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Yousefi K, Abdullah SNA, Hatta MAM, Ling KL. Genomics and Transcriptomics Reveal Genetic Contribution to Population Diversity and Specific Traits in Coconut. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091913. [PMID: 37176970 PMCID: PMC10181077 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Coconut is an economically important palm species with a long history of human use. It has applications in various food, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products, and there has been renewed interest in coconut in recent years due to its unique nutritional and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, the sustainable growth of the coconut industry has been hampered due to a shortage of good quality seedlings. Genetic improvement through the traditional breeding approach faced considerable obstacles due to its perennial nature, protracted juvenile period, and high heterozygosity. Molecular biotechnological tools, including molecular markers and next-generation sequencing (NGS), could expedite genetic improvement efforts in coconut. Researchers have employed various molecular markers to reveal genetic diversity among coconut populations and for the construction of a genetic map for exploitation in coconut breeding programs worldwide. Whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics on the different varieties have generated a massive amount of publicly accessible sequence data, substantially improving the ability to analyze and understand molecular mechanisms affecting crop performance. The production of high-yielding and disease-resilient coconuts and the deciphering of the complex coconut genome's structure can profit tremendously from these technologies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the progress of coconut research, using genomics, transcriptomics, and molecular markers initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Yousefi
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asyraf Md Hatta
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kong Lih Ling
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cai Z, Xie T, Xu J. Source-sink manipulations differentially affect carbon and nitrogen dynamics, fruit metabolites and yield of Sacha Inchi plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:160. [PMID: 33784996 PMCID: PMC8011213 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being a promising tropical woody oilseed crop, the evergreen and recurrent plants of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) has complex phenology and source-sink interactions. Carbon source-sink manipulations with control and two treatments (reduce source, ca. 10% mature leaf pruning; reduce sink, 10% fruitlet thinning) were conducted on 2.5-year-old field-grown P. volubilis plantation during the early-wet season in a seasonal tropical area. RESULTS Leaf photosynthetic rate and specific leaf area largely remained unchanged in response to defoliation or defloration. Compared with control, higher N contents on average were observed in both remaining leaves and branches of the defoliated plants, suggesting that N-mobilization was mainly due to the enhanced N uptake from soil. Carbon, but not N, is a source-driven growth process of P. volubilis plants, as defoliation reduced the contents of non-structural carbohydrates (especially sugar) in branches, although temporally, whereas defloration increased available C reserve. The seasonal dynamic pattern of fruit ripening was altered by source-sink regulations. Total seed yield throughout the growing season, which depends on fruit set and retention (i.e., number of matured fruit) rather than individual fruit development (size), was slightly increased by defloration but was significantly decreased by defoliation. Compared with control, defloration did not enrich the KEGG pathway, but defoliation downregulated the TCA cycle and carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in fruitlets after 24 days of the applications of source-sink manipulation. CONCLUSION Carbohydrate reserves serve to buffer sink-source imbalances that may result from temporary adjustment in demand for assimilates (e.g., defloration) or shortfalls in carbon assimilation (e.g., defoliation). Defoliation is disadvantageous for the yield and also for carbohydrate and lipid accumulation in fruits of P. volubilis plants. Although more studies are needed, these results provide new insights to the further improvement in seed yield of the strong source-limited P. volubilis plants by source/sink manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Cai
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China.
