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Wang J, Qiu Z, Zeng H, Tan Y, Huang Y, Luo J, Shu W. Long-Term Consumption of Purified Water Altered Amino Acid, Fatty Acid and Energy Metabolism in Livers of Rats. Metabolites 2024; 14:289. [PMID: 38786766 PMCID: PMC11122726 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of low-mineral water has been increasing worldwide. Drinking low-mineral water is associated with cardiovascular disease, osteopenia, and certain neurodegenerative diseases. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. The liver metabolic alterations in rats induced by drinking purified water for 3 months were investigated with a metabolomics-based strategy. Compared with the tap water group, 74 metabolites were significantly changed in the purified water group (6 increased and 68 decreased), including 29 amino acids, 11 carbohydrates, 10 fatty acids, 7 short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and 17 other biomolecules. Eight metabolic pathways were significantly changed, namely aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; nitrogen metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; histidine metabolism; biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids; butanoate metabolism; and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. These changes suggested that consumption of purified water induced negative nitrogen balance, reduced expression of some polyunsaturated fatty acids and SCFAs, and disturbed energy metabolism in rats. These metabolic disturbances may contribute to low-mineral-water-associated health risks. The health risk of consuming low-mineral water requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Medical English, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China;
| | - Zhiqun Qiu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqin 400038, China; (Z.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqin 400038, China; (Z.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqin 400038, China; (Z.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yujing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqin 400038, China; (Z.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jiaohua Luo
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqin 400038, China; (Z.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Weiqun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqin 400038, China; (Z.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.)
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Wasick A, Kim Y. Association between the Composition of Drinking Water and Cognitive Function in the Elderly: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:362. [PMID: 38541362 PMCID: PMC10969896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia increases with nearly 10 million new cases each year, with Alzheimer's disease contributing to 60-70% of cases. Environmental factors such as drinking water have been evaluated to determine if a relationship exists between trace elements in drinking water and the risk of developing cognitive disorders in the elderly. The purpose of the current systematic review was to evaluate an association between the composition of drinking water and cognitive function in the elderly. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a literature search was conducted using PubMed and CINAHL databases. A total of 10 studies were included in the current systematic review. Aluminum is the most commonly evaluated trace element in studies (n = 8), followed by silica (n = 5), calcium (n = 4), and fluoride (n = 4). Aluminum exposure showed an increased risk of cognitive decline in four studies, with no association reported in the other studies. Higher silica and pH levels were shown to be protective against a decline in cognitive function. A similar protective effect of calcium was found in two studies. Future research should measure multiple trace mineral levels in all water sources to evaluate the impact on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeonsoo Kim
- Nutrition and Dietetics Program, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA;
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Sanajou S, Erkekoğlu P, Şahin G, Baydar T. Role of aluminum exposure on Alzheimer's disease and related glycogen synthase kinase pathway. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:510-522. [PMID: 35443844 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2065291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is an environmentally abundant metal that is not essential for life. There is considerable evidence that Al as a neurotoxic xenobiotic may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Exposure to aluminum has been shown to cause neuronal damage that resembles the symptoms of AD. In this review, we will summarize recent data about Al as the possible risk of incidence of AD. Then glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) contributes to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles, one of the hallmarks of AD as one of the mechanisms behind Al neurotoxicity will be covered. Overall, there is still a need for epidemiological studies and more in vivo and in vitro studies to determine the exact mechanisms of its neurotoxicity and the role of GSK3β in both Al toxic effect and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanajou
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Pınar Erkekoğlu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gönül Şahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Liu X, Pei Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Associations of Boiled Water and Lifespan Water Sources With Mortality: A Cohort Study of 33,467 Older Adults. Front Public Health 2022; 10:921738. [PMID: 35832269 PMCID: PMC9271665 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.921738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There were few studies to report whether drinking water sources and habits affected health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to examine how boiled water and lifespan water sources affected the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in the elderly. Methods This study was a 20-year cohort study. All participants aged ≥60 years were eligible. Exposures of interest included lifespan drinking water sources and habits, which were collected using a validated questionnaire. Drinking water sources included wells, surface water, spring, and tap water in childhood, around the age of 60 years, and at present. Drinking habits included boiled and un-boiled water. The main end events included CVD and all-cause mortality. Results There were 33,467 participants in this study. Compared to tap water, drinking well and surface water around the age of 60 years were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.092, 95% CI: 1.051–1.134, P < 0.001; and HR: 1.136, 95% CI: 1.081–1.194, P < 0.001, respectively). However, only drinking spring around aged 60 years and drinking well at present were associated with a lower CVD mortality (HR: 0.651, 95% CI: 0.452–0.939, P = 0.022; and HR: 0.757, 95% CI: 0.665–0.863, P < 0.001, respectively). Boiled water was not associated with mortality. Conclusions Drinking water from well and surface water around the age of 60 years were associated with increased all-cause mortality. Drinking water from spring around the age of 60 years and well at present was associated with a decreased CVD mortality. However, boiled water was not associated with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- Department of Ultrasonics, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Pei
