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Gathy E, Cadiat N, Gerardin E, Lambert J, Herman B, Leeuwerck M, Bihin B, Vandermeeren Y. Bimanual coordinated motor skill learning in patients with a chronic cerebellar stroke. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1517-1531. [PMID: 38722346 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cerebellar strokes induce coordination disorders that can affect activities of daily living. Evidence-based neurorehabilitation programs are founded on motor learning principles. The cerebellum is a key neural structure in motor learning. It is unknown whether and how well chronic cerebellar stroke individuals (CCSIs) can learn to coordinate their upper limbs through bimanual motor skill learning. The aim was to determine whether CCSIs could achieve bimanual skill learning through a serious game with the REAplan® robot and to compare CCSIs with healthy individuals (HIs). Over three consecutive days, sixteen CCSIs and eighteen HIs were trained on an asymmetric bimanual coordination task ("CIRCUIT" game) with the REAplan® robot, allowing quantification of speed, accuracy and coordination. The primary outcomes were the bimanual speed/accuracy trade-off (BiSAT) and bimanual coordination factor (BiCo). They were also evaluated on a bimanual REACHING task on Days 1 and 3. Correlation analyses between the robotic outcomes and clinical scale scores were computed. Throughout the sessions, BiSAT and BiCo improved during the CIRCUIT task in both HIs and CCSIs. On Day 3, HIs and CCSIs showed generalization of BiSAT, BiCo and transferred to the REACHING task. There was no significant between-group difference in progression. Four CCSIs and two HIs were categorized as "poor learners" according to BiSAT and/or BiCo. Increasing age correlated with reduced BiSAT but not BiCo progression. Over three days of training, HIs and CCSIs improved, retained, generalized and transferred a coordinated bimanual skill. There was no between-group difference, suggesting plastic compensation in CCSIs. Clinical trial NCT04642599 approved the 24th of November 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Gathy
- Stroke Unit, Motor Learning Lab, Neurology Department, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne)/UCLouvain, Yvoir, Belgium
- Louvain Bionics, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- NEUR Division, Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- COSY Division, Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ninon Cadiat
- Stroke Unit, Motor Learning Lab, Neurology Department, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne)/UCLouvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Eloïse Gerardin
- Stroke Unit, Motor Learning Lab, Neurology Department, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne)/UCLouvain, Yvoir, Belgium
- Louvain Bionics, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- NEUR Division, Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Lambert
- COSY Division, Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Herman
- Louvain Bionics, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (iMMC), UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mie Leeuwerck
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne)/UCLouvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Benoît Bihin
- Scientific Support Unit (USS), CHU UCL Namur (Godinne)/UCLouvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Yves Vandermeeren
- Stroke Unit, Motor Learning Lab, Neurology Department, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne)/UCLouvain, Yvoir, Belgium.
- Louvain Bionics, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
- NEUR Division, Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Magondo N, Meintjes EM, Warton FL, Little F, van der Kouwe AJW, Laughton B, Jankiewicz M, Holmes MJ. Distinct alterations in white matter properties and organization related to maternal treatment initiation in neonates exposed to HIV but uninfected. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8822. [PMID: 38627570 PMCID: PMC11021525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV exposed-uninfected (HEU) infants and children are at risk of developmental delays as compared to HIV uninfected unexposed (HUU) populations. The effects of exposure to in utero HIV and ART regimens on the HEU the developing brain are not well understood. In a cohort of 2-week-old newborns, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography and graph theory to examine the influence of HIV and ART exposure in utero on neonate white matter integrity and organisation. The cohort included HEU infants born to mothers who started ART before conception (HEUpre) and after conception (HEUpost), as well as HUU infants from the same community. We investigated HIV exposure and ART duration group differences in DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD)) and graph measures across white matter. We found increased MD in white matter connections involving the thalamus and limbic system in the HEUpre group compared to HUU. We further identified reduced nodal efficiency in the basal ganglia. Within the HEUpost group, we observed reduced FA in cortical-subcortical and cerebellar connections as well as decreased transitivity in the hindbrain area compared to HUU. Overall, our analysis demonstrated distinct alterations in white matter integrity related to the timing of maternal ART initiation that influence regional brain network properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndivhuwo Magondo
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Fleur L Warton
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre J W van der Kouwe
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marcin Jankiewicz
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- ImageTech, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Martha J Holmes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- ImageTech, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
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Magondo N, Meintjes EM, Warton FL, Little F, van der Kouwe AJ, Laughton B, Jankiewicz M, Holmes MJ. Distinct alterations in white matter properties and organization related to maternal treatment initiation in neonates exposed to HIV but uninfected. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575169. [PMID: 38260347 PMCID: PMC10802593 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
HIV exposed-uninfected (HEU) infants and children are at risk of developmental delays as compared to uninfected unexposed (HUU) populations. The effects of exposure to in utero HIV and ART regimens on the HEU the developing brain are not well understood. In a cohort of 2-week-old newborns, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography and graph theory to examine the influence of HIV and ART exposure in utero on neonate white matter integrity and organisation. The cohort included HEU infants born to mothers who started ART before conception (HEUpre) and after conception (HEUpost), as well as HUU infants from the same community. We investigated HIV exposure and ART duration group differences in DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD)) and graph measures across white matter. We found increased MD in white matter connections involving the thalamus and limbic system in the HEUpre group compared to HUU. We further identified reduced nodal efficiency in the basal ganglia. Within the HEUpost group, we observed reduced FA in cortical-subcortical and cerebellar connections as well as decreased transitivity in the hindbrain area compared to HUU. Overall, our analysis demonstrated distinct alterations in white matter integrity related to the timing of maternal ART initiation that influence regional brain network properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndivhuwo Magondo
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernesta M. Meintjes
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fleur L. Warton
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre J.W. van der Kouwe
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA,USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Tygerberg Children’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch,South Africa
| | - Marcin Jankiewicz
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- ImageTech, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Martha J. Holmes
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- ImageTech, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Sun H, Yang J, Ma Y, Chen K, Su J, Yu X, Yang F, Zhang Z, Zhao T, Hu X, Zhai Y, Liu Q, Wang J, Liu C, Wang Z. Cerebellum drives functional dysfunctions in restless leg syndrome. Sleep Med 2023; 110:172-178. [PMID: 37595434 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has serious effects on patients' sleep quality, physical and mental health. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of RLS remain unclear. This study utilized both static and dynamic functional activity and connectivity analyses approaches as well as effective connectivity analysis to reveal the neurophysiological basis of RLS. METHODS The resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data from 32 patients with RLS and 33 age-, and gender-matched healthy control (HC) were collected. Dynamic and static amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), functional connectivity (FC), and Granger causality analysis (GCA) were employed to reveal the abnormal functional activities and couplings in patients with RLS. RESULTS RLS patients showed over-activities in left parahippocampus and right cerebellum, hyper-connectivities of right cerebellum with left basal ganglia, left postcentral gyrus and right precentral gyrus, and enhanced effective connectivity from right cerebellum to left postcentral gyrus compared to HC. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal cerebellum-basal ganglia-sensorimotor cortex circuit may be the underlying neuropathological basis of RLS. Our findings highlight the important role of right cerebellum in the onset of RLS and suggest right cerebellum may be a potential target for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyue Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingzi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kexuan Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Futing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuying Hu
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiran Zhai
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihong Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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5
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McGurn M, Dworkin JD, Chapman S, Huey ED, Cosentino S, Louis ED. Can the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination detect cognitive decline in elderly patients with essential tremor? Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:1173-1190. [PMID: 35762453 PMCID: PMC10069329 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Given the association between essential tremor (ET) and higher rates of cognitive decline, assessing this decline is an important element of research and clinical care. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are two broad, brief measures that are widely used to monitor cognitive impairment in various neurological disorders. We sought to determine the relative ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline in elderly patients with ET. Methods We administered a neuropsychological battery to an ET cohort every 18 months over 4.5 years. We defined the gold standard for change in cognition as the change in neuropsychological test scores over consecutive evaluations and applied the Reliable Change Method to detect meaningful increases/decreases in test scores. We performed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to quantify the area under the curve (AUC) and compare the ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline. Results The AUCs for the MoCA and the MMSE did not differ significantly at any interval or when all intervals were pooled for analysis. Across all intervals, the ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline was consistently fair or poor. Conclusions We found that the ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline in ET patients over 18-month intervals is inadequate. Unchanged scores on the MoCA and the MMSE in ET over time should be approached with caution. We propose that these screening tools should be supplemented with additional neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McGurn
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jordan D Dworkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Chapman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Saban W, Gabay S. Contributions of Lower Structures to Higher Cognition: Towards a Dynamic Network Model. J Intell 2023; 11:121. [PMID: 37367523 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers often attribute higher cognition to the enlargement of cortical regions throughout evolution, reflecting the belief that humans sit at the top of the cognitive pyramid. Implicitly, this approach assumes that the subcortex is of secondary importance for higher-order cognition. While it is now recognized that subcortical regions can be involved in various cognitive domains, it remains unclear how they contribute to computations essential for higher-level cognitive processes such as endogenous attention and numerical cognition. Herein, we identify three models of subcortical-cortical relations in these cognitive processes: (i) subcortical regions are not involved in higher cognition; (ii) subcortical computations support elemental forms of higher cognition mainly in species without a developed cortex; and (iii) higher cognition depends on a whole-brain dynamic network, requiring integrated cortical and subcortical computations. Based on evolutionary theories and recent data, we propose the SEED hypothesis: the Subcortex is Essential for the Early Development of higher cognition. According to the five principles of the SEED hypothesis, subcortical computations are essential for the emergence of cognitive abilities that enable organisms to adapt to an ever-changing environment. We examine the implications of the SEED hypothesis from a multidisciplinary perspective to understand how the subcortex contributes to various forms of higher cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Saban