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
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Cui J, Lamade E, Tcherkez G. Potassium deficiency reconfigures sugar export and induces catecholamine accumulation in oil palm leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110628. [PMID: 33180708 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic effects of potassium (K) deficiency have been described for nearly 70 years but specific effects of low K availability on sugar composition, sugar export rate and its relationship with other leaf metabolites are not very well documented. Having such pieces of information is nevertheless essential to identify metabolic signatures to monitor K fertilization. This is particularly true in oil-producing crop species such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), which is strongly K-demanding and involves high sugar dependence for fruit formation because of low carbon use efficiency in lipid synthesis. Here, we used metabolic analyses, measured sugar export rates with 13C isotopic labeling and examined the effects of K availability on both leaflet and rachis sugar metabolism in oil palm seedlings. We show that low K leads to a modification of sugar composition mostly in rachis and decreased sucrose and hexose export rates from leaflets. As a result, leaflets contained more starch and induced alternative pathways such as raffinose synthesis, although metabolites of the raffinose pathway remained quantitatively minor. The alteration of glycolysis by low K was compensated for by an increase in alternative sugar phosphate utilization by tyrosine metabolism, resulting in considerable amounts of tyramine and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Lamade
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD),UPR Systèmes de Pérennes; Université de Montpellier, Systèmes de Pérennes, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Dingkuhn M, Luquet D, Fabre D, Muller B, Yin X, Paul MJ. The case for improving crop carbon sink strength or plasticity for a CO 2-rich future. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:259-272. [PMID: 32682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has increased from 260 to 280μmolmol-1 (level during crop domestication up to the industrial revolution) to currently 400 and will reach 550μmolmol-1 by 2050. C3 crops are expected to benefit from elevated [CO2] (e-CO2) thanks to photosynthesis responsiveness to [CO2] but this may require greater sink capacity. We review recent literature on crop e-CO2 responses, related source-sink interactions, how abiotic stresses potentially interact, and prospects to improve e-CO2 response via breeding or genetic engineering. Several lines of evidence suggest that e-CO2 responsiveness is related either to sink intrinsic capacity or adaptive plasticity, for example, involving enhanced branching. Wild relatives and old cultivars mostly showed lower photosynthetic rates, less downward acclimation of photosynthesis to e-CO2 and responded strongly to e-CO2 due to greater phenotypic plasticity. While reverting to such archaic traits would be an inappropriate strategy for breeding, we argue that substantial enhancement of vegetative sink vigor, inflorescence size and/or number and root sinks will be necessary to fully benefit from e-CO2. Potential ideotype features based on enhanced sinks are discussed. The generic 'feast-famine' sugar signaling pathway may be suited to engineer sink strength tissue-specifically and stage-specifically and help validate ideotype concepts. Finally, we argue that models better accounting for acclimation to e-CO2 are needed to predict which trait combinations should be targeted by breeders for a CO2-rich world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR 108 AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRAE, UMR 759 LEPSE, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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Tani N, Abdul Hamid ZA, Joseph N, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Arai T, Satake A, Kondo T, Kosugi A. Small temperature variations are a key regulator of reproductive growth and assimilate storage in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Sci Rep 2020; 10:650. [PMID: 31959766 PMCID: PMC6971258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm is an important crop for global vegetable oil production, and is widely grown in the humid tropical regions of Southeast Asia. Projected future climate change may well threaten palm oil production. However, oil palm plantations currently produce large amounts of unutilised biological waste. Oil palm stems – which comprise two-thirds of the waste - are especially relevant because they can contain high levels of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) that can serve as feedstock for biorefineries. The NSC in stem are also considered a potent buffer to source-sink imbalances. In the present study, we monitored stem NSC levels and female reproductive growth. We then applied convergent cross mapping (CCM) to assess the causal relationship between the time-series. Mutual causal relationships between female reproductive growth and the stem NSC were detected, with the exception of a relationship between female reproductive organ growth and starch levels. The NSC levels were also influenced by long-term cumulative temperature, with the relationship showing a seven-month time lag. The dynamic between NSC levels and long-term cumulative rainfall showed a shorter time lag. The lower temperatures and higher cumulative rainfall observed from October to December identify this as a period with maximum stem NSC stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tani
- Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan. .,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Zubaidah Aimi Abdul Hamid
- Bioresource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM-SIT), 11800, Penang, Malaysia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Locked Bag 100, 16700, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Natra Joseph
