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Kaneko T, Gould N, Campbell D, Clearwater MJ. Isohydric stomatal behaviour alters fruit vascular flows and minimizes fruit size reductions in drought-stressed 'Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:969-982. [PMID: 38366557 PMCID: PMC11089262 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant water status is important for fruit development, because many fleshy fruits contain large amounts of water. However, there is no information on vascular flows of Persea americana 'Hass' avocado. The aims of this research were to explore the impact of drought stress on the water relationships of the 'Hass' avocado plant and its fruit growth. METHODS Well-watered and water-stressed 'Hass' avocado plants were compared. Over 4 weeks, water flows through the shoot and fruit pedicel were monitored using external sap flow gauges. Fruit diameter was monitored using linear transducers, and stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthesis (A) and leaf and stem water potentials (Ѱleaf and Ѱstem) were measured to assess the response of the plants to water supply. KEY RESULTS In well-watered conditions, the average water inflow to the shoot was 72 g day-1. Fruit water inflow was 2.72 g day-1, but there was water loss of 0.37 g day-1 caused by the outflow (loss back into the tree) through the vascular tissues and 1.06 g day-1 from the fruit skin. Overall, fruit volume increased by 1.4 cm3 day-1. In contrast, water flow into fruit of water-stressed plants decreased to 1.88 g day-1, with the outflow increasing to 0.61 g day-1. As a result, increases in fruit volume were reduced to 0.4 cm3 day-1. The values of A, gs and sap flow to shoots were also reduced during drought conditions. Changes in the hourly time-courses of pedicel sap flow, fruit volume and stem water potential during drought suggest that the stomatal response prevented larger increases in outflow from the fruit. Following re-watering, a substantial recovery in growth rate was observed. CONCLUSIONS In summary, a reduction in growth of avocado fruit was observed with induced water deficit, but the isohydric stomatal behaviour of the leaves helped to minimize negative changes in water balance. Also, there was substantial recovery after re-watering, hence the short-term water stress did not decrease avocado fruit size. Negative impacts might appear if the drought treatment were prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Kaneko
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Havelock North, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Nick Gould
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Te Puke Research Centre, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - David Campbell
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Quiroz MP, Blanco V, Zoffoli JP, Ayala M. Study of Mineral Composition and Quality of Fruit Using Vascular Restrictions in Branches of Sweet Cherry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1922. [PMID: 37653839 PMCID: PMC10223680 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) and carbohydrate (CHO) supply in sweet cherry have been associated with fruit quality at harvest and during storage. There is little published information integrating CHO and Ca availability and distribution in sweet cherry and their effects on fruit quality. Accordingly, in the 2019-20 season, vascular restrictions were imposed on the phloem (girdling, G, stopping phloem flow) and xylem (transverse incision, S, cutting 50% of xylem cross-section area) of individual vertical branches of the sweet cherry combination 'Lapins'/Colt trained as Kym Green Bush system to modify mineral and CHO composition in fruit and associate such changes with quality at harvest and storage. The girdling to the phloem was used to induce changes in CHO distribution. The transverse incision to the xylem was a tool to modify Ca distribution. Five treatments (TR) were implemented: TR1-CTL = Control (without vascular restriction), TR2-G, at its base, TR3-G + G: at its base, and G further up at the change of year between the second and the third years of growth TR4--S and TR5-S + G. The vegetative (i.e., shoot and leaf growth), reproductive (i.e., fruit set and yield) development and stomatal conductance were monitored. Each branch was divided into the upper (1-and 2-year-old wood) and the lower (3-and 4-year-old wood) segments of the restriction applied. The quality and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, and N) of fruit borne on each segment were measured at harvest. The upper segment of TR3-G + G branches were harvested 10 d before the lower segment. The fruit from the upper segment of TR3-G + G was the largest, the sweetest, and had the higher titratable acidity concentration. However, fruits of this segment were the softest, had the lowest Ca concentrations, and had the highest ratios of N:Ca and K:Ca, compared with the other TRs. TR3-G + G branches developed the highest number of lateral current season shoots including shoots below the second girdling in the lower segment of the branch. This vegetative flow of growth would explain the mineral unbalance produced in the fruit from the upper segment of the branch. TR2-G did not register changes in fruit quality and mineral concentration compared with TR1-CTL. Surprisingly, the fruit from the branches with xylem restriction did not show changes in Ca concentration, suggesting that the xylem stream was enough to supply the fruit in branches without lateral shoot development. Fruit firmness was positively related to fruit Ca concentration and negatively related to the ratios of K:Ca and N:Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Quiroz
- Departmatento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 78204360, Chile