- Center for Accessible Neuropsychology, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shai Gabay
- Department of Psychology, the Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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Martin E, Scotté-Barranoff C, Tallet J. What neurological diseases tell us about procedural perceptual-motor learning? A systematic review of the literature. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-06724-w. [PMID: 36973591 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Procedural perceptual-motor learning of sequences (PPMLS) provides perceptual-motor skills in many activities of daily living. Based on behavioral and neuroimaging results, theoretical models of PPMLS postulate that the cortico-striatal loop, the cortico-cerebellar loop and the hippocampus are specifically involved in the early stage of PPMLS while the cortico-striatal loop would be specifically involved in the late stage of PPMLS. Hence, current models predict that the early stage of PPMLS should be impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD: lesion of the cortico-striatal loop), in cerebellar disease (CD: lesion of the cortico-cerebellar loop) and in Alzheimer's disease (AD: lesion of the hippocampus), whereas the late stage of PPMLS should be specifically impaired in PD. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is (1) to draw a complete picture of experimental results on PPMLS in PD, CD and AD (2) to understand heterogeneity of results as regard to participant and task characteristics. METHOD This review is based on the guideline proposed by the PRISMA statement. RESULTS Our review reveals (1) that the experimental results clarify the theoretical models and (2) that the impairment of PPMLS depends on both the personal characteristics of the participants and the characteristics of the task to-be-learnt rather than on the disease itself. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that these characteristics should be more carefully considered to understand the heterogeneity of results across studies on PPMLS and the effects of rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Martin
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- Institut de Formation en Psychomotricité, Université Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Jessica Tallet
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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To Do or Not to Do: The cerebellum and neocortex contribute to predicting sequences of social intentions. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:323-339. [PMID: 36788200 PMCID: PMC10049953 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans read the minds of others to predict their actions and efficiently navigate social environments, a capacity called mentalizing. Accumulating evidence suggests that the cerebellum, especially Crus 1 and 2, and lobule IX are involved in identifying the sequence of others' actions. In the current study, we investigated the neural correlates that underly predicting others' intentions and how this plays out in the sequence of their actions. We developed a novel intention prediction task, which required participants to put protagonists' behaviors in the correct chronological order based on the protagonists' honest or deceitful intentions (i.e., inducing true or false beliefs in others). We found robust activation of cerebellar lobule IX and key mentalizing areas in the neocortex when participants ordered protagonists' intentional behaviors compared with not ordering behaviors or to ordering object scenarios. Unlike a previous task that involved prediction based on personality traits that recruited cerebellar Crus 1 and 2, and lobule IX (Haihambo et al., 2021), the present task recruited only the cerebellar lobule IX. These results suggest that cerebellar lobule IX may be generally involved in social action sequence prediction, and that different areas of the cerebellum are specialized for distinct mentalizing functions.
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9
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Rehabilitation of Memory Disorders. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ctn7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory disorders are common in clinical practice. This review focuses on the rehabilitation of anterograde amnesia, the inability to learn and retrieve new information, in non-degenerative brain disease. Diverse mnemonic strategies may be helpful in learning specific pieces of information. Their success also depends on the severity of associated cognitive failures, in particular, executive dysfunction. However, unless transfer to everyday activities is specifically trained, such strategies are of limited value in promoting independence in daily life. External memory aids are often necessary to allow for independent living. Learning to use them requires intact capacities such as procedural learning or conditioning. This review further discusses the rehabilitation of confabulation, that is, the emergence of memories of events that never happened. The rehabilitation of memory disorders needs to be tailored to patients’ individual capacities and needs.
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10
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Siciliano L, Olivito G, Lupo M, Urbini N, Gragnani A, Saettoni M, Delle Chiaie R, Leggio M. The role of the cerebellum in sequencing and predicting social and non-social events in patients with bipolar disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1095157. [PMID: 36874211 PMCID: PMC9974833 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1095157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Advances in the operational mode of the cerebellum indicate a role in sequencing and predicting non-social and social events, crucial for individuals to optimize high-order functions, such as Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM deficits have been described in patients with remitted bipolar disorders (BD). The literature on BD patients' pathophysiology reports cerebellar alterations; however, sequential abilities have never been investigated and no study has previously focused on prediction abilities, which are needed to properly interpret events and to adapt to changes. Methods To address this gap, we compared the performance of BD patients in the euthymic phase with healthy controls using two tests that require predictive processing: a ToM test that require implicit sequential processing and a test that explicitly assesses sequential abilities in non-ToM functions. Additionally, patterns of cerebellar gray matter (GM) alterations were compared between BD patients and controls using voxel-based morphometry. Results Impaired ToM and sequential skills were detected in BD patients, specifically when tasks required a greater predictive load. Behavioral performances might be consistent with patterns of GM reduction in cerebellar lobules Crus I-II, which are involved in advanced human functions. Discussion These results highlight the importance of deepening the cerebellar role in sequential and prediction abilities in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Siciliano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Lupo
- Servizio di Tutela della Salute Mentale e Riabilitazione dell'Età Evolutiva ASL, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Urbini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gragnani
- Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, Grosseto, Italy.,Associazione Psicologia Cognitiva (APC)/Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva (SPC), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Saettoni
- Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, Grosseto, Italy.,Unità Funzionale Salute Mentale Adulti ASL Toscana Nord-Ovest Valle del Serchio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Delle Chiaie
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health-Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Rondi-Reig L, Paradis AL, Fallahnezhad M. A Liaison Brought to Light: Cerebellum-Hippocampus, Partners for Spatial Cognition. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:826-837. [PMID: 35752720 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the functional and anatomical links between the cerebellum and the hippocampus and the role of their interplay in goal-directed navigation and spatial cognition. We will describe the interactions between the cerebellum and the hippocampus at different scales: a macroscopic scale revealing the joint activations of these two structures at the level of neuronal circuits, a mesoscopic scale highlighting the synchronization of neuronal oscillations, and finally a cellular scale where we will describe the activity of hippocampal neuronal assemblies following a targeted manipulation of the cerebellar system. We will take advantage of this framework to summarize the different anatomical pathways that may sustain this multiscale interaction. We will finally consider the possible influence of the cerebellum on pathologies traditionally associated with hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Rondi-Reig
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory Team (CeZaMe), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine (NPS), 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Anne-Lise Paradis
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory Team (CeZaMe), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine (NPS), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Fallahnezhad
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory Team (CeZaMe), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine (NPS), 75005, Paris, France
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12
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Understanding Mathematical Learning Disorder in Regard to Executive and Cerebellar Functioning: a Failure of Procedural Consolidation. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40817-022-00127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA burgeoning body of literature in pediatric neuropsychological assessment suggests executive functioning is the foundation of many procedural learning skills as mediated by cerebellar processing. Given the neuropsychological necessity of intact procedural learning ability for efficient academic learning, the accurate identification of what we have termed “procedural consolidation deficit” (PCD) may be an underpinning of mathematical learning disorder (MLD). Thus, one aim of the present study was to perform an exploratory correlational analysis between performance on pediatric neuropsychological tasks of procedural learning and a classification of MLD. The second aim was to utilize regression analysis of measures of procedural learning for predicting a clinically useful classification of MLD. Results revealed a significant correlation between performance on tasks of procedural learning and a classification of MLD. The follow-up regression model yielded the most predictive variables in identifying individuals with MLD, which included: (a) WISC-V Coding; (b) first administration of Trail Making Test Part B; (c) slope across five serial administrations of Trail Making Test Part B. The model was highly significant and had a classification accuracy for MLD of 87.4%. Results suggest performance on procedural learning tasks significantly predict a classification of MLD. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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13
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Cognitive Dysfunction following Cerebellar Stroke: Insights Gained from Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Research. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3148739. [PMID: 35465397 PMCID: PMC9033331 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3148739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellum has been consistently noted in the process of cognition, the pathophysiology of this link is still under exploration. Cerebellar stroke, in which the lesions are focal and limited, provides an appropriate clinical model disease for studying the role of the cerebellum in the cognitive process. This review article targeting the cerebellar stroke population (1) describes a cognitive impairment profile, (2) identifies the cerebellar structural alterations linked to cognition, and (3) reveals possible mechanisms of cerebellar cognition using functional neuroimaging. The data indicates the disruption of the cerebro-cerebellar loop in cerebellar stroke and its contribution to cognitive dysfunctions. And the characteristic of cognitive deficits are mild, span a broad spectrum, dominated by executive impairment. The consideration of these findings could contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights into the cognitive function of the cerebellum and might provide a novel approach to cognitive rehabilitation. The goal of this review is to spread awareness of cognitive impairments in cerebellar disorders.