- Dean's Office, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zifan Zhang
- Dean's Office, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjie Chen
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Zhai D, Cao L, Zhou Y, Liu H, Shi M, Wei Y, Xia Y. The effect of water source on cognitive functioning in Chinese adults: A cross-sectional and follow-up study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113156. [PMID: 34979313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water source on cognitive functioning is poorly understood. The present study explored the associations between water source and cognition in 9921 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Cognitive functioning was measured from three aspects: orientation and attention, episodic memory, and visuo-construction. Water sources included tap and non-tap water. Generalized linear models and multiple logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the associations of cognitive scores with water source among the whole population and different subgroups. Results from cross-sectional analysis reported that participants without access to tap water showed a lower cognitive score (β = - 0.57; 95% CI: - 0.74, - 0.39) than those with tap water as a water source; and this phenomenon was pronounced for both sexes and across all residences. During 4-years' follow-up, a greater decline of cognitive score was associated with no tap water use in the lowest quartile of baseline cognitive scores (β = - 0.67; 95% CI: - 1.26, - 0.08). Additionally, the utilization rate of tap water was lower in rural areas compared to urban areas. The lowest utilization rates were observed in urban areas of the Anhui province (0.38 in 2011 and 0.55 in 2015) and in rural areas of Inner Mongolia (0.09 in 2011 and 0.20 in 2015). These findings suggest that having no tap water may be a risk factor for cognition impairment, particularly for those with a low basic cognition score. Additionally, our results support the need to expand tap water use in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daokuan Zhai
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Limin Cao
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiyuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyuan Shi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingliang Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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de Azevedo Queiroz ÍO, Machado T, Alves CC, Vasques AMV, Cury MTS, Vasconcelos BC, Gomes-Filho JE, Vivan RR, Braga T, Love RM, Duarte MAH. Tracing the toxic ions of an endodontic tricalcium silicate-based sealer in local tissues and body organs. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126856. [PMID: 34560425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to track the toxic ions released by MTA Fillapex, BioRoot RCS, and an experimental tricalcium silicate-based sealer (CEO) into local and distant tissues as well as to investigate their potential adverse effects. In addition, the chemical constituents of the sealers were also evaluated. The main components of the dry powders, pastes, and mixed sealers were characterized. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dry powder and sealer discs were each set for 72 h and their main components were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Polyethylene tubes filled with sealers were used to measure silicon and calcium ions. Polyethylene tubes filled with sealers or empty tubes were implanted into the dorsal connective tissue of Wistar rats. On days 7, 15, 30, and 45, the animals were euthanized and their brains, livers, kidneys, and subcutaneous tissues were removed and processed to determine the concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, iron, magnesium and nickel using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. RESULTS The main compounds in all sealers were carbon, oxygen, silicon, and calcium. MTA Fillapex release more Si while highest levels of Si were found in presence of BioRoot. The release of Si and Ca ions promoted by MTA Fillapex raise by time. No traces of cobalt, chromium, or magnesium were detected in any tissue. Irrespective of the sealer, no traces of copper and lead were found in the subcutaneous tissue; however, they were observed in the organs. The highest concentration of iron was identified in the liver. All sealers exhibited similar nickel traces in the brain, kidney, and liver except for MTA Fillapex, which demonstrated levels higher than CEO in the subcutaneous tissue on day 7. Tracing nickel ions over time revealed that lowest concentrations were found in subcutaneous tissue. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data demonstrate that CEOs have chemical compositions similar to those of other commercial sealers. Furthermore, none of them exhibited a threat to systemic health. Moreover, the minimal amounts of iron and nickel detected were not related to the sealers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Machado
- Departmento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Camila Carneiro Alves
- Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Veiga Vasques
- Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Carvalho Vasconcelos
- Departmento de Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará - Campus de Sobral, UFC, Sobral, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes-Filho
- Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Departmento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Tiago Braga
- School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Departmento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil
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Feng T, Feng Z, Liu Q, Jiang L, Yu Q, Liu K. Drinking habits and water sources with the incidence of cognitive impairment in Chinese elderly population: The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:406-412. [PMID: 33359931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little was known on whether drinking habits and water sources affected cognitive function. This study aimed to examine the associations of drinking habits and water sources with the incidence of cognitive impairment in the Chinese elderly population. METHODS Data were drawn from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. All participants aged ≥ 60 years at baseline were potential eligible. Cognitive function was measured using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE). Participants with the CMMSE score ≤ 24 were identified as cognitive impairment. Drinking habits included preferring to drink boiled water or un-boiled water. Water sources included well, surface water, spring, and tap water. RESULTS This study included 18034 participants. Participants drinking un- boiled water were more likely to develop cognitive impairment than those drinking boiled water (P< 0.001; HR: 1.269; and 95% CI: 1.128-1.427). Compared to drinking from a well, drinking from tap water at childhood, around aged 60 years, and present was associated with a lower incidence of cognitive impairment (all P< 0.001; HR: 0.672, 0.735, and 0.765; and 95% CI: 0.540-0.836, 0.686-0.788, and 0.723-0.810, respectively). LIMITATIONS The underline mechanisms behind the associations of drinking habits and water sources with the incidence of cognitive impairment were not fully explained. CONCLUSIONS Participants drinking un- boiled water were more likely to develop cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, compared to drinking from a well, drinking from tap water was associated with a lower incidence of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianda Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ziyi Feng