| | - Víctor Blanco
- Department of Horticulture, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Zoffoli
- Departmatento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 78204360, Chile
| | - Marlene Ayala
- Departmatento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 78204360, Chile
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Simon J, Baptiste C, Lartaud M, Verdeil JL, Brunel B, Vercambre G, Génard M, Cardoso M, Alibert E, Goze-Bac C, Bertin N. Pedicel anatomy and histology in tomato vary according to genotype and water-deficit environment, affecting fruit mass. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111313. [PMID: 35696913 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth and composition of fleshy fruits depend on resource acquisition and distribution in the plant. In tomato, the pedicel serves as the final connection between plant and fruit. However, very few quantitative data are available for the conducting tissues of the pedicel, nor is their genetic variability known. In the present study, a histological approach was combined with process-based modeling to evaluate the potential contribution made by the anatomy and histology of the pedicel to variations in fruit mass. Eleven genotypes were characterized and the impact of water deficit was studied for a single genotype using stress intensity and stage of application as variables. The results highlighted extensive variations in the relative proportions of the different pedicel tissues and in the absolute areas of xylem and phloem between genotypes. The model suggests that the variations in the area of the pedicel's vascular tissues induced by differences in genotype and water-deficit environments partly contributed to fruit mass variability. They therefore warrant phenotyping for use in the development of plant strains adapted to future environmental constraints. The results also demonstrated the need to develop non-invasive in vivo measurement methods to establish the number and size of active vessels and the flow rates in these vessels to improve prediction of water fluxes in plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Simon
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France; Université Montpellier-CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | - Béatrice Brunel
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
| | - Michel Génard
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
| | - Maïda Cardoso
- Université Montpellier, BNIF Imaging Facility, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Eric Alibert
- Université Montpellier-CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Christophe Goze-Bac
- Université Montpellier-CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Nadia Bertin
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
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Rossi F, Manfrini L, Venturi M, Corelli Grappadelli L, Morandi B. Fruit transpiration drives interspecific variability in fruit growth strategies. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac036. [PMID: 35184185 PMCID: PMC8987619 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit growth is a complex mechanism resulting from biochemical and biophysical events leading water and dry matter to accumulate in the fruit tissues. Understanding how fruits choose their growth strategies can help growers optimizing their resource management for a more sustainable production and a higher fruit quality. This paper compares the growth strategies adopted by different fruit crops, at different times during the season and relates their fruit surface conductance to key physiological parameters for fruit growth such as phloem and xylem inflows as well transpiration losses. Our results show how fruits capacity to transpire (determined by their surface conductance) is a key driver in determining the growth strategy adopted by a species and explains the inter-species variability existing among different crops. Indeed, fruits change their surface conductance depending on the species and the phenological stage. This has an impact on the fruit's ability to lose water due to transpiration, affecting fruit pressure potential and increasing the force with which the fruit is able to attract xylem and phloem flows, with a considerable impact on fruit growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Luigi Manfrini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Melissa Venturi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Luca Corelli Grappadelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Brunella Morandi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
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Hou X, Li H, Zhang W, Yao Z, Wang Y, Du T. Water transport in fleshy fruits: Research advances, methodologies, and future directions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2203-2216. [PMID: 34050530 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are reproductive organs in flowering plants and the harvested products of many agricultural crops. They play an increasingly important role in the human diet due to their nutritional values. Water is the most abundant component of most fleshy fruits, and it is essential for fruit growth and quality formation. Water is transported to the fruit via the vascular system (xylem and phloem) and lost to the air through the fruit surface due to transpiration. This minireview presents a framework for understanding water transport in fleshy fruits along with brief introductions of key methodologies used in this research field. We summarize the advances in the research on the patterns of water flow into and out of the fruit over development and under different environmental conditions and cultural practices. We review the key findings on fruit transpiration, xylem transport, phloem transport, and the coordination of water flows in maintaining fruit water balance. We also summarize research on post-vascular water transport mediated by aquaporins in fruits. More efforts are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which different environmental conditions impact fruit water transport at the micro-level and to better understand the physiological implications of the coordination of water flows. Incorporating fruit water transport into the research area of plant hydraulics will provide new insights into water transport in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Hou