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Lien YR, Lin YC, Lin SHN, Lin CP, Chang LH. Frequency-Dependent Effects of Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Visuomotor Accuracy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:804027. [PMID: 35368261 PMCID: PMC8971901 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.804027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical role in acquiring visuomotor skills. Visuomotor task mastery requires improving both visuomotor accuracy and stability; however, the cerebellum’s contribution to these processes remains unclear. We hypothesized that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum exerts frequency-dependent modulatory effects on both accuracy and stability in subjects performing a visuomotor coordination task (i.e., pursuit rotor task). We recruited 43 healthy volunteers and randomly assigned them to the high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF), and sham rTMS groups. We calculated changes in performance of the pursuit rotor task at the highest rotation speed and the minimum distance from target as indices of accuracy. We also calculated the intertrial variability (standard deviations) of time on target and distance from target as indices of stability. Visuomotor accuracy was significantly enhanced in the HF group and disrupted in the LF group compared to the sham group, indicating frequency-dependent effects of rTMS. In contrast, both HF and LF rTMS demonstrated no significant change in visuomotor stability. Surprisingly, our findings demonstrated that the accuracy and stability of visuomotor performance may be differentially influenced by cerebellar rTMS. This suggests that visuomotor accuracy and stability have different underlying neural mechanisms and revealed the possibility of training strategies based on cerebellar neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun R. Lien
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hua N. Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Education Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Li-Hung Chang,
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15
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Wei L, Weng T, Dong H, Baeken C, Jiang T, Wu GR. The cortico-basal-cerebellar neurocircuit is linked to personality trait of novelty seeking. Neuroscience 2022; 488:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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McKinney WS, Kelly SE, Unruh KE, Shafer RL, Sweeney JA, Styner M, Mosconi MW. Cerebellar Volumes and Sensorimotor Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:821109. [PMID: 35592866 PMCID: PMC9113114 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.821109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensorimotor issues are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), though their neural bases are not well understood. The cerebellum is vital to sensorimotor control and reduced cerebellar volumes in ASD have been documented. Our study examined the extent to which cerebellar volumes are associated with multiple sensorimotor behaviors in ASD. Materials and Methods Fifty-eight participants with ASD and 34 typically developing (TD) controls (8-30 years) completed a structural MRI scan and precision grip testing, oculomotor testing, or both. Force variability during precision gripping as well as absolute error and trial-to-trial error variability of visually guided saccades were examined. Volumes of cerebellar lobules, vermis, and white matter were quantified. The relationships between each cerebellar region of interest (ROI) and force variability, saccade error, and saccade error variability were examined. Results Relative to TD controls, individuals with ASD showed increased force variability. Individuals with ASD showed a reduced volume of cerebellar vermis VI-VII relative to TD controls. Relative to TD females, females with ASD showed a reduced volume of bilateral cerebellar Crus II/lobule VIIB. Increased volume of Crus I was associated with increased force variability. Increased volume of vermal lobules VI-VII was associated with reduced saccade error for TD controls but not individuals with ASD. Increased right lobule VIII and cerebellar white matter volumes as well as reduced right lobule VI and right lobule X volumes were associated with greater ASD symptom severity. Reduced volumes of right Crus II/lobule VIIB were associated with greater ASD symptom severity in only males, while reduced volumes of right Crus I were associated with more severe restricted and repetitive behaviors only in females. Conclusion Our finding that increased force variability in ASD is associated with greater cerebellar Crus I volumes indicates that disruption of sensory feedback processing supported by Crus I may contribute to skeletomotor differences in ASD. Results showing that volumes of vermal lobules VI-VII are associated with saccade precision in TD but not ASD implicates atypical organization of the brain systems supporting oculomotor control in ASD. Associations between volumes of cerebellar subregions and ASD symptom severity suggest cerebellar pathological processes may contribute to multiple developmental challenges in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker S. McKinney
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Shannon E. Kelly
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Unruh
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Robin L. Shafer
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry and Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew W. Mosconi,
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17
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Parr T, Da Costa L, Heins C, Ramstead MJD, Friston KJ. Memory and Markov Blankets. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:1105. [PMID: 34573730 PMCID: PMC8469145 DOI: 10.3390/e23091105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In theoretical biology, we are often interested in random dynamical systems-like the brain-that appear to model their environments. This can be formalized by appealing to the existence of a (possibly non-equilibrium) steady state, whose density preserves a conditional independence between a biological entity and its surroundings. From this perspective, the conditioning set, or Markov blanket, induces a form of vicarious synchrony between creature and world-as if one were modelling the other. However, this results in an apparent paradox. If all conditional dependencies between a system and its surroundings depend upon the blanket, how do we account for the mnemonic capacity of living systems? It might appear that any shared dependence upon past blanket states violates the independence condition, as the variables on either side of the blanket now share information not available from the current blanket state. This paper aims to resolve this paradox, and to demonstrate that conditional independence does not preclude memory. Our argument rests upon drawing a distinction between the dependencies implied by a steady state density, and the density dynamics of the system conditioned upon its configuration at a previous time. The interesting question then becomes: What determines the length of time required for a stochastic system to 'forget' its initial conditions? We explore this question for an example system, whose steady state density possesses a Markov blanket, through simple numerical analyses. We conclude with a discussion of the relevance for memory in cognitive systems like us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; (L.D.C.); (M.J.D.R.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Lancelot Da Costa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; (L.D.C.); (M.J.D.R.); (K.J.F.)
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Conor Heins
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Nested Minds Network, London EC4A 3TW, UK
| | - Maxwell James D. Ramstead
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; (L.D.C.); (M.J.D.R.); (K.J.F.)
- Nested Minds Network, London EC4A 3TW, UK
- Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; (L.D.C.); (M.J.D.R.); (K.J.F.)
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Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential Tremor Within the Broader Context of Other Forms of Cerebellar Degeneration. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:879-896. [PMID: 32666285 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) has recently been reconceptualized by many as a degenerative disease of the cerebellum. Until now, though, there has been no attempt to frame it within the context of these diseases. Here, we compare the clinical and postmortem features of ET with other cerebellar degenerations, thereby placing it within the broader context of these diseases. Action tremor is the hallmark feature of ET. Although often underreported in the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), action tremors occur, and it is noteworthy that in SCA12 and 15, they are highly prevalent, often severe, and can be the earliest disease manifestation, resulting in an initial diagnosis of ET in many cases. Intention tremor, sometimes referred to as "cerebellar tremor," is a common feature of ET and many SCAs. Other features of cerebellar dysfunction, gait ataxia and eye motion abnormalities, are seen to a mild degree in ET and more markedly in SCAs. Several SCAs (e.g., SCA5, 6, 14, and 15), like ET, follow a milder and more protracted disease course. In ET, numerous postmortem changes have been localized to the cerebellum and are largely confined to the cerebellar cortex, preserving the cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cell loss is modest. Similarly, in SCA3, 12, and 15, Purkinje cell loss is limited, and in SCA12 and 15, there is preservation of cerebellar nuclei and relative sparing of other central nervous system regions. Both clinically and pathologically, there are numerous similarities and intersection points between ET and other disorders of cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology and Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Abstract
A major challenge for neuropsychological research arises from the fact that we are dealing with a limited resource: the patients. Not only is it difficult to identify and recruit these individuals, but their ability to participate in research projects can be limited by their medical condition. As such, sample sizes are small, and considerable time (e.g., 2 years) is required to complete a study. To address limitations inherent to laboratory-based neuropsychological research, we developed a protocol for online neuropsychological testing (PONT). We describe the implementation of PONT and provide the required information and materials for recruiting participants, conducting remote neurological evaluations, and testing patients in an automated, self-administered manner. The protocol can be easily tailored to target a broad range of patient groups, especially those who can be contacted via support groups or multisite collaborations. To highlight the operation of PONT and describe some of the unique challenges that arise in online neuropsychological research, we summarize our experience using PONT in a research program involving individuals with Parkinson's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. In a 10-month period, by contacting 646 support group coordinators, we were able to assemble a participant pool with over 100 patients in each group from across the United States. Moreover, we completed six experiments (n > 300) exploring their performance on a range of tasks examining motor and cognitive abilities. The efficiency of PONT in terms of data collection, combined with the convenience it offers the participants, promises a new approach that can increase the impact of neuropsychological research.
