1
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Dunham KE, Venton BJ. Electrochemical and biosensor techniques to monitor neurotransmitter changes with depression. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2301-2318. [PMID: 38289354 PMCID: PMC10950978 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness. However, its current treatments, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and micro-dosing ketamine, are extremely variable between patients and not well understood. Three neurotransmitters: serotonin, histamine, and glutamate, have been proposed to be key mediators of depression. This review focuses on analytical methods to quantify these neurotransmitters to better understand neurological mechanisms of depression and how they are altered during treatment. To quantitatively measure serotonin and histamine, electrochemical techniques such as chronoamperometry and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) have been improved to study how specific molecular targets, like transporters and receptors, change with antidepressants and inflammation. Specifically, these studies show that different SSRIs have unique effects on serotonin reuptake and release. Histamine is normally elevated during stress, and a new inflammation hypothesis of depression links histamine and cytokine release. Electrochemical measurements revealed that stress increases histamine, decreases serotonin, and leads to changes in cytokines, like interleukin-6. Biosensors can also measure non-electroactive neurotransmitters, including glutamate and cytokines. In particular, new genetic sensors have shown how glutamate changes with chronic stress, as well as with ketamine treatment. These techniques have been used to characterize how ketamine changes glutamate and serotonin, and to understand how it is different from SSRIs. This review briefly outlines how these electrochemical techniques work, but primarily highlights how they have been used to understand the mechanisms of depression. Future studies should explore multiplexing techniques and personalized medicine using biomarkers in order to investigate multi-analyte changes to antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Dunham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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2
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Kim DY, Son SR, Kim JY, Min JW, Kong CH, Park K, Jeon M, Kang WC, Jung SY, Choi JH, Jang DS, Ryu JH. Effects of Artemisia annua L. on postmenopausal syndrome in ovariectomized mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116800. [PMID: 37331451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) has been used as an antipyretic and anti-parasitic drug in traditional medicine for more than 2000 years. It has also been prescribed to treat symptoms caused by deficiency of Yin, which might be observed in menopausal state from the point of view of traditional medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY We hypothesized that A. annua might be useful for treating menopausal disorders with less adverse effects than hormone replacement therapy. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate effects of A. annua on postmenopausal symptoms of ovariectomized (OVX) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS OVX mice were employed as a model for postmenopausal disorders. Mice were treated with a water extract of A. annua (EAA; 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o.) or 17β-estradiol (E2; 0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) for 8 weeks. Open field test (OFT), novel object recognition task (NOR), Y-maze test, elevated plus maze test (EPM), splash test and tail suspension test (TST) were conducted to determine whether EAA could ameliorate postmenopausal symptoms. Phosphorylated levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), β-catenin and expression level of synaptophysin in the cortex and hippocampus were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS EAA treatment significantly increased the discrimination index in NOR, decreased the time in closed arm than in open arm in EPM, increased grooming time in splash test, and decreased immobility time in TST, as did E2 treatment. In addition, decreased phosphorylation levels of ERK, Akt, GSK-3β, and β-catenin and expression levels of synaptophysin in the cortex and hippocampus after OVX were reversed by administration of EAA and E2. CONCLUSION These results suggest that A. annua can ameliorate postmenopausal symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, anhedonia, and depression by activating ERK, Akt, and GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and that A. annua would be a novel treatment for postmenopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ri Son
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Kim
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Min
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeon Kong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keontae Park
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Chang Kang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Jung
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lee CW, Chu MC, Wu HF, Chung YJ, Hsieh TH, Chang CY, Lin YC, Lu TY, Chang CH, Chi H, Chang HS, Chen YF, Li CT, Lin HC. Different synaptic mechanisms of intermittent and continuous theta-burst stimulations in a severe foot-shock induced and treatment-resistant depression in a rat model. Exp Neurol 2023; 362:114338. [PMID: 36717014 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a condition wherein patients with depression fail to respond to antidepressant trials. A new form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), called theta-burst stimulation (TBS), which includes intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) and continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS), is non-inferior to rTMS in TRD treatment. However, the mechanism of iTBS and cTBS underlying the treatment of TRD in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) remains unclear. Hence, we applied foot-shock stress as a traumatic event to develop a TRD rat model and investigated the different mechanisms of iTBS and cTBS. The iTBS and cTBS treatment were effective in depressive-like behavior and active coping behavior. The iTBS treatments improved impaired long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTD), whereas the cTBS treatment only improved aberrant LTD. Moreover, the decrease in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-related protein levels were reversed by iTBS treatment. The decrease in proBDNF-related protein expression was improved by iTBS and cTBS treatment. Both iTBS and cTBS improved the decreased α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and downregulation of mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The iTBS produces both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic effects, and the cTBS only produces inhibitory synaptic effects in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Chu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Fang Wu
- Department of Optometry, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Jung Chung
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Chang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Lu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Chang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang Chi
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ching Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Ashby DM, McGirr A. Selective effects of acute and chronic stress on slow and alpha-theta cortical functional connectivity and reversal with subanesthetic ketamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:642-652. [PMID: 36402835 PMCID: PMC9938145 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anxious, depressive, traumatic, and other stress-related disorders are associated with large scale brain network functional connectivity changes, yet the relationship between acute stress effects and the emergence of persistent large scale network reorganization is unclear. Using male Thy 1-jRGECO1a transgenic mice, we repeatedly sampled mesoscale cortical calcium activity across dorsal neocortex. First, mice were imaged in a homecage control condition, followed by an acute foot-shock stress, a chronic variable stress protocol, an acute on chronic foot-shock stress, and finally treatment with the prototype rapid acting antidepressant ketamine or vehicle. We derived functional connectivity metrics and network efficiency in two activity bands, namely slow cortical activity (0.3-4 Hz) and theta-alpha cortical activity (4-15 Hz). Compared to homecage control, an acute foot-shock stress induced widespread increases in cortical functional connectivity and network efficiency in the 4-15 Hz temporal band before normalizing after 24 h. Conversely, chronic stress produced a selective increase in between-module functional connectivity and network efficiency in the 0.3-4 Hz band, which was reversed after treatment with the rapid acting antidepressant ketamine. The functional connectivity changes induced by acute stress in the 4-15 Hz band were strongly related to those in the slow band after chronic stress, as well as the selective effects of subanesthetic ketamine. Together, this data indicates that stress induces functional connectivity changes with spatiotemporal features that link acute stress, persistent network reorganization after chronic stress, and treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan M Ashby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander McGirr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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5
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Nguyen TML, Defaix C, Mendez-David I, Tritschler L, Etting I, Alvarez JC, Choucha W, Colle R, Corruble E, David DJ, Gardier AM. Intranasal (R, S)-ketamine delivery induces sustained antidepressant effects associated with changes in cortical balance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic activity. Neuropharmacology 2023; 225:109357. [PMID: 36462636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, an intranasal (IN) spray of esketamine SPRAVATO® was approved as a fast-acting antidepressant by drug Agencies US FDA and European EMA. At sub-anesthetic doses, (±)-ketamine, a non-competitive glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, increases the overall excitability of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an effect being essential for its rapid antidepressant activity. We wondered if this effect of ketamine could come from changes in the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) in the mPFC. Here, we performed a preclinical approach to study neurochemical and behavioral responses to a single IN ketamine dose in BALB/cJ mice, a strain more sensitive to stress. By using in vivo microdialysis, we measured cortical E/I balance as the ratio between glutamate to GABA extracellular levels 24 h post-ketamine. We found, for the first time, that E/I balance was shifted in favor of excitation rather than inhibition in the mPFC but more robustly with IN KET than with a single intraperitoneal (IP) dose. Increases in plasma and brain ketamine, norketamine and HNKs levels suggest different metabolic profiles of IP and IN ketamine 30 min post-dose. A significantly larger proportion of ketamine and HNKs in the brain are derived from the IN route 30 min post-dose. It may be linked to the greater magnitude in E/I ratio following IN delivery relative to IP at t24 h. This study suggests that both IP and IN are effective brain delivery methods inducing similar sustained antidepressant efficacy of KET, but the way they induced neurotransmitter changes is slightly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Loan Nguyen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Céline Defaix
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Indira Mendez-David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Laurent Tritschler
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Isabelle Etting
- Lab. Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Lab. Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Walid Choucha
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, UMR 1018, CESP MOODS Team, Bicêtre Hospital, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremin-Bicêtre, 94270, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Romain Colle
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, UMR 1018, CESP MOODS Team, Bicêtre Hospital, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremin-Bicêtre, 94270, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, UMR 1018, CESP MOODS Team, Bicêtre Hospital, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremin-Bicêtre, 94270, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Denis J David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Alain M Gardier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France.