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhu Yao
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaosheng Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Du
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Fruit Growth Stage Transitions in Two Mango Cultivars Grown in a Mediterranean Environment. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071332. [PMID: 34210010 PMCID: PMC8308916 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studying mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit development represents one of the most important aspects for the precise orchard management under non-native environmental conditions. In this work, precision fruit gauges were used to investigate important eco-physiological aspects of fruit growth in two mango cultivars, Keitt (late ripening) and Tommy Atkins (early-mid ripening). Fruit absolute growth rate (AGR, mm day-1), daily diameter fluctuation (ΔD, mm), and a development index given by their ratio (AGR/ΔD) were monitored to identify the prevalent mechanism (cell division, cell expansion, ripening) involved in fruit development in three ('Tommy Atkins') or four ('Keitt') different periods during growth. In 'Keitt', cell division prevailed over cell expansion from 58 to 64 days after full bloom (DAFB), while the opposite occurred from 74 to 85 DAFB. Starting at 100 DAFB, internal changes prevailed over fruit growth, indicating the beginning of the ripening stage. In Tommy Atkins (an early ripening cultivar), no significant differences in AGR/ΔD was found among monitoring periods, indicating that both cell division and expansion coexisted at gradually decreasing rates until fruit harvest. To evaluate the effect of microclimate on fruit growth the relationship between vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and ΔD was also studied. In 'Keitt', VPD was the main driving force determining fruit diameter fluctuations. In 'Tommy Atkins', the lack of relationship between VPD and ΔD suggest a hydric isolation of the fruit due to the disruption of xylem and stomatal flows starting at 65 DAFB. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Winkler A, Knoche M. Penetration of sweet cherry skin by 45Ca-salts: pathways and factors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11142. [PMID: 34045647 PMCID: PMC8160134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is beneficial to sweet cherry physiology. The objective was to investigate factors affecting uptake of Ca into mature sweet cherry fruit through their skins. Penetration of 45Ca-salts was monitored using whole fruit or excised fruit skins mounted in diffusion cells. Penetration of 45CaCl2 into intact fruit and through excised skins increased with time. Sealing the pedicel/fruit junction decreased penetration, but sealing the stylar scar had no effect. There was little difference in permeances of the fruit skin to 45CaCl2, 45Ca(NO3)2, 45Ca-formate, 45Ca-acetate, 45Ca-lactate or 45Ca-propionate. Only 45Ca-heptagluconate penetrated at a slower rate. Increasing temperature markedly increased Ca-penetration. Penetration was most rapid at 35 °C, intermediate at 22 °C and slowest at 12 °C. Increasing relative humidity (RH) from 0, 28, 75 to 100% increased penetration of 45CaCl2, but penetration of 45Ca-formate was restricted to 100% RH. Increasing the RH from 50 to 100% at 96 h after droplet application had no effect on penetration of 45CaCl2, but increased penetration of 45Ca-formate. The results reveal that: (1) the fruit/pedicel junction is a site of preferential Ca-uptake and (2) Ca-penetration is limited by the mobility of the Ca ion in the dried-down droplet residue when the point of deliquescence of the applied salt exceeds the ambient RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Li H, Zhang X, Hou X, Du T. Developmental and water deficit-induced changes in hydraulic properties and xylem anatomy of tomato fruit and pedicels. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2741-2756. [PMID: 33420789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylem water transport from the parent plant plays a crucial role in fruit growth, development, and the determination of quality. Attempts have been made to partition the hydraulic resistance of the pathway over the course of development, but no consensus has been reached. Furthermore, the issue has not been addressed in the context of changing plant and fruit water status under water deficit conditions. In this study, we have conducted a rigorous investigation into the developmental changes that occur in the hydraulic properties of tomato fruits and their pedicels under well-irrigated and water deficit conditions, based on hydraulic measurements, fruit rehydration, dye-tracing, light and electron microscopy, and flow modeling. We found that a decline in water transport capacity during development did not occur in the xylem pathway leading up to the fruit, but within the fruit itself, where the effect might reside either inside or outside of the xylem pathway. The developmental pattern of the hydraulic resistance of the xylem pathway was not significantly influenced by water deficit. The changes in xylem flow between the fruit and the parent plant resulting from the reduced driving force under water deficit could explain the reduced accumulation of water in the fruit. This study provides new insights that aid our understanding of xylem water transport in fleshy fruits and its sensitivity to water deficit from a hydraulic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbo Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Hou
