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Tao L, Tao K, Li Q, Zhang Y, Hu X, Luo Y, Li L. Pollination Syndrome, Florivory, and Breeding System of Satyrium nepalense var. ciliatum (Orchidaceae) in Central Yunnan, China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1228. [PMID: 38732443 PMCID: PMC11085663 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Research on Satyrium nepalense var. ciliatum (Lindl.) Hook. f. has primarily focused on populations in Northwestern Yunnan, with limited studies on pollination syndromes and insect behavior. In addition, it is geographically limited in its breeding system studies. Here, pollination syndromes, florivory, and breeding systems of S. nepalense var. ciliatum from Liangwang Mountain (Central Yunnan, China) were investigated through field work, microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and parafin section. It was revealed that the pollination syndrome was possessing out-crossing, such as bright color, a developed rostellum, nectar glands in the spur, and food hairs at the lip base. The color and nectar attracted flower visitors, and florivory was observed. Some flower visitors pollinated their companion species. Ants were identified as floral visitors for the first time in Satyrium, although substantial pollination was not observed. Ants might be potential pollinators. S. nepalense var. ciliatum possessed a mixed breeding system, including selfing, out-crossing, and apomixis, with apomixis being predominant in nature. It is suggested that the pollination syndrome, florivory, and pollination competition would contribute to its mixed breeding systems, particularly leading to the occurrence of apomixis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (L.T.); (K.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- College of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Kaifeng Tao
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (L.T.); (K.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Qingqing Li
- College of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;
- Kunming Xianghao Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650204, China
| | - Yingduo Zhang
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (L.T.); (K.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- College of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Xiangke Hu
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (L.T.); (K.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Yan Luo
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (L.T.); (K.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
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Purgina C, Ulrich S, Weber M, Grímsson F. Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Selected Epidendroideae Pollen Dispersal Units and New Insights into Their Chemical Nature. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1114. [PMID: 38674523 PMCID: PMC11053828 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Orchidaceae display enormous diversity in their flower morphology, which is particularly evident in their pollen dispersal units (pollinia, pollinaria). The packaging of pollen by elastoviscin leads to a great diversity of these morphologically and structurally complex pollen units. Despite being one of the most diverse angiosperm families, the available palynological data on orchids remain limited and sometimes contradicting. This study provides new insights into the pollen morphology and ultrastructure of five orchid species from the subfamily Epidendroideae, using combined light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The aim was to compare the morphology and ultrastructure of pollen dispersal units and to elucidate the chemical nature of the pollen wall layers and of elastoviscin. Our combined light and electron microscopy investigation demonstrated the presence of six tetrad types even within a single pollinium, which is unique for orchids. The application of different staining methods confirmed the assumed lipidic nature of elastoviscin and the differences in its contrast and ultrastructure suggest a mixture of sticky materials with dissimilar chemical compositions. This study affirmed that sporopollenin is mostly restricted to the outer pollen grains of peripheral tetrads in compact and sectile pollinia, while inner tetrads exhibit highly reduced non-sporopollenin pollen walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Purgina
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (M.W.)
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (M.W.)
- Department of Historical Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Weber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (M.W.)
| | - Friðgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (M.W.)
