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Liu C, Li L, Pan W, Mao P, Ren L, Li B, Ma X. Executive function deficits in patients with the first episode of late-life depression before and after SSRI treatment: A pilot fMRI study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 39:e6095. [PMID: 38687081 DOI: 10.1002/gps.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function deficits (EFD) in late-life depression (LLD) has been reported to be associated with antidepressant treatment resistance, increased disability, and poor quality of life. However, the underlying neutral mechanisms of EFD in patients with the first episode of LLD remains unclear. METHODS A total of 27 patients with first-episode, drug-naive LLD and 27 non-depressed controls (NC) were recruited for the present research. Participants underwent the Trail Making Test, the 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17) test, and task-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans under the neutral Stroop task. LLD patients' executive functions, depressive symptoms, and brain activity were examined again after 6 months of antidepressant treatment. RESULTS Of the 27 LLD patients, 16 cases completed 6-month follow-ups. Patients in the LLD baseline group spent more time on the Trail Making Test A test than those in the NC group (p < 0.05). In the presence of an incongruency between the word color and meaning, the accuracy rate of the neutral Stroop task in the LLD baseline group was lower, and the reaction time was greater than that in the NC group, with statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The HAMD-17 score in the LLD follow-up group was significantly lower than that in the LLD baseline group (p < 0.05). More activated brain regions were present in the LLD baseline group than in the NC group when performing the neutral Stroop task. Compared with the LLD baseline group, abnormal activation of relevant brains in the cingulate-prefrontal-parietal network of LLD patients still existed in the LLD follow-up group. CONCLUSIONS LLD patients engaged more brain areas than the NC group while performing the neutral Stroop task. Abnormal activation of the cingulate-prefrontal-parietal network could be a contributing factor to EFD in LLD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100042370 (Date of registration: 21/01/2021). LIMITS We didn't enroll enough first-episode, LLD patients, the robustness of the findings need to be confirmed by large sample clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weigang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peixian Mao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, China
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Levy R. The prefrontal cortex: from monkey to man. Brain 2024; 147:794-815. [PMID: 37972282 PMCID: PMC10907097 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is so important to human beings that, if deprived of it, our behaviour is reduced to action-reactions and automatisms, with no ability to make deliberate decisions. Why does the prefrontal cortex hold such importance in humans? In answer, this review draws on the proximity between humans and other primates, which enables us, through comparative anatomical-functional analysis, to understand the cognitive functions we have in common and specify those that distinguish humans from their closest cousins. First, a focus on the lateral region of the prefrontal cortex illustrates the existence of a continuum between rhesus monkeys (the most studied primates in neuroscience) and humans for most of the major cognitive functions in which this region of the brain plays a central role. This continuum involves the presence of elementary mental operations in the rhesus monkey (e.g. working memory or response inhibition) that are constitutive of 'macro-functions' such as planning, problem-solving and even language production. Second, the human prefrontal cortex has developed dramatically compared to that of other primates. This increase seems to concern the most anterior part (the frontopolar cortex). In humans, the development of the most anterior prefrontal cortex is associated with three major and interrelated cognitive changes: (i) a greater working memory capacity, allowing for greater integration of past experiences and prospective futures; (ii) a greater capacity to link discontinuous or distant data, whether temporal or semantic; and (iii) a greater capacity for abstraction, allowing humans to classify knowledge in different ways, to engage in analogical reasoning or to acquire abstract values that give rise to our beliefs and morals. Together, these new skills enable us, among other things, to develop highly sophisticated social interactions based on language, enabling us to conceive beliefs and moral judgements and to conceptualize, create and extend our vision of our environment beyond what we can physically grasp. Finally, a model of the transition of prefrontal functions between humans and non-human primates concludes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Levy
- AP–HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Sorbonne Université, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7225, Paris Brain Institute- ICM, 75013 Paris, France
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Elcin D, Velasquez M, Colombo PJ. Effects of acute and long-term mindfulness on neural activity and the conflict resolution component of attention. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1359198. [PMID: 38450222 PMCID: PMC10914991 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1359198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness practices have been linked to enhanced attention and conflict resolution abilities. While much research has focused on the long-term effects of mindfulness, the immediate impact of a single session has been less studied. This study recruited 20 experienced meditators and 20 novices and assigned them to a mindfulness or a control condition. They completed a Stroop Task to measure cognitive conflict resolution before and after the intervention, with brain activity monitored via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Novices showed an age-related decline in conflict resolution ability, while experienced meditators didn't. Initially, both groups showed similar Stroop performance, but experienced meditators had greater brain activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Post-intervention, novices in the breath count task became more similar to experienced meditators in their neural activity during conflict resolution. Our findings indicate that long-term mindfulness experience may protect against age-related decline in cognitive conflict resolution speed, and may alter neural processing of cognitive conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehan Elcin
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Miguel Velasquez
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Paul J. Colombo
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Sali AW, Bejjani C, Egner T. Learning Cognitive Flexibility: Neural Substrates of Adapting Switch-Readiness to Time-varying Demands. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:377-393. [PMID: 38010299 PMCID: PMC10902878 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
An individual's readiness to switch tasks (cognitive flexibility) varies over time, in part, as the result of reinforcement learning based on the statistical structure of the world around them. Consequently, the behavioral cost associated with task-switching is smaller in contexts where switching is frequent than where it is rare, but the underlying brain mechanisms of this adaptation in cognitive flexibility are not well understood. Here, we manipulated the likelihood of switches across blocks of trials in a classic cued task-switching paradigm while participants underwent fMRI. As anticipated, behavioral switch costs decreased as the probability of switching increased, and neural switch costs were observed in lateral and medial frontoparietal cortex. To study moment-by-moment adjustments in cognitive flexibility at the neural level, we first fitted the behavioral RT data with reinforcement learning algorithms and then used the resulting trial-wise prediction error estimate as a regressor in a model-based fMRI analysis. The results revealed that lateral frontal and parietal cortex activity scaled positively with unsigned switch prediction error and that there were no brain regions encoding signed (i.e., switch- or repeat-specific) prediction error. Taken together, this study documents that adjustments in cognitive flexibility to time-varying switch demands are mediated by frontoparietal cortex tracking the likelihood of forthcoming task switches.
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Alotaibi S, Alsaleh A, Wuerger S, Meyer G. Rapid neural changes during novel speech-sound learning: An fMRI and DTI study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2023; 245:105324. [PMID: 37741162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
While the functional and microstructural changes that occur when we learn new language skills are well documented, relatively little is known about the time course of these changes. Here a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study that tracks neural change over three days of learning Arabic phonetic categorization as a new language (L-training) is presented. Twenty adult native English-speaking (L-native) participants are scanned before and after training to perceive and produce L-training phonetic contrasts for one hour on three consecutive days. A third (Chinese) language is used as a control language (L-control). Behavioral results show significant performance improvement for L-training in both learnt tasks; the perception and production task. Imaging analysis reveals that, training-related hemodynamic fMRI signal and fractional anisotropy (FA) value increasing can be observed, in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and positively correlated with behavioral improvement. Moreover, post training functional connectivity findings show a significant increasing between LIFG and left inferior parietal lobule for L-training. These results indicate that three hours of phonetic categorization learning causes functional and microstructural changes that are typically associated with much more long-term learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahal Alotaibi
- Radiology Dept, Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, United Kingdom
| | - Alanood Alsaleh
- Radiological Sciences Dept, Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Wuerger
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Dept of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Meyer
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Dept of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, United Kingdom; Virtual Engineering Centre, Digital Innovation Facility, University of Liverpool, L69 3RF, United Kingdom.