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Du
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hou X, Zhang W, Du T, Kang S, Davies WJ. Responses of water accumulation and solute metabolism in tomato fruit to water scarcity and implications for main fruit quality variables. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1249-1264. [PMID: 31750924 PMCID: PMC7242001 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruit is important for human health, and applying deficit irrigation in fruit production is a strategy to regulate fruit quality and support environmental sustainability. Responses of different fruit quality variables to deficit irrigation have been widely documented, and much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of these responses. We review the effects of water shortage on fruit water accumulation considering water transport from the parent plant into the fruit determined by hydraulic properties of the pathway (including xylem water transport and transmembrane water transport regulated by aquaporins) and the driving force for water movement. We discuss water relations and solute metabolism that affect the main fruit quality variables (e.g. size, flavour, nutrition, and firmness) at the cellular level under water shortage. We also summarize the most recent advances in the understanding of responses of the main fruit quality variables to water shortage, considering the effects of variety, the severity of water deficit imposed, and the developmental stage of the fruit. We finally identify knowledge gaps and suggest avenues for future research. This review provides new insights into the stress physiology of fleshy fruit, which will be beneficial for the sustainable production of high-quality fruit under deficit irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Hou
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Du
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhong Kang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - William J Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
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Winkler A, Knoche M. Predicting osmotic potential from measurements of refractive index in cherries, grapes and plums. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207626. [PMID: 30444908 PMCID: PMC6239309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of fruit tree water relations often require data on water potentials of fruit. However, this is sometimes difficult because the fruit stalks are not sufficiently long for use in a pressure bomb. Also, because fruit xylem function is often lost during maturation. In the absence of significant turgor, the osmotic potential of the expressed juice is a useful proxy for a fruit's water potential. The osmotic potential of most fleshy fruit is determined largely by the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and this can be quantified by osmometry. Soluble solids may also be quantified by refractometry. Compared with osmometry, refractometry is markedly less expensive and also much faster. Hence, it is better suited to high-throughput analyses. The objective of this study was to establish relationships between the osmotic potentials of juices expressed from sweet cherries and sour cherries, grapes and plums as determined using a vapor pressure osmometer and their soluble solids concentrations as determined using a refractometer. The data reveal close relationships within all these species. Except for plums, the relationships between species were almost identical. This is due to similarity among cultivars and species in the relative abundances of the same set of major osmolytes-i.e. the carbohydrates glucose, fructose and sorbitol and the potassium salts of the organic acids malate or tartrate. For plums, the relationship between osmotic potential and soluble solids concentration was slightly displaced. Our findings indicate osmotic potentials may be reliably predicted from soluble solids concentrations determined by refractometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winkler
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Song W, Yi J, Kurniadinata OF, Wang H, Huang X. Linking Fruit Ca Uptake Capacity to Fruit Growth and Pedicel Anatomy, a Cross-Species Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:575. [PMID: 29868049 PMCID: PMC5954447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) in flesh fruits is important for quality formation and maintenance. Most studies on fruit Ca focus on one species. This study attempted to understand some universal relations to fruit Ca uptake across species. Calcium contents in fruit tissues were analyzed in different fruits, including three cultivars of litchi, two cultivars each of grape and citrus, and one cultivar each of loquat, apple, pear, Indian jujube, and longan. In situ Ca distribution was revealed with electron probe and xylem functionality visualized by dye tracing. Fruit Ca uptake rate and activity were calculated and correlated with fruit growth and pedicel anatomy. The results showed that fruit Ca uptake rate was the highest in pomes (loquat, apple, and pear), followed by Indian jujube drupe, arillate fruits (litchis and longan) and citrus, while grape berries were the