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Takano EA, Younes MM, Meehan K, Spalding L, Yan M, Allan P, Fox SB, Redfern A, Clouston D, Giles GG, Christie EL, Anderson RL, Zethoven M, Phillips KA, Gorringe K, Britt KL. Estrogen receptor beta expression in triple negative breast cancers is not associated with recurrence or survival. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:459. [PMID: 37208678 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative BCa (TNBC) is defined by a lack of expression of estrogen (ERα), progesterone (PgR) receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as assessed by protein expression and/or gene amplification. It makes up ~ 15% of all BCa and often has a poor prognosis. TNBC is not treated with endocrine therapies as ERα and PR negative tumors in general do not show benefit. However, a small fraction of the true TNBC tumors do show tamoxifen sensitivity, with those expressing the most common isoform of ERβ1 having the most benefit. Recently, the antibodies commonly used to assess ERβ1 in TNBC have been found to lack specificity, which calls into question available data regarding the proportion of TNBC that express ERβ1 and any relationship to clinical outcome. METHODS To confirm the true frequency of ERβ1 in TNBC we performed robust ERβ1 immunohistochemistry using the specific antibody CWK-F12 ERβ1 on 156 primary TNBC cancers from patients with a median of 78 months (range 0.2-155 months) follow up. RESULTS We found that high expression of ERβ1 was not associated with increased recurrence or survival when assessed as percentage of ERβ1 positive tumor cells or as Allred > 5. In contrast, the non-specific PPG5-10 antibody did show an association with recurrence and survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that ERβ1 expression in TNBC tumours does not associate with prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Takano
- Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Melissa M Younes
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Research Division 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Katie Meehan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Lisa Spalding
- The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Max Yan
- South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Prue Allan
- Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andy Redfern
- The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - David Clouston
- TissuPath, 32 Ricketts Rd, Mount Waverley, VIC, 3149, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- 7a Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3012, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Christie
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Peter Mac, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie Gorringe
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Research Division 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Scarpetti L, Oturkar CC, Juric D, Shellock M, Malvarosa G, Post K, Isakoff S, Wang N, Nahed B, Oh K, Das GM, Bardia A. Therapeutic Role of Tamoxifen for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Leveraging the Interaction Between ERβ and Mutant p53. Oncologist 2023; 28:358-363. [PMID: 36772966 PMCID: PMC10078911 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of effective therapeutic targets and aggressive nature of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) renders this disease subset difficult to treat. Although estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is expressed in TNBC, studies on its functional role have yielded inconsistent results. However, recently, our preclinical studies, along with other observations, have shown the potential therapeutic utility of ERβ in the context of mutant p53 expression. The current case study examines the efficacy of the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen in p53-mutant TNBC with brain metastases. Significant increase in ERβ protein expression and anti-proliferative interaction between mutant p53 and ERβ were observed after cessation of tamoxifen therapy, with significant regression of brain metastases. This case study provides supporting evidence for the use of tamoxifen in p53-mutant, ERβ+TNBC, especially in the setting of brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Scarpetti
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Dejan Juric
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Shellock
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuliana Malvarosa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Post
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Isakoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Nahed
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Oh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gokul M Das
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Anticancer or carcinogenic? The role of estrogen receptor β in breast cancer progression. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 242:108350. [PMID: 36690079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is closely related to breast cancer (BC) progression. Traditional concepts regard ERβ as a tumor suppressor. As studies show the carcinogenic effect of ERβ, some people have come to a new conclusion that ERβ serves as a tumor suppressor in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer, while it is a carcinogen in ERα-negative breast cancer. However, we re-examine the role of ERβ and find this conclusion to be misleading based on the last decade's research. A large number of studies have shown that ERβ plays an anticancer role in both ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast cancers, and its carcinogenicity does not depend solely on the presence of ERα. Herein, we review the anticancer and oncogenic effects of ERβ on breast cancer progression in the past ten years, discuss the mechanism respectively, analyze the main reasons for the inconsistency and update ERβ selective ligand library. We believe a detailed and continuously updated review will help correct the one-sided understanding of ERβ, promoting ERβ-targeted breast cancer therapy.
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4
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Salahuddin A, Ghanem H, Omran GA, Helmy MW. Epigenetic restoration and activation of ERβ: an inspiring approach for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Med Oncol 2022; 39:150. [PMID: 35843988 PMCID: PMC9288957 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. TNBC lacks targeted therapy receptors, rendering endocrine and HER2-targeted therapies ineffective. TNBC is typically treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by surgery. Targeting epigenetic modifications could potentially be a new effective TNBC target therapy. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of epigenetic drugs, decitabine as DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTI) and vorinostat as histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI), and the ERβ agonist DPN on ERα and ERβ re-expressions in the MDA-MB-231 cells as a model of TNBC. METHODS Using MTT assay, the IC50 of decitabine, vorinostat, and DPN on MDA-MB-231 cells were determined. The effects of all drugs alone or in combinations on MDA-MB-231 cells were evaluated. qRT-PCR was used to determine ERα & ERβ gene expression. Caspase-3 activity and the protein expression levels of VEGF, Cyclin D1, and IGF-1 were assessed. RESULTS Both ERα and ERβ mRNA were re-expressed in different high levels in all treated groups, especially in the triple therapy group compared with control. Significantly, the triple drugs therapy showed the lowest levels of VEGF, Cyclin D1, and IGF-1 and the highest level of Caspase-3 activity, indicating a possible antitumor effect of ERβ activation through decreasing proliferation and angiogenesis and increasing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSIONS The antiproliferative effect of ERβ could be retained when co-expressed with Erα using a powerful epigenetic combination of Decitabine and vorinostat with DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salahuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
| | - Heba Ghanem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Omran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Maged Wasfy Helmy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
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5
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Choi Y. Estrogen Receptor β Expression and Its Clinical Implication in Breast Cancers: Favorable or Unfavorable? J Breast Cancer 2022; 25:75-93. [PMID: 35380018 PMCID: PMC9065353 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2022.25.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two estrogen receptor (ER) genes (ESR1/ERα and ESR2/ERβ) in humans. Of those. ERβ, the second ER isotype identified in 1996, is differentially expressed in different phenotypes and molecular subtypes of breast cancer (BCa), and is highly expressed in ERα-negative BCa and triple-negative BCa (TNBC). This review summarizes the potential clinical relevance of ERβ in BCa and the challenges associated with studies on the role of ERβ in BCa. The experimental and clinical studies evaluating clinical outcomes and associations with clinical characteristics and responses to endocrine therapy on targeting ERβ reviewed herein indicate that ERβ is a clinically important biomarker in BCa. The reviewed studies also suggest that each ERβ isoform has a distinct role in BCa subtypes and the potential of novel- targeted therapies in BCa, especially ERα-negative BCa and TNBC. However, the findings of many studies on ERβ are inconsistent, and the exact role of ERβ in BCa remains elusive; this may potentially be attributed to the complexity of ERβ isoforms, but also to the lack of standardized testing protocol. Thus, successful clinical application of ERβ requires the development of standardized, reproducible, and objective measurement methods for ERβ that can be widely and routinely applied in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Hartsdale, NY, USA
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6
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Mashat RM, Zielinska HA, Holly JMP, Perks CM. A Role for ER-Beta in the Effects of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and 27-Hydroxycholesterol on Breast Cancer Progression: Involvement of the IGF Signalling Pathway? Cells 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 35011656 PMCID: PMC8749996 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-in particular, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC)-is correlated with increases in the risks of breast cancer and obesity. Although the high expression of LDL/27-OHC has been reported in breast cancer, its effects and mechanism of action remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the effects of LDL on cell proliferation were mediated by the activation of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, sterol 27 hydroxylase, and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in both ER-α-positive and ER-α-negative breast cancer cells. We found that treatment with 27-OHC only increased cell growth in oestrogen receptor-α (ER-α)-positive breast cancer cells in an ER-α-dependent manner, but, interestingly, the effects of 27-OHC on cell migration and invasion were independent of ER-α. Using ER-α-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, we found that 27-OHC similarly promoted cell invasion and migration, and this was mediated by oestrogen receptor β (ER-β). These results suggest that 27-OHC promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in ER-α-positive breast cancer cells via ER-α, but migration and invasion are mediated via ER-β in ER-α positive and negative cell lines. The addition of LDL/27OHC increased the production of IGF-I and the abundance of IGF-IR in TNBC. We further found that modulating ER-β using an agonist or antagonist increased or decreased, respectively, levels of the IGF-I and EGF receptors in TNBC. The inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor receptor blocked the effects of cholesterol on cell growth and the migration of TNBC. Using TCGA and METABRIC microarray expression data from invasive breast cancer carcinomas, we also observed that higher levels of ER-beta were associated with higher levels of IGF-IR. Thus, this study shows novel evidence that ER-β is central to the effects of LDL/27OHC on invasion, migration, and the IGF and EGF axes. Our data suggest that targeting ER-β in TNBC could be an alternative approach for downregulating IGF/EGF signalling and controlling the impact of LDL in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.A.Z.); (J.M.P.H.)