- Bioresource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM-SIT), 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Othman Sulaiman
- Bioresource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM-SIT), 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rokiah Hashim
- Bioresource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM-SIT), 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Takamitsu Arai
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kondo
- Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8529, Japan.,Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan. .,Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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Davidson A, Da Silva D, DeJong TM. The phyllochron of well-watered and water deficit mature peach trees varies with shoot type and vigour. AOB PLANTS 2017; 9:plx042. [PMID: 29026512 PMCID: PMC5629450 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The branch construction of trees is based on phytomers, repetitive subunits defined as node + leaf + axillary meristem + internode. The rate at which phytomers are added to a shoot is termed the phyllochron, which is determined by genetics, endogenous regulation and environmental conditions. The phyllochron is fundamental to understanding the growth of plants. Most phyllochron studies on woody species are of young plants under controlled conditions without consideration for different types of shoots that are present in mature trees. In this 2-year field study, we investigated seasonal patterns of phyllochron development on both proleptic and epicormic shoots of mature peach trees (Prunus persica) exposed to two irrigation treatments. One treatment was not irrigated until significant stress was detected via water potential by pressure bombing. In the second treatment trees were normally irrigated with ~5.84 cm of water each week to match evapotranspirational loss. Midday stem water potential readings were regularly collected to assess the level of water stress experienced by the trees. Measurements of individual leaves and their corresponding internodes were taken along tagged proleptic and epicormic shoots three times per week from the beginning to the end of two growing seasons. Leaf measurements were used to calculate the phyllochron. The phyllochron increased as the season progressed. This increase could not be explained by traditionally accepted effects of temperature or light. The more vigorous epicormic shoots added leaves significantly faster than proleptic shoots on trees in both water deficit and normally irrigated treatments. Additionally, epicormic shoots produced leaves with significantly greater leaf length and leaf area. Midday stem water potentials were more negative in trees in the water deficit treatments only after proleptic shoots stopped growing. The phyllochron did increase while leaf length and leaf area decreased on epicormic shoots of deficit irrigated trees in the 2010 growing season. The phyllochron of both shoot types gradually increased over the season, which was primarily due to an endogenous rank or shoot ageing effect. Differences between shoot types indicate that the phyllochron is variable among shoots on the same tree and is associated with shoot vigour. Water deficit increased the phyllochron and over all shoot growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Davidson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Da Silva
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Theodore M DeJong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lamade E, Tcherkez G, Darlan NH, Rodrigues RL, Fresneau C, Mauve C, Lamothe-Sibold M, Sketriené D, Ghashghaie J. Natural (13) C distribution in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and consequences for allocation pattern. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:199-212. [PMID: 26228944 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm has now become one of the most important crops, palm oil representing nearly 25% of global plant oil consumption. Many studies have thus addressed oil palm ecophysiology and photosynthesis-based models of carbon allocation have been used. However, there is a lack of experimental data on carbon fixation and redistribution within palm trees, and important C-sinks have not been fully characterized yet. Here, we carried out extensive measurement of natural (13) C-abundance (δ(13) C) in oil palm tissues, including fruits at different maturation stages. We find a (13) C-enrichment in heterotrophic organs compared to mature leaves, with roots being the most (13) C-enriched. The δ(13) C in fruits decreased during maturation, reflecting the accumulation in (13) C-depleted lipids. We further used observed δ(13) C values to compute plausible carbon fluxes using a steady-state model of (13) C-distribution including metabolic isotope effects ((12) v/(13) v). The results suggest that fruits represent a major respiratory loss (≈39% of total tree respiration) and that sink organs such as fruits are fed by sucrose from leaves. That is, glucose appears to be a quantitatively important compound in palm tissues, but computations indicate that it is involved in dynamic starch metabolism rather that C-exchange between organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lamade
- UPR34 Performance of Perennial Cropping Systems, CIRAD-PERSYST, Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Nuzul Hijri Darlan
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, IOPRI, Jl. Brigjen Katamso 51, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | | | - Chantal Fresneau
- ESE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Université Paris-Sud, IPS2, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Marlène Lamothe-Sibold
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Université Paris-Sud, IPS2, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Diana Sketriené
- ESE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Jaleh Ghashghaie
- ESE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
