1
|
Tsukamoto M, Hishida A, Tamura T, Nagayoshi M, Okada R, Kubo Y, Kato Y, Hamajima N, Nishida Y, Shimanoe C, Ibusuki R, Shibuya K, Takashima N, Nakamura Y, Kusakabe M, Nakamura Y, Koyanagi YN, Oze I, Nishiyama T, Suzuki S, Watanabe I, Matsui D, Otonari J, Ikezaki H, Katsuura-Kamano S, Arisawa K, Kuriki K, Nakatochi M, Momozawa Y, Takeuchi K, Wakai K, Matsuo K. GWAS of Folate Metabolism With Gene-environment Interaction Analysis Revealed the Possible Role of Lifestyles in the Control of Blood Folate Metabolites in Japanese: The J-MICC Study. J Epidemiol 2024; 34:228-237. [PMID: 37517992 PMCID: PMC10999522 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20220341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present genome-wide association study (GWAS) aimed to reveal the genetic loci associated with folate metabolites, as well as to detect related gene-environment interactions in Japanese. METHODS We conducted the GWAS of plasma homocysteine (Hcy), folic acid (FA), and vitamin B12 (VB12) levels in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study participants who joined from 2005 to 2012, and also estimated gene-environment interactions. In the replication phase, we used data from the Yakumo Study conducted in 2009. In the discovery phase, data of 2,263 participants from four independent study sites of the J-MICC Study were analyzed. In the replication phase, data of 573 participants from the Yakumo Study were analyzed. RESULTS For Hcy, MTHFR locus on chr 1, NOX4 on chr 11, CHMP1A on chr 16, and DPEP1 on chr 16 reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8). MTHFR also associated with FA, and FUT2 on chr 19 associated with VB12. We investigated gene-environment interactions in both studies and found significant interactions between MTHFR C677T and ever drinking, current drinking, and physical activity >33% on Hcy (β = 0.039, 0.038 and -0.054, P = 0.018, 0.021 and <0.001, respectively) and the interaction of MTHFR C677T with ever drinking on FA (β = 0.033, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION The present GWAS revealed the folate metabolism-associated genetic loci and gene-environment interactions with drinking and physical activity in Japanese, suggesting the possibility of future personalized cardiovascular disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mineko Tsukamoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mako Nagayoshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Kubo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kato
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Rie Ibusuki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibuya
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Miho Kusakabe
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuriko N. Koyanagi
- Division of Cancer Information and Control, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Otonari
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng TYD, Ilozumba MN, Balavarca Y, Neuhouser ML, Miller JW, Beresford SAA, Zheng Y, Song X, Duggan DJ, Toriola AT, Bailey LB, Green R, Caudill MA, Ulrich CM. Associations between Genetic Variants and Blood Biomarkers of One-Carbon Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Nutr 2022; 152:1099-1106. [PMID: 34967850 PMCID: PMC8971010 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in one-carbon metabolism may affect nutrient concentrations and biological functions. However, data on genetic variants associated with blood biomarkers of one-carbon metabolism in US postmenopausal women are limited, and whether these associations were affected by the nationwide folic acid (FA) fortification program is unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated associations between genetic variants and biomarkers of one-carbon metabolism using data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. METHODS In 1573 non-Hispanic White (NHW) and 282 Black/African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic/Latino women aged 50-79 y, 288 nonsynonymous and tagging single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were genotyped. RBC folate, plasma folate, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), vitamin B-12, homocysteine, and cysteine concentrations were determined in 12-h fasting blood. Multivariable linear regression tested associations per variant allele and for an aggregated genetic risk score. Effect modifications before, during, and after nationwide FA fortification were examined. RESULTS After correction for multiple comparisons, among NHW women, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 (677C→T) variant T was associated with lower plasma folate (-13.0%; 95% CI: -17.3%, -8.6%) and higher plasma homocysteine (3.5%; 95% CI: 1.7%, 5.3%) concentrations. Other associations for nonsynonymous SNVs included DNMT3A rs11695471 (T→A) with plasma PLP; EHMT2 rs535586 (G→A), TCN2 rs1131603 (L349S A→G), and TCN2 rs35838082 (R188W G→A) with plasma vitamin B-12; CBS rs2851391 (G→A) with plasma homocysteine; and MTHFD1 rs2236224 (G→A) and rs2236225 (R653Q G→A) with plasma cysteine. The influence of FA fortification on the associations was limited. Highest compared with lowest quartiles of aggregated genetic risk scores from SNVs in MTHFR and MTRR were associated with 14.8% to 18.9% lower RBC folate concentrations. Gene-biomarker associations were similar in women of other races/ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS Our findings on genetic variants associated with several one-carbon metabolism biomarkers may help elucidate mechanisms of maintaining B vitamin status in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yesilda Balavarca
- Department of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shirley A A Beresford
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David J Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Adetunji T Toriola
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lynn B Bailey
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao Y, Jin H. Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with genetic variants: A systematic review. Int Wound J 2021; 18:616-625. [PMID: 33686673 PMCID: PMC8450804 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is considered a disease of hypercoagulability. Association of LV with genetic variants is poorly characterised and large‐scale genetic association studies have not been performed. The aim of the study was to systematically review variants in LV patients and to analyse the available clinical data. A systematic search of the literature in PubMed and Embase databases was performed to identify articles investigating genetic variation in LV patients. Thirty studies or case reports were identified that reported 265 LV patients tested for at least one out of six genetic variations. Among them, PAI‐1 ‐675 4G/5G was the most common, accounting for 85.26% (81/95). Heterozygous 4G/5G was the major genotype. PAI‐1 A844G, MTHFR C677T, and MTHFR A1298C were the second, third, and fourth most common variants in LV patients. Prothrombin G20210A and Factor V G1691A were mainly present in LV patients from Europe, North America, and South America. This review highlights the associations between LV and genetic variants. The distribution of variants may be geographically or ethnicity dependent; however, large sample case‐control studies are needed to clarify associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vornov JJ, Peters D, Nedelcovych M, Hollinger K, Rais R, Slusher BS. Looking for Drugs in All the Wrong Places: Use of GCPII Inhibitors Outside the Brain. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:1256-1267. [PMID: 31749072 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In tribute to our friend and colleague Michael Robinson, we review his involvement in the identification, characterization and localization of the metallopeptidase glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), originally called NAALADase. While Mike was characterizing NAALADase in the brain, the protein was independently identified by other laboratories in human prostate where it was termed prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and in the intestines where it was named Folate Hydrolase 1 (FOLH1). It was almost a decade to establish that NAALADase, PSMA, and FOLH1 are encoded by the same gene. The enzyme has emerged as a therapeutic target outside of the brain, with the most notable progress made in the treatment of prostate cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PSMA-PET imaging with high affinity ligands is proving useful for the clinical diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. A molecular radiotherapy based on similar ligands is in trials for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. New PSMA inhibitor prodrugs that preferentially block kidney and salivary gland versus prostate tumor enzyme may improve the clinical safety of this radiotherapy. The wide clinical use of PSMA-PET imaging in prostate cancer has coincidentally led to clinical documentation of GCPII upregulation in a wide variety of tumors and inflammatory diseases, likely associated with angiogenesis. In IBD, expression of the FOLH1 gene that codes for GCPII is strongly upregulated, as is the enzymatic activity in diseased patient biopsies. In animal models of IBD, GCPII inhibitors show substantial efficacy, suggesting potential theranostic use of GCPII ligands for IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Vornov
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Medpace, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Diane Peters
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mike Nedelcovych
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Henderson AM, Aleliunas RE, Loh SP, Khor GL, Harvey-Leeson S, Glier MB, Kitts DD, Green TJ, Devlin AM. l-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Supplementation Increases Blood Folate Concentrations to a Greater Extent than Folic Acid Supplementation in Malaysian Women. J Nutr 2018; 148:885-890. [PMID: 29878267 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Folic acid fortification of grains is mandated in many countries to prevent neural tube defects. Concerns regarding excessive intakes of folic acid have been raised. A synthetic analog of the circulating form of folate, l-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (l-5-MTHF), may be a potential alternative. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effects of folic acid or l-5-MTHF supplementation on blood folate concentrations, methyl nutrient metabolites, and DNA methylation in women living in Malaysia, where there is no mandatory fortification policy. Methods In a 12-wk, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial, healthy Malaysian women (n = 142, aged 20-45 y) were randomly assigned to receive 1 of the following supplements daily: 1 mg (2.27 μmol) folic acid, 1.13 mg (2.27 μmol) l-5-MTHF, or a placebo. The primary outcomes were plasma and RBC folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations. Secondary outcomes included plasma total homocysteine, total cysteine, methionine, betaine, and choline concentrations and monocyte long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) methylation. Results The folic acid and l-5-MTHF groups had higher (P < 0.001) RBC folate (mean ± SD: 1498 ± 580 and 1951 ± 496 nmol/L, respectively) and plasma folate [median (25th, 75th percentiles): 40.1 nmol/L (24.9, 52.7 nmol/L) and 52.0 nmol/L (42.7, 73.1 nmol/L), respectively] concentrations compared with RBC folate (958 ± 345 nmol/L) and plasma folate [12.6 nmol/L (8.80, 17.0 nmol/L)] concentrations in the placebo group at 12 wk. The l-5-MTHF group had higher RBC folate (1951 ± 496 nmol/L; P = 0.003) and plasma folate [52.0 nmol/L (42.7, 73.1 nmol/L); P = 0.023] at 12 wk than did the folic acid group [RBC folate, 1498 ± 580 nmol/L; plasma folate, 40.1 nmol/L (24.9, 52.7 nmol/L)]. The folic acid and l-5-MTHF groups had 17% and 15%, respectively, lower (P < 0.001) plasma total homocysteine concentrations than did the placebo group at 12 wk; there were no differences between the folic acid and l-5-MTHF groups. No differences in plasma vitamin B-12, total cysteine, methionine, betaine, and choline and monocyte LINE-1 methylation were observed. Conclusion These findings suggest differential effects of l-5-MTHF compared with folic acid supplementation on blood folate concentrations but no differences on plasma total homocysteine lowering in Malaysian women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01584050.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Henderson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Food, Nutrition & Health, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rika E Aleliunas
- Departments of Pediatrics, Food, Nutrition & Health, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Geok Lin Khor
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Harvey-Leeson
- Food, Nutrition & Health, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Melissa B Glier
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition & Health, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tim J Green