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Shekoufeh A, Hassanali A, Nazanin SJ, Mohammad Aref B, Jamileh S, Amirashkan M, Hossein KJ. Effect of High Doses of Salep Aqueous Extract on Serum Levels of Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, Uric Acid, and Kidney Histopathological Changes in Adult Male Wistar Rats. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1451-1461. [PMID: 38590684 PMCID: PMC10998936 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2023.78.5.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Kidneys are critical in the clearance and maintenance of active metabolites. One of the medical properties of Salep is treating bladder and kidney inflammation. Due to the widespread use of Salep in traditional medicine and the food industry, and since the effects of Salep on kidney function have not been studied, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of Salep on kidney function. In this experimental study, 48 male rats were divided randomly into six groups as control, sham, and four experimental groups receiving different doses of Salep intraperitoneally (80, 160, 320, and 640 mg/kg). On day 29, after weighing the animals, blood samples were taken from the heart, and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine were analyzed and compared in different groups. All the animal's kidneys were exposed after dissection, and tissue sections were prepared for histopathological evaluation. From day 28 to 29, rats were kept in metabolic cages to collect urine samples and measure water intake and urine volume. The serum concentration of BUN and uric acid in the groups receiving Salep at all doses decreased non-significantly compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant reduction was seen in creatinine serum levels in groups receiving 320 and 640 mg/kg of Salep extract (P<0.05). No evidence of damage to renal tissue was observed in this study. In conclusion, Salep could decrease serum BUN, uric acid, and creatinine levels due to its antioxidant properties and had no devastating effect on kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atashpour Shekoufeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Research center for non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Abedi Hassanali
- Research center for non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Zoonoses research center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Shafiei Jahromi Nazanin
- Department of nursing, Firoozababd Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Firoozababd, Iran
| | | | - Saremi Jamileh
- Research center for non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Zoonoses research center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mahjour Amirashkan
- Department of Pathobiology, Kazeroun branch.Isalamic azad university, Kazeroun, Iran
| | - Kargar Jahromi Hossein
- Research center for non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Zoonoses research center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Kuang YF, Jia RZ, Balslev H, Liao JP. Ontogeny of the pollinium in Hoya carnosa provides new insights into microsporogenesis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023; 36:193-211. [PMID: 36763160 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a pollinium is a distinct character in Apocynaceae which is important for phylogenetic analysis. The pollinium of Hoya has an outer sporopollenin wall and a pellucid margin which are adaptive features. However, their ontogeny and related evolutionary implications are not entirely understood. Therefore, a representative species Hoya carnosa was selected to investigate the pollinium development using light and electron microscopy and cytochemical tests. In contrast to the microsporogenesis in most angiosperms, which is associated with callose, the non-callosic intersporal walls in Hoya carnosa, together with the successive cytokinesis and linear form of the tetrad, represent an alternative pattern of microsporogenesis. This pattern has specific implication for the early stages of pollen morphogenesis. The absence of exine and apertures in the pollen grains in the pollinium could result from a combination of factors including the absence of callose in the early stages and the modifications in later developmental pathways, e.g., the sporopollenin accumulation pathway. The pollinium wall is an exine without stratification, its surface lacks sculptures, and it provides structural support and protection. The pollen tubes germinate through the pellucid margin and germinating ridge which are specialized features. The pellucid margin originates from aborted microspores. The germinating ridge that lies on the outer side of the pellucid margin develops in the same way as a classic pollen exine. The pollen grains are aggregated by intine fusion which is favorable for tube germination and growth. Comparing Asclepiadoideae with the other two subfamilies of Apocynaceae that develop a pollinium, the pollinium of Asclepiadoideae has reduced deposition of sporopollenin in the inner walls but an increase in the outer pollinium wall, thus making the inner walls more reduced and simplified, and the outer walls more solid. The adaptive characters of the pollen wall structure and the cohesion mechanism suggest that the pollinium of Hoya carnosa is a derived form of pollen aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rao-Zhen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- No. 3 High School of Xiangyang City, Xiangyang, China
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jing-Ping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ekrami M, Emam-Djomeh Z, Ghoreishy SA, Najari Z, Shakoury N. Characterization of a high-performance edible film based on Salep mucilage functionalized with pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:529-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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A molecular phylogeny of the genus Drimia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae: Urgineeae) in India inferred from non-coding chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7563. [PMID: 31101828 PMCID: PMC6525161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of the medicinally important bulbous geophyte Drimia (subfamily: Scilloideae) has long been considered as a matter of debate in the monocot systematics. In India the genus is represented by a species complex, however, the taxonomic delimitation among them is ill-defined till date. In the present study, a comprehensive phylogenetic relationship among Indian species of this genus has been inferred for the first time based on chloroplast DNA trnL intron, rps16-trnK intergenic spacer, atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer and ribosomal DNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences, leaf morphology, anatomy, stomatal characteristics and pollen exine ornamentations. The present findings revealed the monophyletic origin of the Indian members of Drimia and grouped them into two possible lineages (clade- I and II). The phylogenetic tree based on cpDNA concatenated sequences further resolved the clade-I into two distinct subclades (I and II) and clarified the intraspecies relationship among the studied members. The present study suggested a strong relationship between the molecular phylogeny and the morphological characteristics of the species studied. A possible trend of evolution of two important traits: 'type of palisade cells' in leaf and 'pollen exine patterns' among the members of Drimia in India was also suggested.