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Clemente L, La Rocca M, Quaranta N, Iannuzzi L, Vecchio E, Brunetti A, Gentile E, Dibattista M, Lobasso S, Bevilacqua V, Stramaglia S, de Tommaso M. Prefrontal dysfunction in post-COVID-19 hyposmia: an EEG/fNIRS study. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1240831. [PMID: 37829821 PMCID: PMC10564993 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1240831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subtle cognitive dysfunction and mental fatigue are frequent after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, characterizing the so-called long COVID-19 syndrome. This study aimed to correlate cognitive, neurophysiological, and olfactory function in a group of subjects who experienced acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with persistent hyposmia at least 12 weeks before the observation. Methods For each participant (32 post-COVID-19 patients and 16 controls), electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data were acquired using an integrated EEG-fNIRS system during the execution of a P300 odd-ball task and a Stroop test. The Sniffin' Sticks test was conducted to assess subjects' olfactory performance. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) were also administered. Results The post-COVID-19 group consisted of 32 individuals (20 women and 12 men) with an average education level of 12.9 ± 3.12 years, while the control group consisted of 16 individuals (10 women and 6 men) with an average education level of 14.9 ± 3.2 years. There were no significant differences in gender (X2 = 0, p = 1) or age between the two groups (age 44.81 ± 13.9 vs. 36.62 ± 11.4, p = 0.058). We identified a lower concentration of oxyhemoglobin (p < 0.05) at the prefrontal cortical level in post-COVID-19 subjects during the execution of the Stroop task, as well as a reduction in the amplitude of the P3a response. Moreover, we found that post-COVID-19 subjects performed worst at the MoCA screening test (p = 0.001), Sniffin's Sticks test (p < 0.001), and Stroop task response latency test (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study showed that post-COVID-19 patients with persistent hyposmia present mild deficits in prefrontal function, even 4 months after the end of the infection. These deficits, although subtle, could have long-term implications for quality of life and cognitive wellbeing. It is essential to continue monitoring and evaluating these patients to better understand the extent and duration of cognitive impairments associated with long COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Clemente
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna La Rocca
- M. Merlin Inter-university Physics Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicola Quaranta
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Iannuzzi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gentile
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Lobasso
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marina de Tommaso
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Yoo JH, Park YW, Kim D, Park H, Jeong B. Effects of Parental Verbal Abuse Experience on the Glutamate Response to Swear Words in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: A Functional 1H-magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:559-571. [PMID: 37424423 PMCID: PMC10335905 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.22.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Several lines of evidence indicate verbal abuse (VA) critically impacts the developing brain; however, whether VA results in changes in brain neurochemistry has not been established. Here, we hypothesized that exposure to recurrent parental VA elicits heightened glutamate (Glu) responses during the presentation of swear words, which can be measured with functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS). Methods During an emotional Stroop task consisting of blocks of color and swear words, metabolite concentration changes were measured in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the left amygdalohippocampal region (AMHC) of healthy adults (14 F/27 M, 23 ± 4 years old) using fMRS. The dynamic changes in Glu and their associations with the emotional state of the participants were finally evaluated based on 36 datasets from the vmPFC and 30 from the AMHC. Results A repeated-measures analysis of covariance revealed a modest effect of parental VA severity on Glu changes in the vmPFC. The total score on the Verbal Abuse Questionnaire by parents (pVAQ) was associated with the Glu response to swear words (ΔGluSwe). The interaction term of ΔGluSwe and baseline N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) level in the vmPFC could be used to predict state-trait anxiety level and depressive mood. We could not find any significant associations between ΔGluSwe in the AMHC and either pVAQ or emotional states. Conclusion Parental VA exposure in individuals is associated with a greater Glu response towards VA-related stimuli in the vmPFC and that the accompanying low NAA level may be associated with anxiety level or depressive mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Woo Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - HyunWook Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bumseok Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology and KI for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
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Viviani G, Visalli A, Montefinese M, Vallesi A, Ambrosini E. The Stroop legacy: A cautionary tale on methodological issues and a proposed spatial solution. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02215-0. [PMID: 37620747 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The Stroop task is a seminal paradigm in experimental psychology, so much that various variants of the classical color-word version have been proposed. Here we offer a methodological review of them to emphasize the importance of designing methodologically rigorous Stroop tasks. This is not an end by itself, but it is fundamental to achieve adequate measurement validity, which is currently hindered by methodological heterogeneity and limitations. Among the several Stroop task variants in the literature, our methodological overview shows that the spatial Stroop task is not only a potentially methodologically adequate variant, which can thus assure measuring the Stroop effect with the required validity, but it might even allow researchers to overcome some of the methodological limitations of the classical paradigm due to its use of verbal stimuli. We thus focused on the spatial Stroop tasks in the literature to verify whether they really exploit such inherent potentiality. However, we show that this was generally not the case because only a few of them (1) are purely spatial, (2) ensure both all the three types of conflicts/facilitations (at the stimulus, response, and task levels) and the dimensional overlaps considered fundamental for yielding a complete Stroop effect according to the multiple loci account and Kornblum's theory, respectively, and (3) controlled for low-level binding and priming effects that could bias the estimated Stroop effect. Based on these methodological considerations, we present some examples of spatial Stroop tasks that, in our view, satisfy such requirements and, thus, ensure producing complete Stroop effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Viviani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maria Montefinese
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ettore Ambrosini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Poprelka K, Patrikelis P, Takousi M, Messinis L, Fasilis T, Margariti S, Ntinopoulou E, Verentzioti A, Stefanatou M, Alexoudi A, Korfias S, Zalonis I, Gatzonis S. Arousal deregulation in the co-shaping of neuropsychological dysfunction in frontal and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2023; 194:107189. [PMID: 37421714 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our work aims to investigate the role of physiological arousal in the expression of neuropsychological deficits in frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), by drawing on the Lurian theory of brain function. METHODS For this study a total of 43 patients with focal onset epilepsy has been taken; twenty-four patients with FLE, 19 patients with mTLE and 26 healthy controls, all matched for age and education. Participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment including various cognitive domains, such as attention, episodic memory, speed of information processing, response inhibition and mental flexibility, working memory, verbal fluency (phonological & semantic). RESULTS There were no significant differences between FLE and mTLE patients in terms of neuropsychological performance. However, both FLE and mTLE patients showed significantly worse performance in several cognitive domains than HCs. The results seem to support our hypothesis that aberrant physiological arousal, as reflected in patients' worse performance in vigilance and attention, response inhibition, and processing speed, along with other disease-specific variables, may co-determine neuropsychological dysfunction and/or impairment in both FLE and mTLE. CONCLUSION Identifying a differential arousal-related neuropsychological affection in FLE and mTLE, among the known deleterious effects of the functional deficit zone and other disease-related variables, may further our understanding of the underlying cognitive-pathophysiological mechanisms in focal epilepsy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Poprelka
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Panayiotis Patrikelis
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Takousi
- School of Health Sciences, Metropolitan College, Athens, Greece
| | - Lambros Messinis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Fasilis
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Margariti
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Evniki Ntinopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Verentzioti
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stefanatou
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Alexoudi
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Korfias
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zalonis
- Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neuropsychological Laboratory, 1st Department of Neurology, Greece
| | - Stylianos Gatzonis
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Degraff Z, Souza GS, Santos NA, Shoshina II, Felisberti FM, Fernandes TP, Sigurdsson G. Brain atrophy and cognitive decline in bipolar disorder: Influence of medication use, symptomatology and illness duration. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:421-429. [PMID: 37276646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. To date, the association of biological and psychopathological processes in BPD has not been extensively studied on a cognitive and cortical basis at the same time. We investigated whether brain atrophy (in prefrontal, temporal and occipital cortices) was associated with cognitive, biological and clinical processes in patients with BPD and healthy controls (HCs). A total of 104 participants (56 with BPD) completed tasks that measured attention, memory, information processing speed, inhibitory control, visuospatial working memory and cognitive flexibility. In addition, structural brain scans were obtained using high-resolution MRI. Outcomes of the measurements were examined using robust multiple mediation analyses. BPD patients showed greater cortical atrophy across all regions of interest when compared to HCs, linked to cognitive decline. BPD patients had slower reaction times and markedly increased errors of commission on the tasks. The outcomes were significantly influenced by medication use, symptomatology and illness duration. The findings showcase the complexity of brain structures and networks as well as the physiological mechanisms underlying diverse BPD symptomatology and endophenotypes. These differences were pronounced in patients with BPD, motivating further investigations of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in brain atrophy and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeke Degraff
- Svenskagier Neurologie, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Neurology, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | - Thiago P Fernandes
- Federal University of Para, Para, Brazil; Federal University of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
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Barnden L, Thapaliya K, Eaton-Fitch N, Barth M, Marshall-Gradisnik S. Altered brain connectivity in Long Covid during cognitive exertion: a pilot study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1182607. [PMID: 37425014 PMCID: PMC10323677 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1182607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Debilitating Long-Covid symptoms occur frequently after SARS-COVID-19 infection. Methods Functional MRI was acquired in 10 Long Covid (LCov) and 13 healthy controls (HC) with a 7 Tesla scanner during a cognitive (Stroop color-word) task. BOLD time series were computed for 7 salience and 4 default-mode network hubs, 2 hippocampus and 7 brainstem regions (ROIs). Connectivity was characterized by the correlation coefficient between each pair of ROI BOLD time series. We tested for HC versus LCov differences in connectivity between each pair of the 20 regions (ROI-to-ROI) and between each ROI and the rest of the brain (ROI-to-voxel). For LCov, we also performed regressions of ROI-to-ROI connectivity with clinical scores. Results Two ROI-to-ROI connectivities differed between HC and LCov. Both involved the brainstem rostral medulla, one connection to the midbrain, another to a DM network hub. Both were stronger in LCov than HC. ROI-to-voxel analysis detected multiple other regions where LCov connectivity differed from HC located in all major lobes. Most, but not all connections, were weaker in LCov than HC. LCov, but not HC connectivity, was correlated with clinical scores for disability and autonomic function and involved brainstem ROI. Discussion Multiple connectivity differences and clinical correlations involved brainstem ROIs. Stronger connectivity in LCov between the medulla and midbrain may reflect a compensatory response. This brainstem circuit regulates cortical arousal, autonomic function and the sleep-wake cycle. In contrast, this circuit exhibited weaker connectivity in ME/CFS. LCov connectivity regressions with disability and autonomic scores were consistent with altered brainstem connectivity in LCov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton Barnden
