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de Castro CT, Leal LF, Ramos DDO, Santana JDM, Cordeiro RC, Rivemales MDCC, de Araújo EM, da Silva CAL, Pereira M, dos Santos DB. Racial Disparities in Medication Use During Pregnancy: Results from the NISAMI Cohort. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:2755-2775. [PMID: 38855020 PMCID: PMC11162620 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s455378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate racial disparities in medication use and associated factors among pregnant women receiving prenatal care at Brazilian Unified Health System primary care health units in the northeast region. Patients and Methods A total of 1058 pregnant women in the NISAMI Cohort were interviewed between June 2012 and February 2014. Medicines used during pregnancy were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system and ANVISA pregnancy risk categories. Prevalence ratios (crude and adjusted) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust error variance. All analyses were stratified by race (Asian, black, brown/mixed, Brazilian indigenous, and white). Results Approximately 84% of the pregnant women used at least one medication, with a lower proportion among white women. The most reported medications were antianemic preparations (71.08%; 95% CI 68.27-73.72%), analgesics (21.74%; 95% CI 19.36-24.32%), and drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (18.81%; 95% CI 16.57-21.28%). Approximately 29% of women took potentially risky medications during pregnancy, with a higher prevalence among Asian and white women. Factors associated with medication use during pregnancy include a greater number of prenatal consultations, higher education levels, health problems, and smoking. In addition, maternal age above 25 years, smoking status, and two or more previous pregnancies were associated with potentially risky medication use during pregnancy. Conclusion A high prevalence of medication use during pregnancy was found; however, this prevalence was lower among white women. Nonetheless, black and brown women used antianemic preparations less frequently. This finding suggests that race is a factor of inequity in prenatal care, demanding public policies to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisiane Freitas Leal
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jerusa da Mota Santana
- Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosa Cândida Cordeiro
- Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Health for the Black and Indigenous Population, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Costa Rivemales
- Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Health for the Black and Indigenous Population, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Pereira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Djanilson Barbosa dos Santos
- Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Health for the Black and Indigenous Population, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
- State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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Guimarães JMN, Jackson JW, Barber S, Griep RH, da Fonseca MDJM, Camelo LV, Barreto SM, Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Cardoso LDO, Pereira AC, Chor D. Racial Inequities in the Control of Hypertension and the Explanatory Role of Residential Segregation: a Decomposition Analysis in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1024-1032. [PMID: 37052798 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying racial inequities in uncontrolled hypertension have been limited to individual factors. We investigated racial inequities in uncontrolled hypertension and the explanatory role of economic segregation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). All 3897 baseline participants with hypertension (2008-2010) were included. Uncontrolled hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg), self-reported race (White/Brown/Black people), and neighborhood economic segregation (low/medium/high) were analyzed cross-sectionally. We used decomposition analysis, which describes how much a disparity would change (disparity reduction; explained portion) and remain (disparity residual; unexplained portion) upon removing racial differences in economic segregation (i.e., if Black people had the distribution of segregation of White people, how much we would expect uncontrolled hypertension to decrease among Black people). Age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension (39.0%, 52.6%, and 54.2% for White, Brown, and Black participants, respectively) remained higher for Black and Brown vs White participants, regardless of economic segregation. Uncontrolled hypertension showed a dose-response pattern with increasing segregation levels for White but not for Black and Brown participants. After adjusting for age, gender, education, and study center, unexplained portion (disparity residual) of race on uncontrolled hypertension was 18.2% (95% CI 13.4%; 22.9%) for Black vs White participants and 12.6% (8.2%; 17.1%) for Brown vs White participants. However, explained portion (disparity reduction) through economic segregation was - 2.1% (- 5.1%; 1.3%) for Black vs White and 0.5% (- 1.7%; 2.8%) for Brown vs White participants. Although uncontrolled hypertension was greater for Black and Brown vs White people, racial inequities in uncontrolled hypertension were not explained by economic segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M N Guimarães
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, R Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21041-210, Brazil.
