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López-Angulo J, Matesanz S, Illuminati A, Pescador DS, Sánchez AM, Pías B, Chacón-Labella J, de la Cruz M, Escudero A. Ecological drivers of fine-scale distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a semiarid Mediterranean scrubland. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:1107-1119. [PMID: 36976581 PMCID: PMC10457037 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi enhance the uptake of water and minerals by the plant hosts, alleviating plant stress. Therefore, AM fungal-plant interactions are particularly important in drylands and other stressful ecosystems. We aimed to determine the combined and independent effects of above- and below-ground plant community attributes (i.e. diversity and composition), soil heterogeneity and spatial covariates on the spatial structure of the AM fungal communities in a semiarid Mediterranean scrubland. Furthermore, we evaluated how the phylogenetic relatedness of both plants and AM fungi shapes these symbiotic relationships. METHODS We characterized the composition and diversity of AM fungal and plant communities in a dry Mediterranean scrubland taxonomically and phylogenetically, using DNA metabarcoding and a spatially explicit sampling design at the plant neighbourhood scale. KEY RESULTS The above- and below-ground plant community attributes, soil physicochemical properties and spatial variables explained unique fractions of AM fungal diversity and composition. Mainly, variations in plant composition affected the AM fungal composition and diversity. Our results also showed that particular AM fungal taxa tended to be associated with closely related plant species, suggesting the existence of a phylogenetic signal. Although soil texture, fertility and pH affected AM fungal community assembly, spatial factors had a greater influence on AM fungal community composition and diversity than soil physicochemical properties. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that the more easily accessible above-ground vegetation is a reliable indicator of the linkages between plant roots and AM fungi. We also emphasize the importance of soil physicochemical properties in addition to below-ground plant information, while accounting for the phylogenetic relationships of both plants and fungi, because these factors improve our ability to predict the relationships between AM fungal and plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús López-Angulo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Matesanz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Illuminati
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - David S Pescador
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Sánchez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pías
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marcelino de la Cruz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Wang J, Li SP, Ge Y, Wang XY, Gao S, Chen T, Yu FH. Darwin's naturalization conundrum reconciled by changes of species interactions. Ecology 2023; 104:e3850. [PMID: 36173233 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although phylogenetic distance between native and exotic species has a close link with their interactions, it is still unclear how environmental stresses and species interactions influence the relationship between phylogenetic distance and biological invasions. Here we assessed the effect of invader-native phylogenetic distance on the growth of the invader (Symphyotrichum subulatum) under three levels of drought (no, moderate, or intense drought). Under no drought, interspecific competition between close relatives was the dominant process and native communities more closely related to the invader showed higher resistance to invasion, supporting Darwin's naturalization hypothesis. In contrast, under intense drought, facilitation between close relatives by mutualism with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) became more important, and the invader became more successful in their more closely related native communities, supporting the preadaptation hypothesis. The colonization rate of AMF of the invader was higher in more closely related native communities regardless of the drought treatment, but it was only positively related to invader biomass under intense drought. Therefore, the shift of species interactions from competition to facilitation may be ascribed to the promotion of AMF to invasion occurring under intense drought, which leads to the effect of closely related natives on the invader shifting from negative to positive. Our results provide a new angle to resolve Darwin's naturalization conundrum from the change of species interactions along a stress gradient, and provide important clues for invasion management when species interactions change in response to global climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- School of Life Science/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-Peng Li
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- School of Life Science/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Life Science/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Life Science/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- School of Life Science/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gomes SIF, Fortuna MA, Bascompte J, Merckx VSFT. Mycoheterotrophic plants preferentially target arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that are highly connected to autotrophic plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2034-2045. [PMID: 35706373 PMCID: PMC9539982 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How mycoheterotrophic plants that obtain carbon and soil nutrients from fungi are integrated in the usually mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal networks is unknown. Here, we compare autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic plant associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and use network analysis to investigate interaction preferences in the tripartite network. We sequenced root tips from autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic plants to assemble the combined tripartite network between autotrophic plants, mycorrhizal fungi and mycoheterotrophic plants. We compared plant-fungi interactions between mutualistic and antagonist networks, and searched for a diamond-like module defined by a mycoheterotrophic and an autotrophic plant interacting with the same pair of fungi to investigate whether pairs of fungi simultaneously linked to plant species from each interaction type were overrepresented throughout the network. Mycoheterotrophic plants as a group interacted with a subset of the fungi detected in autotrophs but are indirectly linked to all autotrophic plants, and fungi with a high overlap in autotrophic partners tended to interact with a similar set of mycoheterotrophs. Moreover, pairs of fungi sharing the same mycoheterotrophic and autotrophic plant species are overrepresented in the network. We hypothesise that the maintenance of antagonistic interactions is maximised by targeting well linked mutualistic fungi, thereby minimising the risk of carbon supply shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I. F. Gomes
- Above‐Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of BiologyLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenthe Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterDarwinweg 22333 CRLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Miguel A. Fortuna