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7
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Nzegwu MA, Nwokoro O, Nnamani C, Enemuo VC, Nzegwu VI, Nwoye O, Edeh A, Nwankwo K. TP 53 status and estrogen receptor-beta in triple negative breast cancer management in Africa: Time to rethink regime management of triple negative breast cancer and save more lives in Nigeria. Rare Tumors 2021; 13:20363613211050355. [PMID: 34659670 PMCID: PMC8511903 DOI: 10.1177/20363613211050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Onyekachi Nwokoro
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Christian Nnamani
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ogochukwu Nwoye
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Edeh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Nwankwo
- Department of Surgery, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
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8
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van Barele M, Heemskerk-Gerritsen BAM, Louwers YV, Vastbinder MB, Martens JWM, Hooning MJ, Jager A. Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2506. [PMID: 34063736 PMCID: PMC8196589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Barele
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Bernadette A. M. Heemskerk-Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Yvonne V. Louwers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mijntje B. Vastbinder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ijsselland Hospital, Prins Constantijnweg 2, 2906 ZC Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands;
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
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Cansaran-Duman D, Tanman Ü, Yangın S, Atakol O. The comparison of miRNAs that respond to anti-breast cancer drugs and usnic acid for the treatment of breast cancer. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:10.1007/s10616-020-00430-7. [PMID: 33128199 PMCID: PMC7695759 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to compare usnic acid with anti-breast cancer drug molecules (A-BCDM) routinely used in the treatment of breast cancer. The miRNA information of 17 anti-breast cancer drug used in breast cancer treatment was obtained from the Small Molecule-miRNA Network-Based Inferance (SMIR-NBI) tool. We had been determined common and different expressed miRNAs between 17 A-BCDM & usnic acid and were classified according to the common miRNAs to reveal molecular similarity. As a result of the bioinformatic analyzes, 20 common miRNAs were determined between 17 A-BCDM and usnic acid. The common miRNAs were analyzed with bioinformatic tolls for determining pathways and targets. The most common miRNAs for 6 of 17 A-BCDM and usnic acid were determined as miR-374a-5p and miR-26a-5p. We compared the anti-proliferative effect of usnic acid and one of the 17 A-BCDM that tamoxifen on MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell with real-time cell analysis system. The real time PCR assay was carried out with miR-26a-5p for evaluate to expression level of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell and MCF-12A non-cancerous epithelial breast cell. As a result of study, usnic acid as novel candidate drug molecule showed high similarity ratio with 5-Fluorouracil, Sulindac Sulfide, Curcumin and Cisplatin A-BCDM used in treatment of breast cancer. miR-26a-5p as common response miRNA of usnic acid and tamoxifen was showed a decreased level of expression by validated qRT-PCR assay. The obtained from study, in addition to 17 A-BCDM, usnic acid has also the potential to be used as a candidate molecule in the treatment of breast cancer. Moreover, miR-26a-5p might be used as a biomarker in the treatment of breast cancer but further analysis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ümmügülsüm Tanman
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevcan Yangın
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Atakol
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Sellitto A, D’Agostino Y, Alexandrova E, Lamberti J, Pecoraro G, Memoli D, Rocco D, Coviello E, Giurato G, Nassa G, Tarallo R, Weisz A, Rizzo F. Insights into the Role of Estrogen Receptor β in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061477. [PMID: 32516978 PMCID: PMC7353068 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play different roles in gene regulation and show both overlapping and specific tissue distribution patterns. ERβ, contrary to the oncogenic ERα, has been shown to act as an oncosuppressor in several instances. However, while the tumor-promoting actions of ERα are well-known, the exact role of ERβ in carcinogenesis and tumor progression is not yet fully understood. Indeed, to date, highly variable and even opposite effects have been ascribed to ERβ in cancer, including for example both proliferative and growth-inhibitory actions. Recently ERβ has been proposed as a potential target for cancer therapy, since it is expressed in a variety of breast cancers (BCs), including triple-negative ones (TNBCs). Because of the dependence of TNBCs on active cellular signaling, numerous studies have attempted to unravel the mechanism(s) behind ERβ-regulated gene expression programs but the scenario has not been fully revealed. We comprehensively reviewed the current state of knowledge concerning ERβ role in TNBC biology, focusing on the different signaling pathways and cellular processes regulated by this transcription factor, as they could be useful in identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Sellitto
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Ylenia D’Agostino
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Elena Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Jessica Lamberti
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Giovanni Pecoraro
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Domenico Memoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Domenico Rocco
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Elena Coviello
- Genomix4Life, via S. Allende 43/L, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy;
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
- CRGS (Genome Research Center for Health), University of Salerno Campus of Medicine, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (F.R.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965043 (A.W.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965221 (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
- CRGS (Genome Research Center for Health), University of Salerno Campus of Medicine, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (F.R.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965043 (A.W.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965221 (F.R.)
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11
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Badve SS, Gökmen-Polar Y. TP53 Status and Estrogen Receptor-Beta in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Company Matters. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:1118-1119. [PMID: 30989234 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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12
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Alexandrova E, Lamberti J, Saggese P, Pecoraro G, Memoli D, Mirici Cappa V, Ravo M, Iorio R, Tarallo R, Rizzo F, Collina F, Cantile M, Di Bonito M, Botti G, Nassa G, Weisz A, Giurato G. Small Non-Coding RNA Profiling Identifies miR-181a-5p as a Mediator of Estrogen Receptor Beta-Induced Inhibition of Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040874. [PMID: 32260128 PMCID: PMC7226848 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, representing the most aggressive breast cancer (BC) subtype with limited treatment options due to a lack of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2/neu) expression. Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is present in a fraction of TNBC patients, where its expression correlates with improved patient outcomes, supported by the fact that it exerts oncosuppressive effects in TNBC cell models in vitro. ERβ is involved in microRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression in hormone-responsive BC cells and could mediate its actions through small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) in TNBCs also. To verify this possibility, smallRNA sequencing was performed on three ERβ-expressing cell lines from different TNBC molecular subtypes. Several sncRNAs resulted modulated by ERβ, with a subset being regulated in a tumor subtype-independent manner. Interestingly, sncRNA profiling of 12 ERβ+and 32 ERβ− primary TNBC biopsies identified 7 microRNAs, 1 PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), and 1 transfer RNA (tRNA) differentially expressed in ERβ+ compared to ERβ− tumors and cell lines. Among them, miR-181a-5p was found to be overexpressed in ERβ+ tumors and predicted target key components of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway previously found to be inhibited by ERβ in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Genomix4Life Srl, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Jessica Lamberti
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saggese
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Pecoraro
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Domenico Memoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valeria Mirici Cappa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Genomix4Life Srl, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Francesca Collina
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Bonito
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.G.); Tel.: + 39-089-965043 (A.W.)