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Conversion of tropical lowland forest reduces nutrient return through litterfall, and alters nutrient use efficiency and seasonality of net primary production. Oecologia 2015; 180:601-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pallas B, Clément-Vidal A, Rebolledo MC, Soulié JC, Luquet D. Using plant growth modeling to analyze C source-sink relations under drought: inter- and intraspecific comparison. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:437. [PMID: 24204372 PMCID: PMC3817663 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to assimilate C and allocate non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) to the most appropriate organs is crucial to maximize plant ecological or agronomic performance. Such C source and sink activities are differentially affected by environmental constraints. Under drought, plant growth is generally more sink than source limited as organ expansion or appearance rate is earlier and stronger affected than C assimilation. This favors plant survival and recovery but not always agronomic performance as NSC are stored rather than used for growth due to a modified metabolism in source and sink leaves. Such interactions between plant C and water balance are complex and plant modeling can help analyzing their impact on plant phenotype. This paper addresses the impact of trade-offs between C sink and source activities and plant production under drought, combining experimental and modeling approaches. Two contrasted monocotyledonous species (rice, oil palm) were studied. Experimentally, the sink limitation of plant growth under moderate drought was confirmed as well as the modifications in NSC metabolism in source and sink organs. Under severe stress, when C source became limiting, plant NSC concentration decreased. Two plant models dedicated to oil palm and rice morphogenesis were used to perform a sensitivity analysis and further explore how to optimize C sink and source drought sensitivity to maximize plant growth. Modeling results highlighted that optimal drought sensitivity depends both on drought type and species and that modeling is a great opportunity to analyze such complex processes. Further modeling needs and more generally the challenge of using models to support complex trait breeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Pallas
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et TropicalesMontpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Clément-Vidal
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Maria-Camila Rebolledo
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Soulié
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Delphine Luquet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
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Yu K, Fan Q, Wang Y, Wei J, Ma Q, Yu D, Li J. Function of leafy sepals in Paris polyphylla: photosynthate allocation and partitioning to the fruit and rhizome. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:393-399. [PMID: 32481116 DOI: 10.1071/fp12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. is a rhizomatous, herbaceous, perennial plant that is used as a medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities. However, the functions of the green, leafy sepal of this plant are poorly understood. The main objectives of this study were to: (a) test the hypothesis that sepals make measurable contributions to fruit development and rhizome growth; and (b) investigate the allocation and partitioning of photosynthates produced by sepals and leaves to fruit and rhizome. Net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigment composition and δ13C values were similar for sepals and leaves. Sepal-darkening and sepal-removal treatments resulted in smaller fruit size and decreased rhizome biomass, whereas fruit removal led to a decrease in calyx size and an increase in rhizome yield and saponin content. Fruit and seed mass were positively and linearly related to calyx size. These results indicate that photosynthates produced by sepals are involved in the fruit growth and seed development and that developing fruit and rhizomes compete for the photosynthates exported by leaves. We propose that the sepals of P. polyphylla function partly as leaves to compensate for reproductive costs. Fruit removal increased carbon partitioning to the rhizome and improved rhizome yield and quality, offering a useful strategy for the domestication of this valuable medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Qilong Fan
- Yunnan Baiyao Group Co. Ltd, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jianrong Wei
- Yunnan Baiyao Group Co. Ltd, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Qing Ma
- Yunnan Baiyao Group Co. Ltd, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Dan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Combres JC, Pallas BT, Rouan L, Mialet-Serra I, Caliman JP, Braconnier S, Souli JC, Dingkuhn M. Simulation of inflorescence dynamics in oil palm and estimation of environment-sensitive phenological phases: a model based analysis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:263-279. [PMID: 32481106 DOI: 10.1071/fp12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For oil palm, yield variation is in large part due to variation in the number of harvested bunches. Each successively-produced phytomer carries a female (productive), male or aborted inflorescence. Since phytomer development takes 3-4 years and nearly two phytomers are produced per month, many inflorescences develop in parallel but have different phenological stages. Environment-dependent developmental rate, sex and abortion probability determine bunch productivity, which, in turn, affects other phytomers via source-sink relationships. Water deficit, solar radiation, temperature and day length are considered key external factors driving variation. Their impact is difficult to predict because of system complexity. To address this question we built a simple model (ECOPALM) to simulate the variation in number of harvested bunches. In this model, trophic competition among organs, expressed through a plant-scale index (Ic), drives sex determination and inflorescence abortion