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Differential retention of pollen grains on clothing and the effectiveness of laboratory retrieval methods in forensic settings. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bateman RM, Sramkó G, Paun O. Integrating restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) with morphological cladistic analysis clarifies evolutionary relationships among major species groups of bee orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:85-105. [PMID: 29325077 PMCID: PMC5786241 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bee orchids (Ophrys) have become the most popular model system for studying reproduction via insect-mediated pseudo-copulation and for exploring the consequent, putatively adaptive, evolutionary radiations. However, despite intensive past research, both the phylogenetic structure and species diversity within the genus remain highly contentious. Here, we integrate next-generation sequencing and morphological cladistic techniques to clarify the phylogeny of the genus. METHODS At least two accessions of each of the ten species groups previously circumscribed from large-scale cloned nuclear ribosomal internal transcibed spacer (nrITS) sequencing were subjected to restriction site-associated sequencing (RAD-seq). The resulting matrix of 4159 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 34 accessions was used to construct an unrooted network and a rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny. A parallel morphological cladistic matrix of 43 characters generated both polymorphic and non-polymorphic sets of parsimony trees before being mapped across the RAD-seq topology. KEY RESULTS RAD-seq data strongly support the monophyly of nine out of ten groups previously circumscribed using nrITS and resolve three major clades; in contrast, supposed microspecies are barely distinguishable. Strong incongruence separated the RAD-seq trees from both the morphological trees and traditional classifications; mapping of the morphological characters across the RAD-seq topology rendered them far more homoplastic. CONCLUSIONS The comparatively high level of morphological homoplasy reflects extensive convergence, whereas the derived placement of the fusca group is attributed to paedomorphic simplification. The phenotype of the most recent common ancestor of the extant lineages is inferred, but it post-dates the majority of the character-state changes that typify the genus. RAD-seq may represent the high-water mark of the contribution of molecular phylogenetics to understanding evolution within Ophrys; further progress will require large-scale population-level studies that integrate phenotypic and genotypic data in a cogent conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Bateman
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Gábor Sramkó
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE ‘Lendület’ Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Egyetem, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg, Vienna, Austria
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Kargar Jahromi H, Pourahmad M, Abedi HA, Karimi M, Kargar Jahromi Z. Protective effects of salep against isoniazid liver toxicity in wistar rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 8:239-243. [PMID: 29322014 PMCID: PMC5756020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Isoniazid is a drug for treatment of tuberculosis. One of the main side effects of this drug is hepatotoxicity, which is a major cause of treatment interruption in tuberculosis. This study is about the preventive effect of Salep on this side effect of isoniazid. Materials and methods This study is an experimental study in which the preventive effect of salep on isoniazid hepatotoxicity is evaluated. In this study 56 rats were randomly placed in 7 eight members groups including: control group, sham, isoniazid and four isoniazid/salep groups. At the end of the study the laboratory criteria and histological features of liver toxicity were compared in different mentioned groups. Results Significant lower serum levels of liver enzymes, billirubin, MDA and TOC; and significant higher levels of TAC and total proteins, were revealed in isoniazid/salep group in compare to isoniazid alone group. In addition, histological studies had not showed liver injury in isoniazid/salep group, while there was significant liver injury in isoniazid alone group. Conclusions Orchid extract (salep), probably because of its antioxidant properties, prevent the destructive effects of isoniazid on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kargar Jahromi
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Morteza Pourahmad
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Infectious diseases and tropical medicine research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Ali Abedi
- Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Karimi
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Atashpour S, Kargar Jahromi H, Kargar Jahromi Z, Zarei S. Antioxidant effects of aqueous extract of Salep on Paraquat-induced rat liver injury. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:209-216. [PMID: 28217258 PMCID: PMC5295160 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Salep on Paraquat-mediated liver injury.