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20
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Tacyildiz AE, Bilgin B, Gungor A, Ucer M, Karadag A, Tanriover N. Dentate Nucleus: Connectivity-Based Anatomic Parcellation Based on Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Projections. World Neurosurg 2021; 152:e408-e428. [PMID: 34062299 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Projections from the dentate nucleus (DN) follow a certain organized course to upper levels. Crossing and noncrossing fibers of the dentatorubrothalamic (DRT) tract terminate in the red nucleus and thalamus and have various connections throughout the cerebral cortex. We aimed to establish the microsurgical anatomy of the DN in relation to its efferent connections to complement the increased recognition of its surgical importance and also to provide an insight into the network-associated symptoms related to lesions and microsurgery in and around the region. METHODS The cerebellum, DN, and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) en route to red nucleus were examined through fiber dissections from the anterior, posterior, and lateral sides to define the connections of the DN and its relationships with adjacent neural structures. RESULTS The DN was anatomically divided into 4 areas based on its relation to the SCP; the lateral major, lateral anterosuperior, posteromedial, and anteromedial compartments. Most of the fibers originating from the lateral compartments were involved in the decussation of the SCP. The ventral fibers originating from the lateral anterosuperior compartment were exclusively involved in the decussation. The fibers from the posteromedial compartment ascended ipsilaterally and decussated, whereas most anteromedial fibers ascended ipsilaterally and did not participate in the decussation. CONCLUSIONS Clarifying the anatomofunctional organization of the DN in relation to the SCP could improve microneurosurgical results by reducing the complication rates during infratentorial surgery in and around the nucleus. The proposed compartmentalization would be a major step forward in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Emre Tacyildiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karabuk Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Karabuk, Turkey; Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berra Bilgin
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abuzer Gungor
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Umraniye Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Ucer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Karadag
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Tanriover
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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21
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Tsuboi T, Wong JK, Eisinger RS, Okromelidze L, Burns MR, Ramirez-Zamora A, Almeida L, Wagle Shukla A, Foote KD, Okun MS, Grewal SS, Middlebrooks EH. Comparative connectivity correlates of dystonic and essential tremor deep brain stimulation. Brain 2021; 144:1774-1786. [PMID: 33889943 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of dystonic tremor and essential tremor remains partially understood. In patients with medication-refractory dystonic tremor or essential tremor, deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the thalamus or posterior subthalamic area has evolved into a promising treatment option. However, the optimal DBS targets for these disorders remains unknown. This retrospective study explored the optimal targets for DBS in essential tremor and dystonic tremor using a combination of volumes of tissue activated estimation and functional and structural connectivity analyses. We included 20 patients with dystonic tremor who underwent unilateral thalamic DBS, along with a matched cohort of 20 patients with essential tremor DBS. Tremor severity was assessed preoperatively and approximately 6 months after DBS implantation using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale. The tremor-suppressing effects of DBS were estimated using the percentage improvement in the unilateral tremor-rating scale score contralateral to the side of implantation. The optimal stimulation region, based on the cluster centre of gravity for peak contralateral motor score improvement, for essential tremor was located in the ventral intermediate nucleus region and for dystonic tremor in the ventralis oralis posterior nucleus region along the ventral intermediate nucleus/ventralis oralis posterior nucleus border (4 mm anterior and 3 mm superior to that for essential tremor). Both disorders showed similar functional connectivity patterns: a positive correlation between tremor improvement and involvement of the primary sensorimotor, secondary motor and associative prefrontal regions. Tremor improvement, however, was tightly correlated with the primary sensorimotor regions in essential tremor, whereas in dystonic tremor, the correlation was tighter with the premotor and prefrontal regions. The dentato-rubro-thalamic tract, comprising the decussating and non-decussating fibres, significantly correlated with tremor improvement in both dystonic and essential tremor. In contrast, the pallidothalamic tracts, which primarily project to the ventralis oralis posterior nucleus region, significantly correlated with tremor improvement only in dystonic tremor. Our findings support the hypothesis that the pathophysiology underpinning dystonic tremor involves both the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network and the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network. Further our data suggest that the pathophysiology of essential tremor is primarily attributable to the abnormalities within the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network. We conclude that the ventral intermediate nucleus/ventralis oralis posterior nucleus border and ventral intermediate nucleus region may be a reasonable DBS target for patients with medication-refractory dystonic tremor and essential tremor, respectively. Uncovering the pathophysiology of these disorders may in the future aid in further improving DBS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Joshua K Wong
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert S Eisinger
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Mathew R Burns
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leonardo Almeida
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Erik H Middlebrooks
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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22
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Iuzzini-Seigel J. Procedural Learning, Grammar, and Motor Skills in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech, Speech Sound Disorder, and Typically Developing Speech. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:1081-1103. [PMID: 33784194 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This case-control study sought to determine if (a) children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), other speech sound disorders (SSDs), and typical development would perform differently on a procedural learning assessment and (b) whether grammatical ability would impact group differences. Method Communication, motor, and procedural learning abilities were assessed in 48 children with CAS (n = 13), SSD (n = 20), and typical development (n = 15), between 43 and 97 months of age (M = 66 months, SD = 12 months). Results On average, children with CAS demonstrated grammatical and motor impairments and required an increased number of exposures to the visuospatial sequence to demonstrate procedural learning, compared to peers with SSD or typical development. A subset of children from each group demonstrated an unanticipated procedural learning pattern wherein they evidenced an uptick in reaction time during the second sequenced block. Children with CAS with this pattern still evidenced procedural learning gains by the fifth sequenced block. In contrast, children with SSD and typical development with this pattern showed poor procedural learning outcomes and were characterized by lower scores on language and motor assessments as well. Conclusions This research provides partial support for the procedural learning deficit hypothesis in children with CAS and for a subset of children with SSD as well. Future research should examine the role of a serial reaction time task in identifying children at risk of multisystem communication and motor deficits. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14173532.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenya Iuzzini-Seigel
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
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23
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Amore G, Spoto G, Ieni A, Vetri L, Quatrosi G, Di Rosa G, Nicotera AG. A Focus on the Cerebellum: From Embryogenesis to an Age-Related Clinical Perspective. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:646052. [PMID: 33897383 PMCID: PMC8062874 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.646052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum and its functional multiplicity and heterogeneity have been objects of curiosity and interest since ancient times, giving rise to the urge to reveal its complexity. Since the first hypothesis of cerebellar mere role in motor tuning and coordination, much more has been continuously discovered about the cerebellum’s circuitry and functioning throughout centuries, leading to the currently accepted knowledge of its prominent involvement in cognitive, social, and behavioral areas. Particularly in childhood, the cerebellum may subserve several age-dependent functions, which might be compromised in several Central Nervous System pathologies. Overall, cerebellar damage may produce numerous signs and symptoms and determine a wide variety of neuropsychiatric impairments already during the evolutive age. Therefore, an early assessment in children would be desirable to address a prompt diagnosis and a proper intervention since the first months of life. Here we provide an overview of the cerebellum, retracing its morphology, histogenesis, and physiological functions, and finally outlining its involvement in typical and atypical development and the age-dependent patterns of cerebellar dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Amore
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Spoto
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Vetri
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quatrosi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Gennaro Nicotera
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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24
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Giustiniani A, Tarantino V, Bracco M, Bonaventura RE, Oliveri M. Functional Role of Cerebellar Gamma Frequency in Motor Sequences Learning: a tACS Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:913-921. [PMID: 33822311 PMCID: PMC8674154 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the cerebellum in motor sequences learning is widely established, the specific function of its gamma oscillatory activity still remains unclear. In the present study, gamma (50 Hz)-or delta (1 Hz)-transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was applied to the right cerebellar cortex while participants performed an implicit serial reaction time task (SRTT) with their right hand. The task required the execution of motor sequences simultaneously with the presentation of a series of visual stimuli. The same sequence was repeated across multiple task blocks (from blocks 2 to 5 and from blocks 7 to 8), whereas in other blocks, new/pseudorandom sequences were reproduced (blocks 1 and 6). Task performance was examined before and during tACS. To test possible after-effects of cerebellar tACS on the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), corticospinal excitability was assessed by examining the amplitude of motor potentials (MEP) evoked by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Compared with delta stimulation, gamma-tACS applied during the SRTT impaired participants' performance in blocks where the same motor sequence was repeated but not in blocks where the new pseudorandom sequences were presented. Noteworthy, the later assessed corticospinal excitability was not affected. These results suggest that cerebellar gamma oscillations mediate the implicit acquisition of motor sequences but do not affect task execution itself. Overall, this study provides evidence of a specific role of cerebellar gamma oscillatory activity in implicit motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giustiniani
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Firenze, 50139, Firenze, Italy.,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126, Venezia, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Tarantino
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - M Bracco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - R E Bonaventura
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Oliveri
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,NeuroTeam Life and Science, Via Libertà 112, 90144, Palermo, Italy
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25
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Out with the Old and in with the New: the Contribution of Prefrontal and Cerebellar Areas to Backward Inhibition. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:426-436. [PMID: 32140845 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory mechanism named backward inhibition (BI) counteracts interference of previous tasks supporting task switching. For instance, if task set A is inhibited when switching to task B, then it should take longer to immediately return to task set A (as occurring in an ABA sequence), as compared to a task set that has not been just inhibited (as occurring in a CBA sequence), because extra time will be needed to overcome the inhibition of task set A.The evidenced prefrontal and cerebellar role in inhibitory control suggests their involvement even in BI. Here, for the first time, we modulated the excitability of multiple brain sites (right presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), left and right cerebellar hemispheres) through continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) in a valuable sham-controlled order-balanced within-subject experimental design in healthy individuals performing two domain-selective (verbal and spatial) task-switching paradigms. Verbal BI was abolished by prefrontal or cerebellar stimulations through opposite alterations of the basal pattern: cTBS on pre-SMA increased CBA reaction times, disclosing the current prefrontal inhibition of any interfering old task. Conversely, cerebellar cTBS decreased ABA reaction times, disclosing the current cerebellar recognition of sequences in which it is necessary to overcome previously inhibited events.