- Department of postgraduate, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qifang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Kuiran Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Imron MF, Said NSM, Ismail N‘I, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Purwanti IF. Challenges and Opportunities of Biocoagulant/Bioflocculant Application for Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment and Its Potential for Sludge Recovery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9312. [PMID: 33322826 PMCID: PMC7764310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation-flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Nor Sakinah Mohd Said
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Nur ‘Izzati Ismail
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Ipung Fitri Purwanti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia;
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Abou Baker DH, Ibrahim BMM, Hassan NS, Yousuf AF, Gengaihi SE. Exploiting Citrus aurantium seeds and their secondary metabolites in the management of Alzheimer disease. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:723-729. [PMID: 32551234 PMCID: PMC7289753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit by-products are considered nature’s golden gift for human health and a good starting point to discover new drugs depending on the fact that they contain millions of bio-active compounds that are responsible for therapeutic activities. In this context, the main goal of this study is to recycle Citrus aurantium (C. aurantium) seeds to produce pharmaceutical molecules to be used in the prevention of the progressive neurological damage associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). Donepezil (0.75 mg/kg), hesperidin (125 and 250 mg/kg) and limonoids (50 and 100 mg/kg) were used for treatment of rats for 2 weeks prior to concomitant administration of AlCl3 for three successive weeks. Protection against cognitive deterioration was observed among study group with insignificant difference from normal control group and significant difference from positive control group in the Y-Maze test. On the other hand, treatment with both doses of hesperidin (125 and 250 mg/kg) and high dose of limonoids only (100 mg/kg) produced improvement in psychological state, observed by significant increase in ambulation frequency in comparison to positive control group, however it was not as frequent as normal group, as it was significantly less than normal group in the open field test. Regarding acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and beta-amyloid (β amyloid) levels, the effect of limonoids low dose was the best as it didn’t have a significant effect when compared to normal control, also hesperidin in both doses showed insignificant effects on β amyloid levels when compared to normal control group. Our results encourage the use of C. aurantium seeds which are wasted in huge amounts, as Alzheimer prophylactic food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha H Abou Baker
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department. National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza. PO 12622, Egypt
| | - Bassant M M Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department. Medical Research Division. National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, PO 12622, Egypt
| | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department. Medical Research Division. National Research Centre, Cairo, PO 12622, Egypt
| | - A F Yousuf
- Physiology Department. Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Souad El Gengaihi
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department. National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza. PO 12622, Egypt
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10
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Van Dyke N, Yenugadhati N, Birkett NJ, Lindsay J, Turner MC, Willhite CC, Krewski D. Association between aluminum in drinking water and incident Alzheimer's disease in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging cohort. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:157-165. [PMID: 32360354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking aluminum in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been inconsistent, with previous studies often limited by small sample sizes. The present study addresses this issue using data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a prospective cohort of 10,263 subjects followed-up from 1991-1992 through 2001-2002. Participants' residential histories were linked to municipal drinking water sources in 35 Canadian municipalities to obtain ecologic pH, aluminum, fluoride, iron and silica concentrations in drinking water. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between aluminum and incident AD [Hazard Ratios (HRs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs)], adjusting for age, gender, history of stroke, education, and high blood pressure. A total of 240 incident AD cases were identified during follow-up of 3, 638 subjects derived from the CSHA cohort with complete data on all covariates. With categorical aluminum measurements, there was an increasing, but not statistically significant, exposure-response relationship (HR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.88-2.04, in the highest aluminum exposure category; p = 0.13 for linear trend). Similar results were observed using continuous aluminum measurements (HR=1.21, 95% CI 0.97-1.52, at the interquartile range of 333.8 μg/L; p = 0.09 for linear trend). In a subsample genotyped for ApoE-ε4, there was some evidence of an association between aluminum and AD (p = 0.03 for linear trend). Although a clear association between aluminum in drinking water and AD was not found, the linear trend observed in ApoE-ε4 subsample warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Van Dyke
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagarajkumar Yenugadhati
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nicholas J Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan Lindsay
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle C Turner