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Food, Nutrition & Health, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stoccoro A, Tannorella P, Salluzzo MG, Ferri R, Romano C, Nacmias B, Siciliano G, Migliore L, Coppedè F. The Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism and Risk for Late-Onset Alzheimer's disease: Further Evidence in an Italian Multicenter Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1451-1457. [PMID: 28211809 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A functional polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, namely C677T (rs1801133), results in increased Hcy levels and has been associated with risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Many investigators reported association between rs1801133 and LOAD risk in Asian populations and in carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele, but recent meta-analyses suggest a contribution also in other populations, including Caucasians and/or northern Africans. OBJECTIVE To further address this issue, we performed a relatively large case-control study, including 581 LOAD patients and 468 matched controls of Italian origin. APOE data were available for a subgroup of almost 600 subjects. METHODS Genotyping for rs1801133 was performed with PCR-RFLP techniques. RESULTS In the total population, the MTHFR 677T allele (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.01-1.43) and carriers of the MTHFR 677T allele (CT+TT versus CC: OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.03-1.73) resulted in increased LOAD risk. Similarly, in APOEɛ4 carriers, we observed an increased frequency of MTHFR 677CT carriers (CT versus CC: OR = 2.82; 95% CI = 1.25-6.32). Very interestingly, also in non-APOEɛ4 carriers, both MTHFR 677T allele (OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.03-1.85) and MTHFR 677TT genotype (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.11-3.90) were associated with LOAD. All these associations survived after corrections for age, gender, and multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism is likely a LOAD risk factor in our cohort, either in APOEɛ4 or in non-APOEɛ4 carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stoccoro
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Doctoral School in Genetics Oncology and Clinical Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pierpaola Tannorella
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Salluzzo
- IRCCS, Oasi Maria SS Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- IRCCS, Oasi Maria SS Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Corrado Romano
- IRCCS, Oasi Maria SS Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Neurological Clinic, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sanvisens A, Zuluaga P, Pineda M, Fuster D, Bolao F, Juncà J, Tor J, Muga R. Folate deficiency in patients seeking treatment of alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:417-422. [PMID: 28988003 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutritional deficiency is frequent in patients with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). We aimed to analyze serum and erythrocyte folate deficiency in a case series of patients that initiated treatment of AUD. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study in patients admitted for detoxification between 2007 and 2015 was performed. Sociodemographic characteristics, history of alcohol consumption, type of alcohol, and medical co-morbidity were assessed at admission. Blood samples for biochemistry and hematological parameters were collected at admission. Logistic regression models were used to establish predictors of folate deficiency. RESULTS 211 patients (79.1% men) were eligible; age at admission was 46 years [IQR:40-51], and the amount of alcohol consumption was of 160g/day [IQR:120-200]. Thirty four percent of patients had macrocytosis (MCV>100fL), 12.8% had anemia, 23% of cases presented with serum folate deficiency and 7% presented with erythrocyte folate deficiency. Most (69%) of the patients with serum folate deficiency had normal erythrocyte folate levels. In univariate analysis, macrocytosis (OR=3.4, 95%CI:1.7-6.6), alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) (OR=2.5, 95%CI:1.0-6.1) and drinking alcoholic beverages other than beer (OR=3.3, 95%CI:1.5-7.3) were associated with folate deficiency. However, only macrocytosis was significantly associated with serum folate deficiency in multivariate analysis (OR=3.1, 95%CI:1.1-8.9). Macrocytosis (P<0.001), ARLD (P=0.01) and the type of alcohol consumption (P<0.001) were factors associated with erythrocyte folate deficiency in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis only macrocytosis remained significantly associated to erythrocyte folate deficiency (P=0.037). CONCLUSION Folate deficiency is a relatively frequent finding in contemporary, middle-aged patients with AUD, and macrocytosis is significantly associated with the deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Sanvisens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Paola Zuluaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Miriam Pineda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Daniel Fuster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ferran Bolao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Juncà
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Robert Muga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cummings D, Dowling KF, Silverstein NJ, Tanner AS, Eryilmaz H, Smoller JW, Roffman JL. A Cross-Sectional Study of Dietary and Genetic Predictors of Blood Folate Levels in Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090994. [PMID: 28885600 PMCID: PMC5622754 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1998, the U.S. has mandated folic acid (FA) fortification of certain grain products to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. Folate intake and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations increased substantially post-intervention, although recent studies raise concerns about the level of ongoing benefit. This study investigated blood folate level determinants in healthy young adults, including intake of naturally occurring food folate, synthetic FA, and the interaction of naturally occurring food folate with a common missense variant in the FOLH1 gene thought to affect absorption. Participants (n = 265) completed the Diet History Questionnaire II, RBC folate testing, and were genotyped for the 484T>C FOLH1 variant. Men reported significantly greater intake of all folate sources except for supplemental FA, but RBC folate levels did not significantly differ by sex. Synthetic FA was a stronger predictor of RBC folate than naturally occurring food folate. In the largest racial group, synthetic FA and the interaction of FOLH1 genotype with naturally occurring food folate significantly predicted RBC folate, with the overall model accounting for 13.8% of the variance in RBC folate levels. Blood folate levels rely on a complex interaction of natural and synthetic folate intake as well as FOLH1 genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cummings
- Department of Biopsychology, Tufts University, 419 Boston Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Kevin F Dowling
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Noah J Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Alexandra S Tanner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Hamdi Eryilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Steluti J, Carvalho AM, Carioca AAF, Miranda A, Gattás GJF, Fisberg RM, Marchioni DM. Genetic Variants Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism: Polymorphism Frequencies and Differences in Homocysteine Concentrations in the Folic Acid Fortification Era. Nutrients 2017; 9:E539. [PMID: 28587068 PMCID: PMC5490518 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate and other B vitamins are essential co-factors of one-carbon metabolism, and genetic variants, such as polymorphisms, can alter the metabolism. Furthermore, the adoption of food fortification with folic acid showed a decrease of homocysteine concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequencies of the polymorphisms of enzymes and carrier proteins involved in one-carbon metabolism, and to evaluate homocysteine concentrations in the presence of these genetic variants in a population exposed to mandatory food fortification with folic acid. Using data from a population-based cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil, the study population comprised 750 participants above 12 years of age of both genders. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the homocysteine concentrations according to genetic variants and folate level. The results showed that the minor allelic frequencies were 0.33 for MTHFR (rs1801133), 0.24 for MTHFR (rs1801131), 0.19 for MTR (rs1805087), 0.42 for MTRR (rs1801394), 0.46 for RFC1 (rs1051266), and 0.47 for DHFR (19-bp deletion). The genetic variants of MTHFR 677C>T, MTRR 66A>G and RFC-1 80G>A were different according to race. The homocysteine concentrations increased in the CT and TT compared to CC genotypes of polymorphism MTHFR 677C>T in all populations, and differences between the homocysteine concentrations according to the genotypes of MTHFR 677C>T were observed regardless of folate level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Steluti
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sao Paulo University, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715-Cerqueira César, São Paulo-SP, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Aline M Carvalho
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sao Paulo University, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715-Cerqueira César, São Paulo-SP, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Antonio A F Carioca
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sao Paulo University, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715-Cerqueira César, São Paulo-SP, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Miranda
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sao Paulo University, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715-Cerqueira César, São Paulo-SP, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Gilka J F Gattás
- Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455-Cerqueira César, São Paulo-SP, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Regina M Fisberg
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sao Paulo University, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715-Cerqueira César, São Paulo-SP, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Dirce M Marchioni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sao Paulo University, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715-Cerqueira César, São Paulo-SP, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arias LD, Parra BE, Muñoz AM, Cárdenas DL, Duque TG, Manjarrés LM. Study Exploring the Effects of Daily Supplementation with 400 μg of Folic Acid on the Nutritional Status of Folate in Women of Reproductive Age. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:564-573. [PMID: 28398657 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation determines the nutritional state of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration and their relation with intake of folate, B6 ,and B12 , with serum vitamin B12 , and with genetic variants after provision of 400 μg/day of folic acid for 3 months to a group of 34 Colombian women of reproductive age. METHODS We evaluated nutrient intake using 24-hr recall, assessing the levels of serum folate, RBC folate, serum B12 , and homocysteine, as well as determining genetic variants of the enzyme MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) and CβS (844ins68pb). RESULTS The results show that following intake of 400 μg/day of folic acid, the risk of folate deficiency as seen in regular dietary intake disappears and the nutritional status of this nutrient is increased (p < 0.001). With respect to vitamin B12, the risk of serum deficiency with folic acid consumption increased slightly, and those that were found to be B12 deficient after supplementation also had decreased levels of serum homocysteine. Genetic factors did not influence the nutritional status of folate, although an association was found between the intake of nutrients and biochemical indicators. CONCLUSION Given the results of our study, subsequent studies evaluating folic acid supplementation should also consider evaluating the status of B12 and B6 , and serum and RBC folate, as they participate interdependently in the cycle of folate and methionine and in homocysteine metabolism.Birth Defects Research 109:564-573, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laidy D Arias
- Research Group in Food and Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Beatriz E Parra
- Research Group in Food and Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Angélica M Muñoz
- Research Group in Food and Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana L Cárdenas
- Research Group in Food and Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Luz M Manjarrés
- Research Group in Food and Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Troesch B, Weber P, Mohajeri MH. Potential Links between Impaired One-Carbon Metabolism Due to Polymorphisms, Inadequate B-Vitamin Status, and the Development of Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2016; 8:E803. [PMID: 27973419 PMCID: PMC5188458 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia and no preventive or effective treatment has been established to date. The etiology of AD is poorly understood, but genetic and environmental factors seem to play a role in its onset and progression. In particular, factors affecting the one-carbon metabolism (OCM) are thought to be important and elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels, indicating impaired OCM, have been associated with AD. We aimed at evaluating the role of polymorphisms of key OCM enzymes in the etiology of AD, particularly when intakes of relevant B-vitamins are inadequate. Our review indicates that a range of compensatory mechanisms exist to maintain a metabolic balance. However, these become overwhelmed if the activity of more than one enzyme is reduced due to genetic factors or insufficient folate, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and/or vitamin B12 levels. Consequences include increased Hcy levels and reduced capacity to synthetize, methylate and repair DNA, and/or modulated neurotransmission. This seems to favor the development of hallmarks of AD particularly when combined with increased oxidative stress e.g., in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 carriers. However, as these effects can be compensated at least partially by adequate intakes of B-vitamins, achieving optimal B-vitamin status for the general population should be a public health priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Troesch
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Weber
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland.