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26
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Battini R, Lenzi S, Lucibello S, Chieffo D, Moriconi F, Cristofani P, Bulgheroni S, Cumbo F, Pane M, Baranello G, Alfieri P, Astrea G, Cioni G, Vicari S, Mercuri E. Longitudinal data of neuropsychological profile in a cohort of Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys without cognitive impairment. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:319-327. [PMID: 33658162 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to re-assess neuropsychological profile in a group of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy without intellectual disability and neuropsychiatric disorder three years apart from a previous evaluation, to establish possible changes over time. We were also interested in defining more in detail correlation between genotype and neuropsychological phenotype. Thirty-three of the previous 40 subjects (mean age at follow up: 10 years and 7 months) agreed to participate in the follow up study and to perform the new assessment. The results confirm a typical neuropsychological profile, with difficulty in the manipulation of stored information, poor abstract reasoning and planning capacity and impulsiveness, supporting the involvement of a cerebellar striatal cortical network for these children. The more detailed description of subgroups of subjects, according to the real expression of Dp140, let to reveal possible genotype-neuropsychological phenotype correlations, and a more general neuropsychological impairment emerged in boys without Dp140 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 341/ ABC, Calambrone, Pisa 56128, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - S Lenzi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 341/ ABC, Calambrone, Pisa 56128, Italy
| | - S Lucibello
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Policlinico Universitario Gemelli Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8. Rome, Italy
| | - D Chieffo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Policlinico Universitario Gemelli Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8. Rome, Italy
| | - F Moriconi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Policlinico Universitario Gemelli Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8. Rome, Italy
| | - P Cristofani
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 341/ ABC, Calambrone, Pisa 56128, Italy
| | - S Bulgheroni
- Developmental Neurology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - F Cumbo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Science, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio, 4. Rome 00165, Italy
| | - M Pane
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Policlinico Universitario Gemelli Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8. Rome, Italy
| | - G Baranello
- Developmental Neurology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - P Alfieri
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Science, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio, 4. Rome 00165, Italy
| | - G Astrea
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 341/ ABC, Calambrone, Pisa 56128, Italy
| | - G Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 341/ ABC, Calambrone, Pisa 56128, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Science, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio, 4. Rome 00165, Italy; Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome, Italy
| | - E Mercuri
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University and Nemo Center, Policlinico Universitario Gemelli Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8. Rome, Italy
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27
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Clark SV, Semmel ES, Aleksonis HA, Steinberg SN, King TZ. Cerebellar-Subcortical-Cortical Systems as Modulators of Cognitive Functions. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:422-446. [PMID: 33515170 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, research has established that the cerebellum is involved in executive functions; however, its specific role remains unclear. There are numerous theories of cerebellar function and numerous cognitive processes falling under the umbrella of executive function, making investigations of the cerebellum's role in executive functioning challenging. In this review, we explored the role of the cerebellum in executive functioning through clinical and cognitive neuroscience frameworks. We reviewed the neuroanatomical systems and theoretical models of cerebellar functions and the multifaceted nature of executive functions. Using attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and cerebellar tumor as clinical developmental models of cerebellar dysfunction, and the functional magnetic resonance imaging literature, we reviewed evidence for cerebellar involvement in specific components of executive function in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. There is evidence for posterior cerebellar contributions to working memory, planning, inhibition, and flexibility, but the heterogeneous literature that largely was not designed to study the cerebellum makes it difficult to determine specific functions of the cerebellum or cerebellar regions. In addition, while it is clear that cerebellar insult in childhood affects executive function performance later in life, more work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which executive dysfunction occurs and its developmental course. The limitations of the current literature are discussed and potential directions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Clark
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, GA, 30303, Atlanta, USA
| | - Eric S Semmel
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, GA, 30303, Atlanta, USA
| | - Holly A Aleksonis
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, GA, 30303, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Tricia Z King
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, GA, 30303, Atlanta, USA. .,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, GA, 30303, Atlanta, USA.
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28
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Banta Lavenex P, Lavenex P. A Critical Review of Spatial Abilities in Down and Williams Syndromes: Not All Space Is Created Equal. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:669320. [PMID: 34122185 PMCID: PMC8193736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS, Trisomy 21) and Williams syndrome (WS) are two neurodevelopmental disorders of genetic origin that are accompanied by mild to moderate intellectual disability but exhibit distinct cognitive profiles. In this review we discuss our recent work characterizing the real-world spatial learning and memory abilities of adult individuals with DS and WS. We used several different paradigms in which participants locomote freely and have access to coherent input from all sensory modalities to investigate their fundamental egocentric (body-centered or viewpoint-dependent) and allocentric (world-centered or viewpoint-independent) spatial abilities. We found unequivocal evidence that most individuals with DS exhibit low-resolution egocentric and allocentric spatial learning and memory abilities similar to typically developing (TD) children in the same mental age range. In contrast, most individuals with DS exhibit impaired high-resolution allocentric spatial learning and facilitated response learning as compared to TD children. In comparison, whereas most individuals with WS also exhibit facilitated response learning, their low-resolution allocentric spatial learning and memory abilities are severely impaired as compared to both TD children and individuals with DS. Together with work from other laboratories using real-world or virtual reality paradigms, these findings indicate that in order to navigate in their environment most individuals with DS may use either egocentric route learning that does not integrate individual landmarks, or a low-resolution allocentric spatial representation that encodes the relationships between different locations (i.e., cognitive mapping). In contrast, since most individuals with WS are unable to build or use a low-resolution allocentric or configural representation of the environment they may use visually and verbally encoded landmarks as beacons to learn routes. Finally, we discuss the main neural structures implicated in these different spatial processes and explain how the relative preservation or impairment of specific brain functions may engender the unique cognitive profiles observed in individuals with these neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Banta Lavenex
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland.,Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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McLaughlin AE, Diehl GW, Redish AD. Potential roles of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex in conflict resolution between multiple decision-making systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 158:249-281. [PMID: 33785147 PMCID: PMC8211383 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian decision-making is mediated by the interaction of multiple, neurally and computationally separable decision systems. Having multiple systems requires a mechanism to manage conflict and converge onto the selection of singular actions. A long history of evidence has pointed to the prefrontal cortex as a central component in processing the interactions between distinct decision systems and resolving conflicts among them. In this chapter we review four theories of how that interaction might occur and identify how the medial prefrontal cortex in the rodent may be involved in each theory. We then present experimental predictions implied by the neurobiological data in the context of each theory as a starting point for future investigation of medial prefrontal cortex and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E McLaughlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Diehl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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30
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Blazhenets G, Kurz A, Frings L, Leukel C, Meyer PT. Brain activation patterns during visuomotor adaptation in motor experts and novices: An FDG PET study with unrestricted movements. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 350:109061. [PMID: 33370559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Speed of performance improvements and the strength of memory consolidation in humans vary with movement expertise. Underlying neural mechanisms of behavioural differences between levels of movement expertise are so far unknown. NEW METHOD In this study, PET with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was proposed as a powerful novel methodology to assess learning-related brain activity patterns during large non-restricted movements (ball throwing with a right hand). 24 male handball players ('Experts') and 24 male participants without handball experience ('Novices') performed visuomotor adaptations to prismatic glasses with or without strategic manoeuvres (i.e., explicit or implicit adaptation). RESULTS Regional changes in FDG uptake as a marker of neuronal activity, relative to a control condition, were assessed. Prismatic adaptation, in general, was associated with decreased occipital neuronal activity as a possible response to misleading visual information. In 'Experts', the adaptation was associated with altered neuronal activity in a network comprising the right parietal cortex and the left cerebellum. In 'Novices', implicit adaptation resulted in an activation of the middle frontal and inferior temporal gyrus. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This study demonstrates the versatility of FDG PET for studying brain activations patterns in experimental settings with unrestricted movements that are not accessible by other techniques (e.g., fMRI or EEG). CONCLUSIONS Observed results are consistent with the involvement of different functional networks related to strategic manoeuvres and expertise levels. This strengthens the assumption of different mechanisms underlying behavioural changes associated with movement expertise. Furthermore, the present study underscores the value of FDG PET for studying brain activation patterns during unrestricted movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Blazhenets