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6
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Yamada S, Wang Y, Monai H. Transcranial cortex-wide Ca 2+ imaging for the functional mapping of cortical dynamics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1119793. [PMID: 36875638 PMCID: PMC9975744 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1119793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualization and tracking of the information flow in the broader brain area are essential because nerve cells make a vast network in the brain. Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging is a simultaneous visualization of brain cell activities in a wide area. Instead of classical chemical indicators, developing various types of transgenic animals that express Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent proteins enables us to observe brain activities in living animals at a larger scale for a long time. Multiple kinds of literature have reported that transcranial imaging of such transgenic animals is practical for monitoring the wide-field information flow across the broad brain regions, although it has a lower spatial resolution. Notably, this technique is helpful for the initial evaluation of cortical function in disease models. This review will introduce fully intact transcranial macroscopic imaging and cortex-wide Ca2+ imaging as practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serika Yamada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Monai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Depression is an episodic form of mental illness characterized by mood state transitions with poorly understood neurobiological mechanisms. Antidepressants reverse the effects of stress and depression on synapse function, enhancing neurotransmission, increasing plasticity, and generating new synapses in stress-sensitive brain regions. These properties are shared to varying degrees by all known antidepressants, suggesting that synaptic remodeling could play a key role in depression pathophysiology and antidepressant function. Still, it is unclear whether and precisely how synaptogenesis contributes to mood state transitions. Here, we review evidence supporting an emerging model in which depression is defined by a distinct brain state distributed across multiple stress-sensitive circuits, with neurons assuming altered functional properties, synapse configurations, and, importantly, a reduced capacity for plasticity and adaptation. Antidepressants act initially by facilitating plasticity and enabling a functional reconfiguration of this brain state. Subsequently, synaptogenesis plays a specific role in sustaining these changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja K Parekh
- Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Shane B Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Conor Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
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8
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Brondi M, Bruzzone M, Lodovichi C, dal Maschio M. Optogenetic Methods to Investigate Brain Alterations in Preclinical Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111848. [PMID: 35681542 PMCID: PMC9180859 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the neuronal dynamics supporting brain functions and understanding how the alterations in these mechanisms result in pathological conditions represents a fundamental challenge. Preclinical research on model organisms allows for a multiscale and multiparametric analysis in vivo of the neuronal mechanisms and holds the potential for better linking the symptoms of a neurological disorder to the underlying cellular and circuit alterations, eventually leading to the identification of therapeutic/rescue strategies. In recent years, brain research in model organisms has taken advantage, along with other techniques, of the development and continuous refinement of methods that use light and optical approaches to reconstruct the activity of brain circuits at the cellular and system levels, and to probe the impact of the different neuronal components in the observed dynamics. These tools, combining low-invasiveness of optical approaches with the power of genetic engineering, are currently revolutionizing the way, the scale and the perspective of investigating brain diseases. The aim of this review is to describe how brain functions can be investigated with optical approaches currently available and to illustrate how these techniques have been adopted to study pathological alterations of brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brondi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council-CNR, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.L.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bruzzone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council-CNR, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.L.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco dal Maschio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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9
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Rapid treatments for depression: Endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104635. [PMID: 35351488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current first-line treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), i.e., antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy, show delayed onset of therapeutic effect as late as 2-3 weeks or more. In the clinic, the speed of beginning of the actions of antidepressant drugs or other interventions is vital for many reasons. Late-onset means that depression, its related disability, and the potential danger of suicide remain a threat for some patients. There are some rapid-acting antidepressant interventions, such as sleep deprivation, ketamine, acute exercise, which induce a significant response, ranging from a few hours to maximally one week, and most of them share a common characteristic that is the activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. Activation of this system, i.e., augmentation of eCB signaling, appears to have anti-depressant-like actions. This article puts the idea forward that the activation of eCB signaling represents a critical mechanism of rapid-acting therapeutic interventions in MDD, and this system might contribute to the development of novel rapid-acting treatments for MDD.