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The RFC1 80G>A, among Common One-Carbon Polymorphisms, Relates to Survival Rate According to DNA Global Methylation in Primary Liver Cancers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167534. [PMID: 27936032 PMCID: PMC5147923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms within one-carbon metabolism genes have been largely studied in relation to cancer risk for the function of this pathway in nucleotide synthesis and DNA methylation. Aims of this study were to explore the possible link among several common functional gene polymorphisms within one-carbon metabolism and survival rate in primary liver cancers, i.e., hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, and to assess the additional effect of global DNA methylation on survival rate and mortality risk. Forty-seven primary liver cancer patients were genotyped for ten polymorphisms: DHFR 19bp ins/del, TS 2rpt-3rpt, MTHFD1 1958G>A, MTHFR 677C>T, MTR 2756A>G, MTRR 66A>G, RFC1 80G>A, SHMT1 1420C>T, BHMT 716 A>G, TC II 776C>G. Methylation was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) DNA as methylcytosine (mCyt) content using LC/MS/MS. Among the polymorphisms analysed, the RFC1 80G>A (rs1051266) influenced the survival rate in primary liver cancers. The RFC1 80AA was associated to a significantly reduced survival rate (22.2%) as compared to both GG and GA genotypes (61.5% and 76% respectively, p = 0.005). When the cancer patients were stratified according to the mCyt median value as high (>5.34%) or low (≤5.34%), the concomitant presence of AA genotype and low mCyt level led to a significantly worse survival rate as compared to the G allele carriership (p<0.0001) with a higher Hazard Ratio (HR = 6.62, p = 0.001). The subjects carrying the AA genotype in association with high mCyt did not show a significant difference in survival rate as compared with the G allele carriers (p = 0.919). The RFC1 80G>A polymorphism influenced the survival rate, and the presence of RFC1 80AA genotype with low global methylation in PBMCs DNA was associated with poorer prognosis and higher mortality risk, therefore highlighting novel molecular signatures potentially helpful to define prognostic markers for primary liver cancers.
Collapse
|
13
|
Determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in healthy and hypertensive subjects: A population-based study and systematic review. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:1215-1230. [PMID: 27908565 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known to increase the risk of many diseases. Factors influencing HHcy in healthy and hypertensive subjects remain under-researched. METHODS A large population-based study was conducted in 60 communities from Shenzhen, China. Responses to standardized questions on lifestyle factors and blood samples were collected from all participants after a 12-h overnight fast. Multiple linear and multivariate logistic regressions were used to explore risk factors for HHcy. Results were then compared to those from a systematic review of English-language articles listed in Pubmed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane libraries that investigated HHcy risk factors in healthy and hypertensive subjects. RESULTS A total of 1586 healthy (Male/Female = 642/944) and 5935 hypertensive subjects (Male/Female = 2928/3007) participated in our population-based study. In logistic regression analyses, age, BMI and creatinine (Cr) were risk factors, while being female, fruit intake and physical activity were protective factors for HHcy in healthy subjects. In hypertensive subjects, seven [age, smoking, salt intake, systolic blood pressure (SBP), uric acid, triglycerides (TG), and Cr] and four [female, fruit intake, total cholesterol (TC), and glucose] factors were associated with higher and lower HHcy respectively. The review of 71 studies revealed that potential risk factors for Hcy included nutritional, physiologic, lifestyle habits, ethnicity, genetics, interactions between gene-environment, gene-gene, gene-nutritional, environment-environment, nutritional-nutritional. CONCLUSION Our study indicates the potential importance of increasing folic acid and vitamin B supplementation, daily fruit and vegetable intake, regular exercise and refraining from tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as preventive strategies for Hcy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Interactions between lifestyle and MTHFR polymorphisms on homocysteine concentrations in young adults belonging to the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:259-266. [PMID: 27759072 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Homocysteine (Hcy) is a key intermediate in methionine metabolism. A high plasma concentration of Hcy is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases among other determinants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interactions between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme gene (MTHFR) polymorphisms and lifestyle variables (smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity) on Hcy concentrations in a young Brazilian population. SUBJECTS/METHODS The study population comprised 3803 individuals from the Pelotas Birth Cohort, aged 22-23 years. Allelic discrimination assays and chemiluminescence immunoassays were performed for genotyping and serum Hcy measurements, respectively. Linear regression models were used to explore the effect of gene-lifestyle interactions on Hcy concentrations. RESULTS Men carrying the MTHFR 677TT genotype, who were also smokers and drinkers (⩾15 g of alcohol per day), had the highest concentration of Hcy (P-value for the interaction <0.001 for smoking and 0.002 for alcohol intake). In contrast, high folate concentrations attenuated the effects of the MTHFR C677T genotype on serum Hcy concentrations (P-value for interaction <0.001). Also, among males, blood folate concentration was the only lifestyle variable able to modify the influence of MTHFR A1298C genotypes on Hcy concentrations (P-value for the interaction <0.001). There was no strong evidence of an interaction between the MTHFR genotypes and the lifestyle variables in women. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study demonstrates a sex difference in Hcy concentrations among Brazilian young adults regarding MTHFR C677T-lifestyle interactions that are worsened under conditions of low blood folate. Identification of potentially modifiable factors related to an increase in homocysteine in young adults, especially in those who are genetically susceptible, is important to prevent negative health consequences in the future.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rai V. Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism with autism: evidence of genetic susceptibility. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:727-35. [PMID: 26956130 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autism (MIM 209850) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disease that manifests within the first 3 years of life. Numerous articles reported that dysfunctional folate-methionine pathway enzymes may play an important role in the pathophysiology of autism. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a critical enzyme of this pathway and MTHFR C677T polymorphism reported as risk factor for autism in several case control studies. However, controversial reports were also published. Hence the present meta-analysis was designed to investigate the relationship of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism with the risk of autism. Electronic databases were searched for case control studies with following search terms - 'MTHFR', 'C677T', in combination with 'Autism'. Pooled OR with its corresponding 95 % CI was calculated and used as association measure to investigate the association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risk of autism. Total of thirteen studies were found suitable for the inclusion in the present meta-analysis, which comprises 1978 cases and 7257 controls. Meta-analysis using all four genetic models showed significant association between C677T polymorphism and autism (ORTvs.C = 1.48; 95 % CI: 1.18-1.86; P = 0.0007; ORTT + CT vs. CC = 1.70, 95 % CI = 0.96-2.9, p = 0.05; ORTT vs. CC = 1.84, 95 % CI = 1.12-3.02, p = 0.02; ORCT vs.CC = 1.60, 95 % CI = 1.2-2.1, p = 0.003; ORTT vs.CT+CC = 1.5, 95 % CI = 1.02-2.2, p = 0.03). In total 13 studies, 9 studies were from Caucasian population and 4 studies were from Asian population. The association between C677T polymorphism and autism was significant in Caucasian (ORTvs.C = 1.43; 95 % CI = 1.1-1.87; p = 0.009) and Asian population (ORTvs.C = 1.68; 95 % CI = 1.02-2.77; p = 0.04) using allele contrast model. In conclusion, present meta-analysis strongly suggested a significant association of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism with autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Rai
- VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003, UP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Polymorphism and Alzheimer Disease Risk: a Meta-Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1173-1186. [PMID: 26820674 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is key enzyme of folate/homocysteine pathway. Case control association studies on MTHFR C677T polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been repeatedly performed over the last two decades, but the results are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of MTHFR C677T polymorphism for AD. Forty-one studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Springer Link databases, up to January 2015. Odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed effect model or random effect model. The subgroup analyses based on ethnicity were performed. MTHFR C677T polymorphism had a significant association with susceptibility to AD in all genetic models (for T vs C OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.56, p = 0.003; for TT + CT vs CC OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.19-1.40, p = 0.0004; for TT vs CC OR = 1.31, 95 % CI = 1.16-1.48, p = 0.001; for CT vs CC OR = 1.24, 95 % CI = 1.13-1.35, p < 0.004; and for TT vs CT + CC OR = 1.13, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.28, p = 0.02). Results of present meta-analysis supported that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of AD.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bueno O, Molloy AM, Fernandez-Ballart JD, García-Minguillán CJ, Ceruelo S, Ríos L, Ueland PM, Meyer K, Murphy MM. Common Polymorphisms That Affect Folate Transport or Metabolism Modify the Effect of the MTHFR 677C > T Polymorphism on Folate Status. J Nutr 2016; 146:1-8. [PMID: 26561410 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although combinations of biologically relevant polymorphic variants affect folate status, most studies have focused on the effects of individual polymorphisms; however, these effects may be altered by interactions between polymorphisms. OBJECTIVE We investigated the individual and combined effects of polymorphisms that affect folate transport or metabolism on folate status. METHODS The associations between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C > T, methionine transferase reductase (MTRR) 66A > G, MTRR 524C > T, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase-10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFD1) 1958G > A, MTHFD1 -105C > T, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) 19-bp insertion/deletion, and solute carrier family 19A, member 1 (SLC19A1) 80G > A polymorphisms and fasting plasma folate (PF), red cell folate (RCF), and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) were tested by ANCOVA and Cox regression analysis in 781 Spanish adults. RESULTS Folate deficiency (PF <7 nmol/L) was observed in 18.8% of the participants. Geometric mean PF (nmol/L) was lower in MTHFR 677TT (10.0; 95% CI: 9.2, 11.9) compared with 677CC (12.4; 95% CI: 11.6, 13.2; P < 0.001). RCF (nmol/L) was lower in MTHFR 677TT (652; 95% CI: 611, 695) compared with 677CC (889; 95% CI: 851, 929; P < 0.001) and in SLC19A1 80AA (776; 95% CI: 733, 822) compared with 80GG (861; 95% CI: 815, 910; P < 0.01). RCF and tHcy (μmol/L) did not differ in MTHFR + MTRR 677TT/524TT compared with 677CC/524CC: 780 (95% CI: 647, 941) compared with 853 (95% CI: 795, 915; P = 0.99) and 10.2 (95% CI: 8.4, 12.3) compared with 8.9 (95% CI: 8.5, 9.4; P = 0.99), respectively. The RR of lowest-tertile RCF (≤680 nmol/L) was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.0, 4.5) for MTHFR + MTRR 677TT/66GG compared with 677CC/66AA, 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.1) for MTHFR + MTHFD1 677TT/1958AA compared with 677CC/1958GG, 2.9 (95% CI: 1.4, 6.0) for MTHFR + MTHFD1 677TT/-105TT compared with 677CC/-105CC, and 3.5 (95% CI: 1.5, 8.1) for MTHFR + SLC19A1 677TT/80AA compared with 677CC/80GG. Confining the analysis to the MTHFR 677TT genotype, the risk of lowest-tertile RCF was reduced for MTHFR + MTRR 677TT/66GG compared with 677TT/66AA (RR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.9). CONCLUSIONS Folate status was lower in the MTHFR 677TT and SLC19A1 80AA genotypes compared with corresponding reference genotypes. Low folate status risk associated with the MTHFR 677TT genotype varied depending on its combination with other polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Bueno
- Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Network, Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne M Molloy
- Schools of Medicine and Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan D Fernandez-Ballart
- Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Network, Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos J García-Minguillán
- Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Network, Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ceruelo
- Biomedical Research Network, Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Primary Health Center, El Morell, Spain
| | - Lídia Ríos
- Primary Health Center, Cambrils, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Per M Ueland
- University of Bergen, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Science, Bergen, Norway; and
| | | | - Michelle M Murphy
- Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Network, Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rai V. Folate Pathway Gene Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism and Alzheimer Disease Risk in Asian Population. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:245-52. [PMID: 27382194 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimers disease (AD) was controversial in previous studies. The present meta-analysis was designed to investigate the association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with AD. Nine studies were identified by search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer Link databases, up to January 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed effects model or random effects model. All statistical analysis was done by Mix version 1.7. MTHFR C677T polymorphism had a significant association with susceptibility to AD in all genetic models (for T vs C: OR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.15-1.44, p < 0.0001; for TT + CT vs CC: OR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.16-1.364, p = 0.0002; for TT vs CC: OR 1.60, 95 % CI 1.25-2.04, p = 0.0001; for CT vs CC: OR 1.28, 95 % CI 1.1-1.53, p < 0.008; for TT vs CT + CC: OR 1.37, 95 % CI 1.12-1.67, p = 0.002). Results from present meta-analysis supported that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of AD in Asian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Rai
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003 UP India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effect of genetic polymorphisms involved in folate metabolism on the concentration of serum folate and plasma total homocysteine (p-tHcy) in healthy subjects after short-term folic acid supplementation: a randomized, double blind, crossover study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:456. [PMID: 25758536 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Data on the effect of combined genetic polymorphisms, involved in folate metabolism, on the concentration of serum folate after folic acid supplementation are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the impact of seven gene polymorphisms on the concentration of serum folate and p-tHcy in healthy subjects after short-term folic acid supplementation. In a randomized, double blind, crossover study, apparently healthy subjects were given either 0.8 mg folic acid per day (n = 46) or placebo (n = 45) for 14 days. The washout period was 14 days. Fasting blood samples were collected on day 1, 15, 30 and 45. Data on subjects on folic acid supplementation (n = 91) and on placebo (n = 45) were used for the statistical analysis. The concentration of serum folate increased higher in subjects with higher age (53.5 ± 7.0 years) than in subjects with lower age (24.3 ± 3.2 years) after folic acid supplementation (p = 0.006). The baseline concentration of serum folate in subjects with polymorphism combination, reduced folate carrier protein, RFC1-80 GA and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR677 CT+TT, was lower than RFC1-80 AA and MTHFR677 CT+TT (p = 0.002). After folic acid supplementation, a higher increase in the concentration of serum folate was detected in subjects with polymorphism combination RFC1-80 GA and MTHFR677 CC than RFC1-80 GG and MTHFR CT+TT combination (p < 0.0001). The baseline concentration of plasma total homocysteine (p-tHcy) was altered by combined polymorphisms in genes associated with folate metabolism. After folic acid supplementation, in subjects with combined polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, MTHFD1-1958 and MTHFR-677 genes, the concentration of p-tHcy was changed (p = 0.002). The combination of RFC1-80 and MTHFR-677 polymorphisms had a profound affect on the concentration of serum folate in healthy subjects before and after folic acid supplementation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Barnabé A, Aléssio ACM, Bittar LF, de Moraes Mazetto B, Bicudo AM, de Paula EV, Höehr NF, Annichino-Bizzacchi JM. Folate, vitamin B12 and Homocysteine status in the post-folic acid fortification era in different subgroups of the Brazilian population attended to at a public health care center. Nutr J 2015; 14:19. [PMID: 25886278 PMCID: PMC4354994 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate and vitamin B12 are essential nutrients, whose deficiencies are considerable public health problems worldwide, affecting all age groups. Low levels of these vitamins have been associated with high concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) and can lead to health complications. Several genetic polymorphisms affect the metabolism of these vitamins. The aims of this study were to assess folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine status in distinct Brazilian individuals after the initiation of folic acid fortification by Brazilian authorities and to investigate the effects of RFC1 A80G, GCPII C1561T and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms on folate, vitamin B12 and Hcy levels in these populations. METHODS A total of 719 individuals including the elderly, children, as well as pregnant and lactating women were recruited from our health care center. Folate, vitamin B12 and Hcy levels were measured by conventional methods. Genotype analyses of RFC1 A80G, GCPII C1561T and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were performed by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS The overall prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies were 0.3% and 4.9%, respectively. Folate deficiency was observed only in the elderly (0.4%) and pregnant women (0.3%), whereas vitamin B12 deficiency was observed mainly in pregnant women (7.9%) and the elderly (4.2%). Plasma Hcy concentrations were significantly higher in the elderly (33.6%). Pregnant women carrying the MTHFR 677TT genotype showed lower serum folate levels (p = 0.042) and higher Hcy levels (p = 0.003). RFC1 A80G and GCPII C1561T polymorphisms did not affect folate and Hcy levels in the study group. After a multivariate analysis, Hcy levels were predicted by variables such as folate, vitamin B12, gender, age and RFC1 A80G polymorphism, according to the groups studied. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that folate deficiency is practically nonexistent in the post-folic acid fortification era in the subgroups evaluated. However, screening for vitamin B12 deficiency may be particularly relevant in our population, especially in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Barnabé
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 105, Campinas, SP, 13083-881, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia Morandi Aléssio
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas, 480, Campinas, SP, 13083-878, Brazil.