METHODS In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly to 7 groups as control, sham, and 5 experimental groups. In control group, rats did not receive any substance during experiment. In Sham group, rats were given distilled water according to their body weight and in experimental groups, Paraquat alone and with different doses of Salep aqueous extract (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneal daily for 14 d. After that, liver biochemical parameter and histologic changes were analyzed and compared in different groups.
RESULTS Paraquat compared to control and sham groups, significantly (P < 0.05) increased serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant capacity (TOC); while level of total protein, albumin and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were remarkably decreased by Paraquat. Salep at doses of 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg significantly decreased serum level of ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, MDA and TOC and significantly increased total protein, albumin and TAC level as compared to Paraquat exposed group in dose dependent manner. Aqueous extract of Salep at doses of 40 mg/kg made no significant changes in serum level of mentioned biochemical parameters. Liver microscopic observation revealed that Paraquat could cause hepatocyte necrosis, degenerative changes, proliferation and activation of Kupffer cells (sporadically) which were reduced by Salep treatment.
CONCLUSION Salep possesses remarkable hepatoprotection activity against Paraquat-induced hepatic injury by having antioxidant activity and reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.
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Pourahmad M, Kargar Jahromi H, Kargar Jahromi Z. Protective effect of salep on liver. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e28137. [PMID: 26034505 PMCID: PMC4449893 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.15(4)2015.28137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salep is used for various purposes in food industries and traditional medicine. Therefore, evaluation of its effect on the liver seems to be necessary. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess salep effect on liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, various concentrations of Salep were intraperitoneally administered to five groups of Wistar rats (control, placebo and 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg salep). After one month, liver enzymes and liver tissue were evaluated and compared between different groups. RESULTS Significant decreased level of liver enzymes, MDA (Malondialdehyde) and TOC (Total Oxidation Capacity) were found in various concentrations of salep administration. On the other hand, a significant increase was found in TAC (Total Antioxidant Capacity) level with various doses of salep. CONCLUSIONS Elevated level of total protein and albumin and decreased level of liver enzyme by salep extract were found in this study. Therefore, this plant may be a useful medicine for patients with liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Pourahmad
- Infectious Diseases Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Kargar Jahromi
- Parasitology Department, Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hossein Kargar Jahromi, Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9399711845, E-mail:
| | - Zahra Kargar Jahromi
- Parasitology Department, Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
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Wang G, Chen J, Li ZB, Zhang FP, Yang DR. Has pollination mode shaped the evolution of ficus pollen? PLoS One 2014; 9:e86231. [PMID: 24465976 PMCID: PMC3900511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extent to which co-evolutionary processes shape morphological traits is one of the most fascinating topics in evolutionary biology. Both passive and active pollination modes coexist in the fig tree (Ficus, Moraceae) and fig wasp (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) mutualism. This classic obligate relationship that is about 75 million years old provides an ideal system to consider the role of pollination mode shifts on pollen evolution. Methods and Main Findings Twenty-five fig species, which cover all six Ficus subgenera, and are native to the Xishuangbanna region of southwest China, were used to investigate pollen morphology with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollination mode was identified by the Anther/Ovule ratio in each species. Phylogenetic free regression and a correlated evolution test between binary traits were conducted based on a strong phylogenetic tree. Seventeen of the 25 fig species were actively pollinated and eight species were passively pollinated. Three pollen shape types and three kinds of exine ornamentation were recognized among these species. Pollen grains with ellipsoid shape and rugulate ornamentation were dominant. Ellipsoid pollen occurred in all 17 