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Kiran Thapaliya
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalie Eaton-Fitch
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Markus Barth
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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12
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Chen FT, Feng SH, Nien JT, Cheng YT, Chen YC, Chang YK. Effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on executive function in children with preterm birth: A randomized crossover study. Early Hum Dev 2023; 183:105795. [PMID: 37364431 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exercise appears to promote executive function (EF) in children. However, the effect of acute exercise on EF in children with preterm birth (PB) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether acute moderate-intensity exercise improves EF in children with PB. METHODS Twenty child participants with PB (age = 10.95 ± 1.19 years, birth age = 31.71 ± 3.64 weeks) completed exercise and control sessions in a randomized crossover design. In the exercise session, participants completed a 30-minute period of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. In the control session, participants watched a video for appropriately 30 min. Following each session immediately, inhibitory control, an aspect of EF, was assessed with the Numerical Stroop task. RESULTS Response time (RT) for the Stroop's incongruent condition was shorter after the exercise session than after the control session. However, no differences were observed in RT for the congruent condition. Accuracy rate (ACC) in both congruent and incongruent conditions did not differ between exercise and control session. CONCLUSION The findings support the beneficial effect of acute exercise on executive function (EF) in children with PB, particularly in terms of improving inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Feng
- Department of Leisure Industry Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ti Nien
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Social Emotional Education and Development Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Via E, Calvo A, de la Serna E, Blázquez A, Lázaro L, Andrés-Perpiñá S, Plana MT, Flamarique I, Martínez E, Pariente J, Moreno E, Bargallo N, Castro-Fornieles J. Longitudinal study in adolescent anorexia nervosa: evaluation of cortico-striatal and default mode network resting-state brain circuits. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:513-526. [PMID: 34604924 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) typically emerges in adolescence. The cortico-striatal system (CSTS) and the default mode network (DMN) are brain circuits with a crucial development during this period. These circuits underlie cognitive functions that are impaired in AN, such as cognitive flexibility and inhibition, among others. Little is known about their involvement in adolescent AN and how weight and symptom improvement might modulate potential alterations in these circuits. Forty-seven adolescent females (30 AN, 17 healthy control) were clinically/neuropsychologically evaluated and scanned during a 3T-MRI resting-state session on two occasions, before and after a 6-month multidisciplinary treatment of the AN patients. Baseline and baseline-to-follow-up between-group differences in CSTS and DMN resting-state connectivity were evaluated, as well as their association with clinical/neuropsychological variables. Increased connectivity between the left dorsal putamen and the left precuneus was found in AN at baseline. At follow-up, body mass index and clinical symptoms had improved in the AN group. An interaction effect was found in the connectivity between the right dorsal caudate to right mid-anterior insular cortex, with lower baseline AN connectivity that improved at follow-up; this improvement was weakly associated with changes in neuropsychological (Stroop test) performance. These results support the presence of CSTS connectivity alterations in adolescents with AN, which improve with weight and symptom improvement. In addition, at the level of caudate-insula connectivity, they might be associated with inhibitory processing performance. Alterations in CSTS pathways might be involved in AN from the early stages of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Via
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
- Mental Health Department, Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Sanitària Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Calvo
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Blázquez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Andrés-Perpiñá
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Plana
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Flamarique
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Martínez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Pariente
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Moreno
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Bargallo
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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The Stroop effect involves an excitatory-inhibitory fronto-cerebellar loop. Nat Commun 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 36631460 PMCID: PMC9834394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Stroop effect is a classical, well-known behavioral phenomenon in humans that refers to robust interference between language and color information. It remains unclear, however, when the interference occurs and how it is resolved in the brain. Here we show that the Stroop effect occurs during perception of color-word stimuli and involves a cross-hemispheric, excitatory-inhibitory loop functionally connecting the lateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Participants performed a Stroop task and a non-verbal control task (which we term the Swimmy task), and made a response vocally or manually. The Stroop effect involved the lateral prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere and the cerebellum in the right hemisphere, independently of the response type; such lateralization was absent during the Swimmy task, however. Moreover, the prefrontal cortex amplified cerebellar activity, whereas the cerebellum suppressed prefrontal activity. This fronto-cerebellar loop may implement language and cognitive systems that enable goal-directed behavior during perceptual conflicts.
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15
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Xiang MQ, Lin L, Song YT, Hu M, Hou XH. Reduced left dorsolateral prefrontal activation in problematic smartphone users during the Stroop task: An fNIRS study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 13:1097375. [PMID: 36699489 PMCID: PMC9868828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1097375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The widespread use of smartphones has triggered concern over problematic smartphone use (PSPU), as well as the need to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. However, the correlation between cortical activation and deficient inhibitory control in PSPU remains unclear. Methods This study examined inhibitory control using the color-word matching Stroop task and its cortical-activation responses using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in college students with PSPU (n = 56) compared with a control group (n = 54). Results At the behavioral level, Stroop interference, coupled with reaction time, was significantly greater in the PSPU group than in the control group. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signals associated with Stroop interference were significantly increased in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, left frontopolar area, and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Moreover, the PSPU group had lower Oxy-Hb signal changes associated with Stroop interference in the left-DLPFC, relative to controls. Discussion These results provide first behavioral and neuroscientific evidence using event-related fNIRS method, to our knowledge, that college students with PSPU may have a deficit in inhibitory control associated with lower cortical activation in the left-DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qiang Xiang
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long- Lin
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Ting Song
- Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Hou
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Grégoire C, Majerus S. Resisting Visual, Phonological, and Semantic Interference - Same or Different Processes? A Focused Mini-Review. Psychol Belg 2023; 62:44-63. [PMID: 37064504 PMCID: PMC10103719 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The unitary nature of resistance to interference (RI) processes remains a strongly debated question: are they central cognitive processes or are they specific to the stimulus domains on which they operate? This focused mini-review examines behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for and against domain-general RI processes, by distinguishing visual, verbal phonological and verbal semantic domains. Behavioral studies highlighted overall low associations between RI capacity across domains. Neuropsychological studies mainly report dissociations for RI abilities between the three domains. Neuroimaging studies highlight a left vs. right hemisphere distinction for verbal vs. visual RI, with furthermore distinct neural processes supporting phonological versus semantic RI in the left inferior frontal gyrus. While overall results appear to support the hypothesis of domain-specific RI processes, we discuss a number of methodological caveats that ask for caution in the interpretation of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Grégoire
- Psychology & Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- Psychology & Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, Belgium
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17
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Fedeli D, Del Maschio N, Del Mauro G, Defendenti F, Sulpizio S, Abutalebi J. Cingulate cortex morphology impacts on neurofunctional activity and behavioral performance in interference tasks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13684. [PMID: 35953536 PMCID: PMC9372177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is the capacity to withhold or suppress a thought or action intentionally. The anterior Midcingulate Cortex (aMCC) participates in response inhibition, a proxy measure of inhibitory control. Recent research suggests that response inhibition is modulated by individual variability in the aMCC sulcal morphology. However, no study has investigated if this phenomenon is associated with neurofunctional differences during a task. In this study, 42 participants performed an Attention Network Task and a Numerical Stroop task in an MRI scanner. We investigated differences in brain activity and response inhibition efficiency between individuals with symmetric and asymmetric aMCC sulcal patterns. The results showed that aMCC morphological variability is partly associated with inhibitory control, and revealed greater activation in individuals with symmetric patterns during the Stroop task. Our findings provide novel insights into the functional correlates of the relationship between aMCC morphology and executive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Fedeli
- Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Del Maschio
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Del Mauro
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Defendenti
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Sulpizio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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18
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Buecher J, Soujon M, Sierro N, Weiss J, Michel B. Firefighter Stress Monitoring: Model Quality and Explainability. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:4653-4657. [PMID: 36085713 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A cognitive and physical stress co-classification effort started with acquisition of a training dataset and generation of machine learning models from 17 heart rate variability parameters. Accuracy was improved with multilayer perceptron models and tested on 85 firefighters in a cage maze. A specific platform acquired a dataset with better label accuracy providing a second model. Feature importance and model performance were assessed using the cage maze data. A SHAP analysis provided the basis for the model comparison and feature important assessment. Conclusions were drawn on best time windows, feature selection, and model hyperparameters.
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19
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Ishibashi S, Murata J, Tokunaga A, Imamura A, Kawano K, Iwanaga R, Tanaka G. Relationship between Sensitivity Tendency and Psychological Stress Reactivity in Healthy Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050949. [PMID: 35628086 PMCID: PMC9141519 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between sensory processing sensitivity and psychological stress reactivity in 69 healthy Japanese university students. The Japanese version of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale and the Japanese version of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile were used for subjective assessment. The Galvanic skin response was measured as an objective measure of stress responses while the participants were completing the Stroop task. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, and the Mann−Whitney U test were conducted for data analysis. The results demonstrated that there was no significant correlation between the Japanese version of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale and Galvanic skin response. However, there was a marginal trend toward significance between low registration in the Japanese version of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile and Galvanic skin response (rs = 0.231, p < 0.10; rs = 0.219, p < 0.10), suggesting that self-rated sensitivity was not necessarily associated with objective measures. These results indicate that sensory processing sensitivity analyses require the consideration of the traits and characteristics of the participants and multifaceted evaluations using a sensitivity assessment scale other than the Japanese version of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunsaku Ishibashi
- Department of Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (S.I.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (G.T.)