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10
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Tjahjono N, Jin Y, Hsu A, Roukes M, Tian L. Letting the little light of mind shine: Advances and future directions in neurochemical detection. Neurosci Res 2022; 179:65-78. [PMID: 34861294 PMCID: PMC9508992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission via neurochemical release is the fundamental process that integrates and relays encoded information in the brain to regulate physiological function, cognition, and emotion. To unravel the biochemical, biophysical, and computational mechanisms of signal processing, one needs to precisely measure the neurochemical release dynamics with molecular and cell-type specificity and high resolution. Here we reviewed the development of analytical, electrochemical, and fluorescence imaging approaches to detect neurotransmitter and neuromodulator release. We discussed the advantages and practicality in implementation of each technology for ease-of-use, flexibility for multimodal studies, and challenges for future optimization. We hope this review will provide a versatile guide for tool engineering and applications for recording neurochemical release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tjahjono
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yihan Jin
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Alice Hsu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael Roukes
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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11
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Kim JJ, Sapio MR, Vazquez FA, Maric D, Loydpierson AJ, Ma W, Zarate CA, Iadarola MJ, Mannes AJ. Transcriptional Activation, Deactivation and Rebound Patterns in Cortex, Hippocampus and Amygdala in Response to Ketamine Infusion in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:892345. [PMID: 35706427 PMCID: PMC9190438 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.892345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist, is a recently revitalized treatment for pain and depression, yet its actions at the molecular level remain incompletely defined. In this molecular-pharmacological investigation in the rat, we used short- and longer-term infusions of high dose ketamine to stimulate neuronal transcription processes. We hypothesized that a progressively stronger modulation of neuronal gene networks would occur over time in cortical and limbic pathways. A continuous intravenous administration paradigm for ketamine was developed in rat consisting of short (1 h) and long duration (10 h, and 10 h + 24 h recovery) infusions of anesthetic concentrations to activate or inhibit gene transcription in a pharmacokinetically controlled fashion. Transcription was measured by RNA-Seq in three brain regions: frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Cellular level gene localization was performed with multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization. Induction of a shared transcriptional regulatory network occurred within 1 h in all three brain regions consisting of (a) genes involved in stimulus-transcription factor coupling that are induced during altered synaptic activity (immediate early genes, IEGs, such as c-Fos, 9–12 significant genes per brain region, p < 0.01 per gene) and (b) the Nrf2 oxidative stress-antioxidant response pathway downstream from glutamate signaling (Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-Like 2) containing 12–25 increasing genes (p < 0.01) per brain region. By 10 h of infusion, the acute results were further reinforced and consisted of more and stronger gene alterations reflecting a sustained and accentuated ketamine modulation of regional excitation and plasticity. At the cellular level, in situ hybridization localized up-regulation of the plasticity-associated gene Bdnf, and the transcription factors Nr4a1 and Fos, in cortical layers III and V. After 24 h recovery, we observed overshoot of transcriptional processes rather than a smooth return to homeostasis suggesting an oscillation of plasticity occurs during the transition to a new phase of neuronal regulation. These data elucidate critical molecular regulatory actions during and downstream of ketamine administration that may contribute to the unique drug actions of this anesthetic agent. These molecular investigations point to pathways linked to therapeutically useful attributes of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J. Kim
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew R. Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fernando A. Vazquez
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amelia J. Loydpierson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wenting Ma
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J. Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael J. Iadarola, ,
| | - Andrew J. Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Stieger KC, Eles JR, Ludwig K, Kozai TDY. Intracortical microstimulation pulse waveform and frequency recruits distinct spatiotemporal patterns of cortical neuron and neuropil activation. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35263736 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac5bf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural prosthetics often use intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) for sensory restoration. To restore natural and functional feedback, we must first understand how stimulation parameters influence the recruitment of neural populations. ICMS waveform asymmetry modulates the spatial activation of neurons around an electrode at 10 Hz; however, it is unclear how asymmetry may differentially modulate population activity at frequencies typically employed in the clinic (e.g. 100 Hz). We hypothesized that stimulation waveform asymmetry would differentially modulate preferential activation of certain neural populations, and the differential population activity would be frequency-dependent. APPROACH We quantified how asymmetric stimulation waveforms delivered at 10 Hz or 100 Hz for 30s modulated spatiotemporal activity of cortical layer II/III pyramidal neurons using in vivo two-photon and mesoscale calcium imaging in anesthetized mice. Asymmetry is defined in terms of the ratio of the duration of the leading phase to the duration of the return phase of charge-balanced cathodal- and anodal-first waveforms (i.e. longer leading phase relative to return has larger asymmetry). MAIN RESULTS Neurons within 40-60µm of the electrode display stable stimulation-induced activity indicative of direct activation, which was independent of waveform asymmetry. The stability of 72% of activated neurons and the preferential activation of 20-90 % of neurons depended on waveform asymmetry. Additionally, this asymmetry-dependent activation of different neural populations was associated with differential progression of population activity. Specifically, neural activity tended to increase over time during 10 hz stimulation for some waveforms, whereas activity remained at the same level throughout stimulation for other waveforms. During 100 Hz stimulation, neural activity decreased over time for all waveforms, but decreased more for the waveforms that resulted in increasing neural activity during 10 Hz stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrate that at frequencies commonly used for sensory restoration, stimulation waveform alters the pattern of activation of different but overlapping populations of excitatory neurons. The impact of these waveform specific responses on the activation of different subtypes of neurons as well as sensory perception merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Stieger
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, UNITED STATES
| | - James Regis Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, UNITED STATES
| | - Kip Ludwig
- Biomedical Engineering and Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, XXX, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, UNITED STATES
| | - Takashi D Yoshida Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, UNITED STATES
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13
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Somatostatin receptor 4 agonism normalizes stress-related excessive amygdala glutamate release and Pavlovian aversion learning and memory in rodents. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 2:470-479. [PMID: 36324659 PMCID: PMC9616361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive processing of aversive life events is a major pathology in stress-related anxiety and depressive disorders. Current pharmacological treatments have rather nonspecific mechanisms of action. Somatostatin is synthesized and released as an inhibitory co-neurotransmitter by specific GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) interneurons, and one of its receptors, SSTR4 (somatostatin receptor 4), is localized in brain regions involved in adaptive aversion processing and implicated in negative valence neuropathology, including the amygdala. Methods Rat and mouse experiments were conducted to investigate effects of specific SSTR4 agonism on neurobehavioral aversion processing, including any normalization of stress-related hyperresponsiveness. A mouse experiment to investigate stress and SSTR4 agonism effects on reward processing was also conducted. Results In male rats (n = 5–10/group) fitted with glutamate biosensors in basolateral amygdala, SSTR4 agonism attenuated glutamate release to restraint stress in control rats and particularly in rats previously exposed to chronic corticosterone. In male mice (n = 10–18/group), SSTR4 agonism dose-dependently attenuated Pavlovian tone/footshock learning and memory measured as freezing behavior, in both control mice and mice exposed to chronic social stress, which induces excessive Pavlovian aversion learning and memory. Specificity of SSTR4 agonism effects to aversion learning/memory was demonstrated by absence of effects on discriminative reward (sucrose) learning/memory in both control mice and mice exposed to chronic social stress; SSTR4 agonism did increase reward-to-effort valuation in a dose-dependent manner and in both control mice and mice exposed to chronic social stress, which attenuates reward motivation. Conclusions These neuropsychopharmacological findings add substantially to the preclinical proof-of-concept evidence for SSTR4 agonism as a treatment in anxiety and depressive disorders.