species of actively pollinated figs, while for the passively pollinated species, two obtuse end shapes were identified: cylinder and sphere shapes were identified in six of the eight species. All passively pollinated figs presented rugulate ornamentation, while for actively pollinated species, the smoother types - psilate and granulate-rugulate ornamentations - accounted for just five and two among the 17 species, respectively. The relationship between pollen shape and pollination mode was shown by both the phylogenetic free regression and the correlated evolution tests. Conclusions Three pollen shape and ornamentation types were found in Ficus, which show characteristics related to passive or active pollination mode. Thus, the pollen shape is very likely shaped by pollination mode in this unique obligate mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Zong-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Feng-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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Basso-Alves JP, Agostini K, Teixeira SDP. Pollen and stigma morphology of some Phaseoleae species (Leguminosae) with different pollinators. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:602-10. [PMID: 21668601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pollen transport to a receptive stigma can be facilitated through different pollinators, which submits the pollen to different selection pressures. This study aimed to associate pollen and stigma morphology with zoophily in species of the tribe Phaseoleae. Species of the genera Erythrina, Macroptilium and Mucuna with different pollinators were chosen. Pollen grains and stigmas were examined under light microscopy (anatomy), scanning electronic microscopy (surface analyses) and transmission electronic microscopy (ultrastructure). The three genera differ in terms of pollen wall ornamentation, pollen size, pollen aperture, thickness of the pollen wall, amount of pollenkitt, pollen hydration status and dominant reserves within the pollen grain, while species within each genus are very similar in most studied characteristics. Most of these features lack relationships to pollinator type, especially in Erythrina and Mucuna. Pollen reserves are discussed on a broad scale, according to the occurrence of protein in the pollen of invertebrate- or vertebrate-pollinated species. Some pollen characteristics are more associated to semi-dry stigma requirements. This apical, compact, cuticularised and secretory stigma occurs in all species investigated. We conclude that data on pollen and stigma structure should be included together with those on floral morphology and pollinator behaviour for the establishment of functional pollination classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Basso-Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
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Sannier J, Baker WJ, Anstett MC, Nadot S. A comparative analysis of pollinator type and pollen ornamentation in the Araceae and the Arecaceae, two unrelated families of the monocots. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:145. [PMID: 19624836 PMCID: PMC2734846 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high diversity of ornamentation type in pollen grains of angiosperms has often been suggested to be linked to diversity in pollination systems. It is commonly stated that smooth pollen grains are associated with wind or water pollination while sculptured pollen grains are associated with biotic pollination. We tested the statistical significance of an association between pollen ornamentation and pollination system in two families of the monocotyledons, the Araceae and the Arecaceae, taking into account the phylogenetic framework. FINDINGS Character optimization was carried out with the Maximum Parsimony method and two different methods of comparative analysis were used: the Concentrated-Change test and the Discrete method. The ancestral ornamentation in Araceae is foveolate/reticulate. It is probably the same in Arecaceae. The ancestral flowers of Araceae were pollinated by beetles while ancestral pollination in Arecaceae is equivocal. A correlation between ornamentation type and pollination was highlighted in Araceae although the results slightly differ depending on the method and the options chosen for performing the analyses. No correlation was found in palms. CONCLUSION In this study, we show that the relationships between the ornamentation type and the pollination system depend on the family and hence vary among taxonomic groups. We also show that the method chosen may strongly influence the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sannier
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 9079, Orsay, F-91405, France
| | | | - Marie-Charlotte Anstett
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Sophie Nadot
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 9079, Orsay, F-91405, France
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