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Lars Frings
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Christian Leukel
- Department of Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Philipp T Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
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31
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Gatti D, Vecchi T, Mazzoni G. Cerebellum and semantic memory: A TMS study using the DRM paradigm. Cortex 2020; 135:78-91. [PMID: 33360762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the cerebellum has been linked to motor functions, but recent evidence suggest that it is also involved in a wide range of cognitive processes. Given the uniformity of cerebellar cortex microstructure, it has been proposed that the same computational process might underlie cerebellar involvement in both motor and cognitive functions. Within motor functions, the cerebellum it is involved in procedural memory and associative learning. Here, we hypothesized that the cerebellum may participate to semantic memory as well. To test whether the cerebellum is causally involved in semantic memory, we carried out two experiments in which participants performed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM) while online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered over the right cerebellum or over a control site. In Experiment 1, cerebellar TMS selectively affected participants' discriminability for critical lures without affecting participants' discriminability for unrelated words and in Experiment 2 we found that the higher was the semantic association between new and studied words, the higher was the memory impairment caused by the TMS. These results indicate that the right cerebellum is causally involved in semantic memory and provide evidence consistent with theories that proposed the existence of a unified cerebellar function within motor and cognitive domains, as well with recent perspectives about cerebellar involvement in semantic memory and predictive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mazzoni
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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32
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Hermsdorf F, Fricke C, Stockert A, Classen J, Rumpf JJ. Motor Performance But Neither Motor Learning Nor Motor Consolidation Are Impaired in Chronic Cerebellar Stroke Patients. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:275-285. [PMID: 31997138 PMCID: PMC7082373 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to acquire and retain new motor skills is essential for everyday behavior and a prerequisite to regain functional independence following impairments of motor function caused by brain damage, e.g., ischemic stroke. Learning a new motor skill requires repeated skill practice and passes through different online and offline learning stages that are mediated by specific dynamic interactions between distributed brain regions including the cerebellum. Motor sequence learning is an extensively studied paradigm of motor skill learning, yet the role of the cerebellum during online and offline stages remains controversial. Here, we studied patients with chronic cerebellar stroke and healthy control participants to further elucidate the role of the cerebellum during acquisition and consolidation of sequential motor skills. Motor learning was assessed by an ecologically valid explicit sequential finger tapping paradigm and retested after an interval of 8 h to assess consolidation. Compared to healthy controls, chronic cerebellar stroke patients displayed significantly lower motor sequence performance independent of whether the ipsilesional or contralesional hand was used for task execution. However, the ability to improve performance during training (i.e., online learning) and to consolidate training-induced skill formation was similar in patients and controls. Findings point to an essential role of the cerebellum in motor sequence production that cannot be compensated, while its role in online and offline motor sequence learning seems to be either negligible or amenable to compensatory mechanisms. This further suggests that residual functional impairments caused by cerebellar stroke may be mitigated even months later by additional skill training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Hermsdorf
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher Fricke
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Stockert
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jost-Julian Rumpf
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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33
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Clark SV, Tannahill A, Calhoun VD, Bernard JA, Bustillo J, Turner JA. Weaker Cerebellocortical Connectivity Within Sensorimotor and Executive Networks in Schizophrenia Compared to Healthy Controls: Relationships with Processing Speed. Brain Connect 2020; 10:490-503. [PMID: 32893675 PMCID: PMC7699013 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The cognitive dysmetria theory of schizophrenia proposes that communication between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex is disrupted by structural and functional abnormalities, resulting in psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits. Methods: Using publicly available data, resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) was calculated from 20 hemispheric cerebellar lobules as seed regions of interest to the rest of the brain. Group differences in rsFC between individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HCs) were computed, and relationships between rsFC and symptom severity and cognitive functioning were explored. Results: HCs demonstrated stronger connectivity than SZ between several cerebellar lobules and cortical regions, most robustly between motor-related cerebellar lobules (V and VIIIa/b) and temporal and parietal cortices. In addition, seven of nine lobules in which reduced cerebellocortical connectivity was observed showed diagnosis × processing speed interactions; HC showed a positive relationship between connectivity and processing speed, whereas SZ did not show this relationship. Other cognitive domains and symptom severity did not show relationships with connectivity. Conclusions: These findings partially support the cognitive dysmetria theory, and suggest that disrupted cerebellocortical connectivity is associated with slowed processing speed in schizophrenia. Impact statement We show in this work that in chronic schizophrenia, there is weaker functional connectivity between previously unstudied inferior posterior cerebellar lobules and cortical association areas. These findings align and extend previous work showing abnormal connectivity of anterior cerebellar lobules. Further, we present a novel finding that these connectivity deficits are differentially associated with processing speed in the schizophrenia versus healthy control groups. Findings provide further evidence for cerebellocortical dysconnectivity and processing speed deficits as biomarkers of schizophrenia, which may have implications for downstream effects on higher order cognitive functions, in line with the cognitive dysmetria theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V. Clark
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber Tannahill
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jessica A. Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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34
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Morgan OP, Slapik MB, Iannuzzelli KG, LaConte SM, Lisinski JM, Nopoulos PC, Cochran AM, Kronemer SI, Rosenthal LS, Marvel CL. The Cerebellum and Implicit Sequencing: Evidence from Cerebellar Ataxia. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:222-245. [PMID: 33123963 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum recognizes sequences from prior experiences and uses this information to generate internal models that predict future outcomes in a feedforward manner [Front Hum Neurosci 8: 475, 2014; Cortex 47: 137-44, 2011; Cerebellum 7: 611-5, 2008; J Neurosci 26: 9107-16, 2006]. This process has been well documented in the motor domain, but the cerebellum's role in cognitive sequencing, within the context of implicit versus explicit processes, is not well characterized. In this study, we tested individuals with cerebellar ataxia and healthy controls to clarify the role of the cerebellum sequencing using variations on implicit versus explicit and motor versus cognitive demands across five experiments. Converging results across these studies suggest that cerebellar feedforward mechanisms may be necessary for sequencing in the implicit domain only. In the ataxia group, rhythmic tapping, rate of motor learning, and implicit sequence learning were impaired. However, for cognitive sequencing that could be accomplished using explicit strategies, the cerebellar group performed normally, as though they shifted to extra-cerebellar mechanisms to compensate. For example, when cognitive and motor functions relied on cerebellar function simultaneously, the ataxia group's motor function was unaffected, in contrast to that of controls whose motor performance declined as a function of cognitive load. These findings indicated that the cerebellum is not critical for all forms of sequencing per se. Instead, it plays a fundamental role for sequencing within the implicit domain, whether functions are motor or cognitive. Moreover, individuals with cerebellar ataxia are generally able to compensate for cognitive sequencing when explicit strategies are available in order to preserve resources for motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen P Morgan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell B Slapik
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephen M LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Lisinski
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Peg C Nopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashley M Cochran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and the Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cherie L Marvel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- , Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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35
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Baetens K, Firouzi M, Van Overwalle F, Deroost N. Involvement of the cerebellum in the serial reaction time task (SRT) (Response to Janacsek et al.). Neuroimage 2020; 220:117114. [PMID: 32615254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An ALE meta-analysis focused on the serial reaction time task published in NeuroImage (Janacsek et al., 2019) demonstrated consistent activation of the basal ganglia across neuroimaging studies featuring sequence > random block contrasts and no consistent cerebellar activation. To enable valid conclusions regarding the role of the cerebellum in this context, some of the included studies should be excluded (e.g., because the cerebellum was explicitly not scanned). After omitting 6 of 16 studies/subject groups, 70% of the remaining studies did report cerebellar activation. While an ALE analysis of the remaining contrasts confirmed the original results, it may lack the power to detect cerebellar effects. We argue the conclusion that the cerebellum is not involved in sequence-specific learning should be treated with caution.