| | - Luis Fernando Bittar
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas, 480, Campinas, SP, 13083-878, Brazil.
| | - Bruna de Moraes Mazetto
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas, 480, Campinas, SP, 13083-878, Brazil.
| | - Angélica M Bicudo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Erich V de Paula
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 105, Campinas, SP, 13083-881, Brazil.
| | - Nelci Fenalti Höehr
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 105, Campinas, SP, 13083-881, Brazil.
| | - Joyce M Annichino-Bizzacchi
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas, 480, Campinas, SP, 13083-878, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A pilot study evaluating the contribution of SLC19A1 (RFC-1) 80G>a polymorphism to Alzheimer's disease in Italian Caucasians. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:608104. [PMID: 24995314 PMCID: PMC4068058 DOI: 10.1155/2014/608104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the primary form of dementia in the elderly. Polymorphisms of genes involved in folate metabolism have been frequently suggested as risk factors for sporadic AD. A common c.80G>A polymorphism (rs1051266) in the gene coding for the reduced folate carrier (SLC19A1 gene, commonly known as RFC-1 gene) was investigated as AD risk factor in Asian populations, yielding conflicting results. We screened a Caucasian population of Italian origin composed of 192 sporadic AD patients and 186 healthy matched controls, for the presence of the RFC-1 c.80G>A polymorphism, and searched for correlation with circulating levels of folate, homocysteine, and vitamin B12. No difference in the distribution of allele and genotype frequencies was observed between AD patients and controls. No correlation was observed among the genotypes generated by the RFC-1 c.80G>A polymorphism and circulating levels of folate, homocysteine, and vitamin B12 either in the whole cohort of subjects or after stratification into clinical subtypes. Present results do not support a role for the RFC-1 c.80G>A polymorphism as independent risk factor for sporadic AD in Italian Caucasians.
Collapse
|
22
|
Navrátil M, Ptáček J, Šácha P, Starková J, Lubkowski J, Bařinka C, Konvalinka J. Structural and biochemical characterization of the folyl-poly-γ-l-glutamate hydrolyzing activity of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II. FEBS J 2014; 281:3228-42. [PMID: 24863754 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its well-characterized role in the central nervous system, human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII; Uniprot ID Q04609) acts as a folate hydrolase in the small intestine, participating in the absorption of dietary polyglutamylated folates (folyl-n-γ-l-glutamic acid), which are the provitamin form of folic acid (also known as vitamin B9 ). Despite the role of GCPII as a folate hydrolase, nothing is known about the processing of polyglutamylated folates by GCPII at the structural or enzymological level. Moreover, many epidemiologic studies on the relationship of the naturally occurring His475Tyr polymorphism to folic acid status suggest that this polymorphism may be associated with several pathologies linked to impaired folate metabolism. In the present study, we report: (a) a series X-ray structures of complexes between a catalytically inactive GCPII mutant (Glu424Ala) and a panel of naturally occurring polyglutamylated folates; (b) the X-ray structure of the His475Tyr variant at a resolution of 1.83 Å; (c) the study of the recently identified arene-binding site of GCPII through mutagenesis (Arg463Leu, Arg511Leu and Trp541Ala), inhibitor binding and enzyme kinetics with polyglutamylated folates as substrates; and (d) a comparison of the thermal stabilities and folate-hydrolyzing activities of GCPII wild-type and His475Tyr variants. As a result, the crystallographic data reveal considerable details about the binding mode of polyglutamylated folates to GCPII, especially the engagement of the arene binding site in recognizing the folic acid moiety. Additionally, the combined structural and kinetic data suggest that GCPII wild-type and His475Tyr variant are functionally identical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Navrátil
- Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mazzotti DR, Singulane CC, Ota VK, Rodrigues TP, Furuya TK, de Souza FJ, Cordeiro BG, de Oliveira Amaral CM, Chen ES, Jacomini A, de Arruda Cardoso Smith M, Borsatto-Galera B. Association of APOE, GCPII and MMP9 polymorphisms with common diseases and lipid levels in an older adult/elderly cohort. Gene 2014; 535:370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
24
|
Mansoori N, Tripathi M, Alam R, Luthra K, Sharma S, Lakshmy R, Kalaivani M, Mukhopadhyay AK. Serum folic acid and RFC A80G polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:38-44. [PMID: 24554143 PMCID: PMC11008135 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513505131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low level of vitamin B12 and folic acid has been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Serum folic acid and vitamin B12 were assayed in 80 AD and 50 VaD cases and in 120 healthy controls. The reduced folate carrier (RFC1) gene, rs1051266, which encodes the RFC 1, protein was analyzed for polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. It was observed that the patients having folic acid <8.45 ng/mL had 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-4.5) times higher odds of having AD and 2.1 (95% CI: 1.1-4.2) times higher odds of having VaD than patients having folic acid ≥8.45 ng/mL. Serum vitamin B12 level did not show any such statistically significant effect in altering the odds. No direct association was found between variant (G) allele or genotype of rs1051266 with AD and VaD cases. On serum folate level no association was observed with gene polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Mansoori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rizwan Alam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ramakrishnan Lakshmy
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Mani Kalaivani
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Asok K. Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The effect of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in the folic acid pathway genes on homocysteine metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:560183. [PMID: 24524080 PMCID: PMC3913508 DOI: 10.1155/2014/560183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the joint effects of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes in the folic acid pathway on homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Methods. Four hundred women with normal pregnancies were enrolled in this study. SNPs were identified by MassARRAY. Serum folic acid and Hcy concentration were measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and support vector machine (SVM) regressions were used to analyze the joint effects of SNPs on the Hcy level. Results. SNPs of MTHFR (rs1801133 and rs3733965) were significantly associated with maternal serum Hcy level. In the different genotypes of MTHFR (rs1801133), SNPs of RFC1 (rs1051266), TCN2 (rs9606756), BHMT (rs3733890), and CBS (rs234713 and rs2851391) were linked with the Hcy level adjusted for folic acid concentration. The integrated SNPs scores were significantly associated with the residual Hcy concentration (RHC) (r = 0.247). The Hcy level was significantly higher in the group with high SNP scores than that in other groups with SNP scores of less than 0.2 (P = 0.000). Moreover, this difference was even more significant in moderate and high levels of folic acid. Conclusion. SNPs of genes in the folic acid pathway possibly affect the Hcy metabolism in the presence of moderate and high levels of folic acid.
Collapse
|
26
|
FUKUDA N, HAMAJIMA N, WAKAI K, SUZUKI K. A Cross-Sectional Study to Find Out the Relationship of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Genotype with Plasma Levels of Folate and Total Homocysteine by Daily Folate Intake in Japanese. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 60:231-8. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Nienaber-Rousseau C. Dietary strategies to treat hyperhomocysteinaemia based on the biochemistry of homocysteine: a review. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2014.11734495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of homocysteine have been associated with increased risk for dementia although results have been inconsistent. There are no reported studies from the developing world including Africa. METHODS In this longitudinal study of two community-dwelling cohorts of elderly Yoruba and African Americans, levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate were measured from blood samples taken in 2001. These levels were compared in two groups, participants who developed incident dementia in the follow-up until 2009 (59 Yoruba and 101 African Americans) and participants who were diagnosed as cognitively normal or in the good performance category at their last follow-up (760 Yoruba and 811 African Americans). Homocysteine levels were divided into quartiles for each site. RESULTS After adjusting for age, education, possession of ApoE, smoking, and time of enrollment the higher quartiles of homocysteine were associated with a non-significant increase in dementia risk in the Yoruba (homocysteine quartile 4 vs. 1 OR: 2.19, 95% CI 0.95-5.07, p = 0.066). For the African Americans, there was a similar but non-significant relationship between higher homocysteine levels and dementia risk. There were no significant relationships between levels of vitamin B12 and folate and incident dementia in either site although folate levels were lower and vitamin B12 levers were higher in the Yoruba than in the African Americans. CONCLUSIONS Increased homocysteine levels were associated with a similar but non-significant increase in dementia risk for both Yoruba and African Americans despite significant differences in folate levels between the two sites.