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.G.); Tel.: + 39-089-965043 (A.W.)
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13
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Alexandrova E, Giurato G, Saggese P, Pecoraro G, Lamberti J, Ravo M, Rizzo F, Rocco D, Tarallo R, Nyman TA, Collina F, Cantile M, Di Bonito M, Botti G, Nassa G, Weisz A. Interaction Proteomics Identifies ERbeta Association with Chromatin Repressive Complexes to Inhibit Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Exert An Oncosuppressive Role in Triple-negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:245-260. [PMID: 31792072 PMCID: PMC7000115 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by poor response to therapy and low overall patient survival. Recently, Estrogen Receptor beta (ERβ) has been found to be expressed in a fraction of TNBCs where, because of its oncosuppressive actions on the genome, it represents a potential therapeutic target, provided a better understanding of its actions in these tumors becomes available. To this end, the cell lines Hs 578T, MDA-MB-468 and HCC1806, representing the claudin-low, basal-like 1 and 2 TNBC molecular subtypes respectively, were engineered to express ERβ under the control of a Tetracycline-inducible promoter and used to investigate the effects of this transcription factor on gene activity. The antiproliferative effects of ERβ in these cells were confirmed by multiple functional approaches, including transcriptome profiling and global mapping of receptor binding sites in the genome, that revealed direct negative regulation by ERβ of genes, encoding for key components of cellular pathways associated to TNBC aggressiveness representing novel therapeutic targets such as angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and cholesterol biosynthesis. Supporting these results, interaction proteomics by immunoprecipitation coupled to nano LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry revealed ERβ association with several potential nuclear protein partners, including key components of regulatory complexes known to control chromatin remodeling, transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation and RNA splicing. Among these, ERβ association with the Polycomb Repressor Complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1/2), known for their central role in gene regulation in cancer cells, was confirmed in all three TNBC subtypes investigated, suggesting its occurrence independently from the cellular context. These results demonstrate a significant impact of ERβ in TNBC genome activity mediated by its cooperation with regulatory multiprotein chromatin remodeling complexes, providing novel ground to devise new strategies for the treatment of these diseases based on ligands affecting the activity of this nuclear receptor or some of its protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy; Genomix4Life Srl, Spin-Off of the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy; Genomix4Life Srl, Spin-Off of the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saggese
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Giovanni Pecoraro
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Jessica Lamberti
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy; Genomix4Life Srl, Spin-Off of the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Domenico Rocco
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Collina
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples (NA), 80131 Italy
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples (NA), 80131 Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Bonito
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples (NA), 80131 Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples (NA), 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy.
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Heitz F, Kümmel S, Lederer B, Solbach C, Engels K, Ataseven B, Sinn B, Blohmer JU, Denkert C, Barinoff J, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Loibl S. Impact of Nuclear Oestrogen Receptor Beta Expression in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2019; 79:1110-1117. [PMID: 31656321 PMCID: PMC6805199 DOI: 10.1055/a-0987-9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Oestrogen receptor beta (ER-β) is abundantly expressed in breast cancer (BC), but its impact on neoadjuvant chemotherapy outcome is unknown.
Patients and Methods
Patients treated in the neoadjuvant GeparTrio trial with available tissue for immunohistochemical analyses were included. Nuclear ER-β expression was correlated with clinico-pathologic characteristics. The impact of its expression on pathological complete response (pCR [ypT0/ypN0]) and survival was determined.
Results
Samples of 570 patients were available. Low nuclear ER-β expression (IRS < 9) was observed in 48.4% of hormone receptor positive and 58.6% of hormone receptor negative tumours. Low nuclear ER-β expression was associated with higher pCR rates compared to high nuclear ER-β expression (16.1% vs. 4.7%, p = 0.026). Low ER-β expression was no independent predictor of pCR in multivariate analyses. Disease-free and overall survival were not statistically different between patients with high and low nuclear ER-β expression. Triple-negative BCs showed low nuclear ER-β expression in 57.7%, and pCR rates were 27.1% and 0% (p = 0.23) in low and high ER-β expressing tumours, respectively.
Conclusion
Low ER-β expression is associated with improved pCR rates in univariate analyses. However multivariate analyses and survival analyses do not indicate an impact of ER-β on survival in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Further examination of ER-β as predictor for endocrine therapy might be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Evangelische Huyssens-Stiftung, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sherko Kümmel
- Breast Unit, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Evangelische Huyssens-Stiftung, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Christine Solbach
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Knut Engels
- Center for Pathology, Cytology and Molecular Pathology, Neuss, Germany
| | - Beyhan Ataseven
- Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Evangelische Huyssens-Stiftung, Essen, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, LMU München, München, Germany
| | - Bruno Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Uwe Blohmer
- Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Pathologie, UKGM - Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana Barinoff
- Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sibylle Loibl
- German Breast Group (GBG), Neu-Isenburg, Germany.,Senologic Oncology, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Mukhopadhyay UK, Oturkar CC, Adams C, Wickramasekera N, Bansal S, Medisetty R, Miller A, Swetzig WM, Silwal-Pandit L, Børresen-Dale AL, Creighton CJ, Park JH, Konduri SD, Mukhopadhyay A, Caradori A, Omilian A, Bshara W, Kaipparettu BA, Das GM. TP53 Status as a Determinant of Pro- vs Anti-Tumorigenic Effects of Estrogen Receptor-Beta in Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:1202-1215. [PMID: 30990221 PMCID: PMC6855950 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-tumorigenic vs pro-tumorigenic roles of estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) in breast cancer remain unsettled. We investigated the potential of TP53 status to be a determinant of the bi-faceted role of ESR2 and associated therapeutic implications for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS ESR2-TP53 interaction was analyzed with multiple assays including the in situ proximity ligation assay. Transcriptional effects on TP53-target genes and cell proliferation in response to knocking down or overexpressing ESR2 were determined. Patient survival according to ESR2 expression levels and TP53 mutation status was analyzed in the basal-like TNBC subgroup in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (n = 308) and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (n = 46) patient cohorts by univariate Cox regression and log-rank test. All statistical tests are two-sided. RESULTS ESR2 interaction with wild-type and mutant TP53 caused pro-proliferative and anti-proliferative effects, respectively. Depleting ESR2 in cells expressing wild-type TP53 resulted in increased expression of TP53-target genes CDKN1A (control group mean [SD] = 1 [0.13] vs ESR2 depletion group mean [SD] = 2.08 [0.24], P = .003) and BBC3 (control group mean [SD] = 1 [0.06] vs ESR2 depleted group mean [SD] = 1.92 [0.25], P = .003); however, expression of CDKN1A (control group mean [SD] = 1 [0.21] vs ESR2 depleted group mean [SD] = 0.56 [0.12], P = .02) and BBC3 (control group mean [SD] = 1 [0.03] vs ESR2 depleted group mean [SD] = 0.55 [0.09], P = .008) was decreased in cells expressing mutant TP53. Overexpressing ESR2 had opposite effects. Tamoxifen increased ESR2-mutant TP53 interaction, leading to reactivation of TP73 and apoptosis. High levels of ESR2 expression in mutant TP53-expressing basal-like tumors is associated with better prognosis (Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium cohort: log-rank P = .001; hazard ratio = 0.26, 95% confidence interval = 0.08 to 0.84, univariate Cox P = .02). CONCLUSIONS TP53 status is a determinant of the functional duality of ESR2. Our study suggests that ESR2-mutant TP53 combination prognosticates survival in TNBC revealing a novel strategy to stratify TNBC for therapeutic intervention potentially by repurposing tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gokul M Das
- Correspondence to: Gokul M. Das, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 (e-mail: )
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16