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Linden NJ, Tabuena DR, Steinmetz NA, Moody WJ, Brunton SL, Brunton BW. Go with the FLOW: visualizing spatiotemporal dynamics in optical widefield calcium imaging. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210523. [PMID: 34428947 PMCID: PMC8385384 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Widefield calcium imaging has recently emerged as a powerful experimental technique to record coordinated large-scale brain activity. These measurements present a unique opportunity to characterize spatiotemporally coherent structures that underlie neural activity across many regions of the brain. In this work, we leverage analytic techniques from fluid dynamics to develop a visualization framework that highlights features of flow across the cortex, mapping wavefronts that may be correlated with behavioural events. First, we transform the time series of widefield calcium images into time-varying vector fields using optic flow. Next, we extract concise diagrams summarizing the dynamics, which we refer to as FLOW (flow lines in optical widefield imaging) portraits. These FLOW portraits provide an intuitive map of dynamic calcium activity, including regions of initiation and termination, as well as the direction and extent of activity spread. To extract these structures, we use the finite-time Lyapunov exponent technique developed to analyse time-varying manifolds in unsteady fluids. Importantly, our approach captures coherent structures that are poorly represented by traditional modal decomposition techniques. We demonstrate the application of FLOW portraits on three simple synthetic datasets and two widefield calcium imaging datasets, including cortical waves in the developing mouse and spontaneous cortical activity in an adult mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Linden
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
| | - Dennis R. Tabuena
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Steinmetz
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
| | - William J. Moody
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
| | - Steven L. Brunton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
| | - Bingni W. Brunton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-0005, USA
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15
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Kohtala S, Rantamäki T. Rapid-acting antidepressants and the regulation of TrkB neurotrophic signalling-Insights from ketamine, nitrous oxide, seizures and anaesthesia. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:95-103. [PMID: 33973360 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increased glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex have been associated with the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. Activation of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) receptor TrkB is considered a key molecular event for antidepressant-induced functional and structural synaptic plasticity. Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie ketamine's effects on TrkB, but much remains unclear. Notably, preliminary studies suggest that besides ketamine, nitrous oxide (N2 O) can rapidly alleviate depressive symptoms. We have shown nitrous oxide to evoke TrkB signalling preferentially after the acute pharmacological effects have dissipated (ie after receptor disengagement), when slow delta frequency electroencephalogram (EEG) activity is up-regulated. Our findings also demonstrate that various anaesthetics and sedatives activate TrkB signalling, further highlighting the complex mechanisms underlying TrkB activation. We hypothesize that rapid-acting antidepressants share the ability to regulate TrkB signalling during homeostatically evoked slow-wave activity and that this mechanism is important for sustained antidepressant effects. Our observations urge the examination of rapid and sustained antidepressant effects beyond conventional receptor pharmacology by focusing on brain physiology and temporally distributed signalling patterns spanning both wake and sleep. Potential implications of this approach for the improvement of current therapies and discovery of novel antidepressants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kohtala
- Department of Psychiatry, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Brymer KJ, Barnes JR, Parsons MP. Entering a new era of quantifying glutamate clearance in health and disease. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1598-1617. [PMID: 33618436 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate transporter proteins, expressed on both neurons and glia, serve as the main gatekeepers that dictate the spatial and temporal actions of extracellular glutamate. Glutamate is essential to the function of the healthy brain yet paradoxically contributes to the toxicity associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Rapid transporter-mediated glutamate uptake, primarily occurring at astrocytic processes, tightens the efficiency of excitatory network activity and prevents toxic glutamate build-up in the extracellular space. Glutamate transporter dysfunction is thought to underlie myriad central nervous system (CNS) diseases including Alzheimer and Huntington disease. Over the past few decades, techniques such as biochemical uptake assays and electrophysiological recordings of transporter currents from individual astrocytes have revealed the remarkable ability of the CNS to efficiently clear extracellular glutamate. In more recent years, the rapidly evolving glutamate-sensing "sniffers" now allow researchers to visualize real-time glutamate transients on a millisecond time scale with single synapse spatial resolution in defined cell populations. As we transition to an increased reliance on optical-based methods of glutamate visualization and quantification, it is of utmost importance to understand not only the advantages that glutamate biosensors bring to the table but also the associated caveats and their implications for data interpretation. In this review, we summarize the strengths and limitations of the commonly used methods to quantify glutamate uptake. We then discuss what these techniques, when viewed as a complementary whole, have told us about the brain's ability to regulate glutamate levels, in both health and in the context of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brymer
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jocelyn R Barnes
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew P Parsons
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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17
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Swainson J, McGirr A, Blier P, Brietzke E, Richard-Devantoy S, Ravindran N, Blier J, Beaulieu S, Frey BN, Kennedy SH, McIntyre RS, Milev RV, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Taylor VH, Tourjman V, van Ameringen M, Yatham LN, Ravindran AV, Lam RW. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force Recommendations for the Use of Racemic Ketamine in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Recommandations Du Groupe De Travail Du Réseau Canadien Pour Les Traitements De L'humeur Et De L'anxiété (Canmat) Concernant L'utilisation De La Kétamine Racémique Chez Les Adultes Souffrant De Trouble Dépressif Majeur. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2021; 66:113-125. [PMID: 33174760 PMCID: PMC7918868 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720970860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with major depressive disorder often have limited response to first-line and second-line medications; hence, novel pharmacological treatments are needed for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects in patients with TRD. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) convened a task force to review the evidence for efficacy and safety of racemic ketamine and to provide recommendations for its use in clinical practice. METHODS A systematic review was conducted with computerized search of electronic databases up to January 31, 2020 using combinations of search terms, inspection of bibliographies, and review of other ketamine guidelines and consensus statements. The level of evidence and lines of treatment were assigned according to CANMAT criteria. Recommendations were given in question-answer format. RESULTS Intravenous (IV) racemic ketamine given as a single infusion has Level 1 evidence for efficacy in adults with TRD. The evidence for multiple infusions, given as an acute series or as ongoing maintenance treatment, is limited to Level 3. Adverse events associated with ketamine infusions include behavioral (e.g., dissociative symptoms) and physiological (e.g., hypertension) events. There is only Level 3 or 4 evidence for non-IV formulations of racemic ketamine. Consensus recommendations are given for clinical administration of IV ketamine including patient selection, facility and personnel issues, monitoring, and maintaining response. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose IV racemic ketamine is a third-line recommendation for adults with TRD. The need for repeated and maintenance ketamine infusions should be carefully assessed on a case-by-case basis with consideration of potential risks and benefits. Because of limited evidence for efficacy and risk for misuse and diversion, the use of oral and other formulations of racemic ketamine should be limited to specialists with ketamine-prescribing expertise and affiliations with tertiary or specialized centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Swainson
- Department of Psychiatry, 12357University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander McGirr
- Department of Psychiatry, 70401University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pierre Blier
- Department of Psychiatry, 12365University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, 104820Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nisha Ravindran
- Department of Psychiatry, 12366University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Blier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 12365University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge Beaulieu
- Department of Psychiatry, 12367McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, 62703McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, 12366University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, 12366University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roumen V Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, 104820Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sagar V Parikh
- Department of Psychiatry, 12266University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ayal Schaffer
- Department of Psychiatry, 12366University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie H Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, 70401University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valérie Tourjman