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Macho-González A, Garcimartín A, Santos-López JA, Benedí J, Bastida S, González-Muñoz MJ. The Nutritional Components of Beer and Its Relationship with Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071558. [PMID: 31295866 PMCID: PMC6682961 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of degenerative diseases has risen in western countries. Growing evidence suggests that demenia and other cognition affectations are associated with ambient factors including specific nutrients, food ingredients or specific dietary patterns. Mediterranean diet adherence has been associated with various health benefits and decreased risk of many diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Beer, as part of this protective diet, contains compounds such as silicon and hops that could play a major role in preventing brain disorders. In this review, different topics regarding Mediterranean diet, beer and the consumption of their main compounds and their relation to neurological health have been addressed. Taking into account published results from our group and other studies, the hypothesis linking aluminum intoxication with dementia and/or Alzheimer’s disease and the potential role of regular beer has also been considered. Beer, in spite of its alcohol content, may have some health benefits; nonetheless, its consumption is not adequate for all subjects. Thus, this review analyzed some promising results of non-alcoholic beer on several mechanisms engaged in neurodegeneration such as inflammation, oxidation, and cholinesterase activity, and their contribution to the behavioral modifications induced by aluminum intoxication. The review ends by giving conclusions and suggesting future topics of research related to moderate beer consumption and/or the consumption of its major compounds as a potential instrument for protecting against neurodegenerative disease progression and the need to develop nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic studies in aged people and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- AFUSAN Research Group. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián Macho-González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- AFUSAN Research Group. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- AFUSAN Research Group. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Arturo Santos-López
- AFUSAN Research Group. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- AFUSAN Research Group. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Bastida
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- AFUSAN Research Group. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José González-Muñoz
- AFUSAN Research Group. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Unidad Docente de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Götz W, Tobiasch E, Witzleben S, Schulze M. Effects of Silicon Compounds on Biomineralization, Osteogenesis, and Hard Tissue Formation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E117. [PMID: 30871062 PMCID: PMC6471146 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired stem cell-based hard tissue engineering includes numerous aspects: The synthesis and fabrication of appropriate scaffold materials, their analytical characterization, and guided osteogenesis using the sustained release of osteoinducing and/or osteoconducting drugs for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation. Here, the effect of silicon- and silicate-containing materials on osteogenesis at the molecular level has been a particular focus within the last decade. This review summarizes recently published scientific results, including material developments and analysis, with a special focus on silicon hybrid bone composites. First, the sources, bioavailability, and functions of silicon on various tissues are discussed. The second focus is on the effects of calcium-silicate biomineralization and corresponding analytical methods in investigating osteogenesis and bone formation. Finally, recent developments in the manufacturing of Si-containing scaffolds are discussed, including in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as recently filed patents that focus on the influence of silicon on hard tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Oral Biology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Rheinische Wilhelms University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Steffen Witzleben
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
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Bondy SC, Campbell A. Water Quality and Brain Function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:E2. [PMID: 29267198 PMCID: PMC5800103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, regulations are in place to ensure the quality of drinking water. Such precautions are intended to safeguard the health of the population. However, regulatory guidelines may at times fail to achieve their purpose. This may be due to lack of sufficient data regarding the health hazards of chronic low dose exposure to contaminants or the introduction of new substances that pose a health hazard risk that has yet to be identified. In this review, examples of different sources of contaminants in drinking water will be discussed, followed by an evaluation of some select individual toxicants with known adverse neurological impact. The ability of mixtures to potentially cause additive, synergistic, or antagonistic neurotoxic responses will be briefly addressed. The last section of the review will provide examples of select mechanisms by which different classes of contaminants may lead to neurological impairments. The main objective of this review is to bring to light the importance of considering trace amounts of chemicals in the drinking water and potential brain abnormalities. There is continued need for toxicology studies to better understand negative consequences of trace amounts of toxins and although it is beyond the scope of this brief overview it is hoped that the review will underscore the paucity of studies focused on determining how long-term exposure to minute levels of contaminants in drinking water may pose a significant health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-1830, USA.
| | - Arezoo Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA.
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Killin LOJ, Starr JM, Shiue IJ, Russ TC. Environmental risk factors for dementia: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:175. [PMID: 27729011 PMCID: PMC5059894 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia risk reduction is a major and growing public health priority. While certain modifiable risk factors for dementia have been identified, there remains a substantial proportion of unexplained risk. There is evidence that environmental risk factors may explain some of this risk. Thus, we present the first comprehensive systematic review of environmental risk factors for dementia. METHODS We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases from their inception to January 2016, bibliographies of review articles, and articles related to publically available environmental data. Articles were included if they examined the association between an environmental risk factor and dementia. Studies with another outcome (for example, cognition), a physiological measure of the exposure, case studies, animal studies, and studies of nutrition were excluded. Data were extracted from individual studies which were, in turn, appraised for methodological quality. The strength and consistency of the overall evidence for each risk factor identified was assessed. RESULTS We screened 4784 studies and included 60 in the review. Risk factors were considered in six categories: air quality, toxic heavy metals, other metals, other trace elements, occupational-related exposures, and miscellaneous environmental factors. Few studies took a life course approach. There is at least moderate evidence implicating the following risk factors: air pollution; aluminium; silicon; selenium; pesticides; vitamin D deficiency; and electric and magnetic fields. CONCLUSIONS Studies varied widely in size and quality and therefore we must be circumspect in our conclusions. Nevertheless, this extensive review suggests that future research could focus on a short list of environmental risk factors for dementia. Furthermore, further robust, longitudinal studies with repeated measures of environmental exposures are required to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis O. J. Killin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Dementia Clinical Research Network, NHS Scotland, Perth, UK