during specific sensitive phases at phytomer level. As a supplemental hypothesis, we propose that flowering is affected by photoperiod at phytomer level during a sensitive phase, thus, contributing to seasonal production peaks. The model was used to determine by parameter optimisation the influence of Ic and day length on inflorescence development and the stages at which inflorescences are sensitive to these signals. Parameters were estimated against observation of number of harvested bunches in Ivory Coast using a genetic algorithm. The model was then validated with field observations in Benin and Indonesia. The sensitive phases determined by parameter optimisation agreed with independent experimental evidence, and variation of Ic explained both sex and abortion patterns. Sex determination seemed to coincide with floret meristem individualisation and occurred 29-32 months before bunch harvest. The main abortion stage occurred 10 months before harvest - at the beginning of rapid growth of the inflorescence. Simulation results suggest involvement of photoperiod in the determination of bunch growth dynamics. This study demonstrates that simple modelling approaches can help extracting ecophysiological information from simple field observations on complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beno T Pallas
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Avenue d'Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Lauriane Rouan
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Avenue d'Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Serge Braconnier
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Avenue d'Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | | | - Michael Dingkuhn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Avenue d'Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Pallas B, Mialet-Serra I, Rouan L, Clément-Vidal A, Caliman JP, Dingkuhn M. Effect of source/sink ratios on yield components, growth dynamics and structural characteristics of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) bunches. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:409-24. [PMID: 23532136 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Source/sink ratios are known to be one of the main determinants of oil palm growth and development. A long-term experiment (9 years) was conducted in Indonesia on mature oil palms subjected to continuous bunch ablation and partial defoliation treatments to artificially modify source/sink ratios. During the experiment, all harvested bunches were dissected and phenological measurements were carried out to analyse the effect of source/sink ratios on yield components explaining variations in bunch number, the number of fruits per bunch and oil dry weight per fruit. An integrative variable (supply/demand ratio) describing the ratio between the assimilate supply from sources and the growing organ demand for carbohydrate was computed for each plant on a daily basis from observations of the number of developing organs and their sink strength, and of climate variables. Defoliation and bunch ablation affected the bunch number and the fruit number per bunch. Variations in bunch number per month were mainly due to variations in the fraction of aborted inflorescence and in the ratio between female and male inflorescences. Under fluctuating trophic conditions, variations in fruit number per bunch resulted both from changes in fruit-set and in the number of branches (rachillae) per inflorescence. For defoliated plants, the decrease in the number of developing reproductive sinks appeared to be sufficient to maintain fruit weight and oil concentration at the control level, without any major decrease in the concentration of non-structural carbohydrate reserves. Computation of the supply/demand ratio revealed that each yield component had a specific phase of sensitivity to supply/demand ratios during inflorescence development. Establishing quantitative relationships between supply/demand ratios, competition and yield components is the first step towards a functional model for oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Pallas
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Avenue d'Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Morandini P. Control limits for accumulation of plant metabolites: brute force is no substitute for understanding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:253-267. [PMID: 23301840 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Which factors limit metabolite accumulation in plant cells? Are theories on flux control effective at explaining the results? Many biotechnologists cling to the idea that every pathway has a rate limiting enzyme and target such enzymes first in order to modulate fluxes. This often translates into large effects on metabolite concentration, but disappointing small increases in flux. Rate limiting enzymes do exist, but are rare and quite opposite to what predicted by biochemistry. In many cases however, flux control is shared among many enzymes. Flux control and concentration control can (and must) be distinguished and quantified for effective manipulation. Flux control for several 'building blocks' of metabolism is placed on the demand side, and therefore increasing demand can be very successful. Tampering with supply, particularly desensitizing supply enzymes, is usually not very effective, if not dangerous, because supply regulatory mechanisms function to control metabolite homeostasis. Some important, but usually unnoticed, metabolic constraints shape the responses of metabolic systems to manipulation: mass conservation, cellular resource allocation and, most prominently, energy supply, particularly in heterotrophic tissues. The theoretical basis for this view shall be explored with recent examples gathered from the manipulation of several metabolites (vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, fructans and sugar alcohols). Some guiding principles are suggested for an even more successful engineering of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan and CNR Institute of Biophysics, Milan, Italy.