- Department of Psychiatry, 12368Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael van Ameringen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, 62703McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshmi N Yatham
- Department of Psychiatry, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arun V Ravindran
- Department of Psychiatry, 12366University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Xu W, Li H, Wang L, Zhang J, Liu C, Wan X, Liu X, Hu Y, Fang Q, Xiao Y, Bu Q, Wang H, Tian J, Zhao Y, Cen X. Endocannabinoid signaling regulates the reinforcing and psychostimulant effects of ketamine in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5962. [PMID: 33235205 PMCID: PMC7686380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The abuse potential of ketamine limits its clinical application, but the precise mechanism remains largely unclear. Here we discovered that ketamine significantly remodels the endocannabinoid-related lipidome and activates 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) signaling in the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen, CPu) of mice. Elevated 2-AG in the CPu is essential for the psychostimulant and reinforcing effects of ketamine, whereas blockade of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, a predominant 2-AG receptor, attenuates ketamine-induced remodeling of neuronal dendrite structure and neurobehaviors. Ketamine represses the transcription of the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) gene by promoting the expression of PRDM5, a negative transcription factor of the MAGL gene, leading to increased 2-AG production. Genetic overexpression of MAGL or silencing of PRDM5 expression in the CPu robustly reduces 2-AG production and ketamine effects. Collectively, endocannabinoid signaling plays a critical role in mediating the psychostimulant and reinforcing properties of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchun Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqi Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Wan
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochong Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Hu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyao Fang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Bu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Eles JR, Stieger KC, Kozai TDY. The temporal pattern of Intracortical Microstimulation pulses elicits distinct temporal and spatial recruitment of cortical neuropil and neurons. J Neural Eng 2020; 18. [PMID: 33075762 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abc29c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The spacing or distribution of stimulation pulses of therapeutic neurostimulation waveforms-referred to here as the Temporal Pattern (TP)-has emerged as an important parameter for tuning the response to deep-brain stimulation and intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). While it has long been assumed that modulating the TP of ICMS may be effective by altering the rate coding of the neural response, it is unclear how it alters the neural response at the neural network level. The present study is designed to elucidate the neural response to TP at the network level. APPROACH We use in vivo two-photon imaging of ICMS in mice expressing the calcium sensor Thy1-GCaMP or the glutamate sensor hSyn-iGluSnFr to examine the layer II/III neural response to stimulations with different TPs. We study the neuronal calcium and glutamate response to TPs with the same average frequency (10Hz) and same total charge injection, but varying degrees of bursting. We also investigate one control pattern with an average frequency of 100Hz and 10X the charge injection. MAIN RESULTS Stimulation trains with the same average frequency (10 Hz) and same total charge injection but distinct temporal patterns recruits distinct sets of neurons. More-than-half (60% of 309 cells) prefer one temporal pattern over the other. Despite their distinct spatial recruitment patterns, both cells exhibit similar ability to follow 30s trains of both TPs without failing, and they exhibit similar levels of glutamate release during stimulation. Both neuronal calcium and glutamate release train to the bursting TP pattern (~21-fold increase in relative power at the frequency of bursting. Bursting also results in a statistically significant elevation in the correlation between somatic calcium activity and neuropil activity, which we explore as a metric for inhibitory-excitatory tone. Interestingly, soma-neuropil correlation during the bursting pattern is a statistically significant predictor of cell preference for TP, which exposes a key link between inhibitory-excitatory tone. Finally, using mesoscale imaging, we show that both TPs result in distal inhibition during stimulation, which reveals complex spatial and temporal interactions between temporal pattern and inhibitory-excitatory tone in ICMS. SIGNIFICANCE Our results may ultimately suggest that TP is a valuable parameter space to modulate inhibitory-excitatory tone as well as distinct network activity in ICMS. This presents a broader mechanism of action than rate coding, as previously thought. By implicating these additional mechanisms, TP may have broader utility in the clinic and should be pursued to expand the efficacy of ICMS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES
| | - Takashi D Yoshida Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES
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Stieger KC, Eles JR, Ludwig KA, Kozai TDY. In vivo microstimulation with cathodic and anodic asymmetric waveforms modulates spatiotemporal calcium dynamics in cortical neuropil and pyramidal neurons of male mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2072-2095. [PMID: 32592267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation has been critical in the development of an understanding of brain function and disease. Despite its widespread use and obvious clinical potential, the mechanisms governing stimulation in the cortex remain largely unexplored in the context of pulse parameters. Modeling studies have suggested that modulation of stimulation pulse waveform may be able to control the probability of neuronal activation to selectively stimulate either cell bodies or passing fibers depending on the leading polarity. Thus, asymmetric waveforms with equal charge per phase (i.e., increasing the leading phase duration and proportionately decreasing the amplitude) may be able to activate a more spatially localized or distributed population of neurons if the leading phase is cathodic or anodic, respectively. Here, we use two-photon and mesoscale calcium imaging of GCaMP6s expressed in excitatory pyramidal neurons of male mice to investigate the role of pulse polarity and waveform asymmetry on the spatiotemporal properties of direct neuronal activation with 10-Hz electrical stimulation. We demonstrate that increasing cathodic asymmetry effectively reduces neuronal activation and results in a more spatially localized subpopulation of activated neurons without sacrificing the density of activated neurons around the electrode. Conversely, increasing anodic asymmetry increases the spatial spread of activation and highly resembles spatiotemporal calcium activity induced by conventional symmetric cathodic stimulation. These results suggest that stimulation polarity and asymmetry can be used to modulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal activity thus increasing the effective parameter space of electrical stimulation to restore sensation and study circuit dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Stieger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Abstract
The search for more effective treatments for depression is a long-standing primary objective in both psychiatry and translational neuroscience. From initial models centered on neurochemical deficits, such as the monoamine hypothesis, research toward this goal has shifted toward a focus on network and circuit models to explain how key nodes in the limbic system and beyond interact to produce persistent shifts in affective states. To build these models, researchers have turned to two complementary approaches: neuroimaging studies in human patients (and their healthy counterparts) and neurophysiology studies in animal models, facilitated in large part by optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques. As the authors discuss, functional neuroimaging studies in humans have included largely task-oriented experiments, which have identified brain regions differentially activated during processing of affective stimuli, and resting-state functional MRI experiments, which have identified brain-wide networks altered in depressive states. Future work in this area will build on a multisite approach, assembling large data sets across diverse populations, and will also leverage the statistical power afforded by longitudinal imaging studies in patient samples. Translational studies in rodents have used optogenetic and chemogenetic tools to identify not just nodes but also connections within the networks of the limbic system that are both critical and permissive for the expression of motivated behavior and affective phenotypes. Future studies in this area will exploit mesoscale imaging and multisite electrophysiology recordings to construct network models with cell-type specificity and high statistical power, identifying candidate circuit and molecular pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Spellman
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York
| | - Conor Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York
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22
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A Review of Nonanesthetic Uses of Ketamine. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:5798285. [PMID: 32308676 PMCID: PMC7152956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5798285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, is used widely in medicine as an anesthetic agent. However, ketamine's mechanisms of action lead to widespread physiological effects, some of which are now coming to the forefront of research for the treatment of diverse medical disorders. This paper aims at reviewing recent data on key nonanesthetic uses of ketamine in the current literature. MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar databases were queried to find articles related to ketamine in the treatment of depression, pain syndromes including acute pain, chronic pain, and headache, neurologic applications including neuroprotection and seizures, and alcohol and substance use disorders. It can be concluded that ketamine has a potential role in the treatment of all of these conditions. However, research in this area is still in its early stages, and larger studies are required to evaluate ketamine's efficacy for nonanesthetic purposes in the general population.