Collapse
|
29
|
Jin P, Hou S, Ding B, Li D, Liu L, Li H, Li L, Zhao G, Shao Z, Liu X. Association Between MTHFR Gene Polymorphisms, Smoking, and the Incidence of Vascular Dementia. Asia Pac J Public Health 2013; 25:57S-63S. [PMID: 23858518 DOI: 10.1177/1010539513492819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolic acid reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms, smoking, and vascular dementia (VD). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to analyze the frequency of the C/T polymorphism at position 677 of the MTHFR gene in 304 VD patients and 300 control patients with nondementia cerebral infarction. The CC, CT, and TT genotype frequencies of the MTHFR gene were 43.42%, 32.57%, and 24.01%, respectively, in the VD group, and 50.67%, 32.00%, and 17.33%, respectively, in the control group. The T allele frequency was significantly higher in the VD group than in the control group ( P < .05). Among patients who smoked, the relative risk of VD in patients with the TT genotype and T allele was higher than in the control group ( P < .05). Therefore, the smoking group with the T allele has the highest risk of VD, and synergy appears to exist between the MTHFR gene polymorphisms and smoking in susceptibility to VD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wenzhou Medical college, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuangxing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bojun Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Deshuai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongzeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemilogy, school of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Glier MB, Green TJ, Devlin AM. Methyl nutrients, DNA methylation, and cardiovascular disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:172-82. [PMID: 23661599 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diet plays an important role in the development and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. DNA methylation has been implicated as an underlying molecular mechanism that may account for the effect of dietary factors on the development and prevention of CVD. DNA methylation is an epigenetic process that provides "marks" in the genome by which genes are set to be transcriptionally activated or silenced. Epigenomic marks are heritable but are also responsive to environmental shifts, such as changes in nutritional status, and are especially vulnerable during development. S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl group donor for DNA methylation and several nutrients are required for the production of S-adenosylmethionine. These methyl nutrients include vitamins (folate, riboflavin, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, choline) and amino acids (methionine, cysteine, serine, glycine). As such, imbalances in the metabolism of these nutrients have the potential to affect DNA methylation. The focus of this review is to provide an overview on the current understanding of the relationship between methyl nutrient status and DNA methylation patterns and the potential role of this interaction in CVD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Glier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Maayan-Metzger A, Lubetsky A, Kuint J, Rosenberg N, Simchen MJ, Kuperman A, Strauss T, Sela BA, Kenet G. The impact of genetic and environmental factors on homocysteine levels in preterm neonates. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:659-62. [PMID: 23024114 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia may be associated with vascular complications in adults. Whereas pediatric thrombosis risk peaks in neonates, data on homocysteine (Hcy) levels assessed in term and preterm infants during the perinatal period are scarce. In the present study, we aimed to establish Hcy reference values for preterm infants and study their potential associations with the early post-natal health status. Plasma Hcy and hematocrit levels and MTHFR polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C substitution) were studied in a large cohort of preterm infants in a tertiary referral medical center during an 18-month period. Data were collected on maternal history and delivery as well as on post-natal complications. RESULTS The study cohort included 167 infants whose mean gestational age was 30.98 ± 2.34 weeks (range: 26-36 weeks), mean birth weight 1327.6 ± 327 g, and mean Hcy level 7.99 ± 3.27 (range: 2.2-21.2) µmol/L. Maternal intake of folic acid was inversely associated with the babies' Hcy levels (P = 0.0001). Increased Hcy levels positively correlated with birth weight, gestational age (P < 0.005), total number of pregnancies (P = 0.012), and presence of MTHFR polymorphism. Higher Hcy levels were associated with feeding (P = 0.008), especially total parenteral nutrition (P = 0.0001). There was no correlation between Hcy levels and any vascular post-natal complications. CONCLUSIONS During their post-natal hospitalization, preterm infants may have relatively high, that is, within the adult normal range, Hcy levels which are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Despite the fact that no correlation was found between Hcy levels and post-natal complications, these associations should be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Maayan-Metzger
- Department of Neonatology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Farkas SA, Böttiger AK, Isaksson HS, Finnell RH, Ren A, Nilsson TK. Epigenetic alterations in folate transport genes in placental tissue from fetuses with neural tube defects and in leukocytes from subjects with hyperhomocysteinemia. Epigenetics 2013; 8:303-16. [PMID: 23417011 PMCID: PMC3669122 DOI: 10.4161/epi.23988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to identify tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (T-DMR’s) in the folate transport genes in placental tissue compared with leukocytes, and from placental tissues obtained from normal infants or with neural tube defects (NTDs). Using pyrosequencing, we developed methylation assays for the CpG islands (CGIs) and the CGI shore regions of the folate receptor α (FOLR1), proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) and reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1) genes. The T-DMRs differed in location for each gene and the difference in methylation ranged between 2 and 54%. A higher T-DMR methylated fraction was associated with a lower mRNA level of the FOLR1 and RFC1 genes. Methylation fractions differed according to RFC1 80G > A genotype in the NTD cases and in leukocytes from subjects with high total plasma homocysteine (tHcy). There were no differences in methylated fraction of folate transporter genes between NTD cases and controls. We suggest that T-DMRs participate in the regulation of expression of the FOLR1 and RFC1 genes, that the RFC1 80G > A polymorphism exerts a gene-nutrition interaction on DNA methylation in the RFC1 gene, and that this interaction appears to be most prominent in NTD-affected births and in subjects with high tHcy concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja A Farkas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The effect of folate-related SNPs on clinicopathological features, response to neoadjuvant treatment and survival in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Gene 2013; 518:397-404. [PMID: 23296054 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, DHFR, MTHFD1, TS, RFC1 and DNMT3b genes with cancer survival, therapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and clinicopathological characteristics in 300 pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients of a Russian Western Siberian population. We found that the MTHFR 677CT genotype as well as combination of MTHFR 677CT and 677TT genotype was related to tumor size and estrogen-positive status in postmenopausal group. The RFC1 80А allele was associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastases among postmenopausal women. The MTHFR 677TT genotype was significantly correlated with a better progression-free survival in premenopausal patients. In contrast, a worse outcome was observed in this group patient with MTHFD1 1958AA genotype. In the multivariate analysis, the MTHFD1 1958AA genotype was identified as an independent prognostic factor for premenopausal breast cancer survival. Our findings provide evidence for associations of breast cancer survival with folate-related SNPs in a population of Western Siberian region of Russia and the MTHFD1 (1958G>A) may have additional prognostic value especially among premenopausal patients.
Collapse
|
34
|
Coppedè F, Tannorella P, Pezzini I, Migheli F, Ricci G, Caldarazzo lenco E, Piaceri I, Polini A, Nacmias B, Monzani F, Sorbi S, Siciliano G, Migliore L. Folate, homocysteine, vitamin B12, and polymorphisms of genes participating in one-carbon metabolism in late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:195-204. [PMID: 22034983 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We screened 378 late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients and 308 matched controls for the presence of the common MTHFR 677C>T, MTRR 66A>G, MTR 2756 A>G, and TYMS 28 bp repeat polymorphisms, searching for association with disease risk and age at onset. Moreover, we searched for correlation between each of the studied polymorphisms and available data on plasma homocysteine (Hcy), serum folate, and vitamin B12 values. RESULTS We observed a significant increased frequency of the MTHFR 677T allele (0.48 vs. 0.42; p=0.019) and of MTHFR 677CT (OR=1.46; 95%CI=1.03-2.06) and TT genotypes (OR=1.62; 95%CI=1.05-2.49) in LOAD subjects with respect to controls. We also observed a significant increased frequency of the MTRR 66G allele (0.49 vs. 0.43; p=0.044) and of the MTRR 66GG genotype (OR=1.57; 95%CI=1.01-2.46) in the LOAD group. Significantly increased mean plasma Hcy levels (22.7±1.7 vs 14.5±1.7 μmol/L; p=0.037) and decreased serum folate values (5.7±0.5 vs. 7.8±0.8 ng/mL; p=0.005) were observed in LOAD subjects with respect to controls, whilst the difference in serum vitamin B12 values did not reach statistical significance. Several interactions between the studied polymorphisms and biochemical biomarkers were observed. None of the studied polymorphisms was associated with disease age at onset. INNOVATION The present study suggests that the MTRR 66G allele might contribute to LOAD risk and confirms an increased frequency of the MTHFR 677T allele in LOAD. CONCLUSION Overall, present results support a contribution for one-carbon metabolism to LOAD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bařinka C, Rojas C, Slusher B, Pomper M. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II in diagnosis and treatment of neurologic disorders and prostate cancer. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:856-70. [PMID: 22214450 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799034888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane-bound binuclear zinc metallopeptidase with the highest expression levels found in the nervous and prostatic tissue. Throughout the nervous system, glia-bound GCPII is intimately involved in the neuron-neuron and neuron-glia signaling via the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), the most abundant mammalian peptidic neurotransmitter. The inhibition of the GCPII-controlled NAAG catabolism has been shown to attenuate neurotoxicity associated with enhanced glutamate transmission and GCPII-specific inhibitors demonstrate efficacy in multiple preclinical models including traumatic brain injury, stroke, neuropathic and inflammatory pain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. The second major area of pharmacological interventions targeting GCPII focuses on prostate carcinoma; GCPII expression levels are highly increased in androgen-independent and metastatic disease. Consequently, the enzyme serves as a potential target for imaging and therapy. This review offers a summary of GCPII structure, physiological functions in healthy tissues, and its association with various pathologies. The review also outlines the development of GCPII-specific small-molecule compounds and their use in preclinical and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14200 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Devlin AM, Ngai YF, Ronsley R, Panagiotopoulos C. Cardiometabolic risk and the MTHFR C677T variant in children treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e71. [PMID: 22832733 PMCID: PMC3309538 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly being used to treat children with a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is a side-effect of SGA-treatment. We conducted a cross-sectional study and assessed the association of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T variant with features of MetS in SGA-treated (n=105) and SGA-naïve (n=112) children. We targeted the MTHFR C677T variant, because it is associated with risk for cardiovascular disease, and features of MetS in adults without psychiatric illness. MetS in children is based on the presence of any three of the following: waist circumference ≥ 90th percentile for age and sex; plasma triglyceride ≥ 1.24 mmol l(-1); plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ≤ 1.03 mmol l(-1); systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile for age, sex, and height; and fasting glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol l(-1). We found that 15% of SGA-treated children had MetS compared with 2% of SGA-naïve children (OR 8.113, P<0.05). No effect of the MTHFR C677T variant on psychiatric diagnosis was observed. The MTHFR 677T allele was associated (P<0.05) with MetS (OR 5.75, 95% CI= 1.18-28.12) in SGA-treated children. Models adjusted for duration of SGA treatment, ethnicity, sex, age and use of other medications revealed a positive relationship