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36
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Morales C, Gohel S, Scheiman M, Li X, Santos EM, Sangoi A, Alvarez TL. Test-retest of a phoria adaptation stimulus-induced functional MRI experiment. J Vis 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 32797193 PMCID: PMC7438664 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.8.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to identify the neural substrates activated during a phoria adaptation task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in young adults with normal binocular vision and to test the repeatability of the fMRI measurements for this protocol. The phoria adaptation task consisted of a block protocol of 90 seconds of near visual crossed fixation followed by 90 seconds of far visual uncrossed fixation, repeated three times; the data were collected during two different experimental sessions. Results showed that the oculomotor vermis, cuneus, and primary visual cortex had the greatest functional activity within the regions of interest studied when stimulated by the phoria adaptation task. The oculomotor vermis functional activity had an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.3, whereas the bilateral cuneus and primary visual cortex had good ICC results of greater than 0.6. These results suggest that the sustained visual fixation task described within this study reliably activates the neural substrates of phoria adaptation. This protocol establishes a methodology that can be used in future longitudinal studies investigating therapeutic interventions that may modify phoria adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Morales
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Suril Gohel
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers University School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mitchell Scheiman
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Elio M Santos
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ayushi Sangoi
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tara L Alvarez
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
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Pu M, Heleven E, Delplanque J, Gibert N, Ma Q, Funghi G, Van Overwalle F. The posterior cerebellum supports the explicit sequence learning linked to trait attribution. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:798-815. [PMID: 32495270 PMCID: PMC7395039 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated that the cerebellum is responsible for social judgments, such as making trait attributions. The present study investigated the function of the posterior cerebellum in supporting sequence learning linked to trait inferences about persons. We conducted a memory paradigm that required participants to learn a given temporal order of six behavioral sentences that all implied the same personality trait of the protagonist. We then asked participants to infer the trait of the person and to recall the correct order of the sentences and to rate their confidence in their trait judgments and retrieval accuracy. Two control conditions were created: a nonsocial comparison control, involving six nonsocial sentences implying a feature of an object, and a nonsocial nonsequential reading baseline condition. While learning the specific sequence of the sentences, the posterior cerebellum (Crus 2) was more activated for social trait-related sequencing than nonsocial object-related sequencing. Also, given a longer duration to learn the sequences, the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex were more activated when participants attempted to retrieve the sequences linked to social traits. In addition, confidence in retrieving the correct order of the social sequences modulated the posterior cerebellum (Crus 1) given a longer duration to learn. Our findings highlight the important function of the posterior cerebellum in supporting an active process of sequencing trait-implying actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pu
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium.
| | - Elien Heleven
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Delplanque
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Noémie Gibert
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Qianying Ma
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Van Overwalle
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium.
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38
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Galvez-Pol A, Forster B, Calvo-Merino B. Beyond action observation: Neurobehavioral mechanisms of memory for visually perceived bodies and actions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:508-518. [PMID: 32544541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Examining the processing of others' body-related information in the perceivers' brain (action observation) is a key topic in cognitive neuroscience. However, what happens beyond the perceptual stage, when the body is not within view and it is transformed into an associative form that can be stored, updated, and later recalled, remains poorly understood. Here we examine neurobehavioural evidence on the memory processing of visually perceived bodily stimuli (dynamic actions and images of bodies). The reviewed studies indicate that encoding and maintaining bodily stimuli in memory recruits the sensorimotor system. This process arises when bodily stimuli are either recalled through action recognition or reproduction. Interestingly, the memory capacity for these stimuli is rather limited: only 2 or 3 bodily stimuli can be simultaneously held in memory. Moreover, this process is disrupted by increasing concurrent bodily operations; i.e., moving one's body, seeing or memorising additional bodies. Overall, the evidence suggests that the neural circuitry allowing us to move and feel ourselves supports the encoding, retention, and memory recall of others' visually perceived bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Galvez-Pol
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, EC1V 0HB, London, UK; University College London, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology. London WC1N 3BG, UK; Human Evolution and Cognition Research Group (EvoCog), University of the Balearic Islands, Psychology Department, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Bettina Forster
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, EC1V 0HB, London, UK.
| | - Beatriz Calvo-Merino
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, EC1V 0HB, London, UK.
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Sengul Y, Bal N, Louis ED. Evidence of central involvement in essential tremor: a detailed study of auditory pathway physiology. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1153-1159. [PMID: 32507996 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a common tremor disorder that is likely neurodegenerative. The pathophysiology of ET involves the cerebellum and its connections in the brainstem and thalamus. Hearing dysfunction has been shown to be a non-motor finding in ET patients. A limited number of studies have suggested that cochlear pathology is the cause, but studies have not evaluated the integrity of the primary auditory pathway in ET. The main aim of this study is to investigate the integrity of the auditory pathway via auditory brainstem response (ABR) and auditory middle latency response (AMLR), thereby allowing us to evaluate the auditory pathway from the 8th cranial nerve to the cerebral cortex. Sixteen ET patients and sixteen age- and gender-matched controls (64 ears) were evaluated. In the ABR study, we detected prolongation of wave V peak latencies (ms) in ET (p = 0.02). In the AMLR study, P0 (p = 0.03), Pa (p = 0.008), Na (p = 0.03), and Nb (p = 0.01) waves differed between the two groups. Eleven ET patients and four control subjects had abnormal electrophysiological findings (ABR or AMLR or both) (68.8% vs. 25%, p = 0.01). Tremor duration was greater in ET patients with abnormal electrophysiological findings (p = 0.01). Finally, we observed prolongation of latencies after the ABR III wave, indicating that abnormalities exist within the superior olivary complex. For the first time, our research provides evidence that ET-related pathology is present at the subcortical and cortical levels of the auditory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildizhan Sengul
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Foundation University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nilufer Bal
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bezmialem Foundation University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elan D Louis
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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40
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Abstract
Eyeblink conditioning, finger tapping, and prism adaptation are three tasks that have been linked to the cerebellum. Previous research suggests that these tasks recruit distinct but partially overlapping parts of the cerebellum, as well as different extra-cerebellar networks. However, the relationships between the performances on these tasks remain unclear. Here we tested eyeblink conditioning, finger tapping, and prism adaptation in 42 children and 44 adults and estimated the degree of correlation between the performance measures. The results show that performance on all three tasks improves with age in typically developing school-aged children. However, the correlations between the performance measures of the different tasks were consistently weak and without any consistent directions. This reinforces the view that eyeblink conditioning, finger tapping, and prism adaptation rely on distinct mechanisms. Consequently, performance on these tasks cannot be used separately to assess a common cerebellar function or to make general conclusions about cerebellar dysfunction. However, together, these three behavioral tasks have the potential to contribute to a nuanced picture of human cerebellar functions during development.
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41
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Lanza G, Casabona JA, Bellomo M, Cantone M, Fisicaro F, Bella R, Pennisi G, Bramanti P, Pennisi M, Bramanti A. Update on intensive motor training in spinocerebellar ataxia: time to move a step forward? J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519854626. [PMID: 31537137 PMCID: PMC7579332 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519854626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that high-intensity motor training slows down the severity of spinocerebellar ataxia. However, whether all patients might benefit from these activities, and by which activity, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We provide an update on the effect and limitations of different training programmes in patients with spinocerebellar ataxias. Overall, data converge of the finding that intensive training is still based either on conventional rehabilitation protocols or whole-body controlled videogames ("exergames"). Notwithstanding the limitations, short-term improvement is observed, which tends to be lost once the training is stopped. Exergames and virtual reality can ameliorate balance, coordination, and walking abilities, whereas the efficacy of adapted physical activity, gym, and postural exercises depends on the disease duration and severity. In conclusion, although a disease-modifying effect has not been demonstrated, constant, individually tailored, high-intensity motor training might be effective in patients with degenerative ataxia, even in those with severe disease. These approaches may enhance the remaining cerebellar circuitries or plastically induce compensatory networks. Further research is required to identify predictors of training success, such as the type and severity of ataxia and the level of residual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties,
University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute – IRCCS,
Troina, Italy
- Giuseppe Lanza, Via Santa Sofia, 78 – 95125,
Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Bellomo
- School of Human and Social Science, University Kore of Enna,
Enna, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Department of Neurology, Sant’Elia Hospital, ASP Caltanissetta,
Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced
Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced
Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties,
University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences,
University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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42
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Molinari M, Masciullo M. The Implementation of Predictions During Sequencing. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:439. [PMID: 31649509 PMCID: PMC6794410 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal control mechanisms require prediction capabilities. If one cannot predict the consequences of a motor act or behavior, one will continually collide with walls or become a social pariah. "Looking into the future" is thus one of the most important prerequisites for smooth movements and social interactions. To achieve this goal, the brain must constantly predict future events. This principle applies to all domains of information processing, including motor and cognitive control, as well as the development of decision-making skills, theory of mind, and virtually all cognitive processes. Sequencing is suggested to support the predictive capacity of the brain. To recognize that events are related, the brain must discover links among them in the spatiotemporal domain. To achieve this, the brain must often hold one event in working memory and compare it to a second one, and the characteristics of the two must be compared and correctly placed in space and time. Among the different brain structures involved in sequencing, the cerebellum has been proposed to have a central function. We have suggested that the operational mode of the cerebellum is based on "sequence detection" and that this process is crucial for prediction. Patterns of temporally or spatially structured events are conveyed to the cerebellum via the pontine nuclei and compared with actual ones conveyed through the climbing fibers olivary inputs. Through this interaction, data on previously encountered sequences can be obtained and used to generate internal models from which predictions can be made. This mechanism would allow the cerebellum not only to recognize sequences but also to detect sequence violations. Cerebellar pattern detection and prediction would thus be a means to allow feedforward control based on anticipation. We will argue that cerebellar sequencing allows implementation of prediction by setting the correct excitatory levels in defined brain areas to implement the adaptive response for a given pattern of stimuli that embeds sufficient information to be recognized as a previously encountered template. Here, we will discuss results from human and animal studies and correlate them with the present understanding of cerebellar function in cognition and behavior.