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23
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Rantamäki T, Kohtala S. Encoding, Consolidation, and Renormalization in Depression: Synaptic Homeostasis, Plasticity, and Sleep Integrate Rapid Antidepressant Effects. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:439-465. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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24
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Tannich F, Barhoumi K, Rejeb A, Aouichri M, Souilem O. Ketamine, at low dose, decrease behavioural alterations in epileptic diseases induced by pilocarpine in mice. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1118-1124. [PMID: 32075467 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1730363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose of ketamine, in short-term, on behavioral impairment and acute neuronal death in the cerebral cortex during the acute phase in a model of epileptic mouse induced by pilocarpine.Methods:Ketamine was administrated (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, 30 min before pilocarpine injection (100 mg/kg) in the first group. The second group received the same dose of ketamine 30 min after pilocarpine injection. The effect of ketamine on behavioral disorders and cerebral neuronal integrity in epileptic mice was evaluated.Results:Clinical observations and behavioural tests relate a reduction in behavioural dysfunctions in mice treated with ketamine. Interestingly, treatment of mice with low dose of ketamine decreased the clinical symptoms (movements of the vibrios, nods of the head, and movements of the whiskers), especially when administered before epilepsy induction. Furthermore, the administration of ketamine limits oedema in the hippocampus, neuronal degeneration and gliosis in the different cortical layers. These results could be explained by NMDA receptors inhibition by ketamine.Conclusion:Therefore, it appears that ketamine is endowed with a potential neuroprotective effect and can reduce the severity of neurodegeneration, especially when administrated before Status Epilepticus (SE) installation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Tannich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunisia.,Neurophysiology Laboratory and Functional Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University Campus El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rejeb
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aouichri
- Higher Institute of Nursing Sciences, Tunis, University Campus El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ouajdi Souilem
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunisia
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25
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McGirr A, LeDue J, Chan AW, Boyd JD, Metzak PD, Murphy TH. Stress impacts sensory variability through cortical sensory activity motifs. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:20. [PMID: 32066714 PMCID: PMC7026117 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medically unexplained symptoms in depression are common. These individual-specific complaints are often considered an 'idiom of distress', yet animal studies suggest that cortical sensory representations are flexible and influenced by spontaneous cortical activity. We hypothesized that stress would reveal activity dynamics in somatosensory cortex resulting in greater sensory-evoked response variability. Using millisecond resolution in vivo voltage sensitive dye (VSD) imaging in mouse neocortex, we characterized spontaneous regional depolarizations within limb and barrel regions of somatosensory cortex, or spontaneous sensory motifs, and their influence on sensory variability. Stress revealed an idiosyncratic increase in spontaneous sensory motifs that is normalized by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Spontaneous motif frequency is associated with increased variability in sensory-evoked responses, and we optogenetically demonstrate that regional depolarization in somatosensory cortex increases sensory-evoked variability for seconds. This reveals a putative circuit level target for changes in sensory processing and for unexplained physical complaints in stress-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander McGirr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute & The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey LeDue
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Djavad Mowafaghian Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Allen W. Chan
- grid.17089.37Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - James D. Boyd
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Djavad Mowafaghian Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Paul D. Metzak
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute & The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Timothy H. Murphy
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Djavad Mowafaghian Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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26
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Chen W, Park K, Pan Y, Koretsky AP, Du C. Interactions between stimuli-evoked cortical activity and spontaneous low frequency oscillations measured with neuronal calcium. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116554. [PMID: 31972283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous brain activity has been widely used to map brain connectivity. The interactions between task-evoked brain responses and the spontaneous cortical oscillations, especially within the low frequency range of ~0.1 Hz, are not fully understood. Trial-to-trial variabilities in brain's response to sensory stimuli and the ability for brain to detect under noisy conditions suggest an appreciable impact of the brain state. Using a multimodality imaging platform, we simultaneously imaged neuronal Ca2+ and cerebral hemodynamics at baseline and in response to single-pulse forepaw stimuli in rat's somatosensory cortex. The high sensitivity of this system enables detection of responses to very weak and strong stimuli and real time determination of low frequency oscillations without averaging. Results show that the ongoing neuronal oscillations inversely modulate Ca2+ transients evoked by sensory stimuli. High intensity stimuli reset the spontaneous neuronal oscillations to an unpreferable excitability following the stimulus. Cerebral hemodynamic responses also inversely interact with the spontaneous hemodynamic oscillations, correlating with the neuronal Ca2+ transient changes. The results reveal competing interactions between spontaneous oscillations and stimulation-evoked brain activities in somatosensory cortex and the resultant hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Kicheon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Yingtian Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Congwu Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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27
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Eles JR, Kozai TDY. In vivo imaging of calcium and glutamate responses to intracortical microstimulation reveals distinct temporal responses of the neuropil and somatic compartments in layer II/III neurons. Biomaterials 2020; 234:119767. [PMID: 31954232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracortical microelectrode implants can generate a tissue response hallmarked by glial scarring and neuron cell death within 100-150 μm of the biomaterial device. Many have proposed that any performance decline in intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) due to this foreign body tissue response could be offset by increasing the stimulation amplitude. The mechanisms of this approach are unclear, however, as there has not been consensus on how increasing amplitude affects the spatial and temporal recruitment patterns of ICMS. APPROACH We clarify these unknowns using in vivo two-photon imaging of mice transgenically expressing the calcium sensor GCaMP6s in Thy1 neurons or virally expressing the glutamate sensor iGluSnFr in neurons. Calcium and neurotransmitter activity are tracked in the neuronal somas and neuropil during long-train stimulation in Layer II/III of somatosensory cortex. MAIN RESULTS Neural calcium activity and glutamate release are dense and strongest within 20-40 μm around the electrode, falling off with distance from the electrode. Neuronal calcium increases with higher amplitude stimulations. During prolonged stimulation trains, a sub-population of somas fail to maintain calcium activity. Interestingly, neuropil calcium activity is 3-fold less correlated to somatic calcium activity for cells that drop-out during the long stimulation train compared to cells that sustain activity throughout the train. Glutamate release is apparent only within 20 μm of the electrode and is sustained for at least 10s after cessation of the 15 and 20 μA stimulation train, but not lower amplitudes. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that increasing amplitude can increase the radius and intensity of neural recruitment, but it also alters the temporal response of some neurons. Further, dense glutamate release is highest within the first 20 μm of the electrode site even at high amplitudes, suggesting that there may be spatial limitations to the amplitude parameter space. The glutamate elevation outlasts stimulation, suggesting that high-amplitude stimulation may affect neurotransmitter re-uptake. This ultimately suggests that increasing the amplitude of ICMS device stimulation may fundamentally alter the temporal neural response, which could have implications for using amplitude to improve the ICMS effect or "offset" the effects of glial scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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28
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Kreitz S, Zambon A, Ronovsky M, Budinsky L, Helbich TH, Sideromenos S, Ivan C, Konerth L, Wank I, Berger A, Pollak A, Hess A, Pollak DD. Maternal immune activation during pregnancy impacts on brain structure and function in the adult offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:56-67. [PMID: 31526827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational infection constitutes a risk factor for the occurrence of psychiatric disorders in the offspring. Activation of the maternal immune system (MIA) with subsequent impact on the development of the fetal brain is considered to form the neurobiological basis for aberrant neural wiring and the psychiatric manifestations later in offspring life. The examination of validated animal models constitutes a premier resource for the investigation of the neural underpinnings. Here we used a mouse model of MIA based upon systemic treatment of pregnant mice with Poly(I:C) (polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid), for the unbiased and comprehensive analysis of the impact of MIA on adult offspring brain activity, morphometry, connectivity and function by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach. Overall lower neural activity, smaller brain regions and less effective fiber structure were observed for Poly(I:C) offspring compared to the control group. The corpus callosum was significantly smaller and presented with a disruption in myelin/ fiber structure in the MIA progeny. Subsequent resting-state functional MRI experiments demonstrated a paralleling dysfunctional interhemispheric connectivity. Additionally, while the overall flow of information was intact, cortico-limbic connectivity was hampered and limbic circuits revealed hyperconnectivity in Poly(I:C) offspring. Our study sheds new light on the impact of maternal infection during pregnancy on the offspring brain and identifies aberrant resting-state functional connectivity patterns as possible correlates of the behavioral phenotype with relevance for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kreitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Alice Zambon