lowest. Fruit Ca uptake rate showed a strong positive correlation to growth rate. However, Ca uptake activity, reflecting Ca uptake rate relative to growth, was the highest in arillate fruits and loquat and lowest in grape berries, and had a poor correlation with fruit growth rate. In all fruits, Ca concentration in the pedicel was higher than in the fruit, and they displayed a good positive correlation. In the pedicel, Ca was most abundant in the phloem. Dye tracing showed that xylem function loss occurred with maturation in all species/varieties. Apple had the poorest xylem functionality with the least development of secondary xylem, but its Ca uptake rate was among the highest. Vessel density, size and area in the pedicel showed no correlation with fruit Ca uptake rate. It is concluded that: (1) fruit growth may be a key determinant of Ca uptake; (2) the universal pattern of Ca being higher in the pedicel than in the fruit indicates existence of a pedicel-fruit "bottleneck" effect in Ca transport across species; (3) xylem functionality loss with fruit maturation is also a universal event; (4) in the pedicel, Ca is more distributed in the phloem; (5) vessel morphology in the pedicel is not rate-limiting for fruit Ca uptake; (6) phloem pathway might contribute to fruit Ca uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpei Song
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Yi
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Odit F. Kurniadinata
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Huicong Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Huang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Grimm E, Pflugfelder D, van Dusschoten D, Winkler A, Knoche M. Physical rupture of the xylem in developing sweet cherry fruit causes progressive decline in xylem sap inflow rate. PLANTA 2017. [PMID: 28623562 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylem flow is progressively shut down during maturation beginning with minor veins at the stylar end and progressing to major veins and finally to bundles at the stem end. This study investigates the functionality of the xylem vascular system in developing sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.). The tracers acid fuchsin and gadoteric acid were fed to the pedicel of detached fruit. The tracer distribution was studied using light microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. The vasculature of the sweet cherry comprises five major bundles. Three of these supply the flesh; two enter the pit to supply the ovules. All vascular bundles branch into major and minor veins that interconnect via numerous anastomoses. The flow in the xylem as indexed by the tracer distribution decreases continuously during development. The decrease is first evident at the stylar (distal) end of the fruit during pit hardening and progresses basipetally towards the pedicel (proximal) end of the fruit at maturity. That growth strains are the cause of the decreased conductance is indicated by: elastic strain relaxation after tissue excision, the presence of ruptured vessels in vivo, the presence of intrafascicular cavities, and the absence of tyloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Grimm
- Abteilung Obstbau, Institut für Gartenbauliche Produktionssysteme, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Pflugfelder
- IBG-2: Pflanzenwissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dagmar van Dusschoten
- IBG-2: Pflanzenwissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Abteilung Obstbau, Institut für Gartenbauliche Produktionssysteme, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Abteilung Obstbau, Institut für Gartenbauliche Produktionssysteme, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Scharwies JD, Tyerman SD. Comparison of isohydric and anisohydric Vitis vinifera L. cultivars reveals a fine balance between hydraulic resistances, driving forces and transpiration in ripening berries. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:324-338. [PMID: 32480567 DOI: 10.1071/fp16010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which isohydric or anisohydric behaviour extends to the water balance of developing fruits has not previously been explored. Here, we examine the water relations and hydraulic behaviour of Vitis vinifera L. berries during development from two contrasting cultivars that display isohydric (cv. Grenache) or anisohydric (cv. Shiraz) behaviour. Hydraulic resistance normalised to the berry surface area of Grenache clusters was significantly lower and more constant during development, whereas that of Shiraz increased. Lower rachis hydraulic resistance in Grenache compared with Shiraz was inversely related to xylem vessel diameter. Berry transpiration and xylem water uptake measured on detached berries decreased alike during development. From veraison, detached berries of both cultivars showed a transition to a net imbalance between xylem water uptake and transpiration, with Shiraz showing a larger imbalance and berry dehydration towards the end of ripening. In planta, this imbalance must be counterbalanced by a larger phloem water influx in post-veraison berries. Concurrently, the calculated pressure gradients for xylem water uptake showed a decline, which broadly agreed with the measured values. Higher suction for xylem water uptake in pre-veraison berries was mainly generated by transpiration. We conclude that isohydric or anisohydric behaviour is reflected in the contrasting behaviour of fruit hydraulics and that a change from xylem water uptake to phloem import is correlated with the loss of the propensity to generate negative apoplastic pressure in the berry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Daniel Scharwies
