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Ballbè M, Fu M, Masana G, Pérez-Ortuño R, Gual A, Gil F, Olmedo P, García-Algar Ó, Pascual JA, Fernández E. Passive exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol in pregnancy: A case study of a family. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114490. [PMID: 36220444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive exposure to the aerosols of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been little studied. We assessed this exposure in late pregnancy in a woman and her 3-year-old child, exposed through e-cigarette use by another household member. METHODS This prospective longitudinal case study involved a family unit consisting of an e-cigarette user, a pregnant woman who delivered an infant during the study, and the couple's older 3-year-old son. At 31, 36, and 40 weeks of the pregnancy, we measured biomarkers (nicotine metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, propanediols, glycerol, and metals) in the urine and hair of all three participants and in the saliva of the adults, in cord blood at delivery, and in the breast milk at the postpartum period. RESULTS Samples from the e-cigarette user showed quantifiable concentrations of all analytes assessed (maximum urinary cotinine concentration, 4.9 ng/mL). Among samples taken from the mother, nicotine and its metabolites were found mainly in urine and also in saliva and hair, but not in cord blood. During the postpartum period, we found cotinine concentrations of 2.2 ng/mL in the mother's urine and 0.22 ng/mL in breast milk; 1,2-propanediol was generally detected in urine and saliva, but not in cord blood or breast milk. The maximum urinary cotinine concentration in the 3-year-old child was 2.6 ng/mL and propanediols also were detected in his urine. Nitrosamines were not detected in samples taken from the mother or the 3-year-old. Metals found in the refill liquid were detected at low levels in both the mother and the 3-year-old. CONCLUSIONS We detected low but not negligible concentrations of e-cigarette-related analytes (including cord blood and breast milk) in an exposed pregnant non-user and in a 3-year-old child also living in the home. Passive exposure to e-cigarette aerosols cannot be disregarded and should be assessed in larger observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER of Respirarory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C. Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER of Respirarory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Guillem Masana
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C. Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antoni Gual
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Óscar García-Algar
- Neonatology Unit, ICGON, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Pascual
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER of Respirarory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
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Northrup TF, Stotts AL, Suchting R, Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Khan AM, Green C, Klawans MR, Johnson M, Benowitz N, Jacob P, Hoh E, Hovell MF, Stewart CJ. Thirdhand smoke associations with the gut microbiomes of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit: An observational study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111180. [PMID: 33865820 PMCID: PMC8187318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbiome differences have been found in adults who smoke cigarettes compared to non-smoking adults, but the impact of thirdhand smoke (THS; post-combustion tobacco residue) on hospitalized infants' rapidly developing gut microbiomes is unexplored. Our aim was to explore gut microbiome differences in infants admitted to a neonatal ICU (NICU) with varying THS-related exposure. METHODS Forty-three mother-infant dyads (household member[s] smoke cigarettes, n = 32; no household smoking, n = 11) consented to a carbon monoxide-breath sample, bedside furniture nicotine wipes, infant-urine samples (for cotinine [nicotine's primary metabolite] assays), and stool collection (for 16S rRNA V4 gene sequencing). Negative binomial regression modeled relative abundances of 8 bacterial genera with THS exposure-related variables (i.e., household cigarette use, surface nicotine, and infant urine cotinine), controlling for gestational age, postnatal age, antibiotic use, and breastmilk feeding. Microbiome-diversity outcomes were modeled similarly. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥75.0% were considered meaningful. RESULTS A majority of infants (78%) were born pre-term. Infants from non-smoking homes and/or with lower NICU-furniture surface nicotine had greater microbiome alpha-diversity compared to infants from smoking households (PP ≥ 75.0%). Associations (with PP ≥ 75.0%) of selected bacterial genera with urine cotinine, surface nicotine, and/or household cigarette use were evidenced for 7 (of 8) modeled genera. For example, lower Bifidobacterium relative abundance associated with greater furniture nicotine (IRR<0.01 [<0.01, 64.02]; PP = 87.1%), urine cotinine (IRR = 0.08 [<0.01,2.84]; PP = 86.9%), and household smoking (IRR<0.01 [<0.01, 7.38]; PP = 96.0%; FDR p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS THS-related exposure was associated with microbiome differences in NICU-admitted infants. Additional research on effects of tobacco-related exposures on healthy infant gut-microbiome development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Northrup
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JJL 324, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Angela L Stotts
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JJL 324, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Robert Suchting
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA.