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne Ronovsky
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lubos Budinsky
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas H Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Spyros Sideromenos
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudiu Ivan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Laura Konerth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Isabel Wank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Angelika Berger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Pollak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Scheele D, Zimbal S, Feinstein JS, Delis A, Neumann C, Mielacher C, Philipsen A, Hurlemann R. Treatment-Resistant Depression and Ketamine Response in a Patient With Bilateral Amygdala Damage. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:982-986. [PMID: 31787017 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Scheele
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
| | - Sophia Zimbal
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
| | - Justin S Feinstein
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
| | - Achilles Delis
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
| | - Claudia Neumann
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
| | - Clemens Mielacher
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
| | - René Hurlemann
- Division of Medical Psychology (Scheele, Zimbal, Mielacher, Hurlemann), Department of Anesthesiology (Delis, Neumann), and Department of Psychiatry (Philipsen, Hurlemann), University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla. (Feinstein); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oldenburg Medical Campus, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany (Hurlemann)
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30
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Chen MH, Lin WC, Tu PC, Li CT, Bai YM, Tsai SJ, Su TP. Antidepressant and antisuicidal effects of ketamine on the functional connectivity of prefrontal cortex-related circuits in treatment-resistant depression: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, longitudinal resting fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:15-20. [PMID: 31437695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that infusion of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine exerts antidepressant and antisuicidal effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). AIMS In this investigation, we used the resting functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) to determine the effects of ketamine on the functional connectivity (FC) of prefrontal cortex (PFC)-related circuits in patients with TRD. METHODS Forty-eight patients with TRD were recruited and randomly divided into three groups on the basis of ketamine infusion dose: 0.5 mg/kg (standard dose), 0.2 mg/kg (low dose), or normal saline (a placebo infusion). Resting functional MRI data and clinical data were recorded at the baseline and on the third day after ketamine infusion treatment. RESULTS The standard-dose group showed a reduction in the FC of the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and right dorsolateral (dl)PFC with the other frontal regions. The low-dose group demonstrated a more pervasive reduction of FC in the bilateral dACC with other frontal and parietal regions. A negative correlation was observed between the reduction in suicidal ideation and the reduction in the FC between the left dACC and right ACC regions in the standard-dose group, whereas a positive correlation was observed between the reduction in suicidal ideation and the increase in the FC between the right dlPFC and left superior parietal region in the low-dose group. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that PFC-related circuit modulation is crucial to the antidepressant and antisuicidal effects of the ketamine infusion treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Tu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ping Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, General Cheng Hsin Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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31
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Tannich F, Tlili A, Pintard C, Chniguir A, Eto B, Dang PMC, Souilem O, El-Benna J. Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase/NOX2 and myeloperoxidase in the mouse brain during pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy and inhibition by ketamine. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:487-497. [PMID: 31667656 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can induce tissue injury involved in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders such as neurodegeneration observed in pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist has beneficial effects in pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, when administered within minutes of seizure to avoid the harmful neurological lesions induced by pilocarpine. However, the enzymes involved in ROS productions and the effect of ketamine on this process remain less documented. Here we show that during pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in mice, the expression of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 subunits (NOX2/gp91phox, p22phox, and p47phox) and the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) were dramatically increased in mice brain treated with pilocarpine. Interestingly, treatment of mice with ketamine before or after pilocarpine administration decreased this process, mainly when injected before pilocarpine. Finally, our results showed that pilocarpine induced p47phox phosphorylation and H2O2 production in mice brain and ketamine was able to inhibit these processes. Our results show that pilocarpine induced NOX2 activation to produce ROS in mice brain and that administration of ketamine before or after the induction of temporal lobe epilepsy by pilocarpine inhibited this activation in mice brain. These results suggest a key role of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 and MPO in epilepsy and identify a novel effect of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Tannich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia. .,Neurophysiology Laboratory and Functional Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Campus of Al-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. .,INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Asma Tlili
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Pintard
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Amina Chniguir
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Eto
- Laboratoires TBC, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 59006, Lille, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Ouajdi Souilem
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
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Ashby DM, LeDue J, Murphy TH, McGirr A. Peripheral Nerve Ligation Elicits Widespread Alterations in Cortical Sensory Evoked and Spontaneous Activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15341. [PMID: 31653941 PMCID: PMC6814845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies result in adaptation in primary sensory and other regions of cortex, and provide a framework for understanding the localized and widespread adaptations that arise from altered sensation. Mesoscale cortical imaging achieves high temporal resolution of activity using optical sensors of neuronal activity to simultaneously image across a wide expanse of cortex and capture this adaptation using sensory-evoked and spontaneous cortical activity. Saphenous nerve ligation in mouse is an animal model of peripheral neuropathy that produces hyperalgesia circumscribed to the hindlimb. We performed saphenous nerve ligation or sham, followed by mesoscale cortical imaging using voltage sensitive dye (VSD) after ten days. We utilized subcutaneous electrical stimulation at multiple stimulus intensities to characterize sensory responses after ligation or sham, and acquired spontaneous activity to characterize functional connectivity and large scale cortical network reorganization. Relative to sham animals, the primary sensory-evoked response to hindlimb stimulation in ligated animals was unaffected in magnitude at all stimulus intensities. However, we observed a diminished propagating wave of cortical activity at lower stimulus intensities in ligated animals after hindlimb, but not forelimb, sensory stimulation. We simultaneously observed a widespread decrease in cortical functional connectivity, where midline association regions appeared most affected. These results are consistent with localized and broad alterations in intracortical connections in response to a peripheral insult, with implications for novel circuit level understanding and intervention for peripheral neuropathies and other conditions affecting sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan M Ashby
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeffrey LeDue
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy H Murphy
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexander McGirr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Leopold AV, Shcherbakova DM, Verkhusha VV. Fluorescent Biosensors for Neurotransmission and Neuromodulation: Engineering and Applications. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:474. [PMID: 31708747 PMCID: PMC6819510 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neuronal activity patterns in the brain correlate with complex behavior is one of the primary goals of modern neuroscience. Chemical transmission is the major way of communication between neurons, however, traditional methods of detection of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator transients in mammalian brain lack spatiotemporal precision. Modern fluorescent biosensors for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators allow monitoring chemical transmission in vivo with millisecond precision and single cell resolution. Changes in the fluorescent biosensor brightness occur upon neurotransmitter binding and can be detected using fiber photometry, stationary microscopy and miniaturized head-mounted microscopes. Biosensors can be expressed in the animal brain using adeno-associated viral vectors, and their cell-specific expression can be achieved with Cre-recombinase expressing animals. Although initially fluorescent biosensors for chemical transmission were represented by glutamate biosensors, nowadays biosensors for GABA, acetylcholine, glycine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are available as well. In this review, we overview functioning principles of existing intensiometric and ratiometric biosensors and provide brief insight into the variety of neurotransmitter-binding proteins from bacteria, plants, and eukaryotes including G-protein coupled receptors, which may serve as neurotransmitter-binding scaffolds. We next describe a workflow for development of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator biosensors. We then discuss advanced setups for functional imaging of neurotransmitter transients in the brain of awake freely moving animals. We conclude by providing application examples of biosensors for the studies of complex behavior with the single-neuron precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Leopold