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Stephen Donald Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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14
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Morandi B, Manfrini L, Zibordi M, Corelli-Grappadelli L, Losciale P. From fruit anatomical features to fruit growth strategy: is there a relationship? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2016.1130.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Hocking B, Tyerman SD, Burton RA, Gilliham M. Fruit Calcium: Transport and Physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:569. [PMID: 27200042 PMCID: PMC4850500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium has well-documented roles in plant signaling, water relations and cell wall interactions. Significant research into how calcium impacts these individual processes in various tissues has been carried out; however, the influence of calcium on fruit ripening has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how calcium may impact the development, physical traits and disease susceptibility of fruit through facilitating developmental and stress response signaling, stabilizing membranes, influencing water relations and modifying cell wall properties through cross-linking of de-esterified pectins. We explore the involvement of calcium in hormone signaling integral to the physiological mechanisms behind common disorders that have been associated with fruit calcium deficiency (e.g., blossom end rot in tomatoes or bitter pit in apples). This review works toward an improved understanding of how the many roles of calcium interact to influence fruit ripening, and proposes future research directions to fill knowledge gaps. Specifically, we focus mostly on grapes and present a model that integrates existing knowledge around these various functions of calcium in fruit, which provides a basis for understanding the physiological impacts of sub-optimal calcium nutrition in grapes. Calcium accumulation and distribution in fruit is shown to be highly dependent on water delivery and cell wall interactions in the apoplasm. Localized calcium deficiencies observed in particular species or varieties can result from differences in xylem morphology, fruit water relations and pectin composition, and can cause leaky membranes, irregular cell wall softening, impaired hormonal signaling and aberrant fruit development. We propose that the role of apoplasmic calcium-pectin crosslinking, particularly in the xylem, is an understudied area that may have a key influence on fruit water relations. Furthermore, we believe that improved knowledge of the calcium-regulated signaling pathways that control ripening would assist in addressing calcium deficiency disorders and improving fruit pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradleigh Hocking
- Plant Transport and Signaling Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- Plant Transport and Signaling Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signaling Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
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16
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Savage JA, Clearwater MJ, Haines DF, Klein T, Mencuccini M, Sevanto S, Turgeon R, Zhang C. Allocation, stress tolerance and carbon transport in plants: how does phloem physiology affect plant ecology? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:709-25. [PMID: 26147312 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of carbon transport in whole plant physiology and its impact on plant-environment interactions and ecosystem function, relatively little research has tried to examine how phloem physiology impacts plant ecology. In this review, we highlight several areas of active research where inquiry into phloem physiology has increased our understanding of whole plant function and ecological processes. We consider how xylem-phloem interactions impact plant drought tolerance and reproduction, how phloem transport influences carbon allocation in trees and carbon cycling in ecosystems and how phloem function mediates plant relations with insects, pests, microbes and symbiotes. We argue that in spite of challenges that exist in studying phloem physiology, it is critical that we consider the role of this dynamic vascular system when examining the relationship between plants and their biotic and abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Savage
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | | | - Dustin F Haines
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tamir Klein
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, EH9 3JN, Edinburgh, UK
- ICREA at CREAF, Campus de UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, 08023, Spain
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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17
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Knipfer T, Fei J, Gambetta GA, McElrone AJ, Shackel KA, Matthews MA. Water Transport Properties of the Grape Pedicel during Fruit Development: Insights into Xylem Anatomy and Function Using Microtomography. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1590-602. [PMID: 26077763 PMCID: PMC4528730 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Xylem flow of water into fruits declines during fruit development, and the literature indicates a corresponding increase in hydraulic resistance in the pedicel. However, it is unknown how pedicel hydraulics change developmentally in relation to xylem anatomy and function. In this study on grape (Vitis vinifera), we determined pedicel hydraulic conductivity (kh) from pressure-flow relationships using hydrostatic and osmotic forces and investigated xylem anatomy and function using fluorescent light microscopy and x-ray computed microtomography. Hydrostatic kh (xylem pathway) was consistently 4 orders of magnitude greater than osmotic kh (intracellular pathway), but both declined before veraison by approximately 40% and substantially over fruit development. Hydrostatic kh declined most gradually for low (less than 0.08 MPa) pressures and for water inflow and outflow conditions. Specific kh (per xylem area) decreased in a similar fashion to kh despite substantial increases in xylem area. X-ray computed microtomography images provided direct evidence that losses in pedicel kh were associated with blockages in vessel elements, whereas air embolisms were negligible. However, vessel elements were interconnected and some remained continuous postveraison, suggesting that across the grape pedicel, a xylem pathway of reduced kh remains functional late into berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Jiong Fei
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Kenneth A Shackel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Mark A Matthews
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
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18
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Nordey T, Léchaudel M, Génard M. The decline in xylem flow to mango fruit at the end of its development is related to the appearance of embolism in the fruit pedicel. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:668-675. [PMID: 32480710 DOI: 10.1071/fp14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The decline in xylem flow during the late growth stage in most fruits may be due either to a decrease in the water potential gradient between the stem bearing the fruit and the fruit tissues or to a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels, or both. In this study, we analysed changes in xylem flows to the mango Mangifera indica L. fruit during its development to identify the sources of variation by measuring changes in the water potential gradient and in the hydraulic properties of the fruit pedicel. The variations in xylem and transpiration flows were estimated at several stages of mango fruit development from the daily changes in the fresh mass of detached and girdled fruits on branches. The water potential gradient was estimated by monitoring the diurnal water potential in the stem and fruit. The hydraulic properties of the fruit pedicel were estimated using a flow meter. The results indicated that xylem flow increased in the early stages of fruit development and decreased in the late stage. Variations in xylem flow were related to the decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels but not to a decrease in the water potential gradient. The hydraulic conductivity of the fruit pedicel decreased during late growth due to embolism caused by a decrease in the fruit water potential. Further studies should establish the impact of the decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the fruit pedicel on mango growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Nordey
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), unité propre de recherche: fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Mathieu Léchaudel
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), unité propre de recherche: fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Michel Génard
- Institut national de recherche agronomique (INRA), unité de recherche 1115: Plantes et systèmes de culture horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France
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19
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Montanaro G, Dichio B, Lang A, Mininni AN, Xiloyannis C. Fruit calcium accumulation coupled and uncoupled from its transpiration in kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 181:67-74. [PMID: 25982084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of Ca in several fleshy fruit is often supposed to depend, among others, by climatic variables driving fruit transpiration. This study tests the whole causal chain hypothesis: VPD → fruit transpiration → Ca accumulation. Also there are evidences that relationship between fruit transpiration and Ca content is not always clear, hence the hypothesis that low VPD reduces the fraction of xylemic water destined to transpiration was tested by examining the water budget of fruit. Attached fruits of Actinidia deliciosa were subjected to Low (L) and High (H) VPD. Their transpiration was measured from early after fruit-set to day 157 after full bloom (DAFB). Fruits were picked at 70, 130 and 157 DAFB for Ca and K determinations and for water budget analysis. Cumulative transpired water was ∼ 70 g and ∼ 16 g H2O f(-1) in HVPD and LVPD, respectively. Calcium accumulated linearly (R(2) = 0.71) with cumulative transpiration when VPD was high, while correlation was weaker (R(2) = 0.24) under LVPD. Under low VPD the fraction of xylem stream destined to transpiration declined to 40-50%. Results suggest that Ca accumulation is coupled to cumulative transpiration under high VPD because under that condition cumulative transpiration equals xylem stream (which carry the nutrient). At LVPD, Ca gain by fruit is uncoupled from transpiration because ∼ 60% of the xylemic water is needed to sustain fruit growth. Results will apply to most fruits (apples, tomatoes, capsicum, grapes etc.) since most suffer Ca deficiency disorders and grow in changing environments with variable VPD, also they could be supportive for the implementation of fruit quality models accounting also for mineral compositions and for a reinterpretation of certain field practices aimed at naturally improve fruit Ca content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Montanaro
- Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy.