- Saikai Hospital, 1500 Gonjojimachi, Sasebo 859-3213, Japan
| | - Jun Murata
- Department of Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (S.I.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7923
| | - Akiko Tokunaga
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan;
| | - Akira Imamura
- Department of Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (S.I.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (G.T.)
| | - Kojiro Kawano
- Tikumaso Mental Hospital, 4-6 Chuouhigashi, Ueda 386-8584, Japan;
| | - Ryoichiro Iwanaga
- Department of Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (S.I.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (G.T.)
| | - Goro Tanaka
- Department of Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (S.I.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (G.T.)
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20
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Groove rhythm stimulates prefrontal cortex function in groove enjoyers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7377. [PMID: 35513415 PMCID: PMC9072545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing a groove rhythm (GR), which creates the sensation of wanting to move to the music, can also create feelings of pleasure and arousal in people, and it may enhance cognitive performance, as does exercise, by stimulating the prefrontal cortex. Here, we examined the hypothesis that GR enhances executive function (EF) by acting on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) while also considering individual differences in psychological responses. Fifty-one participants underwent two conditions: 3 min of listening to GR or a white-noise metronome. Before and after listening, participants performed the Stroop task and were monitored for l-DLPFC activity with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Our results show that GR enhanced EF and l-DLPFC activity in participants who felt a greater groove sensation and a more feeling clear-headed after listening to GR. Further, these psychological responses predict the impact of GR on l-DLPFC activity and EF, suggesting that GR enhances EF via l-DLPFC activity when the psychological response to GR is enhanced.
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21
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Hausman HK, Hardcastle C, Albizu A, Kraft JN, Evangelista ND, Boutzoukas EM, Langer K, O'Shea A, Van Etten EJ, Bharadwaj PK, Song H, Smith SG, Porges E, DeKosky ST, Hishaw GA, Wu S, Marsiske M, Cohen R, Alexander GE, Woods AJ. Cingulo-opercular and frontoparietal control network connectivity and executive functioning in older adults. GeroScience 2022; 44:847-866. [PMID: 34950997 PMCID: PMC9135913 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function is a cognitive domain that typically declines in non-pathological aging. Two cognitive control networks that are vulnerable to aging-the cingulo-opercular (CON) and fronto-parietal control (FPCN) networks-play a role in various aspects of executive functioning. However, it is unclear how communication within these networks at rest relates to executive function subcomponents in older adults. This study examines the associations between CON and FPCN connectivity and executive function performance in 274 older adults across working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting tasks. Average CON connectivity was associated with better working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting performance, while average FPCN connectivity was associated solely with working memory. CON region of interest analyses revealed significant connections with classical hub regions (i.e., anterior cingulate and anterior insula) for each task, language regions for verbal working memory, right hemisphere dominance for inhibitory control, and widespread network connections for set-shifting. FPCN region of interest analyses revealed largely right hemisphere fronto-parietal connections important for working memory and a few temporal lobe connections for set-shifting. These findings characterize differential brain-behavior relationships between cognitive control networks and executive function in aging. Future research should target these networks for intervention to potentially attenuate executive function decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K Hausman
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cheshire Hardcastle
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Albizu
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica N Kraft
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole D Evangelista
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emanuel M Boutzoukas
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kailey Langer
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily J Van Etten
- Brain Imaging, Behavior and Aging Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pradyumna K Bharadwaj
- Brain Imaging, Behavior and Aging Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hyun Song
- Brain Imaging, Behavior and Aging Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samantha G Smith
- Brain Imaging, Behavior and Aging Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Georg A Hishaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona and Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Consortium, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Brain Imaging, Behavior and Aging Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona and Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Consortium, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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22
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Aliyeva N, Yozgat Y, Bakhshaliyev N, Afshord TZ, Yozgat CY, Kilicoglu AG. Evaluation of executive functions in children with rheumatic heart diseases. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15035. [PMID: 34674348 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multisystemic inflammatory disease in children and young adults. The most notable complications of ARF are rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and Sydenham's chorea (SC). There have been many reports about executive dysfunctions with children who have SC. "Executive function" is an umbrella term that is used to describe higher level cognitive functions. The aim of this study is to determine the executive functions of children with RHD. We evaluated executive functions in healthy children with the same sociodemographic characteristics as children with RHD. METHODS Our study was designed as a cross-sectional randomized study, including children with RHD aged between 12 and 18, and healthy controls. The difference between the patient and control group participants in terms of age, gender, education level, education level of the parents, family income level, and executive functions were investigated. Executive functions composed of Digit Sequence Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Trail-Making Test, Stroop Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. RESULTS In our study, a total of 30 children with RHD were followed up at the pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic of Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital composed the patient group. The control group was made up of 30 healthy children of the same sex and age group as the patient group. The mean age of the case group was 14.73 ± 1.84 years. The Digit Span Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Trail-Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Stroop Test produced no statistically significant differences between the RHD patients and the controls. CONCLUSIONS No statistically significant difference was found between the RHD patients and control patients in any executive function test. It was suggested that executive dysfunction might not develop in RHD patients before developing SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Aliyeva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Yozgat
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Telli Zadehgan Afshord
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Guven Kilicoglu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Gabay A, London S, Yates KF, Convit A. Does obesity-associated insulin resistance affect brain structure and function of adolescents differentially by sex? Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 319:111417. [PMID: 34875560 PMCID: PMC8809005 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities affect the adolescent brain. For equivalent abnormalities in metabolism young people exhibit deficits in more cognitive domains than adults. We examine sex differences performance for adolescents with obesity/insulin resistance (IR) and evaluated how sex and IR effected frontal lobe structures and executive functioning. 125 adolescents underwent medical, cognitive, and brain-imaging assessments. Participants were categorized as insulin sensitive (IS) (QUICKI ≥ 0.350) or IR (QUICKI < 0.350). Degree of IR may affect brain and cognition differentially by sex. Females had positive associations between QUICKI and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volume, medial orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) thickness, and scores on the Stroop and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSST) tests. Females with IR tended to have thinner insular cortices. No such associations were found in males. In female adolescents, IR may negatively affect brain structure and function. No such effects were found for males. Although needing more development, hormonal effects and inflammation are potential contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabay
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie London
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Resident in Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kathy F Yates
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, Orangeburg, United States of America
| | - Antonio Convit
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, Orangeburg, United States of America.
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24
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Longitudinal changes in network engagement during cognitive control in cocaine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109151. [PMID: 34753083 PMCID: PMC8671376 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is characterized by poor cognitive control and has limited empirically supported treatment options. Furthermore, an understanding of brain mechanisms underlying CUD is at a relatively early stage. Thus, this study aimed to investigate longitudinal alterations in functional neural networks associated with cognitive control in cocaine use disorder (CUD). METHODS Secondary analysis was performed on data from 44 individuals who participated in three randomized clinical trials for CUD and completed an fMRI Stroop task both at baseline and post-treatment. Independent component analysis (ICA) was performed to assess changes in functional network engagement and investigate associations with cocaine-use behaviors. Mixed linear models were performed to test for longitudinal effects on network engagement and relationships with baseline patterns of cocaine use (i.e., past-month frequency and lifetime years of use) and periods of abstinence/use between scans (i.e., percent negative urine toxicology and maximum days of contiguous abstinence). RESULTS Six functional networks were identified as being related to cognitive control and/or exhibiting changes in engagement following treatment. Results indicated that engagement of amygdala-striatal, middle frontal and right-frontoparietal networks were reduced over time in CUD. Less change in the amygdala-striatal network was associated with greater lifetime years of cocaine use. Additional analyses revealed that negative toxicology results and achievement of continuous abstinence were associated with greater engagement of the right-frontoparietal network. CONCLUSIONS Neural systems that underlie cognitive control may change over time in individuals with CUD. A longer history of cocaine-use may hinder changes in network activity, potentially impeding recovery.