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Cramer JV, Gesierich B, Roth S, Dichgans M, Düring M, Liesz A. In vivo widefield calcium imaging of the mouse cortex for analysis of network connectivity in health and brain disease. Neuroimage 2019; 199:570-584. [PMID: 31181333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of brain areas in functionally connected networks, their dynamic changes, and perturbations in disease states are subject of extensive investigations. Research on functional networks in humans predominantly uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, adopting fMRI and other functional imaging methods to mice, the most widely used model to study brain physiology and disease, poses major technical challenges and faces important limitations. Hence, there is great demand for alternative imaging modalities for network characterization. Here, we present a refined protocol for in vivo widefield calcium imaging of both cerebral hemispheres in mice expressing a calcium sensor in excitatory neurons. We implemented a stringent protocol for minimizing anesthesia and excluding movement artifacts which both imposed problems in previous approaches. We further adopted a method for unbiased identification of functional cortical areas using independent component analysis (ICA) on resting-state imaging data. Biological relevance of identified components was confirmed using stimulus-dependent cortical activation. To explore this novel approach in a model of focal brain injury, we induced photothrombotic lesions of the motor cortex, determined changes in inter- and intrahemispheric connectivity at multiple time points up to 56 days post-stroke and correlated them with behavioral deficits. We observed a severe loss in interhemispheric connectivity after stroke, which was partially restored in the chronic phase and associated with corresponding behavioral motor deficits. Taken together, we present an improved widefield calcium imaging tool accounting for anesthesia and movement artifacts, adopting an advanced analysis pipeline based on human fMRI algorithms and with superior sensitivity to recovery mechanisms in mouse models compared to behavioral tests. This tool will enable new studies on interhemispheric connectivity in murine models with comparability to human imaging studies for a wide spectrum of neuroscience applications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Cramer
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benno Gesierich
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Roth
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Düring
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Moda-Sava RN, Murdock MH, Parekh PK, Fetcho RN, Huang BS, Huynh TN, Witztum J, Shaver DC, Rosenthal DL, Alway EJ, Lopez K, Meng Y, Nellissen L, Grosenick L, Milner TA, Deisseroth K, Bito H, Kasai H, Liston C. Sustained rescue of prefrontal circuit dysfunction by antidepressant-induced spine formation. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 364:364/6436/eaat8078. [PMID: 30975859 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat8078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the induction and remission of depressive episodes over time are not well understood. Through repeated longitudinal imaging of medial prefrontal microcircuits in the living brain, we found that prefrontal spinogenesis plays a critical role in sustaining specific antidepressant behavioral effects and maintaining long-term behavioral remission. Depression-related behavior was associated with targeted, branch-specific elimination of postsynaptic dendritic spines on prefrontal projection neurons. Antidepressant-dose ketamine reversed these effects by selectively rescuing eliminated spines and restoring coordinated activity in multicellular ensembles that predict motivated escape behavior. Prefrontal spinogenesis was required for the long-term maintenance of antidepressant effects on motivated escape behavior but not for their initial induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Moda-Sava
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - M H Murdock
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - P K Parekh
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - R N Fetcho
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - B S Huang
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - T N Huynh
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - J Witztum
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - D C Shaver
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - D L Rosenthal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - E J Alway
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - K Lopez
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Y Meng
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - L Nellissen
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - L Grosenick
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T A Milner
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - K Deisseroth
- Departments of Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Liston
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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36
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The ‘Yin’ and the ‘Yang’ of the kynurenine pathway: excitotoxicity and neuroprotection imbalance in stress-induced disorders. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:163-186. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Michelson NJ, Vanni MP, Murphy TH. Comparison between transgenic and AAV-PHP.eB-mediated expression of GCaMP6s using in vivo wide-field functional imaging of brain activity. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:025014. [PMID: 31763351 PMCID: PMC6864505 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.2.025014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We employ transcranial wide-field single-photon imaging to compare genetically encoded calcium sensors under transgenic or viral vector expression strategies. Awake, head-fixed animals and brief visual flash stimuli are used to assess function. The use of awake transcranial imaging may reduce confounds attributed to cranial window implantation or anesthesia states. We report differences in wide-field epifluorescence brightness and peak Δ F / F 0 response to visual stimulation between expression strategies. Other metrics for indicator performance include fluctuation analysis (standard deviation) and regional correlation maps made from spontaneous activity. We suggest that multiple measures, such as stimulus-evoked signal-to-noise ratio, brightness, and averaged visual Δ F / F 0 response, may be necessary to characterize indicator sensitivity and methods of expression. Furthermore, we show that strategies using blood brain barrier-permeable viruses, such as PHP.eB, yield comparable expression and function as those derived from transgenic mice. We suggest that testing of new genetically engineered activity sensors could employ a single-photon, wide-field imaging pipeline involving visual stimulation in awake mice that have been intravenously injected with PHP.eB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Michelson
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthieu P. Vanni
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Université de Montréal, School of Optometry, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Timothy H. Murphy
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Timothy H. Murphy E-mail:
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Murphy‐Royal C, Gordon GR, Bains JS. Stress‐induced structural and functional modifications of astrocytes—Further implicating glia in the central response to stress. Glia 2019; 67:1806-1820. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Murphy‐Royal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Grant R. Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Jaideep S. Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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Disrupted prefrontal functional connectivity during post-stress adaption in high ruminators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15588. [PMID: 30348981 PMCID: PMC6197217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumination is a perseverative thinking style that is associated with adverse mental and physical health. Stressful situations have been considered as a trigger for this kind of thinking. Until today, there are mixed findings with respect to the relations of functional connectivity (FC) and rumination. The study at hand aimed to investigate, in how far high and low ruminators would show elevated levels of state rumination after a stress induction and if these changes would show corresponding changes in FC in the cognitive control network (CCN) and dorsal attention network (DAN). 23 high and 22 low trait ruminators underwent resting-state measurements before and after a stress induction with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Changes in rsFC through the TSST were measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy within and between regions of the CCN. Stress successfully induced state rumination in both groups but stronger in the high trait ruminators. High trait ruminators showed elevated FC within the CCN at baseline, but attenuated increase in FC following the TSST. Increases in FC correlated negatively with state rumination. A lack of FC reactivity within the CCN in high ruminators might reflect reduced network integration between brain regions necessary for emotion regulation and cognitive control.
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40
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Liang J, Wu S, Xie W, He H. Ketamine ameliorates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in experimental traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2 pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:845-853. [PMID: 29713142 PMCID: PMC5907785 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s160046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Ketamine can act as a multifunctional neuroprotective agent by inhibiting oxidative stress, cellular dysfunction, and apoptosis. Although it has been proven to be effective in various neurologic disorders, the mechanism of the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective function of ketamine in models of TBI and the potential role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in this putative protective effect. Materials and methods Wild-type male mice were randomly assigned to five groups: Sham group, Sham + ketamine group, TBI group, TBI + vehicle group, and TBI + ketamine group. Marmarou’s weight drop model in mice was used to induce TBI, after which either ketamine or vehicle was administered via intraperitoneal injection. After 24 h, the brain samples were collected for analysis. Results Ketamine significantly ameliorated secondary brain injury induced by TBI, including neurological deficits, brain water content, and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were restored by the ketamine treatment. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that ketamine significantly increased the level of Nrf2. Furthermore, administration of ketamine also induced the expression of Nrf2 pathway-related downstream factors, including hemeoxygenase-1 and quinine oxidoreductase-1, at the pre- and post-transcriptional levels. Conclusion Ketamine exhibits neuroprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis after TBI. Therefore, ketamine could be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxi Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hefan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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