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Hapsari KA, Jennerjahn T, Nugroho SH, Yulianto E, Behling H. Sea level rise and climate change acting as interactive stressors on development and dynamics of tropical peatlands in coastal Sumatra and South Borneo since the Last Glacial Maximum. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3459-3479. [PMID: 35312144 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asian peatlands, along with their various important ecosystem services, are mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Sumatra and Borneo. These ecosystems are threatened by coastal development, global warming and sea level rise (SLR). Despite receiving growing attention for their biodiversity and as massive carbon stores, there is still a lack of knowledge on how they initiated and evolved over time, and how they responded to past environmental change, that is, precipitation, sea level and early anthropogenic activities. To improve our understanding thereof, we conducted multi-proxy paleoecological studies in the Kampar Peninsula and Katingan peatlands in the coastal area of Riau and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results indicate that the initiation timing and environment of both peatlands are very distinct, suggesting that peat could form under various vegetation as soon as there is sufficient moisture to limit organic matter decomposition. The past dynamics of both peatlands were mainly attributable to natural drivers, while anthropogenic activities were hardly relevant. Changes in precipitation and sea level led to shifts in peat swamp forest vegetation, peat accumulation rates and fire regimes at both sites. We infer that the simultaneous occurrence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and SLR resulted in synergistic effects which led to the occurrence of severe fires in a pristine coastal peatland ecosystem; however, it did not interrupt peat accretion. In the future, SLR, combined with the projected increase in frequency and intensity of ENSO, can potentially amplify the negative effects of anthropogenic peatland fires. This prospectively stimulates massive carbon release, thus could, in turn, contribute to worsening the global climate crisis especially once an as yet unknown threshold is crossed and peat accretion is halted, that is, peatlands lose their carbon sink function. Given the current rapid SLR, coastal peatland managements should start develop fire risk reduction or mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anggi Hapsari
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tim Jennerjahn
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geoscience, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Septriono Hari Nugroho
- Research Center for Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Eko Yulianto
- Research Center for Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hermann Behling
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Dias MC, Santos C, Araújo M, Barros PM, Oliveira M, de Oliveira JMPF. Quercus suber Roots Activate Antioxidant and Membrane Protective Processes in Response to High Salinity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040557. [PMID: 35214887 PMCID: PMC8875824 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cork oak (Quercus suber) is a species native to Mediterranean areas and its adaptation to the increasingly prevalent abiotic stresses, such as soil salinization, remain unknown. In sequence with recent studies on salt stress response in the leaf, it is fundamental to uncover the plasticity of roots directly exposed to high salinity to better understand how Q. suber copes with salt stress. In the present study we aimed to unveil the antioxidants and key-genes involved in the stress-responses (early vs. later responses) of Q. suber roots exposed to high salinity. Two-month-old Q. suber plants were watered with 300 mM NaCl solution and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and the relative expression of genes related to stress response were analysed 8 h and 6 days after salt treatment. After an 8 h of exposure, roots activated the expression of QsLTI30 and QsFAD7 genes involved in stress membrane protection, and QsRAV1 and QsCZF1 genes involved in tolerance and adaptation. As a result of the continued salinity stress (6 days), lipid peroxidation increased, which was associated with an upregulation of QsLTI30 gene. Moreover, other protective mechanisms were activated, such as the upregulation of genes related to antioxidant status, QsCSD1 and QsAPX2, and the increase of the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, concomitantly with total antioxidant activity and phenols. These data suggest a response dependent on the time of salinity exposure, leading Q. suber roots to adopt protective complementary strategies to deal with salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeste Dias
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Conceição Santos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- IB2 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Araújo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.D.); (M.A.)
- IB2 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Barros
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Genomics of Plant Stress, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (P.M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Genomics of Plant Stress, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (P.M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - José Miguel P. Ferreira de Oliveira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Soto Gonzáles HH, Peñuelas-Rubio O, Argentel-Martínez L, Leyva Ponce A, Herrera Andrade MH, Hasanuzzaman M, González Aguilera J, Eduardo Teodoro P. Salinity effects on water potential and the normalized difference vegetation index in four species of a saline semi-arid ecosystem. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12297. [PMID: 34754617 PMCID: PMC8552789 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out during January 2020–December 2020 in a semi-desert ecosystem in southern Sonora, Mexico, to determine the annual and daily variations in water potential and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Bursera fagaroides Engl., Monogr. Phan., Parkinsonia aculeata L., Sp. Pl.; Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.), and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Soil electrical conductivity, cation content, and physical characteristics were determined at two depths, and water potential (ψ) was measured in roots, stems, and leaves. The daily leaf ψ was measured every 15 days each month to determine the duration of stress (hours) and the stress intensity (SI). The electrical conductivity determinations classified the soil in the experimental area as strongly saline. A significant difference was noted in electrical conductivity between soil depths. The four studied species showed significant gradients of ψ in their organs. In this soil, all four species remained in a stressed condition for approximately 11 h per day. The mean SI was 27%, and B. fagaroides Engl., Monogr. Phan. showed the lowest value. The four species showed increased NDVI values during the rainy months, with P. laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) and Parkinsonia aculeata L., Sp. Pl. showing the highest values. The capacity for ψ decrease under saline conditions identified A. canescens (Pursh) Nutt., B. fagaroides Engl., Monogr. Phan. and P. aculeata L., Sp. Pl. as practical and feasible alternatives for establishment in saline soils in southern Sonora for purposes of soil recovery and reforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ofelda Peñuelas-Rubio
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Yaqui, Bácum, México
| | - Leandris Argentel-Martínez
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Yaqui, Bácum, México
| | - Aurelio Leyva Ponce
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Yaqui, Bácum, México
| | | | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jorge González Aguilera
- Department of Crop Scienc, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
- Department of Crop Scienc, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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