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25
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Damrongthai C, Kuwamizu R, Suwabe K, Ochi G, Yamazaki Y, Fukuie T, Adachi K, Yassa MA, Churdchomjan W, Soya H. Benefit of human moderate running boosting mood and executive function coinciding with bilateral prefrontal activation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22657. [PMID: 34811374 PMCID: PMC8608901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Running, compared to pedaling is a whole-body locomotive movement that may confer more mental health via strongly stimulating brains, although running impacts on mental health but their underlying brain mechanisms have yet to be determined; since almost the mechanistic studies have been done with pedaling. We thus aimed at determining the acute effect of a single bout of running at moderate-intensity, the most popular condition, on mood and executive function as well as their neural substrates in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Twenty-six healthy participants completed both a 10-min running session on a treadmill at 50%[Formula: see text] and a resting control session in randomized order. Executive function was assessed using the Stroop interference time from the color-word matching Stroop task (CWST) and mood was assessed using the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale, before and after both sessions. Prefrontal hemodynamic changes while performing the CWST were investigated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Running resulted in significant enhanced arousal and pleasure level compared to control. Running also caused significant greater reduction of Stroop interference time and increase in Oxy-Hb signals in bilateral PFCs. Besides, we found a significant association among pleasure level, Stroop interference reaction time, and the left dorsolateral PFCs: important brain loci for inhibitory control and mood regulation. To our knowledge, an acute moderate-intensity running has the beneficial of inducing a positive mood and enhancing executive function coinciding with cortical activation in the prefrontal subregions involved in inhibitory control and mood regulation. These results together with previous findings with pedaling imply the specificity of moderate running benefits promoting both cognition and pleasant mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chorphaka Damrongthai
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574 Japan ,grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan ,grid.412665.20000 0000 9427 298XFaculty of Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, 12000 Thailand
| | - Ryuta Kuwamizu
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574 Japan
| | - Kazuya Suwabe
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan ,grid.444632.30000 0001 2288 8205Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, 301-8555 Japan
| | - Genta Ochi
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan ,grid.412183.d0000 0004 0635 1290Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, 950-3198 Japan
| | - Yudai Yamazaki
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
| | - Takemune Fukuie
- grid.412021.40000 0004 1769 5590School of Nursing and Social Services, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, 061-0293 Japan
| | - Kazutaka Adachi
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Laboratory of Applied Anatomy, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574 Japan
| | - Michael A. Yassa
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92679-3800 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92679-3800 USA
| | - Worachat Churdchomjan
- grid.412665.20000 0000 9427 298XFaculty of Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, 12000 Thailand
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan. .,Sports Neuroscience Division, Department of Mind, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
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Hassanin O, Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Al-Nashash H. Asymmetry of Regional Phase Synchrony Cortical Networks Under Cognitive Alertness and Vigilance Decrement States. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:2378-2387. [PMID: 34735348 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3125420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates intra-regional connectivity and regional hemispheric asymmetry under two vigilance states: alertness and vigilance decrement. The vigilance states were induced on nine healthy subjects while performing 30 min in-congruent Stroop color-word task (I-SCWT). We measured brain activity using Electroencephalography (EEG) signals with 64-channels. We quantified the regional network connectivity using the phase-locking value (PLV) with graph theory analysis (GTA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Results showed that the vigilance decrement state was associated with impaired information processing within the frontal and central regions in delta and theta frequency bands. Meanwhile, the hemispheric asymmetry results showed that the laterality shifted to the right-temporal in delta, right-central, parietal, and left frontal in theta, right-frontal and left-central, temporal and parietal in alpha, and right-parietal and left temporal in beta frequency bands. These findings represent the first demonstration of intra-regional connectivity and hemispheric asymmetry changes as a function of cognitive vigilance states. The overall results showed that vigilance decrement is region and frequency band-specific. Our SVM model achieved the highest classification accuracy of 99.73% in differentiating between the two vigilance states based on the frontal and central connectivity networks measures.
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27
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Vainio L, Tiippana K, Peromaa T, Kuuramo C, Kurki I. Negative affordance effect: automatic response inhibition triggered by handle orientation of non-target object. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1737-1750. [PMID: 34562104 PMCID: PMC8475350 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Habituated response tendency associated with affordance of an object is automatically inhibited if this affordance cue is extracted from a non-target object. This study presents two go/no-go experiments investigating whether this response control operates in response selection processes and whether it is linked to conflict-monitoring mechanisms. In the first experiment, the participants performed responses with one hand, and in the second experiment, with two hands. In addition, both experiments consisted of two blocks with varying frequency of go conditions (25%-go vs. 75%-go). The non-target-related response inhibition effect was only observed in Experiment 2 when the task required selecting between two hands. Additionally, the results did not reveal patterns typically related to conflict monitoring when go-frequency is manipulated and when a stimulus-response compatibility effect is examined relative to congruency condition of the previous trial. The study shows that the non-target-related response inhibition assists hand selection and is relatively resistant to conflict-monitoring processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vainio
- Phonetics and Speech Synthesis Research Group, Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40, Helsinki, Finland. .,Perception, Action and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Tiippana
- Perception, Action and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Peromaa
- Perception, Action and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Kuuramo
- Perception, Action and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Kurki
- Perception, Action and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Jafari A, de Lima Xavier L, Bernstein JD, Simonyan K, Bleier BS. Association of Sinonasal Inflammation With Functional Brain Connectivity. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 147:534-543. [PMID: 33830194 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance In recent years, there have been several meaningful advances in the understanding of the cognitive effects of chronic rhinosinusitis. However, an investigation exploring the potential link between the underlying inflammatory disease and higher-order neural processing has not yet been performed. Objective To describe the association of sinonasal inflammation with functional brain connectivity (Fc), which may underlie chronic rhinosinusitis-related cognitive changes. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a case-control study using the Human Connectome Project (Washington University-University of Minnesota Consortium of the Human Connectome Project 1200 release), an open-access and publicly available data set that includes demographic, imaging, and behavioral data for 1206 healthy adults aged 22 to 35 years. Twenty-two participants demonstrated sinonasal inflammation (Lund-Mackay score [LMS] ≥ 10) and were compared with age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls (LMS = 0). These participants were further stratified into moderate (LMS < 14, n = 13) and severe (LMS ≥ 14, n = 9) inflammation groups. Participants were screened and excluded if they had a history of psychiatric disorder and/or neurological or genetic diseases. Participants with diabetes or cardiovascular disease were also excluded, as these conditions may affect neuroimaging quality. The data were accessed between October 2019 and August 2020. Data analysis was performed between May 2020 and August 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the difference in resting state Fc within and between the default mode, frontoparietal, salience, and dorsal attention brain networks. Secondary outcomes included assessments of cognitive function using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Results A total of 22 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and 22 healthy controls (2 [5%] were aged 22-25 years, 26 [59%] were aged 26-30 years, and 16 [36%] were aged 31-35 years; 30 [68%] were men) were included in the analysis. Participants with sinonasal inflammation showed decreased Fc within the frontoparietal network, in a region involving bilateral frontal medial cortices. This region demonstrated increased Fc to 2 nodes within the default-mode network and decreased Fc to 1 node within the salience network. The magnitude of these differences increased with inflammation severity (dose dependent). There were no significant associations seen on cognitive testing. Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study, participants with sinonasal inflammation showed decreased brain connectivity within a major functional hub with a central role in modulating cognition. This region also shows increased connectivity to areas that are activated during introspective and self-referential processing and decreased connectivity to areas involved in detection and response to stimuli. Future prospective studies are warranted to determine the applicability of these findings to a clinical chronic rhinosinusitis population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jafari
- Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston
| | - Laura de Lima Xavier
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston
| | - Jeffrey D Bernstein
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston
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29
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The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1029-1053. [PMID: 34389901 PMCID: PMC9090875 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.