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He Y, Lin H, Tu D. A single-index threshold Cox proportional hazard model for identifying a treatment-sensitive subset based on multiple biomarkers. Stat Med 2018; 37:3267-3279. [PMID: 29869381 DOI: 10.1002/sim.7837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a single-index threshold Cox proportional hazard model to select and combine biomarkers to identify patients who may be sensitive to a specific treatment. A penalized smoothed partial likelihood is proposed to estimate the parameters in the model. A simple, efficient, and unified algorithm is presented to maximize this likelihood function. The estimators based on this likelihood function are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Under mild conditions, the proposed estimators also achieve the oracle property. The proposed approach is evaluated through simulation analyses and application to the analysis of data from two clinical trials, one involving patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer and one involving patients with resectable lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye He
- Center of Statistical Research, School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Huazhen Lin
- Center of Statistical Research, School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Tu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Estrogen receptor-beta is a potential target for triple negative breast cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33912-33930. [PMID: 30338035 PMCID: PMC6188058 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple Negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that lacks the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. TNBC accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancer cases but accounts for over 50% of mortality. We propose that Estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) and IGF2 play a significant role in the pathogenesis of TNBCs, and could be important targets for future therapy. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) from over 250 TNBC patients' were analyzed for ERβ and IGF2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Expression was correlated with clinical outcomes. In addition, TNBC cell lines Caucasians (CA): MB-231/BT549 and African Americans (AAs): MB-468/HCC70/HCC1806 were used to investigate the effect of hormonal and growth factor regulation on cell proliferation. TMAs from AAs had higher expression of ERβ and IGF2 expression when compared to CA. ERβ and IGF2 were found to be upregulated in our TNBC cell lines when compared to other cell types. TNBC cells treated with ERβ agonist displayed significant increase in cell proliferation and migration when compared to controls. AA tissue samples from TNBC patients had higher expression of ERβ. African-American breast cancer TNBC tissue samples from TNBC patients have higher expression of ERβ. In addition, TNBC cell lines were also found to express high levels of ERβ. IGF2 increased transcription of ERβ in TNBC cells. Understanding the mechanisms of IGF2/ERβ axis in TNBC tumors could provide an opportunity to target this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
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18
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Boonyaratanakornkit V, Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán DC, Pateetin P, McGowan EM, Pietras RJ. Extranuclear signaling by sex steroid receptors and clinical implications in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:51-72. [PMID: 29146555 PMCID: PMC5878997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone play essential roles in the development and progression of breast cancer. Over 70% of breast cancers express estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), emphasizing the need for better understanding of ER and PR signaling. ER and PR are traditionally viewed as transcription factors that directly bind DNA to regulate gene networks. In addition to nuclear signaling, ER and PR mediate hormone-induced, rapid extranuclear signaling at the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm which triggers downstream signaling to regulate rapid or extended cellular responses. Specialized membrane and cytoplasmic proteins may also initiate hormone-induced extranuclear signaling. Rapid extranuclear signaling converges with its nuclear counterpart to amplify ER/PR transcription and specify gene regulatory networks. This review summarizes current understanding and updates on ER and PR extranuclear signaling. Further investigation of ER/PR extranuclear signaling may lead to development of novel targeted therapeutics for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Diana C Márquez-Garbán
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Prangwan Pateetin
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- Chronic Disease Solutions Team, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Antunes IF, Willemsen AT, Sijbesma JW, Boerema AS, van Waarde A, Glaudemans AW, Dierckx RA, de Vries EG, Hospers GA, de Vries EF. In Vivo Quantification of ERβ Expression by Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Studies with 18F-FHNP PET. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1743-1748. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.192666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Elebro K, Borgquist S, Rosendahl AH, Markkula A, Simonsson M, Jirström K, Rose C, Ingvar C, Jernström H. High Estrogen Receptor β Expression Is Prognostic among Adjuvant Chemotherapy-Treated Patients-Results from a Population-Based Breast Cancer Cohort. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:766-777. [PMID: 27810901 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Isoform-specific tumor estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression may hold prognostic information in breast cancer, especially among endocrine-treated breast cancer patients. The study's purpose was to evaluate ERβ isoform 1 (ERβ1) expression in relation to tumor characteristics, ESR2 genotypes, and prognosis in different treatment groups. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A population-based prospective cohort of 1,026 patients diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer in Lund, Sweden, between October 2002 and June 2012 was followed until June 2014 (median 5 years). Associations between immunohistochemical ERβ1 expression, patient and tumor characteristics, as well as outcome within treatment groups were analyzed. RESULTS Tumor ERβ1 expression was available for 911 patients (89%) and was not associated with ESR2 genotypes. ERβ1 positivity, defined as >75% (ERβ175+, 72.7%), was positively associated with established favorable tumor characteristics. Overall, ERβ175+ was associated with lower risk of breast cancer events [HRadj = 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41-0.89]. The magnitude of the association was larger in patients with ERα- tumors (HRadj = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12-0.76), compared with ERα+ tumors (HRadj = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42-1.03). Among the 232 chemotherapy-treated patients, ERβ175+ tumors were associated with lower risk of breast cancer events compared with ERβ175- tumors (HRadj = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15-0.64). Among the 671 chemonaïve patients, ERβ175 status was not associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS High ERβ1 expression was a favorable prognostic marker in this breast cancer cohort, especially in chemotherapy-treated patients, but not in endocrine therapy-treated patients. These results warrant confirmation, preferably via a biomarker study in a previously conducted randomized trial. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 766-77. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Elebro
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Ann H Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Markkula
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Simonsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carsten Rose
- CREATE Health and Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, and Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Tamoxifen Resistance: Emerging Molecular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081357. [PMID: 27548161 PMCID: PMC5000752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of breast cancer. As a result, blockade of the E2 signal through either tamoxifen (TAM) or aromatase inhibitors is an important therapeutic strategy to treat or prevent estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. However, resistance to TAM is the major obstacle in endocrine therapy. This resistance occurs either de novo or is acquired after an initial beneficial response. The underlying mechanisms for TAM resistance are probably multifactorial and remain largely unknown. Considering that breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease and patients respond differently to treatment, the molecular analysis of TAM’s biological activity could provide the necessary framework to understand the complex effects of this drug in target cells. Moreover, this could explain, at least in part, the development of resistance and indicate an optimal therapeutic option. This review highlights the implications of TAM in breast cancer as well as the role of receptors/signal pathways recently suggested to be involved in the development of TAM resistance. G protein—coupled estrogen receptor, Androgen Receptor and Hedgehog signaling pathways are emerging as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators for breast cancer, based on their ability to mediate estrogenic signaling in ERα-positive or -negative breast cancer.