| | - John W Jackson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharrelle Barber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rosane H Griep
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de J M da Fonseca
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, R Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Lidyane V Camelo
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandhi M Barreto
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Schmidt
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruce B Duncan
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia de O Cardoso
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, R Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dora Chor
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, R Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21041-210, Brazil
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Oliveira KAD, Castro CTD, Pereira M, Cordeiro RC, Ribeiro DDA, Rivemales MDCC, Araújo EMD, Santos DBD. Racial and ethnic disparities in premature births among pregnant women in the NISAMI cohort, Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2024; 29:e11862023. [PMID: 38451655 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024293.11862023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of premature birth has increased worldwide, unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. Racism generates economic inequalities, educational disparities, and differential access to health care, which increases the risk of preterm birth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with preterm birth and racial and ethnic disparities in premature birth among pregnant women attending prenatal care at the Brazilian Unified Health System health units in the urban area of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. This study used data from 938 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years within the NISAMI prospective cohort. Premature birth prevalence was 11.8%, with a higher prevalence among black than non-black women (12.9% versus 6.0%, respectively). Maternal age between 18 and 24 years was the only factor associated with premature birth. A higher risk of premature birth was found among black women than non-black women (RR 3.22; 95%CI 1.42-7.32). These results reveal the existence of racial and social inequalities in the occurrence of premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Albuquerque de Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900 Feira de Santana BA Brasil.
| | | | - Marcos Pereira
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador BA Brasil
| | - Rosa Cândida Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Santo Antônio de Jesus BA Brasil
| | - Denize de Almeida Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Santo Antônio de Jesus BA Brasil
| | | | - Edna Maria de Araújo
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900 Feira de Santana BA Brasil.
| | - Djanilson Barbosa Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900 Feira de Santana BA Brasil.
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Santo Antônio de Jesus BA Brasil
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Guimarães JMN, Pescarini JM, de Sousa Filho JF, Ferreira A, de Almeida MDCC, Gabrielli L, dos-Santos-Silva I, Santos G, Barreto ML, Aquino EML. Income Segregation, Conditional Cash Transfers, and Breast Cancer Mortality Among Women in Brazil. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2353100. [PMID: 38270952 PMCID: PMC10811554 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.53100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Women living in income-segregated areas are less likely to receive adequate breast cancer care and access community resources, which may heighten breast cancer mortality risk. Objective To investigate the association between income segregation and breast cancer mortality and whether this association is attenuated by receipt of the Bolsa Família program (BFP), the world's largest conditional cash-transfer program. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was conducted using data from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort, which were linked with nationwide mortality registries (2004-2015). Data were analyzed from December 2021 to June 2023. Study participants were women aged 18 to 100 years. Exposure Women's income segregation (high, medium, or low) at the municipality level was obtained using income data from the 2010 Brazilian census and assessed using dissimilarity index values in tertiles (low [0.01-0.25], medium [0.26-0.32], and high [0.33-0.73]). Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was breast cancer mortality. Mortality rate ratios (MRRs) for the association of segregation with breast cancer deaths were estimated using Poisson regression adjusted for age, race, education, municipality area size, population density, area of residence (rural or urban), and year of enrollment. Multiplicative interactions of segregation and BFP receipt (yes or no) in the association with mortality (2004-2015) were assessed. Results Data on 21 680 930 women (mean [SD] age, 36.1 [15.3] years) were analyzed. Breast cancer mortality was greater among women living in municipalities with high (adjusted MRR [aMRR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.24) and medium (aMRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.12) compared with low segregation. Women who did not receive BFP had higher breast cancer mortality than BFP recipients (aMRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.12-1.22). By BFP strata, women who did not receive BFP and lived in municipalities with high income segregation had a 24% greater risk of death from breast cancer compared with those living in municipalities with low income segregation (aMRR, 1.24: 95% CI, 1.14-1.34); women who received BFP and were living in areas with high income segregation had a 13% higher risk of death from breast cancer compared with those living in municipalities with low income segregation (aMRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.07-1.19; P for interaction = .008). Stratified by the amount of time receiving the benefit, segregation (high vs low) was associated with an increase in mortality risk for women receiving BFP for less time but not for those receiving it for more time (<4 years: aMRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.07-1.27; 4-11 years: aMRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.00-1.17; P for interaction <.001). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that place-based inequities in breast cancer mortality associated with income segregation may be mitigated with BFP receipt, possibly via improved income and access to preventive cancer care services among women, which may be associated with early detection and treatment and ultimately reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia M. Pescarini
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrea Ferreira
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Ubuntu Center on Racism, Global Movements and Population Health Equity, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ligia Gabrielli
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Centro de Diabetes e Endocrinologia da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Isabel dos-Santos-Silva
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gervasio Santos
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L. Barreto
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Estela M. L. Aquino
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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de Oliveira VH, Carvalho JR. Measuring skin color inequality in women's health in Northeast Brazil: Evidence from the PCSVDF Mulher survey. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2024; 33:3-11. [PMID: 37796738 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate whether skin color is a source of inequality in women's health by exploring the longitudinal framework of the PCSVDFMulher survey in Northeast Brazil. Specifically, we measure the skin color gradient in women's general and mental health, as well as in showing health risk behavior. We find that darker-skinned women show poorer mental health outcomes and a higher likelihood of drinking and smoking more frequently than their lighter-skinned counterparts. The skin color gradient is persistent and systematic, even when modeling different sources of unobserved heterogeneity and accounting for the existing socioeconomic inequalities and racial identity. We also find that racial identity is an important source of heterogeneous responses of women's health to skin tone.