| | - John M. Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivy J. Shiue
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Tom C. Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Exley C, Mamutse G, Korchazhkina O, Pye E, Strekopytov S, Polwart A, Hawkins C. Elevated urinary excretion of aluminium and iron in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 12:533-40. [PMID: 17086897 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506071323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of as yet unknown aetiology. A consensus of opinion has suggested that the disorder is the result of an interplay between environmental factors and susceptibility genes. We have used a battery of analytical techniques to determine if the urinary excretion of i) markers of oxidative damage; ii) iron and iii) the environmental toxin aluminium and its antagonist, silicon, are altered in relapsing remitting (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Urinary concentrations of oxidative biomarkers, MDA and TBARS, were not found to be useful indicators of inflammatory disease in MS. However, urinary concentrations of another potential marker for inflammation and oxidative stress, iron, were significantly increased in SPMS ( P<0.01) and insignificantly increased in RRMS ( P>0.05). Urinary concentrations of aluminium were also significantly increased in RRMS ( P<0.001) and SPMS ( P<0.05) such that the levels of aluminium excretion in the former were similar to those observed in individuals undergoing metal chelation therapy. The excretion of silicon was lower in MS and significantly so in SPMS ( P<0.05). Increased excretion of iron in urine supported a role for iron dysmetabolism in MS. Levels of urinary aluminium excretion similar to those seen in aluminium intoxication suggested that aluminium may be a hitherto unrecognized environmental factor associated with the aetiology of MS. If aluminium is involved in MS then an increased dietary intake of its natural antagonist, silicon, might be a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Exley
- Birchall Centre for Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Science, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
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Farooq MA, Dietz KJ. Silicon as Versatile Player in Plant and Human Biology: Overlooked and Poorly Understood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:994. [PMID: 26617630 PMCID: PMC4641902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) serves as bioactive beneficial element. Si is highly abundant in soil, and occurs ubiquitously in all organisms including plants and humans. During the last three decades, nutritional significance of Si for plant and human health has received increasing attention. Plant Si plays a pivotal role in growth and development, and this beneficial effect depends usually on accumulation in plant tissues, which are then protected from various forms of biotic and abiotic stresses. Likewise, human exposure to Si imparts health benefits and essentially occurs through plant-derived food products. Si bioavailability in human diet, e.g., strengthens bones and improves immune response, as well as neuronal and connective tissue health. Despite this empiric knowledge, the essentiality of Si still remains enigmatic. Thus the link between Si availability for plant development and its profound implication for human welfare should receive attention. This review aims to provide a broad perspective on Si as important element for plant and human nutrition and to define research fields for interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
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17
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Garcimartín A, Santos-López JA, Bastida S, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Silicon-Enriched Restructured Pork Affects the Lipoprotein Profile, VLDL Oxidation, and LDL Receptor Gene Expression in Aged Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet. J Nutr 2015; 145:2039-45. [PMID: 26246324 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that silicon can play an important role in protecting against degenerative diseases. Restructuring pork by partially disassembling meat permits the incorporation of active components with potential functional effects. However, there has been no research to date on the impact that silicon, as a functional ingredient in restructured pork (RP), has on lipoprotein composition, metabolism, and oxidation. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the effect of silicon-enriched RP on lipemia, lipoprotein profile, and oxidation markers of aged rats fed high-fat, high-energy, cholesterol-enriched diets. METHODS RP samples similar to commercial sausages (16% protein and 22% fat, wt:wt) were prepared by mixing lean pork and lard alone or with silicon (1.3 g Si/kg fresh matter) under controlled conditions and then freeze-dried. Saturated fat-rich diets were designed by mixing 78.3% purified diet with 21.7% freeze-dried RP. Three groups composed of 8 aged male Wistar rats (1 y old) were fed for 8 wk a control RP (C) diet, a cholesterol-enriched RP (Chol-C) diet [C diet enriched with 1.26% cholesterol plus 0.25% cholic acid, or a cholesterol and silicon-enriched RP (Chol-Si) diet (same as the Chol-C diet but containing silicon)]. Plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein profile, the degree of VLDL oxidation, and LDL receptor gene (Ldlr) expression were tested. RESULTS Compared with the C diet, the Chol-C diet did not modify food intake or body weight but significantly increased (P < 0.05) plasma cholesterol (32%) and total lipids (19%), VLDL and intermediate density lipoprotein + LDL cholesterol (both >600%), total lipids and proteins (both >300%), and the degree of VLDL oxidation [conjugated dienes >250%; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), 900%] and reduced Ldlr expression (64%) and liver arylesterase activity (54%). The Chol-Si diet partially normalized changes induced by the Chol-C diet. Compared with the Chol-C group, Chol-Si rats had lower VLDL compound concentrations (P < 0.001; e.g., 75% less VLDL cholesterol) and VLDL oxidation (65% less conjugated dienes and 85% less TBARS) but greater Ldlr expression (200%). CONCLUSIONS Silicon added to RP strongly counterbalanced the negative effect of high-cholesterol-ingestion, functioning as an active hypocholesterolemic, hypolipemic, and antioxidative dietary ingredient in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garcimartín
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sara Bastida
- Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Convincing evidence that silicon is a bioactive beneficial trace element continues to accumulate. The evidence, which has come from human, animal, and in vitro studies performed by several laboratories, indicate that silicon in nutritional and supra nutritional amounts promotes bone and connective tissue health, may have a modulating effect on the immune or inflammatory response, and has been associated with mental health. A plausible mechanism of action for the beneficial effects of silicon is the binding of hydroxyl groups of polyols such that it influences the formation and/or utilization of glycosaminoglycans, mucopolysaccharides, and collagen in connective tissue and bone. In addition, silicon may affect the absorption, retention or action of other mineral elements (e.g., aluminum, copper, magnesium). Based on findings from both animal and human experiments, an intake of silicon of near 25mg/d would be a reasonable suggestion for an adequate intake that would assure its nutritional benefits. Increased intakes of silicon through consuming unrefined grains, certain vegetables, and beverages and cereals made from grains should be recognized as a reasonable dietary recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest H Nielsen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,(1) Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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Oshima E, Ishihara T, Yokota O, Nakashima-Yasuda H, Nagao S, Ikeda C, Naohara J, Terada S, Uchitomi Y. Accelerated tau aggregation, apoptosis and neurological dysfunction caused by chronic oral administration of aluminum in a mouse model of tauopathies. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:633-44. [PMID: 23574527 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify whether long-term oral ingestion of aluminum (Al) can increase tau aggregation in mammals, we examined the effects of oral Al administration on tau accumulation, apoptosis in the central nervous system (CNS) and motor function using tau transgenic (Tg) mice that show very slowly progressive tau accumulation. Al-treated tau Tg mice had almost twice as many tau-positive inclusions in the spinal cord as tau Tg mice without Al treatment at 12 months of age, a difference that reached statistical significance, and the development of pretangle-like tau aggregates in the brain was also significantly advanced from 9 months. Al exposure did not induce any tau pathology in wild-type (WT) mice. Apoptosis was observed in the hippocampus in Al-treated tau Tg mice, but was virtually absent in the other experimental groups. Motor function as assessed by the tail suspension test was most severely impaired in Al-treated tau Tg mice. Given our results, chronic oral ingestion of Al may more strongly promote tau aggregation, apoptosis and neurological dysfunction if individuals already had a pathological process causing tau aggregation. These findings may also implicate chronic Al neurotoxicity in humans, who frequently have had mild tau pathology from a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Oshima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Lee JH, Choi KH, Jang KH. Evaluation of silicon intake through consumption of Takju, Soju, and wine. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Silicon is the second most abundant element in nature behind oxygen. As a metalloid, silicon has been used in many industrial applications including use as an additive in the food and beverage industry. As a result, humans come into contact with silicon through both environmental exposures but also as a dietary component. Moreover, many forms of silicon, that is, Si bound to oxygen, are water-soluble, absorbable, and potentially bioavailable to humans presumably with biological activity. However, the specific biochemical or physiological functions of silicon, if any, are largely unknown although generally thought to exist. As a result, there is growing interest in the potential therapeutic effects of water-soluble silica on human health. For example, silicon has been suggested to exhibit roles in the structural integrity of nails, hair, and skin, overall collagen synthesis, bone mineralization, and bone health and reduced metal accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, immune system health, and reduction of the risk for atherosclerosis. Although emerging research is promising, much additional, corroborative research is needed particularly regarding speciation of health-promoting forms of silicon and its relative bioavailability. Orthosilicic acid is the major form of bioavailable silicon whereas thin fibrous crystalline asbestos is a health hazard promoting asbestosis and significant impairment of lung function and increased cancer risk. It has been proposed that relatively insoluble forms of silica can also release small but meaningful quantities of silicon into biological compartments. For example, colloidal silicic acid, silica gel, and zeolites, although relatively insoluble in water, can increase concentrations of water-soluble silica and are thought to rely on specific structural physicochemical characteristics. Collectively, the food supply contributes enough silicon in the forms aforementioned that could be absorbed and significantly improve overall human health despite the negative perception of silica as a health hazard. This review discusses the possible biological potential of the metalloid silicon as bioavailable orthosilicic acid and the potential beneficial effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Martin
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Arizona State University, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA,
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Mossad M, Zou L. A study of the capacitive deionisation performance under various operational conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 213-214:491-7. [PMID: 22402342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionisation (CDI) has many advantages over other desalination technologies due to its low energy consumption, less environmental pollution and low fouling potential. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of operational conditions on the CDI electrosorption efficiency and energy consumption, to identify ion selectivity in multi-ionic solutions and to probe the effect of dissolved reactive silica on the treatment efficiency. A series of laboratory scale experiments were conducted using a CDI unit with activated carbon electrodes. The electrosorption removal efficiency was inversely related to solution temperature, initial total dissolved salts (TDS) concentration and the applied flow rate. CDI energy consumption (kWh/m(3)) is directly related to the TDS concentration and inversely related to the flow rate. The kinetics analysis indicated that the electrosorption followed pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Ion selectivity on activated carbon electrodes followed the order of Fe(3+)>Ca(2+)>Mg(2+)>Na(+) for cations and SO(4)(2-)>Br(-)>Cl(-)>F(-)>NO(3)(-) for anions. It was found that the dissolved silica was not removed by CDI; no silica fouling was found. The deterioration of activated carbon electrodes was not observed at any time during experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mossad
- SA Water Centre for Water Management and Reuse, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