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Potential role of targeted therapies in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:147-55. [PMID: 26682525 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type that affects women and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype and accounts for 10-20% of all breast cancer cases. TNBC is commonly characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and the Her2/neu receptor and is usually diagnosed by immunohistochemistry. Mutations in the BRCA1 gene, as well as overexpression of oncogenic kinases, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/IGF-1 receptor, and transforming growth factor-β1, have been found to be correlated with a higher risk of metastasis and poor overall survival in TNBC patients. The current review briefly discusses the various treatment options including chemotherapeutics and targeted therapies that are available currently for the therapy of TNBC patients and highlights their comparative benefits and disadvantages for clinical application.
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Obeid JP, Zafar N, El Hokayem J. Steroid Hormone Receptor Coregulators in Endocrine Cancers. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:504-15. [PMID: 27240871 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coregulators span a broad and extensive domain in modulating cellular transcriptional activity. Studies have established a dynamic role for such coregulators in various endocrine cancers. Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) play a pivotal role in such endocrine cancers, and interact abundantly with transcriptional coregulators in altering gene expression. Several families of coregulators have implications in propagating the development, progression and invasion of breast, prostate, and other hormone-responsive cancers. This mini-review aims to discuss different classes of coregulators involved in endocrine cancers and highlight unique information regarding each family with relevance to mechanism, intervention, and novel directions being investigated. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(7):504-515, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Obeid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nawal Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jimmy El Hokayem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
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Manna S, Bostner J, Sun Y, Miller LD, Alayev A, Schwartz NS, Lager E, Fornander T, Nordenskjöld B, Yu JJ, Stål O, Holz MK. ERRα Is a Marker of Tamoxifen Response and Survival in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1421-31. [PMID: 26542058 PMCID: PMC4794381 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) signaling has recently been implicated in breast cancer. We investigated the clinical value of ERRα in randomized cohorts of tamoxifen-treated and adjuvant-untreated patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the significance of associations between ERRα gene expression levels and patient DMFS in a previously published microarray dataset representing 2,000 breast tumor cases derived from multiple medical centers worldwide. The 912 tumors used for immunostaining were from a tamoxifen-randomized primary breast cancer trial conducted in Stockholm, Sweden, during 1976-1990. Mouse model was used to study the effect of tamoxifen treatment on lung colonization of MDA-MB-231 control cells and MDA-MB-231 cells with stable knockdown of ERRα. The phenotypic effects associated with ERRα modulation were studied using immunoblotting analyses and wound-healing assay. RESULTS We found that in ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) adjuvant-untreated patients, ERRα expression indicated worse prognosis and correlated with poor outcome predictors. However, in tamoxifen-treated patients, an improved outcome was observed with high ERRα gene and protein expression. Reduced ERRα expression was oncogenic in the presence of tamoxifen, measured by in vitro proliferation and migration assays and in vivo metastasis studies. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that ERRα expression predicts response to tamoxifen treatment, and ERRα could be a biomarker of tamoxifen sensitivity and a prognostic factor in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Manna
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University; New York, New York
| | - Josefine Bostner
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lance D Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anya Alayev
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University; New York, New York
| | - Naomi S Schwartz
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University; New York, New York
| | - Elin Lager
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tommy Fornander
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Nordenskjöld
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jane J Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marina K Holz
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University; New York, New York. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York. Albert Einstein Cancer Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, New York.
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Impact of estrogen receptor-β expression on breast cancer prognosis: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:149-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator and is mainly indicated for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and postsurgery neoadjuvant therapy in ER-positive breast cancers. Interestingly, 5–10% of the ER-negative breast cancers have also shown sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. The involvement of molecular markers and/or signaling pathways independent of ER signaling has been implicated in tamoxifen sensitivity in the ER-negative subgroup. Studies reveal that variation in the expression of estrogen-related receptor alpha, ER subtype beta, tumor microenvironment, and epigenetics affects tamoxifen sensitivity. This review discusses the background of the research on the action of tamoxifen that may inspire future studies to explore effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancers, the latter being an aggressive disease with worse clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Manna
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina K Holz
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou KA, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting Androgen/Estrogen Receptors Crosstalk in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2015; 2:35-48. [PMID: 28741499 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The actions of estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. Recent genomic landscaping of ERα- and ERβ-binding sites has revealed important distinctions regarding their transcriptional activity. ERβ and its isoforms have been correlated with endocrine treatment responsiveness in breast tumors, while post-translational modifications, receptor dimerization patterns, and subcellular localization are increasingly recognized as crucial modulators in prostate carcinogenesis. Androgen receptor (AR) is essential for the development and progression of prostate cancer as well as of certain breast cancer types. The balance between the activity of these two hormone receptors and their molecular interactions in different clinical settings is influenced by several coregulators. This comprises a dynamic regulatory network enhancing or limiting the activity of AR-directed treatments in breast and prostate tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the molecular background regarding the therapeutic targeting of androgen/estrogen receptor crosstalk in breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Hieken TJ, Carter JM, Hawse JR, Hoskin TL, Bois M, Frost M, Hartmann LC, Radisky DC, Visscher DW, Degnim AC. ERβ expression and breast cancer risk prediction for women with atypias. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1084-92. [PMID: 26276747 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) β is highly expressed in normal breast epithelium and a putative tumor suppressor. Atypical hyperplasia substantially increases breast cancer risk, but identification of biomarkers to further improve risk stratification is needed. We evaluated ERβ expression in breast tissues from women with atypical hyperplasia and association with subsequent breast cancer risk. ERβ expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in a well-characterized 171-women cohort with atypical hyperplasia diagnosed 1967-1991. Nuclear ERβ percent and intensity was scored in the atypia and adjacent normal lobules. An ERβ sum score (percent + intensity) was calculated and grouped as low, moderate, or high. Competing risks regression was used to assess associations of ERβ expression with breast cancer risk. After 15-year median follow-up, 36 women developed breast cancer. ERβ expression was lower in atypia lobules in than normal lobules, by percent staining and intensity (both P < 0.001). Higher ERβ expression in the atypia or normal lobules, evaluated by percent staining, intensity or sum score, decreased the risk of subsequent breast cancer by 2-fold (P = 0.04) and 2.5-fold (P = 0.006). High normal lobule ERβ expression conferred the strongest protective effect in premenopausal women: the 20-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer was 0% for women younger than 45 years with high versus 31% for low-moderate ERβ expression (P = 0.0008). High ERβ expression was associated with a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer in women with atypical hyperplasia. These data suggest that ERβ may be a useful biomarker for risk stratification and a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina J Hieken
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Jodi M Carter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tanya L Hoskin
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Melanie Bois
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marlene Frost
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amy C Degnim