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30
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Autio JA, Zhu Q, Li X, Glasser MF, Schwiedrzik CM, Fair DA, Zimmermann J, Yacoub E, Menon RS, Van Essen DC, Hayashi T, Russ B, Vanduffel W. Minimal specifications for non-human primate MRI: Challenges in standardizing and harmonizing data collection. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118082. [PMID: 33882349 PMCID: PMC8594288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent methodological advances in MRI have enabled substantial growth in neuroimaging studies of non-human primates (NHPs), while open data-sharing through the PRIME-DE initiative has increased the availability of NHP MRI data and the need for robust multi-subject multi-center analyses. Streamlined acquisition and analysis protocols would accelerate and improve these efforts. However, consensus on minimal standards for data acquisition protocols and analysis pipelines for NHP imaging remains to be established, particularly for multi-center studies. Here, we draw parallels between NHP and human neuroimaging and provide minimal guidelines for harmonizing and standardizing data acquisition. We advocate robust translation of widely used open-access toolkits that are well established for analyzing human data. We also encourage the use of validated, automated pre-processing tools for analyzing NHP data sets. These guidelines aim to refine methodological and analytical strategies for small and large-scale NHP neuroimaging data. This will improve reproducibility of results, and accelerate the convergence between NHP and human neuroimaging strategies which will ultimately benefit fundamental and translational brain science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas A Autio
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Qi Zhu
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Xiaolian Li
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caspar M Schwiedrzik
- Neural Circuits and Cognition Lab, European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen - A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Göttingen and the Max Planck Society, Grisebachstraße 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Perception and Plasticity Group, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damien A Fair
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David C Van Essen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Brian Russ
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone, New York City, New York, USA; Center for the Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
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31
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You YX, Shahar S, Mohamad M, Rajab NF, Haron H, Che Din N, Abdul Hamid H. Neuroimaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Task-Based Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Following 12 Weeks of Cosmos caudatus Supplementation Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:1804-1818. [PMID: 34080265 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cosmos caudatus (CC) is traditional Asian vegetable, commonly consumed among the Southeast Asian population. It has been reported to be high in flavonoids and might potentially improve brain activity among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The effect of CC in brain activation improvement using neuroimaging is yet to be discovered. PURPOSE To investigate the effects of CC supplement on brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) among older adults with MCI. STUDY TYPE Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. POPULATION/SUBJECTS Twenty older adults with mild cognitive impairment (60-75 years old), 14 of them (70%) were female subjects. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3.0-T, T1-weighted anatomical images, T2*-weighted imaging data, A single shot, gradient echo-echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence. ASSESSMENT All subjects were asked to consume two 500 mg capsules of either CC supplement or placebo (maltodextrin) daily for 12 weeks. Cognitive function was measured using validated neuropsychological tests (i.e. Mini-mental State Examination and Digit Span) and task-based fMRI (N-back and Stroop Color Word Test) at baseline and 12th week. Brodmann's area 9, 46 and anterior cingulate cortex were selected as the regions of interest to define dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in fMRI analysis. STATISTICAL TESTS Normality test was performed with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Two-way repeated ANOVA determined the intervention effects of the CC supplementation on brain activity after adjustments for covariates. Significance level at P < 0.05 for independent-t test and Chi square test; adjusted P < 0.0042 for two-way repeated ANOVA after Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Findings showed significant improvements in digit span (partial η2 = 0.559), increment in right DLPFC activation while performing 1-back task (partial η2 = 0.586) and left DLPFC activation while performing Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) (congruent) task (partial η2 = 0.432) at 12th week of CC supplementation. CONCLUSION CC supplementation might have the ability to improve DLPFC activation, potentially leading to improved working memory among older adults with MCI after 12 weeks of administration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Xing You
- Dietetics Program and Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Dietetics Program and Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mazlyfarina Mohamad
- Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Biomedical Sciences Program and Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Haron
- Nutritional Sciences Program and Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Normah Che Din
- Health Psychology Program, Centre of Rehabilitation and Special Needs, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamzaini Abdul Hamid
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
Restrained eating is a popular weight loss strategy for young women that tends to have limited effectiveness over extended periods of time. Although previous studies have explored and identified possible personality and behavior differences between successful and unsuccessful restrained eaters (REs), there has been a paucity of research on neurophysiological differences.Towards addressing this gap, we assessed brain resting state (Rs) differences in groups of unsuccessful REs (N = 39) and successful REs (N = 31). In line with hypotheses, unsuccessful REs displayed reduced regional homogeneity in brain regions involved in cognitive control (inferior parietal lobe) compared to successful REs. Regions involved in conflict monitoring (anterior cingulate cortex) were also observed to be comparatively less active in the unsuccessful RE group. Finally, based on analyses of independent components and seed-based functional connectivity, regions involved in conflict monitoring and cognitive control, especially those localized within the frontoparietal network, showed weaker connectivities among unsuccessful REs compared to their successful counterparts.These results underscore specific brain Rs differences between successful REs and unsuccessful REs in regions implicated in cognitive control and conflict monitoring.
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Yu YL, Thijs L, Saenen N, Melgarejo JD, Wei DM, Yang WY, Yu CG, Roels HA, Nawrot TS, Maestre GE, Staessen JA, Zhang ZY. Two-year neurocognitive responses to first occupational lead exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health 2021; 47:233-243. [PMID: 33274751 PMCID: PMC8126443 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lead exposure causes neurocognitive dysfunction in children, but its association with neurocognition in adults at current occupational exposure levels is uncertain mainly due to the lack of longitudinal studies. In the Study for Promotion of Health in Recycling Lead (NCT02243904), we assessed the two-year responses of neurocognitive function among workers without previous known occupational exposure newly hired at lead recycling plants. Methods Workers completed the digit-symbol test (DST) and Stroop test (ST) at baseline and annual follow-up visits. Blood lead (BL) was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (detection limit 0.5 µg/dL). Statistical methods included multivariable-adjusted mixed models with participants modelled as random effect. Results DST was administered to 260 participants (11.9% women; 46.9%/45.0% whites/Hispanics; mean age 29.4 years) and ST to 168 participants. Geometric means were 3.97 and 4.13 µg/dL for baseline BL, and 3.30 and 3.44 for the last-follow-up-to-baseline BL ratio in DST and ST cohorts, respectively. In partially adjusted models, a doubling of the BL ratio was associated with a 0.66% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03-1.30; P=0.040] increase in latency time (DST) and a 0.35% (95% CI ‑1.63-1.63; P=0.59) decrease in the inference effect (ST). In fully adjusted models, none of the associations of the changes in the DST and ST test results with the blood lead changes reached statistical significance (P≥0.12). Conclusions An over 3-fold increase in blood lead over two years of occupational exposure was not associated with a relevant decline in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Yu
- Research Institute Alliance for the Promotion of Preventive Medicine, Leopoldstraat 59, BE-2800 Mechelen, Belgium.
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Motor adaptation is promoted by an incongruent Stroop task, but not by a congruent Stroop task. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1295-1303. [PMID: 33616687 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Motor adaptation plays an important role in the acquisition of new motor skills. It has been reported that cognitive tasks can promote motor adaptation; however, which cognitive tasks effectively promote motor adaptation remains unknown. This study aimed to examine what factors of cognitive tasks contribute to promoting motor adaptation. Forty-two healthy young adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups: incongruent Stroop task group (iSTG), congruent Stroop task group (cSTG), and control group (CG). All participants underwent 20 blocks of a mouse-tracking task on the 1st and 2nd days. Before the mouse tracking task on the 1st day, the iSTG and cSTG completed the incongruent and congruent Stroop tasks, respectively. Participants in the CG did not perform any cognitive tasks. On the 28th day, all participants underwent 3 blocks of the mouse tracking task to evaluate their retention of motor adaptation. As a result, on the 1st day, the mouse tracking task performance improved equally for both groups. However, on the 2nd and 28th days, the mouse tracking task performance in the iSTG showed greater improvements for all blocks compared to those in the CG. These results suggest that the incongruent Stroop task promotes motor adaptation, but the congruent Stroop task does not. In addition, it is suggested that factors, which are primarily involved in the incongruent Stroop task, might promote motor adaptation.
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Multimodal investigation of dopamine D 2/D 3 receptors, default mode network suppression, and cognitive control in cocaine-use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:316-324. [PMID: 33007778 PMCID: PMC7852666 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant-use disorders have been associated with lower availability of dopamine type-2 receptors (D2R) and greater availability of type-3 receptors (D3R). Links between D2R levels, cognitive performance, and suppression of the default mode network (DMN) during executive functioning have been observed in healthy and addicted populations; however, there is limited evidence regarding a potential role of elevated D3R in influencing cognitive control processes in groups with and without addictions. Sixteen individuals with cocaine-use disorder (CUD) and 16 healthy comparison (HC) participants completed [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET imaging of D2R and D3R availability and fMRI during a Stroop task of cognitive control. Independent component analysis was performed on fMRI data to assess DMN suppression during Stroop performance. In HC individuals, lower D2R-related binding in the dorsal putamen was associated with improved task performance and greater DMN suppression. By comparison, in individuals with CUD, greater D3R-related binding in the substantia nigra was associated with improved performance and greater DMN suppression. Exploratory moderated-mediation analyses indicated that DMN suppression was associated with Stroop performance indirectly through D2R in HC and D3R in CUD participants, and these indirect effects were different between groups. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of a dissociative and potentially beneficial role of elevated D3R availability in executive functioning in cocaine-use disorder.
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Latent brain state dynamics distinguish behavioral variability, impaired decision-making, and inattention. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4944-4957. [PMID: 33589738 PMCID: PMC8589642 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have prominent deficits in sustained attention that manifest as elevated intra-individual response variability and poor decision-making. Influential neurocognitive models have linked attentional fluctuations to aberrant brain dynamics, but these models have not been tested with computationally rigorous procedures. Here we use a Research Domain Criteria approach, drift-diffusion modeling of behavior, and a novel Bayesian Switching Dynamic System unsupervised learning algorithm, with ultrafast temporal resolution (490 ms) whole-brain task-fMRI data, to investigate latent brain state dynamics of salience, frontoparietal, and default mode networks and their relation to response variability, latent decision-making processes, and inattention. Our analyses revealed that occurrence of a task-optimal latent brain state predicted decreased intra-individual response variability and increased evidence accumulation related to decision-making. In contrast, occurrence and dwell time of a non-optimal latent brain state predicted inattention symptoms and furthermore, in a categorical analysis, distinguished children with ADHD from controls. Importantly, functional connectivity between salience and frontoparietal networks predicted rate of evidence accumulation to a decision threshold, whereas functional connectivity between salience and default mode networks predicted inattention. Taken together, our computational modeling reveals dissociable latent brain state features underlying response variability, impaired decision-making, and inattentional symptoms common to ADHD. Our findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of attention deficits in children.