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Amir M Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 3.236, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Charles Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.106, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Michelle R Klawans
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JJL 324, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Mary Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 3.244, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Neal Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, SFGH 30, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Box 1220, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1220, USA.
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 102, Mail Box 102, San Diego, CA, 92123-4388, USA.
| | - Christopher J Stewart
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Myers SR, Ali Y. Determination of Tobacco Specific Hemoglobin Adducts in Smoking Mothers and New Born Babies by Mass Spectrometry. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological markers for assessment of exposure to a variety of environmental carcinogens has been widely applied in both basic as well as clinical research. Exposure to tobacco smoke presents an ideal environment with which to develop, characterize, and refine biological markers, especially of those carcinogens found in tobacco. In the present study, a sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed to measure nitrosamine- hemoglobin adducts (HPB-Hb (4-Hydroxy-3-pyridinyl-1-butanone) at trace levels in red blood cells of both African-American and Caucasian smoking and nonsmoking mothers and their infants. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods with chemical ionization (CI) of methane reagent gas in both positive and negative ion mode as well as electron ionization (EI) were studied to determine differences in sensitivity of detection among the various ionization methods. Detection limits using both positive and negative chemical ionization modes were found to be 30 femtomoles of HPB, whereas detection using electron impact modes yielded a detection limit of 80 femtomoles of HBP. Comparative derivatization of HPB was performed using O-bis(Trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Pentafluorobenzoylchloride (PFBC). Both Negative CI and Positive CI modes of analysis were compared to the more widely accepted EI modes of mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 South Preston St. Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Yeakub Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 South Preston St. Louisville, KY 40292
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Napierala M, Mazela J, Merritt TA, Florek E. Tobacco smoking and breastfeeding: Effect on the lactation process, breast milk composition and infant development. A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:321-338. [PMID: 27522570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10% of women report smoking during pregnancy. The number of breastfeeding women who relapse back to smoking is even greater. Smoking may cause adverse changes to the milk's composition by not only reducing its protective properties, but also by affecting the infant's health. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are not entirely known. This article is a review of previous reports about the effects of smoking on the lactation process, breast milk composition and infant development. A systematic search for English language articles published until 2015 was made, using a MEDLINE data. The key search terms were "smoking and breastfeeding", "smoking and lactation", "smoking and milk composition", "nicotine and breast milk". Studies have shown that nicotine levels in breast milk of women who smoke are three times higher than those in the plasma levels. Breast milk volume is reduced and the duration of lactation period is shorter. Smoking causes adverse changes to the milk's composition by not only reducing its protective properties, but also affecting infants' response to breastfeeding and to breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Napierala
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Mazela
- Department of Neonatal Infection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna Street, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - T Allen Merritt
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ewa Florek
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland.
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Myers SR, Yeakub Ali M. Haemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco-related nitrosamines. Biomarkers 2008; 13:145-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500701470561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chhabra SK, Anderson LM, Perella C, Desai D, Amin S, Kyrtopoulos SA, Souliotis VL. Coexposure to ethanol with N-nitrosodimethylamine or 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone during lactation of rats: marked increase in O(6)-methylguanine-DNA adducts in maternal mammary gland and in suckling lung and kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 169:191-200. [PMID: 11097872 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.9068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Use of alcoholic beverages increases risk of cancer at several target sites, including the breast. Of several possible mechanisms for this effect, competitive inhibition by ethanol of hepatic clearance of nitrosamines, resulting in increased dose delivery to posthepatic tissues, gives the quantitatively most pronounced enhancement. We investigated whether this effect would pertain to the mammary gland, and to ethanol and nitrosamines delivered translactationally to sucklings. Ethanol (1.6 g/kg) was administered by gavage to nursing Sprague-Dawley rats 10 min before 5 mg/kg N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) or 50 mg/kg 