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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van Kruchten M, van der Marel P, de Munck L, Hollema H, Arts H, Timmer-Bosscha H, de Vries E, Hospers G, Reyners A. Hormone receptors as a marker of poor survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138:634-9. [PMID: 26115976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α and β (ERα, ERβ), and progesterone receptor (PR) are potential therapeutic targets in epithelial ovarian cancer. In this study we evaluate the prognostic value of these hormone receptors in ovarian cancer patients. METHODS In a prospective multicenter randomized controlled phase II trial 196 ovarian cancer patients were randomized to carboplatin/docetaxel±celecoxib. Of 121 patients sufficient tumor tissue was available for hormone receptor analysis. Tissue micro-arrays were stained for AR, ERα, ERβ, and PR. Cluster analysis was performed to identify subgroups based on hormone receptor expression profile. Receptor expression was correlated to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in uni- and multivariate analysis. RESULTS AR, ERα, ERβ, and PR were expressed in respectively 10%, 31%, 73%, and 19%. In patients with synchronous metastasis tissue available (n=69 patients), discordant receptor expression was observed in 9-32%. ERβ-expression was associated with poor PFS and OS (hazard ratios 1.88 and 1.92). Clustering analysis revealed a subgroup with hormone receptor negative disease that had a favorable PFS and OS. CONCLUSION Hormone receptors are expressed in the majority of ovarian cancer tumors and may serve as therapeutic targets. Clustering analysis can reveal subgroups with different outcome, which may prove valuable in selecting patients for endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel van Kruchten
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline van der Marel
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda de Munck
- Department of Registration and Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette Arts
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Timmer-Bosscha
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geke Hospers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Reyners
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wang J, Zhang C, Chen K, Tang H, Tang J, Song C, Xie X. ERβ1 inversely correlates with PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway and predicts a favorable prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 152:255-69. [PMID: 26070269 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-established role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in breast cancer, the significance of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) remains controversial, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We sought to investigate the clinical importance of wild-type ERβ (ERβ1) in TNBC based on a large population, and to explore the potential molecular pathways involved in. A total of 571 patients with invasive TNBC undergoing curative surgery were included in this study. Immunohistochemical staining for ERβ1, pAKT, PTEN, pERK, β-catenin, EGFR, p53, and E-cadherin was performed on tissue microarrays. Prognostic determinants for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), as well as the risk factors for distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and locoregional recurrence-free survival, were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses. Overexpression of ERβ1 was detected in 30.4% of tumor samples. Patients with ERβ1 tended to be postmenopausal, and less likely to develop lymphatic metastasis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ERβ1 predicted a better OS, DFS, and DMFS independently. Regarding other biomarkers, only pAKT was identified as an independent negative predictor for survival. Additionally, ERβ1 expression was inversely associated with pAKT and the loss of PTEN. Notably, further survival analysis according to status of ERβ1/pAKT indicated that ERβ1(+)/pAKT(-) predicted the most favorable prognosis for TNBC. On the contrary, ERβ1(-)/pAKT(+) was associated with the worst outcomes. In summary, our findings indicate that ERβ1 independently predicts a better prognosis for TNBC and potentially interacts with the PTEN/PI3K/pAKT pathway. The role of ERβ1-specific agonists combined with the inhibitors of pAKT merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510060, China,
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Biologic roles of estrogen receptor-β and insulin-like growth factor-2 in triple-negative breast cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:925703. [PMID: 25874233 PMCID: PMC4385615 DOI: 10.1155/2015/925703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurs in 10–15% of patients yet accounts for almost half of all breast cancer deaths. TNBCs lack expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER-2 overexpression and cannot be treated
with current targeted therapies. TNBCs often occur in African American and younger women. Although initially responsive to some chemotherapies, TNBCs tend to relapse and metastasize. Thus, it is critical to find new therapeutic targets. A second ER gene product, termed ERβ, in the absence of ERα may be such a target. Using human TNBC specimens with known clinical outcomes to assess ERβ expression, we find that ERβ1 associates with significantly worse 5-year overall survival. Further, a panel of TNBC cell lines exhibit significant levels of ERβ protein. To assess ERβ effects on proliferation, ERβ expression in TNBC cells was silenced using shRNA, resulting in a significant reduction in TNBC proliferation. ERβ-specific antagonists similarly suppressed TNBC growth. Growth-stimulating effects of ERβ may be due in part to downstream actions that promote VEGF, amphiregulin, and Wnt-10b secretion, other factors associated with tumor promotion. In vivo, insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), along with ERβ1, is significantly expressed in TNBC and stimulates high ERβ mRNA in TNBC cells. This work may help elucidate the interplay of metabolic and growth factors in TNBC.
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Murray JI, West NR, Murphy LC, Watson PH. Intratumoural inflammation and endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R51-67. [PMID: 25404688 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that inflammation-associated mechanisms can affect progression of breast cancer and modulate responses to treatment. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα (ESR1)) is the principal biomarker and therapeutic target for endocrine therapies in breast cancer. Over 70% of patients are ESR1-positive at diagnosis and are candidates for endocrine therapy. However, ESR1-positive tumours can become resistant to endocrine therapy. Multiple mechanisms of endocrine resistance have been proposed, including suppression of ESR1. This review discusses the relationship between intratumoural inflammation and endocrine resistance with a particular focus on inflammation-mediated suppression of ESR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill I Murray
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan R West
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter H Watson
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán D, Mah V, Elshimali Y, Elashoff D, Garon E, Vadgama J, Pietras R. Estrogen Receptor-β and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:373-90. [PMID: 27279236 PMCID: PMC5495464 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v20.i5-6.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) lack estrogen receptor-α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) amplification and account for almost half of all breast cancer deaths. This breast cancer subtype largely affects women who are premenopausal, African-American, or have BRCA1/2 mutations. Women with TNBC are plagued with higher rates of distant metastasis that significantly diminish their overall survival and quality of life. Due to their poor response to chemotherapy, patients with TNBC would significantly benefit from development of new targeted therapeutics. Research suggests that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family and estrogen receptor beta-1 (ERβ1), due to their roles in metabolism and cellular regulation, might be attractive targets to pursue for TNBC management. Here, we review the current state of the science addressing the roles of ERβ1 and the IGF family in TNBC. Further, the potential benefit of metformin treatment in patients with TNBC as well as areas of therapeutic potential in the IGF-ERβ1 pathway are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Diana Márquez-Garbán
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yayha Elshimali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles Drew University School of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Elashoff
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Edward Garon
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jaydutt Vadgama