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Yin J, Xie L, Luo D, Huang J, Guo R, Zheng Y, Xu W, Duan S, Lin Z, Ma S. Changes of Structural and Functional Attention Control Networks in Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:725908. [PMID: 34776889 PMCID: PMC8585844 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.725908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the structural changes in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and to investigate the altered attentional control networks using functional MRI (fMRI) during the performance of a modified Stroop task with Chinese characters. Methods: High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images and an fMRI scan were taken from 18 patients with SCH and 18 matched control subjects. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Chinese-revised (MoCA-CR) and the Stroop task were used to evaluate the cognitive and attention control of the participants. Results: Compared to controls, the VBM results showed decreased gray matter volumes (GMVs) in bilateral prefrontal cortices (PFCs, including middle, medial, and inferior frontal gyri), cingulate gyrus, precuneus, left middle temporal gyrus, and insula in patients with SCH. The fMRI results showed a distributed network of brain regions in both groups, consisting of PFCs (including superior and middle and inferior frontal cortices), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus, as well as the insula and caudate nucleus. Compared to controls, the SCH group had lower activation of the above brain areas, especially during the color-naming task. In addition, the normalized GMV (nGMV) was negatively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (r = -0.722, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Results indicate that patients with SCH exhibit reduced GMVs, altered BOLD signals, and activation in regions associated with attention control, which further suggest that patients with SCH may have attentional control deficiency, and the weakened PFC-ACC-precuneus brain network might be one of the neural mechanisms. Negative correlations between nGMV and TSH suggest that TSH elevation may induce abnormalities in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - DongXue Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinzhuang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanmin Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wencan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shouxing Duan
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhua Ma
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Heidlmayr K, Kihlstedt M, Isel F. A review on the electroencephalography markers of Stroop executive control processes. Brain Cogn 2020; 146:105637. [PMID: 33217721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present article on executive control addresses the issue of the locus of the Stroop effect by examining neurophysiological components marking conflict monitoring, interference suppression, and conflict resolution. Our goal was to provide an overview of a series of determining neurophysiological findings including neural source reconstruction data on distinct executive control processes and sub-processes involved in the Stroop task. Consistently, a fronto-central N2 component is found to reflect conflict monitoring processes, with its main neural generator being the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Then, for cognitive control tasks that involve a linguistic component like the Stroop task, the N2 is followed by a centro-posterior N400 and subsequently a late sustained potential (LSP). The N400 is mainly generated by the ACC and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and is thought to reflect interference suppression, whereas the LSP plausibly reflects conflict resolution processes. The present overview shows that ERP constitute a reliable methodological tool for tracing with precision the time course of different executive processes and sub-processes involved in experimental tasks involving a cognitive conflict. Future research should shed light on the fine-grained mechanisms of control respectively involved in linguistic and non-linguistic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Heidlmayr
- Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Kihlstedt
- Laboratory Models, Dynamics, Corpus, CNRS and University Paris Nanterre - Paris Lumières, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Isel
- Laboratory Models, Dynamics, Corpus, CNRS and University Paris Nanterre - Paris Lumières, Paris, France.
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Zhang X, Wang S, Liu Y, Chen H. More restriction, more overeating: conflict monitoring ability is impaired by food-thought suppression among restrained eaters. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 15:2069-2080. [PMID: 33033984 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that restrained eating is not an effective weight loss strategy. Restrained eaters often suppress their desires and thoughts about tasty food, which makes it more difficult to control themselves in subsequent eating behavior. The ego depletion impairs conflict monitoring abilities. Therefore, this study explored the effects of food thoughts suppression on restrained eaters' conflict monitoring. Therefore, this study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to explore changes in the activity of brain regions involved in conflict monitoring when restrained eaters choose between high- and low-calorie foods after either suppressing or not suppressing thoughts about food. The results showed that, compared to the control condition, after suppression of such thoughts, restrained eaters chose more high-calorie foods and displayed decreased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex-an important region in charge of conflict monitoring. At the same time, the functional coupling of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the precuneus increased. Our findings suggest that restrained eaters' suppression of thoughts about tasty food could lead to a decline in their ability to monitor conflicts between current behaviors and goals, which in turn leads to unhealthy eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Zhang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are associated with age-related memory impairment in community-dwelling older adults: the Sefuri study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16442. [PMID: 33020545 PMCID: PMC7536184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)—a member of the neurotrophin family—on cognitive function or dementia are well established in both rodents and human beings. In contrast, little is known about the association of proBDNF—a precursor protein with opposing neuronal effects of BDNF—with cognitive function in non-demented older adults. We analyzed brain magnetic resonance imaging findings of 256 community-dwelling older adults (mean age of 68.4 years). Serum BDNF and proBDNF levels were measured by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, less physical activity, hippocampal atrophy, and lower BDNF levels were independently associated with memory impairment determined by the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Path analysis based on structural equation modeling indicated that age, sport activity, hippocampal atrophy and BDNF but not proBDNF were individually associated with Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test scores. These findings suggest that impaired BDNF function, in addition to physical inactivity and hippocampal atrophy, is associated with age-related memory impairment. Therefore, BDNF may be a potential target for dementia prevention.
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Citherlet D, Boucher O, Gravel V, Roy-Côté F, Bouthillier A, Nguyen DK. The effects of insular and mesiotemporal lesions on affective information processing: Preliminary evidence from patients with epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107264. [PMID: 32640413 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms and anxiety are common complaints in patients who have had epilepsy surgery. Recent studies have reported disturbances in emotional memory, facial and vocal emotion recognition, and affective learning after temporal lobe and/or insular resection for drug-resistant seizures, suggesting that these regions may be involved in emotional processes underlying psychological symptoms. The insula is a core component of the salience network and is thought to be involved in processing emotions such as disgust, and the role of mesial temporal lobe structures in affective processing is well established. However, to our knowledge, no study has yet investigated whether attentional processing of affective information is altered when these structures are resected as part of an epilepsy surgery. The present study examined the interference control capacity and attentional biases for emotional information in adult patients with epilepsy who underwent temporal lobe resections including the amygdala and hippocampus (n = 15) and/or partial or complete insular resections (n = 16). Patients were tested on an Emotional Stroop test and on a Dot-Probe task using fearful and disgusting pictures and were compared with a healthy control group (n = 30) matched for age, gender, and education. Repeated-measures analyses of variances revealed a significant effect of emotional words on color naming speed in the Emotional Stroop task among insular patients, which was not observed in the other groups. By contrast, the groups did not differ on Dot-Probe task performance. These preliminary findings suggest that insular damage may alter emotional interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Citherlet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de neurosciences, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivier Boucher
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de psychologie, Montreal, Canada; CHUM, Service de psychologie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victoria Gravel
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de psychologie, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frédérique Roy-Côté
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de psychologie, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de neurosciences, Montreal, Canada; CHUM, Service de neurologie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Okura Y, Rikimaru T. Cold Stimuli on the Cheeks Activate the Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Enhance Cognitive Performance. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Network-behavior mapping of lasting executive impairments after low-grade glioma surgery. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2415-2429. [PMID: 32813155 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) may be significantly impaired following low-grade glioma (LGG) surgery, especially in the event of white matter (WM) disruption. The aim of this study was to identify the connective tracts associated with EF impairments after LGG surgery, and to provide new insights into the WM network architecture of EF. EF measurements were collected in 270 patients at the chronic postoperative phase. This comprised cognitive flexibility, verbal inhibition and fluency abilities (phonological and categorical). The scores were z-corrected for age and educational level, and further submitted to a principal component analysis (PCA). Tracwise and disconnectome-behavior analyses were then performed using EF measures independently but also the extracted components from PCA. For the first analyses, 15 tracts of interest were selected. Two principal components were extracted from the behavioral data, interpreted as 'EF' and 'language' components. Robust, bonferroni-corrected correlations were established between the EF component and Layers II and III of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and between phonological fluency/inhibition and the same tracts. Less powerful but still significant correlations were also observed with the left frontal aslant and fronto-striatal tracts. These results were confirmed by disconnectome-behavior analyses. Our results indicate that surgically-related disruption of the fronto-parietal and the frontal cortico-subcortical connectivity, and of the frontal aslant tract, is related to long-lasting EF impairments. In addition to providing new insights into the WM pathways supporting EF, these findings are especially useful for both surgical planning and the predictive approach of neuropsychological disorders in the context of LGG surgery.