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43
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Putt SS, Wijeakumar S, Spencer JP. Prefrontal cortex activation supports the emergence of early stone age toolmaking skill. Neuroimage 2019; 199:57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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44
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Lanza G, Casabona JA, Bellomo M, Cantone M, Fisicaro F, Bella R, Pennisi G, Bramanti P, Pennisi M, Bramanti A. Update on intensive motor training in spinocerebellar ataxia: time to move a step forward? J Int Med Res 2019. [PMID: 31537137 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519854626.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that high-intensity motor training slows down the severity of spinocerebellar ataxia. However, whether all patients might benefit from these activities, and by which activity, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We provide an update on the effect and limitations of different training programmes in patients with spinocerebellar ataxias. Overall, data converge of the finding that intensive training is still based either on conventional rehabilitation protocols or whole-body controlled videogames ("exergames"). Notwithstanding the limitations, short-term improvement is observed, which tends to be lost once the training is stopped. Exergames and virtual reality can ameliorate balance, coordination, and walking abilities, whereas the efficacy of adapted physical activity, gym, and postural exercises depends on the disease duration and severity. In conclusion, although a disease-modifying effect has not been demonstrated, constant, individually tailored, high-intensity motor training might be effective in patients with degenerative ataxia, even in those with severe disease. These approaches may enhance the remaining cerebellar circuitries or plastically induce compensatory networks. Further research is required to identify predictors of training success, such as the type and severity of ataxia and the level of residual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | | | - Maria Bellomo
- School of Human and Social Science, University Kore of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Department of Neurology, Sant'Elia Hospital, ASP Caltanissetta, Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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45
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García M, Lázaro E, Amayra I, López-Paz JF, Martínez O, Pérez M, Berrocoso S, Al-Rashaida M, Infante J. Analysis of Visuospatial Abilities in Chiari Malformation Type I. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 19:6-15. [PMID: 31286383 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the cerebellum in visuospatial abilities has been evidenced in numerous studies, based on the cerebellar-cortical circuitry. This domain has been evaluated in several patients with cerebellar disorders, but the assessment of visuospatial processing in Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) is scarce. The aim of this study is to analyze the visuospatial performance between CM-I adult patients and healthy controls. Participants have been tested using Block Design and Visual Puzzles subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Benton Judgment of Line Orientation test, and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test. The anxious-depressive symptomatology, the physical pain, and the premorbid intelligence have been controlled for, as well. The CM-I patients showed a significantly lower performance; however, after analyzing and controlling for the effect of clinical variables and psychopathological symptomatology, the main effect was maintained for visual puzzles and line orientation tasks. The findings suggest that CM-I patients show a poorer performance in tasks that require an exercise of perceptual reasoning without motor demand, accompanied by visualization and mental imagery of the stimuli. This study contributes towards the reinforcement of the evidence on the cognitive alterations associated to CM-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane García
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Esther Lázaro
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Imanol Amayra
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco López-Paz
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oscar Martínez
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sarah Berrocoso
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mohammad Al-Rashaida
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jon Infante
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
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46
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Abstract
Cerebellar neuroscience has undergone a paradigm shift. The theories of the universal cerebellar transform and dysmetria of thought and the principles of organization of cerebral cortical connections, together with neuroanatomical, brain imaging, and clinical observations, have recontextualized the cerebellum as a critical node in the distributed neural circuits subserving behavior. The framework for cerebellar cognition stems from the identification of three cognitive representations in the posterior lobe, which are interconnected with cerebral association areas and distinct from the primary and secondary cerebellar sensorimotor representations linked with the spinal cord and cerebral motor areas. Lesions of the anterior lobe primary sensorimotor representations produce dysmetria of movement, the cerebellar motor syndrome. Lesions of the posterior lobe cognitive-emotional cerebellum produce dysmetria of thought and emotion, the cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome. The notion that the cerebellum modulates thought and emotion in the same way that it modulates motor control advances the understanding of the mechanisms of cognition and opens new therapeutic opportunities in behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA;
| | - Xavier Guell
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Mark A Halko
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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47
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Louis ED, Joyce JL, Cosentino S. Mind the gaps: What we don't know about cognitive impairment in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 63:10-19. [PMID: 30876840 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the hallmark feature of essential tremor (ET) is tremor, there is growing appreciation that cognitive impairment also occurs, including increased prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and increased prevalence and incidence of dementia. With emerging knowledge of ET-cognitive impairment, come fundamental questions regarding its course, bases, predictors and clinical outcomes. Studies in the general population and in Parkinson's disease (PD), a related movement disorder, offer a starting point from which to begin filling these clinically important knowledge gaps. METHODS A PubMed search (June 2018) identified articles for this review. RESULTS Much of our knowledge of cognitive impairment in ET is of the static condition (e.g., prevalence of cognitive impairment in ET), with nearly no information on its bases, predictors and dynamics (i.e., course, and clinical outcomes). In PD, where such data have been published, rates of cognitive decline and conversion to MCI/dementia are higher than in the general population. Predictors of cognitive change in PD and the general population have also been identified, yet they only partially overlap one another. CONCLUSION The predictors and dynamics of cognitive impairment have been investigated fairly extensively in the general population, to a somewhat lesser extent in PD, and are emerging only now in ET. We suggest that longitudinal studies specific to ET are needed, and we outline variables to be considered in these investigations. Increased knowledge of ET-cognitive impairment will facilitate meaningful counseling of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jillian L Joyce
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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48
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Gupta T, Dean DJ, Kelley NJ, Bernard JA, Ristanovic I, Mittal VA. Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Procedural Learning in Nonclinical Psychosis: A Double-Blind Crossover Study. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:1373-1380. [PMID: 29301026 PMCID: PMC6192475 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present double-blind crossover study examines the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in controls and in an analogue population to psychosis: individuals reporting elevated symptoms of nonclinical psychosis (NCP). A total of 18 controls and 24 NCP individuals were randomized into conditions consisting of 25 minutes of anodal (active) or sham cerebellar tDCS. Following this, both groups completed a pursuit rotor task designed to measure procedural learning performance. Participants then returned 1-week later and received the corresponding condition (either active or sham) and repeated the pursuit rotor task. Results indicate that in the sham condition, control participants showed significantly greater rates of motor learning when compared with the NCP group. In the active condition, the NCP group exhibited significant improvements in the rate of motor learning and performed at a level that was comparable to controls; these data support the link between cerebellar dysfunction and motor learning. Taken together, tDCS may be a promising treatment mechanism for patient populations and a useful experimental approach in elucidating our understanding of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, US; tel: 847-467-5907, fax: 847-467-5707, e-mail:
| | - Derek J Dean
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL,Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, ILs,Institute of Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL,Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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49
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van Oers CAMM, Goldberg N, Fiorin G, van den Heuvel MP, Kappelle LJ, Wijnen FNK. No evidence for cerebellar abnormality in adults with developmental dyslexia. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2991-3001. [PMID: 30116863 PMCID: PMC6223834 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is commonly believed to result from a deficiency in the recognition and processing of speech sounds. According to the cerebellar deficit hypothesis, this phonological deficit is caused by deficient cerebellar function. In the current study, 26 adults with developmental dyslexia and 25 non-dyslexic participants underwent testing of reading-related skills, cerebellar functions, and MRI scanning of the brain. Anatomical assessment of the cerebellum was conducted with voxel-based morphometry. Behavioural evidence, that was indicative of impaired cerebellar function, was found to co-occur with reading impairments in the dyslexic subjects, but a causal relation between the two was not observed. No differences in local grey matter volume, nor in structure-function relationships within the cerebellum were found between the two groups. Possibly, the observed behavioural pattern is due to aberrant white matter connectivity. In conclusion, no support for the cerebellar deficit hypothesis or the presence of anatomical differences of the cerebellum in adults with developmental dyslexia was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper A M M van Oers
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
| | - Nadya Goldberg
- Utrecht institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gaetano Fiorin
- Utrecht institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Spampinato D, Celnik P. Deconstructing skill learning and its physiological mechanisms. Cortex 2018; 104:90-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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