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichCH‐8057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichCH‐8057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Vincent S. F. T. Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterDarwinweg 22333 CRLeidenthe Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942401090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Wang J, Wang Y, Qu M, Feng Y, Wu B, Lu Q, He N, Li J. Testing the Functional and Phylogenetic Assembly of Plant Communities in Gobi Deserts of Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952074. [PMID: 35923883 PMCID: PMC9340061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism governing plant community assembly across large-scale Gobi deserts remains unclear. Here, we inferred the roles of different assembly processes in structuring plant communities in the Gobi deserts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by using a phylogenetic tree, and leaf and root traits. The functional and phylogenetic structures of 183 plant communities were assessed, and their distributions were linked with environmental gradients. Our results demonstrated that functional convergence was prevalent in most functional traits (75% of the traits) and accentuated when all traits were combined. The phylogenetic structure exhibited significant divergence. We observed the contrasting response of functional and phylogenetic assembly structures to environmental gradients. More importantly, we found that the shifts in the functional assembly along environmental gradients were trait-specific, with dominant roles of local factors, such as gravel coverage and soil attributes, in determining the distribution patterns of most traits. However, the distribution patterns of leaf P concentration (LPC), root N concentration (RNC), and root P concentration (RPC) were mainly driven by climatic factors. These results reveal that niche-based processes, such as abiotic filtering and weaker competitive exclusion, are the major drivers of species co-occurrence, which results in the widespread coexistence of phylogenetically distinct but functionally similar species within the Gobi plant community. Our findings could improve the understanding of plant community assembly processes and biodiversity maintenance in extremely harsh drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wang
- School of Ecology Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Ecology Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjun Qu
- School of Ecology Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Feng
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- School of Ecology Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Montesinos-Navarro A, Valiente-Banuet A, Verdú M. Processes underlying the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant-plant interactions. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sortibrán L, Verdú M, Valiente-Banuet A. A nurse plant benefits from facilitative interactions through mycorrhizae. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:670-676. [PMID: 30537030 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant facilitation promotes coexistence by maintaining differences in the regeneration niche because some nurse species recruit under arid conditions, whereas facilitated species recruit under more mesic conditions. In one Mexican community, 95% of species recruit through facilitation; Mimosa luisana being a keystone nurse for many of them. M. luisana individuals manifest greater fitness when growing in association with their facilitated plants than when growing in isolation. This observation suggests that nurses also benefit from their facilitated plants, a benefit thought to be mediated by mycorrhizal fungi. Under field conditions, we experimentally tested whether mycorrhizal fungi mediate the increased fitness that M. luisana experiences when growing in association with its facilitated plants. We applied fungicide to the soil for nurse plants growing alone and growing in association with their facilitated plants in order to reduce the mycorrhizal colonisation of roots. We then assessed the quantity and quality of seed production of M. luisana in four treatments (isolated-control, isolated-fungicide, associated-control and associated-fungicide). Fungicide application reduced the percentage root length colonised by mycorrhizae and reduced fitness of M. luisana when growing in association with their facilitated plants but not when growing in isolation. This reduction was reflected in the total number of seeds, number of seeds per pod, seed mass and seed viability. These results suggest that nurses benefit from the presence of their facilitated plants through links established by mycorrhizae, indicating that both plants and belowground mutualistic communities are all part of one system, coexisting by means of intrinsically linked interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sortibrán
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Verdú
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), Valencia, Spain
| | - A Valiente-Banuet
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Alguacil M, Díaz G, Torres P, Rodríguez-Caballero G, Roldán A. Host identity and functional traits determine the community composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in facultative epiphytic plant species. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic richness have both positive and negative effects on ecosystem multifunctionality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8419-8424. [PMID: 30948639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815727116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity encompasses multiple attributes such as the richness and abundance of species (taxonomic diversity), the presence of different evolutionary lineages (phylogenetic diversity), and the variety of growth forms and resource use strategies (functional diversity). These biodiversity attributes do not necessarily relate to each other and may have contrasting effects on ecosystem functioning. However, how they simultaneously influence the provision of multiple ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling (multifunctionality) remains unknown. We evaluated the effects of the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional attributes of dominant (mass ratio effects) and subordinate (richness effect) plant species on the multifunctionality of 123 drylands from six continents. Our results highlight the importance of the phylogenetic and functional attributes of subordinate species as key drivers of multifunctionality. In addition to a higher taxonomic richness, we found that simultaneously increasing the richness of early diverging lineages and the functional redundancy between species increased multifunctionality. In contrast, the richness of most recent evolutionary lineages and the functional and phylogenetic attributes of dominant plant species (mass ratio effects) were weakly correlated with multifunctionality. However, they were important drivers of individual nutrient cycles. By identifying which biodiversity attributes contribute the most to multifunctionality, our results can guide restoration efforts aiming to maximize either multifunctionality or particular nutrient cycles, a critical step to combat dryland desertification worldwide.