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK); treatment was on postnatal days 1, 7, or 14. Tissues taken 4 h later for analysis of O(6)-methylguanine in DNA were liver, blood, and mammary glands from the mothers, and liver, lung, kidney, and blood from the sucklings. Ethanol cotreatment resulted in a marked, 10-fold increase in O(6)-methylguanine adducts from NDMA in mammary gland, as well as smaller but significant increases in this tissue from NNK and in maternal blood cells from both chemicals; adducts in maternal liver decreased slightly. In the sucklings, ethanol cotreatment also lowered adducts in liver after NDMA or NNK treatment. After NDMA, adducts were also detected in suckling lung and kidney and were increased five- to 10-fold after ethanol coexposure. Adducts from either chemical, with or without ethanol, decreased markedly in all suckling tissues with development from postnatal day 1 to day 14. Thus ethanol coexposure with nitrosamines increases O(6)-methylguanine DNA adducts in mammary gland and strongly influences adduct formation in suckling tissues after translactational delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Chhabra
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Garg A, Beach AC, Gupta RC. Interception of reactive, DNA adduct-forming metabolites present in rodent serum following carcinogen exposure: implications for use of body fluids in biomonitoring. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1993; 13:151-66. [PMID: 7903484 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770130402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The detection of adduct-forming metabolites in the serum of carcinogen treated animals by 32P-postlabeling was evaluated as a novel approach to overcome the stringent requirement of obtaining DNA from tissues in human biomonitoring assessments. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was given i.p. to B6C3F1, C57B1/6, ICR, and DBA/2 mouse strains as well as Sprague-Dawley rats. Three adducts related to BP were detected in the liver and/or lung of Sprague-Dawley rats or B6C3F1, C57B1/6, and ICR mice; a single adduct was detected in the liver and lung of the DBA/2 mouse strain. Adducts chromatographically similar to those found in these tissues were also detected when salmon sperm DNA was incubated with the serum of BP-treated animals. Benzidine treatment induced the formation of one adduct in the liver of B6C3F1 mice, which was chromatographically similar to dG-C8-N'-acetylbenzidine. An identical adduct was detected in the salmon sperm DNA incubated with the serum of these mice. Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene treatment produced four major and three minor adducts in the liver or lung of B6C3F1 mice, all but two of which were detected in DNA incubated with serum of cyclopenta[cd]pyrene-treated animals. Large interstrain differences in the serum level of BP adduct-forming metabolites as well as tissue DNA adducts were found which correlated with previously observed strain-specific trends in sensitivity to PAH-mediated carcinogenesis. Thus, levels of BP adduct-forming metabolites were found in the following descending order: B6C3F1, C57B1/6, ICR, and DBA/2. BP-derived adduct-forming metabolites were detectable as late as 2 d and 5 d post-treatment in the serum of C57B1/6 mice or Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, which seems to coincide well with the reported species-specific turnover of serum albumin; a protein know to be involved in the transport of reactive metabolites throughout the systemic circulation. The results obtained clearly indicate the presence of adduct-forming carcinogen metabolites in the serum of treated animals, which seemingly irrespective of their chemical nature, can be intercepted with exogenous DNA and detected by 32P-postlabeling. Successful application of a serum-based approach coupled with the use of the generally applicable, ultrasensitive 32P-postlabeling assay could evade the need for obtaining DNA from tissues, currently the major impediment in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garg
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
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Anderson LM, Hecht SS, Kovatch RM, Amin S, Hoffmann D, Rice JM. Tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in infant mice. Cancer Lett 1991; 58:177-81. [PMID: 1855194 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(91)90097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is a potent carcinogen in adult rodents and variably effective transplacentally, depending on species. In pursuit of the thesis that human infants may be especially vulnerable targets for tumor initiation by tobacco smoke constituents, we tested the efficacy of NNK as a tumor initiator in infant mice. Cr:NIH(S) (NIH Swiss outbred) mice were given 50 mg/kg NNK i.p. on postnatal days 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14, with saline to controls. At an average age of 13-15 months, 57% of the NNK-exposed male offspring had hepatocellular tumors, with a multiplicity of 1.15 +/- 1.4, including 4 with carcinoma. Liver tumors including 2 carcinomas were found in 8 (14%) of the NNK-exposed female offspring. There were no hepatocellular neoplasms in any control. A significant increase in primary lung tumors also occurred in the NNK-treated males, with an incidence of 30/55 (57%) and a multiplicity of 0.7 +/- 0.2, vs. 7/33 (21%), multiplicity 0.3 +/- 0.6, in controls (P less than 0.025). An apparent increase in the incidence of lung tumors in NNK-treated females, 21/57 (37%) vs. 7/32 (22%) in controls, approached significance (P less than 0.1). Thus NNK was a moderately potent neonatal carcinogen for liver and lung in infant Swiss mice and more efficacious in this regard than when received transplacentally by mice of the same strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Anderson
- Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
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