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles Drew University School of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Reese JM, Suman VJ, Subramaniam M, Wu X, Negron V, Gingery A, Pitel KS, Shah SS, Cunliffe HE, McCullough AE, Pockaj BA, Couch FJ, Olson JE, Reynolds C, Lingle WL, Spelsberg TC, Goetz MP, Ingle JN, Hawse JR. ERβ1: characterization, prognosis, and evaluation of treatment strategies in ERα-positive and -negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:749. [PMID: 25288324 PMCID: PMC4196114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role and clinical value of ERβ1 expression is controversial and recent data demonstrates that many ERβ antibodies are insensitive and/or non-specific. Therefore, we sought to comprehensively characterize ERβ1 expression across all sub-types of breast cancer using a validated antibody and determine the roles of this receptor in mediating response to multiple forms of endocrine therapy both in the presence and absence of ERα expression. METHODS Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression patterns of ERβ1 were analyzed in three patient cohorts, including a retrospective analysis of a prospective adjuvant tamoxifen study and a triple negative breast cancer cohort. To investigate the utility of therapeutically targeting ERβ1, we generated multiple ERβ1 expressing cell model systems and determined their proliferative responses following anti-estrogenic or ERβ-specific agonist exposure. RESULTS Nuclear ERβ1 was shown to be expressed across all major sub-types of breast cancer, including 25% of triple negative breast cancers and 33% of ER-positive tumors, and was associated with significantly improved outcomes in ERα-positive tamoxifen-treated patients. In agreement with these observations, ERβ1 expression sensitized ERα-positive breast cancer cells to the anti-cancer effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). However, in the absence of ERα expression, ERβ-specific agonists potently inhibited cell proliferation rates while anti-estrogenic therapies were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS Using a validated antibody, we have confirmed that nuclear ERβ1 expression is commonly present in breast cancer and is prognostic in tamoxifen-treated patients. Using multiple breast cancer cell lines, ERβ appears to be a novel therapeutic target. However, the efficacy of SERMs and ERβ-specific agonists differ as a function of ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 16-01B Guggenheim Building, 200 First St, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Pinton G, Manente AG, Daga A, Cilli M, Rinaldi M, Nilsson S, Moro L. Agonist activation of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) sensitizes malignant pleural mesothelioma cells to cisplatin cytotoxicity. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:227. [PMID: 25277603 PMCID: PMC4197308 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor (ER) β acts as a tumor suppressor in malignant mesotheliomas. Methods Here we explored the anti-proliferative and anti-tumorigenic efficacy of the selective ERβ agonist, KB9520, in human mesothelioma cell lines in vitro and in a mesothelioma mouse model in vivo. Results KB9520 showed significant anti-proliferative effect in ERβ positive human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells in vitro. Selective activation of ERβ with KB9520 sensitized the cells to treatment with cisplatin, resulting in enhanced growth inhibition and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, in CD1 nude mice mesothelioma tumor growth was significantly inhibited when KB9520 was added on top of the standard of care chemo combination cisplatin/pemetrexed, as compared to the cisplatin/pemetrexed alone group. Importantly, KB9520 exerted a protective effect to cisplatin toxicity in the non-malignant mesothelium derived MET5A cells. Conclusions Together, the data presented suggest that selective targeting of ERβ may be an efficacious stand-alone treatment option and/or become an important add-on to existing malignant mesothelioma therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-227) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Moro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A, Avogadro", Lgo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Differential expression of estrogen receptor α, β1, and β2 in lobular and ductal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1933-8. [PMID: 24449868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323719111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of estrogen receptor (ER) α as a target in treatment of breast cancer is clear, but those of ERβ1 and ERβ2 in the breast remain unclear. We have examined expression of all three receptors in surgically excised breast samples from two archives: (i): 187 invasive ductal breast cancer from a Japanese study; and (ii) 20 lobular and 24 ductal cancers from the Imperial College. Samples contained normal areas, areas of hyperplasia, and in situ and invasive cancer. In the normal areas, ERα was expressed in not more than 10% of epithelium, whereas approximately 80% of epithelial cells expressed ERβ. We found that whereas ductal cancer is a highly proliferative, ERα-positive, ERβ-negative disease, lobular cancer expresses both ERα and ERβ but with very few Ki67-positive cells. ERβ2 was expressed in 32% of the ductal cancers, of which 83% were postmenopausal. In all ERβ2-positive cancers the interductal space was filled with dense collagen, and cell nuclei expressed hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. ERβ2 expression was not confined to malignant cells but was strong in stromal, immune, and endothelial cells. In most of the high-grade invasive ductal cancers neither ERα nor ERβ was expressed, but in the high-grade lobular cancer ERβ was lost and ERα and Ki67 expression were abundant. The data show a clear difference in ER expression between lobular and ductal breast cancer and suggest (i) that tamoxifen may be more effective in late than in early lobular cancer and (ii) a potential role for ERβ agonists in preventing in situ ductal cancers from becoming invasive.
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Hilton JF, Bouganim N, Dong B, Chapman JW, Arnaout A, O'Malley F, Gelmon KA, Yerushalmi R, Levine MN, Bramwell VHC, Whelan TJ, Pritchard KI, Shepherd LE, Clemons M. Do alternative methods of measuring tumor size, including consideration of multicentric/multifocal disease, enhance prognostic information beyond TNM staging in women with early stage breast cancer: an analysis of the NCIC CTG MA.5 and MA.12 clinical trials. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:143-51. [PMID: 24113743 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The AJCC staging criteria consider tumor size to be the largest dimension of largest tumor. Some case series suggest using summation of all tumor dimensions in patients with multicentric/multifocal (MC/MF) disease. We used data from NCIC CTG MA.5 and MA.12 clinical trials to examine alternative methods of assessing tumor size on breast-cancer-free-interval (BCFI). The 710 MA.5 pre-/peri-menopausal node positive and 672 MA.12 pre-menopausal node-negative/-positive patients have 10-year median follow-up. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Tumors were centrally reviewed for grade, hormone receptor, and HER2 status. Continuous pathologic tumor size was: (1) largest dimension of largest tumor (cm); (2) tumor area (cm(2)); (3) volume of tumor (cm(3)); (4) with MC/MF disease, summation of (1)-(3) for up to 3 foci. We examined univariate and multivariate effects of tumor size on BCFI utilizing (un)stratified Cox regression and the Wald test statistic. In univariate analysis, larger tumor dimension was significantly associated with worse BFCI in node positive patients: p < 0.0001 for MA.5; p = 0.01 for MA.12. In MA.5 multivariate analysis, larger summation of largest tumor dimensions was associated with worse BCFI (p = 0.0003), while larger single dimension was associated with worse BCFI (p = 0.02) for MA.12. Presence of MC/MF and other tumor size measurements were not associated (p > 0.05) with BFCI. While physicians could consider the largest diameter of the largest focus of disease or the sum of the largest diameters of all foci in their T-stage determination, it appears that the current method of T-staging offers equivalent determinations of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hilton
- NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Eccles SA, Aboagye EO, Ali S, Anderson AS, Armes J, Berditchevski F, Blaydes JP, Brennan K, Brown NJ, Bryant HE, Bundred NJ, Burchell JM, Campbell AM, Carroll JS, Clarke RB, Coles CE, Cook GJR, Cox A, Curtin NJ, Dekker LV, dos Santos Silva I, Duffy SW, Easton DF, Eccles DM, Edwards DR, Edwards J, Evans DG, Fenlon DF, Flanagan JM, Foster C, Gallagher WM, Garcia-Closas M, Gee JMW, Gescher AJ, Goh V, Groves AM, Harvey AJ, Harvie M, Hennessy BT, Hiscox S, Holen I, Howell SJ, Howell A, Hubbard G, Hulbert-Williams N, Hunter MS, Jasani B, Jones LJ, Key TJ, Kirwan CC, Kong A, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Leach MO, Mann DJ, Marshall JF, Martin LA, Martin SG, Macdougall JE, Miles DW, Miller WR, Morris JR, Moss SM, Mullan P, Natrajan R, O’Connor JPB, O’Connor R, Palmieri C, Pharoah PDP, Rakha EA, Reed E, Robinson SP, Sahai E, Saxton JM, Schmid P, Smalley MJ, Speirs V, Stein R, Stingl J, Streuli CH, Tutt ANJ, Velikova G, Walker RA, Watson CJ, Williams KJ, Young LS, Thompson AM. Critical research gaps and translational priorities for the successful prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R92. [PMID: 24286369 PMCID: PMC3907091 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer remains a significant scientific, clinical and societal challenge. This gap analysis has reviewed and critically assessed enduring issues and new challenges emerging from recent research, and proposes strategies for translating solutions into practice. METHODS More than 100 internationally recognised specialist breast cancer scientists, clinicians and healthcare professionals collaborated to address nine thematic areas: genetics, epigenetics and epidemiology; molecular pathology and cell biology; hormonal influences and endocrine therapy; imaging, detection and screening; current/novel therapies and biomarkers; drug resistance; metastasis, angiogenesis, circulating tumour cells, cancer 'stem' cells; risk and prevention; living with and managing breast cancer and its treatment. The groups developed summary papers through an iterative process which, following further appraisal from experts and patients, were melded into this summary account. RESULTS The 10 major gaps identified were: (1) understanding the functions and contextual interactions of genetic and epigenetic changes in normal breast development and during malignant transformation; (2) how to implement sustainable lifestyle changes (diet, exercise and weight) and chemopreventive strategies; (3) the need for tailored screening approaches including clinically actionable tests; (4) enhancing knowledge of molecular drivers behind breast cancer subtypes, progression and metastasis; (5) understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumour heterogeneity, dormancy, de novo or acquired resistance and how to target key nodes in these dynamic processes; (6) developing validated markers for chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity; (7) understanding the optimal duration, sequencing and rational combinations of treatment for improved personalised therapy; (8) validating multimodality imaging biomarkers for minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring of responses in primary and metastatic disease; (9) developing interventions and support to improve the survivorship experience; (10) a continuing need for clinical material for translational research derived from normal breast, blood, primary, relapsed, metastatic and drug-resistant cancers with expert bioinformatics support to maximise its utility. The proposed infrastructural enablers include enhanced resources to support clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo tumour models; improved access to appropriate, fully annotated clinical samples; extended biomarker discovery, validation and standardisation; and facilitated cross-discipline working. CONCLUSIONS With resources to conduct further high-quality targeted research focusing on the gaps identified, increased knowledge translating into improved clinical care should be achievable within five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Jo Armes