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Yang R, Cai X, Li X, Christie P, Zhang J, Gai J. Temperature-mediated local adaptation alters the symbiotic function in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2616-2628. [PMID: 28345305 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the symbiotic function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) has been demonstrated among distinct biotic and abiotic interactions. However, there is little knowledge on how local temperature conditions influence the functional divergence of AM symbionts in alpine ecosystems. Here, we conduct a reciprocal inoculation experiment to explore the three-way interactions among plants, AM fungal inoculum and temperature at sites of contrasting elevation. Evidence of local adaptation of plant growth was found only under low temperature conditions, with no consistent local versus foreign effect found in AM fungal performance. The origin of either the plant or the inoculum relative to the temperature was important in explaining symbiotic function. Specifically, when inoculum and temperature were sympatric but allopatric to the plant, poor adaptation by the plant to the novel environment was clearly found under both temperature conditions. Further analysis found that the symbiotic function was inversely related to fungal diversity under high temperature conditions. These results suggest that local adaptation represents a powerful factor in the establishment of novel combinations of plant, inoculum and temperature, and confirms the importance of taking into account both biotic and abiotic interactions in the prediction of the response of symbionts to global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaobu Cai
- Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peter Christie
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingping Gai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Gilbert GS, Parker IM. The Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Disease: A Phylogenetic Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:549-78. [PMID: 27359365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An explicit phylogenetic perspective provides useful tools for phytopathology and plant disease ecology because the traits of both plants and microbes are shaped by their evolutionary histories. We present brief primers on phylogenetic signal and the analytical tools of phylogenetic ecology. We review the literature and find abundant evidence of phylogenetic signal in pathogens and plants for most traits involved in disease interactions. Plant nonhost resistance mechanisms and pathogen housekeeping functions are conserved at deeper phylogenetic levels, whereas molecular traits associated with rapid coevolutionary dynamics are more labile at branch tips. Horizontal gene transfer disrupts the phylogenetic signal for some microbial traits. Emergent traits, such as host range and disease severity, show clear phylogenetic signals. Therefore pathogen spread and disease impact are influenced by the phylogenetic structure of host assemblages. Phylogenetically rare species escape disease pressure. Phylogenetic tools could be used to develop predictive tools for phytosanitary risk analysis and reduce disease pressure in multispecies cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá 0843-03092
| | - Ingrid M Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá 0843-03092
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Fungal phylogenetic diversity drives plant facilitation. Oecologia 2016; 181:533-41. [PMID: 26915080 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-plant facilitation is a crucial ecological process, as many plant species (facilitated) require the presence of an established individual (nurse) to recruit. Some plant facilitative interactions disappear during the ontogenetic development of the facilitated plant but others persist, even when the two plants are adults. We test whether the persistence of plant facilitative interactions is explained by the phylogenetic diversity of mutualistic and non-mutualistic fungi that the nurse and the facilitated species add to the shared rhizosphere. We classify plant facilitative interactions as persistent and non-persistent interactions and quantify the phylogenetic diversity of mutualistic and non-mutualistic fungi added by the plant species to the shared rhizosphere. Our results show that the facilitated species add less phylogenetic diversity of non-mutualistic fungi when plant facilitative interactions persist than when they do not persist. However, persistent and non-persistent facilitative interactions did not differ in the phylogenetic diversity of mutualistic fungi added by the facilitated species to the shared rhizosphere. Finally, the fungal phylogenetic diversity added by the nurse to the shared rhizosphere did not differ between persistent and non-persistent interactions. This study suggests that considering the fungal associates of the plant species involved in facilitative interactions can shed light on the mechanisms of persistence for plant-plant interactions.
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