between the MTHFR 677T allele and diastolic blood pressure Z-scores (P=0.001) and fasting plasma glucose (P<0.05) in SGA-treated children. These findings illustrate the high prevalence of MetS in SGA-treated children and suggest metabolic alterations associated with the MTHFR C677T variant may have a role in the development of MetS features in SGA-treated children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Y F Ngai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - R Ronsley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The vitamin folate functions within the cell as a carrier of one-carbon units. The requirement for one-carbon transfers is ubiquitous and all mammalian cells carry out folate dependent reactions. In recent years, low folate status has been linked to risk of numerous adverse health conditions throughout life from birth defects and complications of pregnancy to cardiovascular disease, cancer and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. In many instances inadequate intake of folate seems to be the primary contributor but there is also evidence that an underlying genetic susceptibility can play a modest role by causing subtle alterations in the availability, metabolism or distribution of intermediates in folate related pathways. Folate linked one-carbon units are essential for DNA synthesis and repair and as a source of methyl groups for biological methylation reactions. The notion of common genetic variants being linked to risk of disease was relatively novel in 1995 when the first functional folate-related polymorphism was discovered. Numerous polymorphisms have now been identified in folate related genes and have been tested for functionality either as a modifier of folate status or as being associated with risk of disease. Moreover, there is increasing research into the importance of folate-derived one-carbon units for DNA and histone methylation reactions, which exert crucial epigenetic control over cellular protein synthesis. It is thus becoming clear that genetic aspects of folate metabolism are wide-ranging and may touch on events as disparate as prenatal imprinting to cancer susceptibility. This chapter will review the current knowledge in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Comprehensive evaluation of one-carbon metabolism pathway gene variants and renal cell cancer risk. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26165. [PMID: 22039442 PMCID: PMC3198392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Folate and one-carbon metabolism are linked to cancer risk through their integral role in DNA synthesis and methylation. Variation in one-carbon metabolism genes, particularly MTHFR, has been associated with risk of a number of cancers in epidemiologic studies, but little is known regarding renal cancer. Methods Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected to produce high genomic coverage of 13 gene regions of one-carbon metabolism (ALDH1L1, BHMT, CBS, FOLR1, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, SHMT1, SLC19A1, TYMS) and the closely associated glutathione synthesis pathway (CTH, GGH, GSS) were genotyped for 777 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases and 1,035 controls in the Central and Eastern European Renal Cancer case-control study. Associations of individual SNPs (n = 163) with RCC risk were calculated using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for age, sex and study center. Minimum p-value permutation (Min-P) tests were used to identify gene regions associated with risk, and haplotypes were evaluated within these genes. Results The strongest associations with RCC risk were observed for SLC19A1 (Pmin-P = 0.03) and MTHFR (Pmin-P = 0.13). A haplotype consisting of four SNPs in SLC19A1 (rs12483553, rs2838950, rs2838951, and rs17004785) was associated with a 37% increased risk (p = 0.02), and exploratory stratified analysis suggested the association was only significant among those in the lowest tertile of vegetable intake. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively examine variation in one-carbon metabolism genes in relation to RCC risk. We identified a novel association with SLC19A1, which is important for transport of folate into cells. Replication in other populations is required to confirm these findings.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mansoori N, Tripathi M, Luthra K, Alam R, Lakshmy R, Sharma S, Arulselvi S, Parveen S, Mukhopadhyay AK. MTHFR (677 and 1298) and IL-6-174 G/C genes in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia and their epistatic interaction. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1003.e1-8. [PMID: 22015309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic risk factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). In this case-control study, we examined C677T and A1298C (rs1801133 and rs1801131) polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes and their correlation with plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) in AD and VaD cases and evaluated the gene-gene interaction (epistasis) with IL-6-174 G/C (rs1800795). CC genotype was associated with elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (p = 0.004) as compared with genotype AA of rs1801131. In AD, we observed a significant (p = 0.04) association with C alleles of rs1801131. Regression analysis revealed that the presence of both rs1801133 T and rs1800795 C alleles increased the odds of developing AD by 2.5 and VaD by 3.7-fold. While rs1800795 (CC or GC) genotypes alone increased the odds of developing VaD by 2.2-fold, the presence of CC genotype of rs1801131 nullified this effect. The findings support the hypothesis that multiple genes are involved to alter the odds of developing AD and VaD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Mansoori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Coppedè F. One-carbon metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: focus on epigenetics. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:246-60. [PMID: 21119889 PMCID: PMC2930664 DOI: 10.2174/138920210791233090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia in the elderly, characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive capacity severe enough to interfere with daily functioning and the quality of life. Rare, fully penetrant mutations in three genes (APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2) are responsible for familial forms of the disease. However, more than 90% of AD is sporadic, likely resulting from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Increasing evidence supports a role for epigenetic modifications in AD pathogenesis. Folate metabolism, also known as one-carbon metabolism, is required for the production of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is the major DNA methylating agent. AD individuals are characterized by decreased plasma folate values, as well as increased plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels, and there is indication of impaired SAM levels in AD brains. Polymorphisms of genes participating in one-carbon metabolism have been associated with AD risk and/or with increased Hcy levels in AD individuals. Studies in rodents suggest that early life exposure to neurotoxicants or dietary restriction of folate and other B vitamins result in epigenetic modifications of AD related genes in the animal brains. Similarly, studies performed on human neuronal cell cultures revealed that folate and other B vitamins deprivation from the media resulted in epigenetic modification of the PSEN1 gene. There is also evidence of epigenetic modifications in the DNA extracted from blood and brains of AD subjects. Here I review one-carbon metabolism in AD, with emphasis on possible epigenetic consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jeon YJ, Choi YS, Rah H, Choi Y, Yoon TK, Choi DH, Kim NK. The reduced folate carrier-1 (RFC1 696T>C) polymorphism is associated with spontaneously aborted embryos in Koreans. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
42
|
Hua Y, Zhao H, Kong Y, Ye M. Association between the MTHFR gene and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:462-71. [PMID: 21663380 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.578778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene (rs1801133) 677C/T polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is controversial. The objective of the study was to investigate the possible association between MTHFR 677C/T polymorphism and AD. METHOD We performed a meta-analysis pooling data from all relevant studies including 3,299 cases and 4,363 controls. We applied a random-effects or fixed-effects model to combine odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS This meta-analysis demonstrated that the MTHFR T allele or dominant model for T allele (CT + TT) had an increased risk for AD in combined populations (OR, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.05-1.21; 1.18, 1.07-1.31, respectively), and a significant association was found in allele contrast, recessive, and dominant model in Asian populations, but not in Caucasian populations. CONCLUSION The MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with AD in Asian populations, but not in Caucasians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chan A, Ortiz D, Rogers E, Shea TB. Supplementation with apple juice can compensate for folate deficiency in a mouse model deficient in methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase activity. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:221-5. [PMID: 21369671 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-010-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Folate insufficiency promotes developmental as well as age-related disorders of the nervous system. The C677T variant of 5',10' methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; which utilizes folate to regenerate methionine from homocysteine) displays reduced activity, and therefore promotes functional folate deficiency. Mice heterozygously lacking this gene (MTHFR+/- mice) represent a useful model for analysis of the impact of MTHFR deficiency and potential compensatory approaches. Since consumption of apple products has benefited mouse models subjected to dietary and/or genetically-induced folate deficiency, we compared the impact of supplementation with apple juice on cognitive and neuromuscular performance of mice MTHFR+/+ and +/- mice with and without dietary folate deficiency. Mice were maintained for 1 month on a standard, complete diet, or a challenge diet lacking folate, and vitamin E and containing a 50 g iron/500 g total diet as a pro-oxidant. Additional groups received apple juice concentrate (AJC) diluted to 0.5% (vol/vol) in their sole source of drinking water. MTHFR+/- mice demonstrated significantly impaired cognitive performance in standard reward-based T maze and the non-reward-based Y maze tests as compared to MTHFR+/+ when maintained on the complete diet; supplementation with AJC improved the performance of MTHFR+/- to the level observed for MTHFR+/+ mice. Maintenance for 1 month on the deficient diet reduced the performance of both genotypes in both tests, but supplementation with AJC prevented these reductions. MTHFR+/+ and +/- displayed virtually identical neuromuscular performance in the standard paw grip endurance test when maintained on the complete diet, and displayed similar, non-significant declines in performance when maintained on the deficient diet. Supplementation of either diet with AJC dramatically improved the performance of both genotypes. The findings presented herein indicate that supplementation with AJCs can compensate for genetic as well as dietary insufficiency in folate in a murine model of genetic folate compromise, and support the notion that dietary supplementation may be more critical under conditions of latent genetic compromise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chan
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Interactions between genetic variants of folate metabolism genes and lifestyle affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in the Boston Puerto Rican population. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14:1805-12. [PMID: 21338559 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980011000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate genetic and lifestyle factors and their interactions on plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations in the Boston Puerto Rican population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. Plasma concentrations of Hcy, folate, vitamin B12 and pyridoxal phosphate were measured, and genetic polymorphisms were determined. Data on lifestyle factors were collected in interviews. SETTING A population survey of health and nutritional measures. SUBJECTS A total of 994 Puerto Rican men and women residing in the Boston metropolitan area. RESULTS Smoking status was positively associated with plasma Hcy. Genetic polymorphisms MTHFR 677C→T, FOLH1 1561C→T, FOLH1 rs647370 and PCFT 928A→G interacted significantly with smoking for Hcy. MTHFR 1298A→C (P = 0·040) and PCFT 928A→G (P = 0·002) displayed significant interactions with alcohol intake in determining plasma Hcy. Subjects with PCFT 928GG genotype had significantly higher plasma Hcy concentrations compared with carriers of the A allele (AA+AG; P = 0·030) among non-drinking subjects. When consuming alcohol, GG subjects had lower plasma Hcy levels compared with AA+AG subjects. Physical activity interacted significantly with MTR 2756A→G in determining plasma Hcy (P for interaction = 0·002). Smoking interacted with physical activity for plasma Hcy (P for interaction = 0·023). CONCLUSIONS Smoking and drinking were associated plasma Hcy concentrations. Genetic variants involved in folate metabolism further modify the effects of lifestyle on plasma Hcy.
