chow control (LC). Weight loss, regardless of treatment, resulted in increased rate of weight regain and food efficiency. There were significant alterations in body composition after a cycle of weight gain/loss. These results demonstrate that a cycle of weight gain/loss causes increased food efficiency and concomitant alterations in body composition in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Simpson
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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McCargar L, Taunton J, Birmingham CL, Paré S, Simmons D. Metabolic and anthropometric changes in female weight cyclers and controls over a 1-year period. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1993; 93:1025-30. [PMID: 8360407 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)92042-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women who diet to lose weight often regain the weight over time, and the cycle repeats itself. The objective of this study was to identify a group of female weight cyclers and to match them with a control group who had never consciously tried to lose weight. For 1 year, weight patterns, eating habits, metabolic parameters, and body composition were assessed to determine whether there was a relationship between weight cycling and these variables. DESIGN Measurements were done at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Changes in weight, diet, and exercise were monitored throughout the year. SETTING All testing was done at a university physiology laboratory. SUBJECTS/SAMPLES Nine weight cyclers with a notable history of dieting and food restriction were recruited. Subsequently, nine control subjects were selected and matched for age, height, weight, lean body mass, and exercise habits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The observational study included measures of 3-day diet records, skinfold and girth, serum glucose, insulin and triiodothyronine, and resting energy expenditure. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED The main variables were analyzed using a 2 x 3 (diet group x time) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the time factor. Comparison of the means was done by Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS A 7-point satisfaction scale indicated that the weight cyclers were dissatisfied with their weight compared with the noncyclers (P = .03). Otherwise, there were no differences between groups in dietary intakes or the physiologic variables. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS In the parameters measured, a history of weight cycling did not affect the metabolic profiles of the weight cyclers compared with the noncyclers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McCargar
- School of Family and Nutritional Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Horswill CA. Weight loss and weight cycling in amateur wrestlers: implications for performance and resting metabolic rate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1993; 3:245-60. [PMID: 8220391 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.3.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Amateur wrestlers practice weight loss for ergogenic reasons. The effects of rapid weight loss on aerobic performance are adverse and profound, but the effects of anaerobic performance are equivocal. Anaerobic performance--strength and power--may be the most relevant type of performance to the wrestler. Maintenance of or even small decrements in anaerobic performance may translate into improvements in performance relative to the weight class, the factor by which wrestlers are matched for competition. During the recovery period between the official weigh-in and competition, wrestlers achieve at least partial nutritional recovery, which appears to benefit performance. Successive bouts of (a) weight loss to make weight and (b) recovery for performance lead to weight cycling. There is speculation that weight cycling may contribute to chronic glycogen depletion, reductions in fat-free weight, a decrease in resting metabolic rate, and an increase in body fat. The latter two would augment the difficulty of losing weight for subsequent weigh-ins. Most research indicates that the suppressed resting metabolic rate with weight loss in wrestlers appears to be transient, but subsequent research is needed for confirmation.
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McCargar LJ, Simmons D, Craton N, Taunton JE, Birmingham CL. Physiological effects of weight cycling in female lightweight rowers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 1993; 18:291-303. [PMID: 8242008 DOI: 10.1139/h93-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Repeated cycles of weight loss and regain are referred to as weight cycling. It is a practice of many athletes who must achieve a low body weight. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a history of weight cycling results in sustained metabolic changes. Healthy female rowers with a history of dieting and weight fluctuation (n = 7) were compared to a control group of rowers who had never dieted (n = 7). Anthropometric and metabolic measurements were done at pre-, peak, and off-season during a 1-year period. At peak season the weight cyclers restricted their food intake and lost 4.2 +/- 1.8 kg, and subsequently regained 4.0 +/- 2.1 kg in the off-season. This was different from the controls (p = .003), who maintained a stable body weight at all times. No other group differences were observed. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and triiodothyronine (T3) changed with time (p = .001, p = .000, respectively) in both groups, which appeared to reflect changes in fat free mass (FFM), not body weight. Long-term metabolic changes were not observed in these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J McCargar
- School of Family and Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Robison JI, Hoerr SL, Strandmark J, Mavis B. Obesity, weight loss, and health. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1993; 93:445-9. [PMID: 8454814 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)92293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial, complicated condition or group of conditions that afflicts a growing number of people in the United States. Precise etiologies are not well understood, and both commercial and medical treatment programs are characterized by high rates of recidivism. A cultural preoccupation with slimness has created a huge industry serving millions of people who are attempting continually to reduce weight. Contradictory messages from professionals have led to confusion concerning the health implications of obesity and the potential risks of repeated dieting. This review summarizes the major areas of consensus and controversy concerning the health implications of obesity and weight loss and suggests directions for treatment that take into account the complex causes and consequences of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Robison
- Center for Weight Control, Lansing, MI 48910
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Abstract
Two mature elite Sambo wrestlers were studied during a 22-day pre-European Championship period, during which they were to lose weight and maintain their top physical performance characteristics. During this time the athletes underwent intensive training coupled with a hypocaloric diet. Both lost approximately 8% of their initial body weight, while maintaining their pre-weight loss maximum oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold and maximum isometric strength. These variables therefore increased when expressed relative to the lower body weight. Isometric endurance and short-term sprinting ability, however, were compromised by the weight-loss regimen, decreasing by up to 7% and 13% respectively. Following a well-planned weight-reduction programme coupled with serious training, aerobic power and isometric strength were unaffected and/or improved, but prolonged anaerobic exercise performance was impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maffulli
- University of London, Institute of Child Health, UK
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Diet-induced weight loss and metabolic changes in obese women with high versus low prior weight loss/regain. Nutr Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Garner DM, Wooley SC. Confronting the failure of behavioral and dietary treatments for obesity. Clin Psychol Rev 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(91)90128-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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