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Güleken MD, Akbaş T, Erden SÇ, Akansel V, Al ZC, Özer ÖA. The effect of bilateral high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive functions in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2020; 22:100183. [PMID: 32714846 PMCID: PMC7371913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2020.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite their major effects on positive symptoms, antipsychotics do not have a significant effect on cognition in schizophrenia Bilateral high frequency rTMS targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortices has been effective on working memory Bilateral 20 Hz rTMS improved attention and verbal working memory in schizophrenia patients, It also improved the competence of switching the perceptional set up under a disruptive effect towards new instructions, in this study
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Diyaddin Güleken
- Department of Psychiatry, Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Taner Akbaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selime Çelik Erden
- Department of Psychiatry, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Veysel Akansel
- Department of Psychiatry, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Cengiz Al
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Cevdet Aykan Psychiatry Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ömer Akil Özer
- Department of Psychiatry, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Turkey
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Lee G, Park JS, Ortiz MLB, Hong JY, Paik SH, Lee SH, Kim BM, Jung YJ. Hemodynamic Activity and Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex by Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy during Color-Word Interference Test in Korean and English Language. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080484. [PMID: 32726991 PMCID: PMC7464473 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily living, people are challenged to focus on their goal while eliminating interferences. Specifically, this study investigated the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) activity while attention control was tested using the self-made color-word interference test (CWIT) with a functional near-infrared spectroscopy device (fNIRS). Among 11 healthy Korean university students, overall the highest scores were obtained in the congruent Korean condition 1 (CKC-1) and had the least vascular response (VR) as opposed to the incongruent Korean condition 2 (IKC-2). The individual’s automatic reading response caused less brain activation while IKC-2 involves color suppression. Across the three trials per each condition, no significant differences (SD) in scores and in VR since there was no intervention did. Meanwhile, SD was observed between CKC-1 and English Congruent Condition 3 (ECC-3) across trials. However, SD was only observed on the third trial of VR. In the connectivity analysis, right and left PFC are activated on ECC-3. In CKC-1 and IKC-2, encompassing dorsomedial and dorsolateral although CKC-1 has less connection and connectivity due to less brain activation as compared. Therefore, aside from VR, brain connectivity could be identified non-invasively using fNIRS without ionizing radiation and at low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 6351, Korea;
| | - Ji-Su Park
- Advanced Human Resource Development Project Group for Health Care in Aging Friendly Industry Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea;
| | - Mezie Laurence B. Ortiz
- College of Medical Imaging and Therapy, De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute, Cavite 4114, Philippines;
- Department of Radiological Science, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea;
| | - Jun-Yong Hong
- Department of Radiological Science, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea;
| | - Seung-Ho Paik
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 6351, Korea; (S.-H.P.); (S.H.L.); (B.M.K.)
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 6351, Korea; (S.-H.P.); (S.H.L.); (B.M.K.)
| | - Beop Min Kim
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 6351, Korea; (S.-H.P.); (S.H.L.); (B.M.K.)
| | - Young-Jin Jung
- Department of Radiological Science, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Pichon S, Garibotto V, Wissmeyer M, Seimbille Y, Antico L, Ratib O, Vuilleumier P, Haller S, Picard F. Higher availability of α4β2 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in dorsal ACC is linked to more efficient interference control. Neuroimage 2020; 214:116729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Chatzichristos C, Morante M, Andreadis N, Kofidis E, Kopsinis Y, Theodoridis S. Emojis influence autobiographical memory retrieval from reading words: An fMRI-based study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234104. [PMID: 32609778 PMCID: PMC7329082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in computer and communications technology have deeply affected the way we communicate. Social media have emerged as a major means of human communication. However, a major limitation in such media is the lack of non-verbal stimuli, which sometimes hinders the understanding of the message, and in particular the associated emotional content. In an effort to compensate for this, people started to use emoticons, which are combinations of keyboard characters that resemble facial expressions, and more recently their evolution: emojis, namely, small colorful images that resemble faces, actions and daily life objects. This paper presents evidence of the effect of emojis on memory retrieval through a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study. A total number of fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited for the experiment, during which successive stimuli were presented, containing words with intense emotional content combined with emojis, either with congruent or incongruent emotional content. Volunteers were asked to recall a memory related to the stimulus. The study of the reaction times showed that emotional incongruity among word+emoji combinations led to longer reaction times in memory retrieval compared to congruent combinations. General Linear Model (GLM) and Blind Source Separation (BSS) methods have been tested in assessing the influence of the emojis on the process of memory retrieval. The analysis of the fMRI data showed that emotional incongruity among word+emoji combinations activated the Broca's area (BA44 and BA45) in both hemispheres, the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and the inferior prefrontal cortex (BA47), compared to congruent combinations. Furthermore, compared to pseudowords, word+emoji combinations activated the left Broca's area (BA44 and BA45), the amygdala, the right temporal pole (BA48) and several frontal regions including the SMA and the inferior prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chatzichristos
- Computer Technology Institute & Press “Diophantus” (CTI), Patras, Greece
- STADIUS, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morante
- Computer Technology Institute & Press “Diophantus” (CTI), Patras, Greece
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eleftherios Kofidis
- Computer Technology Institute & Press “Diophantus” (CTI), Patras, Greece
- Department of Statistics and Insurance Science, University of Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Sergios Theodoridis
- Computer Technology Institute & Press “Diophantus” (CTI), Patras, Greece
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Differential Impact of Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Timing on Reflexive Versus Inhibitory Control of Attention. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7270. [PMID: 32350303 PMCID: PMC7190648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a visually stimulating environment with competing stimuli, we continually choose where to allocate attention, and what to ignore. Wake and circadian-dependent modulation of attentional control and resolution of conflict is poorly understood. Twenty-two participants (17males; 25.6 ± 5.6 years) completed ocular motor tasks throughout 40 hours of sleep deprivation under constant routine conditions. A prosaccade task required a reflexive saccade toward a stimulus (no conflict), while an antisaccade task required inhibiting a reflexive saccade to the peripheral stimulus, and looking in the mirror opposite instead (conflict resolution). Antisaccade inhibitory errors showed circadian modulation, being highest in the morning, progressively decreasing until melatonin onset, before returning to the prior morning's peak throughout the biological night. This diurnal rhythm was blunted by sleep loss (>24 hours), with inhibitory control remaining impaired across the second biological day. For prosaccade, responses slowed down during the biological night. Taken together, we provide evidence for a circadian modulation of attentional bias: the morning being biased toward reflexive responding, and the evening toward higher inhibitory control. Our data show that sleep loss and circadian timing differentially impact attention, depending on whether a response conflict is present (antisaccade) or absent (prosaccade).
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Corlier J, Burnette E, Wilson AC, Lou JJ, Landeros A, Minzenberg MJ, Leuchter AF. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) on cognitive control. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:272-277. [PMID: 32090751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is commonly accompanied by cognitive control dysfunction that may persist after remission of clinical symptoms with antidepressant medication treatment. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment alternative for medication-resistant MDD. In this study, we investigated whether rTMS treatment had a beneficial effect not only on depressive symptoms, but on also cognitive control dysfunction. METHODS 77 subjects with MDD received a 30-session treatment course of 10 Hz rTMS administered at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Treatment efficacy was assessed using the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Rated (IDS-SR) before and after treatment, with clinical response defined as 50% or greater decrease in the IDS-SR score at treatment 30. Cognitive control function was assessed before and after treatment using the Stroop word-color interference task. We examined changes in Stroop accuracy and reaction time for congruent and incongruent trials, as well as in relation to changes in depressive symptoms. RESULTS Performance accuracy improved particularly for the rTMS responders in the incongruent condition, with older subjects benefitting most from the rTMS treatment. Improvement in reaction times was positively associated with clinical improvement, especially in the incongruent condition. LIMITATIONS We used a single cognitive task in a naturalistic setting without control for individual rTMS treatment parameters or concomitant medication. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results indicate that rTMS treatment for MDD has beneficial effects on psychomotor speed and cognitive control. Future studies should extend these findings to larger patient populations and other cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Corlier
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Burnette
- Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew C Wilson
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jerry J Lou
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Landeros
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Andrew F Leuchter
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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50
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Anderson A, Gropman A, Le Mons C, Stratakis C, Gandjbakhche A. Evaluation of neurocognitive function of prefrontal cortex in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:207-212. [PMID: 31952925 PMCID: PMC7416502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperammonia due to ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) can cause a range of deficiencies in domains of executive function and working memory. Only a few fMRI studies have focused on neuroimaging data in a population with OTCD. Yet, there is a need for monitoring the disease progression and neurocognitive function in this population. In this study, we used a non-invasive neuroimaging technique, functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), to examine the hemodynamics of prefrontal cortex (PFC) based on neural activation in an OTCD population. Using fNIRS, we measured the activation in PFC of the participants while performing the Stroop task. Behavioral assessment such as reaction time and correct response were recorded. We investigated the difference in behavioral measures as well as brain activation in left and right PFC in patients with OTCD and controls. Results revealed a distinction in left PFC activation between controls and patients with OTCD, where control subjects showed higher task related activation increase. Subjects with OTCD also exhibited bilateral increase in PFC activation. There was no significant difference in response time or correct response between the two groups. Our findings suggest the alterations in neurocognitive function of PFC in OTCD compared to the controls despite the behavioral profiles exhibiting no such differences. This is a first study using fNIRS to examine a neurocognitive function in OTCD population and can provide a novel insight into the screening of OTCD progression and examining neurocognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrouz Anderson
- NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Andrea Gropman
- Children's National Medical Center, Division of Neurogenetics and Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics, Washington, DC 20010, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Le Mons
- National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation, Pasadena, California 91105
| | - Constantine Stratakis
- NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Amir Gandjbakhche
- NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America.
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