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Willhite CC, Ball GL, McLellan CJ. Total allowable concentrations of monomeric inorganic aluminum and hydrated aluminum silicates in drinking water. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:358-442. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.674101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Poirier J, Semple H, Davies J, Lapointe R, Dziwenka M, Hiltz M, Mujibi D. Double-blind, vehicle-controlled randomized twelve-month neurodevelopmental toxicity study of common aluminum salts in the rat. Neuroscience 2011; 193:338-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cannon JR, Greenamyre JT. The role of environmental exposures in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:225-50. [PMID: 21914720 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration describes the loss of neuronal structure and function. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases are associated with neurodegeneration. Many are rare and stem from purely genetic causes. However, the prevalence of major neurodegenerative diseases is increasing with improvements in treating major diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, resulting in an aging population. The neurological consequences of neurodegeneration in patients can have devastating effects on mental and physical functioning. The causes of most cases of prevalent neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. The role of neurotoxicant exposures in neurodegenerative disease has long been suspected, with much effort devoted to identifying causative agents. However, causative factors for a significant number of cases have yet to be identified. In this review, the role of environmental neurotoxicant exposures on neurodegeneration in selected major neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were chosen because of available data on environmental influences. The special sensitivity the nervous system exhibits to toxicant exposure and unifying mechanisms of neurodegeneration are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cannon
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to silicon and protection against aluminium accumulation in the brain (ID 290), “cardiovascular health” (ID 289), forming a protective coat on the mucous membrane of the stomach (ID 345), n. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M. Link between Aluminum and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: The Integration of the Aluminum and Amyloid Cascade Hypotheses. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:276393. [PMID: 21423554 PMCID: PMC3056430 DOI: 10.4061/2011/276393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst being environmentally abundant, aluminum is not essential for life. On the contrary, aluminum is a widely recognized neurotoxin that inhibits more than 200 biologically important functions and causes various adverse effects in plants, animals, and humans. The relationship between aluminum exposure and neurodegenerative diseases, including dialysis encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism dementia in the Kii Peninsula and Guam, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested. In particular, the link between aluminum and Alzheimer's disease has been the subject of scientific debate for several decades. However, the complex characteristics of aluminum bioavailability make it difficult to evaluate its toxicity and therefore, the relationship remains to be established. Mounting evidence has suggested that significance of oligomerization of β-amyloid protein and neurotoxicity in the molecular mechanism of AD pathogenesis. Aluminum may play crucial roles as a cross-linker in β-amyloid oligomerization. Here, we review the detailed characteristics of aluminum neurotoxicity based on our own studies and the recent literatures. Our aim is to revisit the link between aluminum and AD and to integrate aluminum and amyloid cascade hypotheses in the context of β-amyloid oligomerization and the interactions with other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Domingo JL, Gómez M, Colomina MT. Oral silicon supplementation: an effective therapy for preventing oral aluminum absorption and retention in mammals. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:41-51. [PMID: 21198634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon is an essential element for some lower forms of life. However, it is not generally considered an essential nutrient for mammals and the mechanisms underlying its potential essentiality remain partially unknown. In recent years, a possible association between the aluminum and silicon levels in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested. It has been reported that silicon might have a protective effect for limiting oral aluminum absorption. This review is focused primarily on the potential role of silicon in preventing oral aluminum absorption and retention in mammals. The results of a number of studies suggest that dietary silicon supplementation could be of therapeutic value for preventing chronic aluminum accumulation in the brain, and hence, be a potential therapy for AD. However, it must be noted that controversy remains about whether aluminum accumulation in the brain is a cause or a consequence of AD. It is suggested that further investigation of this issue is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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Walton J. Brain lesions comprised of aluminum-rich cells that lack microtubules may be associated with the cognitive deficit of Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:1059-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Demadis KD, Pachis K, Ketsetzi A, Stathoulopoulou A. Bioinspired control of colloidal silica in vitro by dual polymeric assemblies of zwitterionic phosphomethylated chitosan and polycations or polyanions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 151:33-48. [PMID: 19691946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the effects of biological and synthetic polymers on the formation of amorphous silica. A concise review of relevant literature related to biosilicification is presented. The importance of synergies between polyelectrolytes on the inhibition of silicic acid condensation is discussed. A specific example of a zwitterionic polymer phosphonomethylated chitosan (PCH) is further analyzed for its inhibitory activity. Specifically, the ability of PCH to retard silicic acid condensation at circumneutral pH in aqueous supersaturated solutions is explored. It was discovered that in short-term studies (0-8 h) the inhibitory activity is PCH dosage-independent, but for longer condensation times (>24 h) there is a clear increase in inhibition upon PCH dosage increase. Soluble silicic acid levels reach 300 ppm after 24 h in the presence of 160 ppm PCH. Furthermore, the effects of either purely cationic (polyethyleneimine, PEI) or purely anionic (carboxymethylinulin, CMI) polyelectrolytes on the inhibitory activity of PCH is systematically studied. It was found that the action of inhibitor blends is not cumulative. PCH/PEI blends stabilize the same level of silicic acid as PCH alone in both short-term (8 h) and long-term (72 h) experiments. PCH/CMI combinations on the other hand can only achieve short-term inhibition of silicic acid polymerization, but fail to extend this over the first 8 h. PCH and its combinations with PEI or CMI affect silica particle morphology, studied by SEM. Spherical particles and their aggregates, irregularly shaped particles and porous structures are obtained depending on additive or additive blend. It was demonstrated by FT-IR that PCH is trapped in the colloidal silica matrix.