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicola J Brown
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Charlotte E Coles
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gary JR Cook
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen W Duffy
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Diana M Eccles
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Deborah F Fenlon
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Claire Foster
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | | | - Julia M W Gee
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andy J Gescher
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 4RH, UK
| | - Vicky Goh
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ashley M Groves
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Michelle Harvie
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Ingunn Holen
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bharat Jasani
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Kong
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Martin O Leach
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - David J Mann
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lesley Ann Martin
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sue M Moss
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paul Mullan
- Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Rachel Natrajan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | | | | | - Carlo Palmieri
- The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Princess Alice Hospice, West End Lane, Esher KT10 8NA, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peter Schmid
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9PX, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Stein
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine J Watson
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leonie S Young
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Madeira M, Mattar A, Logullo AF, Soares FA, Gebrim LH. Estrogen receptor alpha/beta ratio and estrogen receptor beta as predictors of endocrine therapy responsiveness-a randomized neoadjuvant trial comparison between anastrozole and tamoxifen for the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:425. [PMID: 24047421 PMCID: PMC3851532 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) in breast cancer (BC) remains unclear. Some studies have suggested that ER-β may oppose the actions of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), and clinical evidence has indicated that the loss of ER-β expression is associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to endocrine therapy. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of ER-β and the ER-α/ER-β ratio in predicting the response to endocrine therapy and whether different regimens have any effect on ER-β expression levels. METHODS Ninety postmenopausal patients with primary BC were recruited for a short-term double-blinded randomized prospective controlled study. To determine tumor cell proliferation, we measured the expression of Ki67 in tumor biopsy samples taken before and after 26 days of treatment with anastrozole 1 mg/day (N = 25), tamoxifen 20 mg/day (N = 24) or placebo (N = 29) of 78 participants. The pre- and post-samples were placed in tissue microarray blocks and submitted for immunohistochemical assay. Biomarker statuses (ER-β, ER-α and Ki67) were obtained by comparing each immunohistochemical evaluation of the pre- and post-surgery samples using the semi-quantitative Allred's method. Statistical analyses were performed using an ANOVA and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests, with significance at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The frequency of ER-β expression did not change after treatment (p = 0.33). There were no significant changes in Ki67 levels in ER-β-negative cases (p = 0.45), but in the ER-β-positive cases, the anastrozole (p = 0.01) and tamoxifen groups (p = 0.04) presented a significant reduction in post-treatment Ki67 scores. There was a weak but positive correlation between the ER-α and ER-β expression levels. Only patients with an ER-α/ER-β expression ratio between 1 and 1.5 demonstrated significant differences in Ki67 levels after treatment with anastrozole (p = 0.005) and tamoxifen (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide additional data that indicate that the measurement of ER-β in BC patients may help predict tamoxifen and anastrozole responsiveness in the neoadjuvant setting. These effects of hormonal treatment appear to be dependent on the ratio of ER-α/ER-β expression. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN89801719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Madeira
- Senology Discipline, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Sao Paulo-UNIFESP, R, Botucatu, 740, 04023-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Steroid receptor RNA activator protein (SRAP) expression as a prognostic factor in ER+ human breast tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1637-47. [PMID: 23907597 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The steroid receptor RNA activator protein (SRAP) is a newly described protein modulating the activity of multiple transcription factors including the estrogen receptor (ER). We have recently reported the immunodetection by Western blot of multiple SRAP peptides in breast tissue. High expression of these peptides, assessed by tissue micro-array (TMA) analysis, was associated with poor prognosis in patients whose primary tumors were ER positive (ER+). In such studies, it is recognized that intensity as well as specificity of the signal detected directly depends upon the antibody used as well as the position of the epitope recognized. To confirm the potential relevance of SRAP as a new prognostic factor, it is critical to establish whether similar results are obtained with independent antibodies. METHODS Two commercial anti-SRAP antibodies (742A and 743A), respectively, recognizing the N- and C-terminal extremity of the protein, were first used to analyze by Western blot SRAP expression in protein extracts from frozen breast tumor tissue sections. These antibodies were further used to investigate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) SRAP location in paraffin-embedded breast tumors. Comparative TMA analysis of 170 ER+ tumors was eventually performed in order to establish the potential associations existing between SRAP expression and clinical outcome. RESULTS Multiple SRAP peptides were differentially detected by Western blot. Both antibodies led to similar nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in breast tissue section. A solid correlation was found (Spearman r = 0.46, P < 0.001) between 742A and 743A IHC scores. Results from both antibodies independently showed that dividing expression levels into lower 25 percentile, 26-75 percentile, and highest 25 percentile demonstrated a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.82 (P = 0.0042) for 742A antibody and 1.35 (P = 0.14) for 743A antibody. When both scores are combined, double high expressor (by 742A and 743A) was associated with a poor prognosis of breast-cancer-specific survival (Mantel-Cox: P = 0.005, HR = 2.24). CONCLUSION Overall, our data suggest the existence in breast tumor tissue of multiple SRAP-like peptides. Assessing their expression in primary breast tumors can predict clinical outcome in ER+ breast cancer patients.
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Abstract
Hormonal therapy for breast cancer is the first targeted therapy used in any type of cancer. It was used successfully without a known target for more than 50 years before Jensen described the oestrogen receptor (ER) in the 1960s. Subsequently, it was found that endocrine therapy was effective only in those patients whose tumours expressed the ER; more recently, it has been recognized that this therapy can also be effective in some patients whose tumours are ERα-negative but ERβ-positive. However, in spite of the ER being present, many tumours develop either primary or secondary resistance to various endocrine approaches. ER-containing tumours may also be classified by molecular markers as luminal A (highly hormone responsive) or luminal B (high degree of proliferation and less hormone responsiveness). Furthermore, the expression of ER, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) may change over time as tumours metastasize and progress. The addition of anti-HER2 agents such as trastuzumab and lapatinib to hormonal therapies has improved outcomes but it is unclear whether these approaches are additive or synergistic. Now, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are being successfully used in similar scenarios but once again it is unclear whether the effect of this combination therapy is synergistic; however, mTOR inhibitors produce little response as single agents. In particular, the addition of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus has improved disease-free and overall survival in randomized studies in metastatic disease when added either to an aromatase inhibitor or to tamoxifen. To date, however, no specific biomarkers for the use of everolimus have been reported. Further studies are needed to identify and validate targets of therapy in endocrine-responsive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Pritchard
- Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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