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Alves Jacob M, da Cunha Bastos C, Regina Bonini-Domingos C. The 844ins68 cystathionine beta-synthase and C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism and the vaso-occlusive event risk in sickle cell disease. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:97-101. [PMID: 22291740 PMCID: PMC3258681 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inflammatory condition with an increase in the adhesion of sickled erythrocytes, and it is a potential cause of vaso-occlusive episodes, an event related to clinical manifestations, morbidity and mortality. The cystathionine beta-synthase enzyme gene (CBS) and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme gene (MTHFR) are risk factors for thromboembolic disorders. This study evaluated the frequency of the 844ins68 CBS and C677T MTHFR gene polymorphisms and their possibility to be risk factors for vaso-occlusive crises. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total 91 blood samples from SCD patients were studied by PCR-RFLP and PCR-allele-specific, for the SCD genotype confirmation and polymorphism identification. RESULTS The presence of clinical manifestations related to vaso-occlusive crises were more frequent among patients with the Hb SS genotype (p = 0.007). The CBS enzyme gene was three times more frequent (p = 0.011) among patients with vaso-occlusive complications. The MTHFR gene mutation frequency showed no increased risk for vaso-occlusive crises in SCD patients (p = 0.193). The interaction between the two polymorphisms was evaluated in 12.08% of the SCD patients and doubled the vaso-occlusive disease risk (relative risk: 2.16). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the presence of 844ins68 CBS and C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism was a risk factor for vaso-occlusive episodes in the SCD patients evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maza Alves Jacob
- Biology Department UNESP, Sáo José do Rio Preto, Sáo Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Levine AJ, Lee W, Figueiredo JC, Conti DV, Vandenberg DJ, Davis BD, Edlund CK, Henning SM, Heber D, Stern MC, Haile RW. Variation in folate pathway genes and distal colorectal adenoma risk: a sigmoidoscopy-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:541-52. [PMID: 21274745 PMCID: PMC3059778 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Folate-associated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) is an important pathway in colorectal neoplasia risk but data on genetic variation in this pathway are largely limited to studies of single SNPs in selected genes. Methods We used a comprehensive tagSNP approach to study the association between genetic variation in 11 genes in the FOCM pathway and risk of incident distal colorectal adenomas in a sigmoidoscopy-based case–control study. We included 655 cases (one or more adenomas) and 695 controls (no adenomas) recruited from one of two Kaiser Permanente clinics between 1991 and 1995. We assessed a total of 159 tagSNPs selected using Haploview Tagger as well as selected non-synonymous SNPs. We used unconditional logistic regression to model the association between SNPs and risk of distal adenomas, assuming a log-additive model. Results Five SNPs in the SLC19A1 (RFC1) gene: rs1051266 (G80A), rs283895, rs2236484, rs12482346, and rs2838958 were associated with adenoma risk after correction for multiple testing (all corrected p values ≤0.043). The non-synonymous SLC19A1 SNP G80A interacted significantly with the MTHFRC677T genotype (interaction p value = 0.018). Conclusion Our data suggest that genetic variation in SLC19A1 may modify the risk of distal colorectal adenoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9726-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Joan Levine
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Devlin AM, Brain U, Austin J, Oberlander TF. Prenatal exposure to maternal depressed mood and the MTHFR C677T variant affect SLC6A4 methylation in infants at birth. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12201. [PMID: 20808944 PMCID: PMC2922376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to maternal depression may “program” childhood behavior via epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation. Methylenetetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR) is an important enzyme in the generation of methyl groups for DNA methylation. The common MTHFR C677T variant is associated with depression in men and non-pregnant women, and with global changes in DNA methylation. This study investigated the effect of maternal MTHFR C677T genotype on antenatal maternal mood, and their impact on the gene-specific methylation in pregnant women and their newborn infants. The methylation status of SLC6A4, which encodes the transmembrane serotonin transporter, and BDNF, which encodes brain derived neurotrophic factor, were assessed because of their potential role in behaviour. Methods/Principal Findings Depressed mood was assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) in women (n = 82, all taking folate) during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. The methylation status of SLC6A4 and BDNF were assessed in 3rd trimester maternal peripheral leukocytes and in umbilical cord leukocytes collected from their infants at birth. Women with the MTHFR 677TT genotype had greater 2nd trimester depressed mood (p<0.05). Increased 2nd trimester maternal depressed mood (EPDS scores) was associated with decreased maternal and infant SLC6A4 promoter methylation (p<0.05), but had no effect on BDNF promoter methylation. Conclusions These findings show that the MTHFR C677T variant is associated with greater depressed mood during pregnancy. We further showed that prenatal exposure to maternal depressed mood affects gene-specific DNA methylation patterns. These findings support the concept that alterations in epigenetic processes may contribute to developmental programming of behaviour by maternal depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Laanpere M, Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Nilsson TK, Yngve A, Salumets A. Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism and its effect on female fertility and pregnancy viability. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:99-113. [PMID: 20137055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of the effect of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism and related genetic variants on female fertility and pregnancy viability. Insufficient folate status disrupts DNA methylation and integrity and increases blood homocysteine levels. Elevated levels of follicular fluid homocysteine correlate with oocyte immaturity and poor early embryo quality, while methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene variants are associated with lower ovarian reserves, diminished response to follicular stimulation, and reduced chance of live birth after in vitro fertilization. Embryos carrying multiple MTHFR variants appear to have a selective disadvantage; however, the heterozygous MTHFR 677CT genotype in the mother and fetus provides the greatest chance for a viable pregnancy and live birth, possibly due to a favorable balance in folate cofactor distribution between methyl donor and nucleotide synthesis. The results of previous studies clearly emphasize that imbalances in folate metabolism and related gene variants may impair female fecundity as well as compromise implantation and the chance of a live birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margit Laanpere
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Malinowska A, Chmurzynska A. Polymorphism of genes encoding homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes and risk for cardiovascular disease. Nutr Res 2010; 29:685-95. [PMID: 19917447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present a general overview of the relationships among homocysteine metabolism, polymorphism of the genes encoding homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes, and the nutrients influencing the plasma homocysteine level. Combining these factors creates a profile of an individual's susceptibility to complex diseases associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Homocysteine is an amino acid derived from the demethylation of methionine. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of several complex diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The level of plasma homocysteine depends on the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms of genes encoding homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes, such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, methionine synthase, methionine synthase reductase, and cystathionine beta-synthase, influence plasma homocysteine concentration and thereby cardiovascular health. On the other hand, homocysteine metabolism may be modulated by dietary intake of the nutrients involved in homocysteine metabolism (ie, folates, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12)). Thus, the appropriate health-promoting doses of these nutrients may vary among certain groups of individuals, depending on their genotypes and other risk factors for complex diseases. Better understanding of the relationship between genotype and nutrition influencing the plasma total homocysteine level and cardiovascular health may improve the cardiovascular diagnostic tests (ie, measurement of biologic markers). It could be possible to define the level of progression, severity, and susceptibility to disease much earlier than it is done now. In conclusion, the introduction of combined dietary and pharmacologic treatment would be possible at the initial stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malinowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|