| | - Bartolomeo Dichio
- Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy.
| | - Alexander Lang
- Sandy Lang Ltd., 402 Muritai Road, Eastbourne 5013, New Zealand.
| | - Alba N Mininni
- Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy.
| | - Cristos Xiloyannis
- Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy.
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20
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Morandi B, Losciale P, Manfrini L, Zibordi M, Anconelli S, Galli F, Pierpaoli E, Corelli Grappadelli L. Increasing water stress negatively affects pear fruit growth by reducing first its xylem and then its phloem inflow. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1500-1509. [PMID: 25105235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress negatively affects many physiological parameters and determines lower yields and fruit size. This paper investigates on the effects of prolonged water restriction on leaf gas exchanges, water relations and fruit growth on a 24-h time-scale in order to understand how different physiological processes interact to each other to face increasing drought stress and affect pear productive performances during the season. The diurnal patterns of tree water relations, leaf gas exchanges, fruit growth, fruit vascular and transpiration flows were monitored at about 50, 95 and 145 days after full bloom (DAFB) on pear trees of the cv. Abbé Fétel, subjected to two irrigation regimes, corresponding to a water restitution of 100% and 25% of the estimated Etc, respectively. Drought stress progressively increased during the season due to lower soil tensions and higher daily vapour pressure deficits (VPDs). Stem water potential was the first parameter to be negatively affected by stress and determined the simultaneous reduction of fruit xylem flow, which at 95 DAFB was reflected by a decrease in fruit daily growth. Leaf photosynthesis was reduced only from 95 DAFB on, but was not immediately reflected by a decrease in fruit phloem flow, which instead was reduced only at 145 DAFB. This work shows how water stress negatively affects pear fruit growth by reducing first its xylem and then its phloem inflow. This determines a progressive increase in the phloem relative contribution to growth, which lead to the typical higher dry matter percentages of stressed fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Morandi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Losciale
- CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura [Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments], Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Manfrini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Zibordi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Pierpaoli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Hall AJ, Minchin PEH, Clearwater MJ, Génard M. A biophysical model of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) berry development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5473-83. [PMID: 24123250 PMCID: PMC3871809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A model of kiwifruit berry development is presented, building on the model of Fishman and Génard used for peach fruit. That model has been extended to incorporate a number of important features of kiwifruit growth. First, the kiwifruit berry is attached to the stem through a pedicel/receptacle complex which contributes significantly to the hydraulic resistance between the stem and the fruit, and this resistance changes considerably during the season. Second, much of the carbohydrate in kiwifruit berries is stored as starch until the fruit matures late in the season, when the starch hydrolyses to soluble sugars. This starch storage has a major effect on the osmotic potential of the fruit, so an existing model of kiwifruit starch dynamics was included in the model. Using previously published approaches, we also included elasticity and extended the modelling period to cover both the cell division and cell expansion phases of growth. The resulting model showed close simulation of field observations of fresh weight, dry matter, starch, and soluble solids in kiwifruit. Comparison with continuous measurements of fruit diameter confirmed that elasticity was needed to adequately simulate observed diurnal variation in fruit size. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the model is particularly sensitive to variation in inputs relating to water (stem water potential and the humidity of the air), and to parameters controlling cell expansion (cell wall extensibility). Some limitations in the model structure were identified, suggesting that a revised model including current apoplastic/symplastic concepts needs to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J. Hall
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Michael J. Clearwater
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Michel Génard
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul-Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France
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