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Rondeau V, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Commenges D, Helmer C, Dartigues JF. Aluminum and silica in drinking water and the risk of Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline: findings from 15-year follow-up of the PAQUID cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:489-96. [PMID: 19064650 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors examined associations between exposure to aluminum or silica from drinking water and risk of cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease among elderly subjects followed for 15 years (1988-2003). They actively searched for incident cases of dementia among persons aged 65 years or over living in 91 civil drinking-water areas in southern France. Two measures of exposure to aluminum were assessed: geographic exposure and individual exposure, taking into account daily consumption of tap water and bottled water. A total of 1,925 subjects who were free of dementia at baseline and had reliable water assessment data were analyzed. Using random-effects models, the authors found that cognitive decline with time was greater in subjects with a higher daily intake of aluminum from drinking water (>or=0.1 mg/day, P=0.005) or higher geographic exposure to aluminum. Using a Cox model, a high daily intake of aluminum was significantly associated with increased risk of dementia. Conversely, an increase of 10 mg/day in silica intake was associated with a reduced risk of dementia (adjusted relative risk =0.89, P=0.036). However, geographic exposure to aluminum or silica from tap water was not associated with dementia. High consumption of aluminum from drinking water may be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rondeau
- Division of Biostatistics, Unité 897, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux F-33076, France.
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Barton H. Predicted intake of trace elements and minerals via household drinking water by 6-year-old children from Kraków, Poland. Part 3: Aluminium. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:588-603. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701635223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Higher calcium urinary loss induced by a calcium sulphate-rich mineral water intake than by milk in young women Comments by Arnaud. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:206-9; discussion 210. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507791912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
I did not intend to revisit the discussion of the publication of Brandolini et al.1 on Ca urinary excretion attributed to the sulfate content of water but in their answers2 to my comments3, they said that ‘I accept their experimental results’ and that ‘I do not contest the difference in calciuria between milk and sulfate-rich water’. I never wrote that I agree with their results and even more with their conclusions but questioned how is it possible to evaluate a 20 mg difference in daily Ca urinary excretion from a study with subjects under uncontrolled dietary intakes, unbalanced experimental study design and without analytical results on acid–base balance and sulfate to support their acidogenic hypothesis of sulfate. I did not find any convincing explanations in their answers but I want to raise several points of disagreement, which are either repeated or new.
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Gonzalez-Muñoz MJ, Meseguer I, Sanchez-Reus MI, Schultz A, Olivero R, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Beer consumption reduces cerebral oxidation caused by aluminum toxicity by normalizing gene expression of tumor necrotic factor alpha and several antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:1111-8. [PMID: 18096288 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al)-induced neurotoxicity is well known and different salts of aluminum have been reported to accelerate oxidative damage to biomolecules. The present study has examined whether silicon consumed in the form of silicic acid or beer could potentially inhibit aluminum toxicity in the brain. Male mice were administered with Al(NO(3))(3) orally at a dose of 450 mg/kg/day in drinking water for 3 month. Experimental mice were given Al(NO(3))(3) along with 50 mg/L of silicic acid or with 0.5 ml/day of beer. Al brain levels in the Al group were four times higher than those of control mice while silicic acid and beer group values were 40% lower than those of the Al group. We have observed that beer prevented accumulation of lipid damage significantly, which resulted from aluminum intake. Decline in the expression of mRNA of endogenous antioxidant enzymes associated with aluminum administration was also inhibited by beer and silicic acid. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) RNA expression was normalized in silicic acid and beer groups. Very high and significant correlations were found for the different parameters tested suggesting that moderate consumption of beer, due to its silicon content, effectively protects against the neurotoxic effects of aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gonzalez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Nutrition Discussion Forum. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507793583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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González-Muñoz MJ, Peña A, Meseguer I. Role of beer as a possible protective factor in preventing Alzheimer's disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:49-56. [PMID: 17697731 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al), a neurotoxin, has lately been implicated as one of the possible causal factors contributing to Alzheimer's disease. Because silicon (Si) intake can affect the bioavailability of aluminium, the object of the present study was to assess whether moderate beer consumption might, as a source of dietary Si, affect the toxicokinetics of Al and thereby limit that element's neurotoxicity. The results obtained confirmed that at moderately high levels of beer intake the Si present in the beer was able to reduce Al uptake in the digestive tract and thus was able to slow the accumulation of this metal in the body, brain tissue included. In consequence, moderate beer consumption, due to its content in bioavailability silicon, possibly affording a protective factor for preventing Alzheimer's disease, could perhaps be taken into account as a component of the dietary habits of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J González-Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Bromatology and Toxicology, Pharmacy School, University of Alcalá, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Krewski D, Yokel RA, Nieboer E, Borchelt D, Cohen J, Harry J, Kacew S, Lindsay J, Mahfouz AM, Rondeau V. Human health risk assessment for aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10 Suppl 1:1-269. [PMID: 18085482 PMCID: PMC2782734 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701597766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krewski
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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