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Adam H, Collin M, Richaud F, Beulé T, Cros D, Omoré A, Nodichao L, Nouy B, Tregear JW. Environmental regulation of sex determination in oil palm: current knowledge and insights from other species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1529-37. [PMID: 21712294 PMCID: PMC3219494 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a monoecious species of the palm subfamily Arecoideae. It may be qualified as 'temporally dioecious' in that it produces functionally unisexual male and female inflorescences in an alternating cycle on the same plant, resulting in an allogamous mode of reproduction. The 'sex ratio' of an oil palm stand is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. In particular, the enhancement of male inflorescence production in response to water stress has been well documented. SCOPE This paper presents a review of our current understanding of the sex determination process in oil palm and discusses possible insights that can be gained from other species. Although some informative phenological studies have been carried out, nothing is as yet known about the genetic basis of sex determination in oil palm, nor the mechanisms by which this process is regulated. Nevertheless new genomics-based techniques, when combined with field studies and biochemical and molecular cytological-based approaches, should provide a new understanding of the complex processes governing oil palm sex determination in the foreseeable future. Current hypotheses and strategies for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédérique Richaud
- CIRAD, IRD/CIRAD Palm Developmental Biology Group, UMR DIADE, Centre IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Beulé
- CIRAD, IRD/CIRAD Palm Developmental Biology Group, UMR DIADE, Centre IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Nouy
- PalmElit SAS, Parc Agropolis Bt. 14, 2214 Boulevard de la Lironde, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France
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McFadyen LM, Robertson D, Sedgley M, Kristiansen P, Olesen T. Post-pruning shoot growth increases fruit abscission and reduces stem carbohydrates and yield in macadamia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:993-1001. [PMID: 21325025 PMCID: PMC3080616 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is good evidence for deciduous trees that competition for carbohydrates from shoot growth accentuates early fruit abscission and reduces yield but the effect for evergreen trees is not well defined. Here, whole-tree tip-pruning at anthesis is used to examine the effect of post-pruning shoot development on fruit abscission in the evergreen subtropical tree macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, M. integrifolia × tetraphylla). Partial-tree tip-pruning is also used to test the localization of the effect. METHODS In the first experiment (2005/2006), all branches on trees were tip-pruned at anthesis, some trees were allowed to re-shoot (R treatment) and shoots were removed from others (NR treatment). Fruit set and stem total non-structural carbohydrates (TNSC) over time, and yield were measured. In the second experiment (2006/2007), upper branches of trees were tip-pruned at anthesis, some trees were allowed to re-shoot (R) and shoots were removed from others (NR). Fruit set and yield were measured separately for upper (pruned) and lower (unpruned) branches. KEY RESULTS In the first experiment, R trees set far fewer fruit and had lower yield than NR trees. TNSC fell and rose in all treatments but the decline in R trees occurred earlier than in NR trees and coincided with early shoot growth and the increase in fruit abscission relative to the other treatments. In the second experiment, fruit abscission on upper branches of R trees increased relative to the other treatments but there was little difference in fruit abscission between treatments on lower branches. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate an increase in fruit abscission in an evergreen tree in response to pruning. The effect appeared to be related to competition for carbohydrates between post-pruning shoot growth and fruit development and was local, with shoot growth on pruned branches having no effect on fruit abscission on unpruned branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. McFadyen
- Industry and Investment NSW, Centre for Tropical Horticulture, PO Box 72, Alstonville, NSW 2477, Australia
| | - David Robertson
- Industry and Investment NSW, Centre for Tropical Horticulture, PO Box 72, Alstonville, NSW 2477, Australia
| | - Margaret Sedgley
- The University of New England, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Paul Kristiansen
- The University of New England, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Trevor Olesen
- Industry and Investment NSW, Centre for Tropical Horticulture, PO Box 72, Alstonville, NSW 2477, Australia
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