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6
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Simon SS, Brucki SMD, Fonseca LM, Becker J, Cappi C, Marques AH, Heyn PC, Gonçalves PD, Martins SS, Busatto G, Bertola L, Suemoto CK, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Yassuda MS, Miotto EC, Grinberg LT, Arce Renteria M, Alegria M, Stern Y, Rivera‐Mindt M. The (in)visible Brazilians: A perspective review on the need for brain health and dementia research with Brazilian immigrants in the United States. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2023; 9:e12425. [PMID: 37744309 PMCID: PMC10517444 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The Brazilian population in the United States (U.S.), a Latinx subgroup, is rapidly growing and aging but remains underrepresented in U.S. health research. In addition to group-specific genetic and environmental risks, Brazilian immigrants and their offspring in the U.S. likely have cumulative risks for health inequities.It is estimated that 71% of Brazilian immigrants in the U.S. are undocumented, which may limit healthcare access/utilization. Furthermore, mental health is reported as a health priority by Brazilian immigrants in the U.S., and there is a lack of research on Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (AD/ADRD) in this population. Methods We reviewed the scientific literature using traditional (e.g., PubMed) sources and databases generated by U.S. and Brazilian governments, as well as international organizations, and press articles. Results This perspective review lists recommendations for researchers, health providers, and policymakers to promote greater inclusion of U.S. Brazilian populations in health research and care. The review identifies research areas in need of attention to address health inequities and promote mental/brain health in Brazilian immigrants and their offspring living in the U.S. These research areas are: 1) epidemiological studies to map the prevalence and incidence of mental/brain health conditions; 2) research on aging and AD/ADRD risk factors among Brazilian populations in the U.S.; and 3) the need for greater representation of U.S-residing Brazilian population in other relevant research areas involving genetics, neuropathology, and clinical trials. Conclusions The recommendation and research efforts proposed should help to pave the way for the development of community-engagement research and to promote mental/brain health education, improvement of mental/brain health and AD/ADRD services, and the development of culturally-informed intervention to the U.S.-residing Brazilian communities. HIGHLIGHTS The Brazilian population in the United States is growing but is underrepresented in U.S. health research.Approximately 71% of Brazilian immigrants in the United States are undocumented, with an increased risk for health inequities.Mental health is reported as a central health priority by Brazilian immigrants in the United States.There is a lack of research on Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (ADRD) in Brazilian immigrants in the United States.Epidemiological research is needed to map the prevalence/incidence of mental health conditions and ADRD risk factors among Brazilian immigrants in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sanz Simon
- Cognitive Neuroscience DivisionDepartment of NeurologyColumbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Old Age Research Group, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Luciana Mascarenhas Fonseca
- Old Age Research Group, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Community and Behavioral HealthElson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneWashingtonUSA
| | - Jacqueline Becker
- Division of General Internal MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Carolina Cappi
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and TreatmentIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryClinics HospitalUniversity of São PauloSchool of MedicineSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Andrea Horvath Marques
- Elliott School International AffairsThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Patricia C. Heyn
- Center for Optimal AgingDepartment of Physical TherapyMarymount UniversityArlingtonVirginiaUSA
| | - Priscila Dib Gonçalves
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Geraldo Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM‐21)Department of PsychiatryUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Laiss Bertola
- Department of PsychiatryEscola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of GeriatricsDepartment of Clinical MedicineUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Old Age Research Group, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research GroupFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Monica Sanches Yassuda
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Gerontology, School of Arts, Sciences, and HumanitiesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Eliane Correa Miotto
- Old Age Research Group, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- LIM‐22Department of PathologyUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Global Brain Health InstituteUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Miguel Arce Renteria
- Cognitive Neuroscience DivisionDepartment of NeurologyColumbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Margarita Alegria
- Disparities Research UnitDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience DivisionDepartment of NeurologyColumbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Monica Rivera‐Mindt
- Department of PsychologyFordham UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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