1
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Stroh A, Schweiger S, Ramirez JM, Tüscher O. The selfish network: how the brain preserves behavioral function through shifts in neuronal network state. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:246-258. [PMID: 38485625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal networks possess the ability to regulate their activity states in response to disruptions. How and when neuronal networks turn from physiological into pathological states, leading to the manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders, remains largely unknown. Here, we propose that neuronal networks intrinsically maintain network stability even at the cost of neuronal loss. Despite the new stable state being potentially maladaptive, neural networks may not reverse back to states associated with better long-term outcomes. These maladaptive states are often associated with hyperactive neurons, marking the starting point for activity-dependent neurodegeneration. Transitions between network states may occur rapidly, and in discrete steps rather than continuously, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders. The self-stabilizing, metastable, and noncontinuous characteristics of these network states can be mathematically described as attractors. Maladaptive attractors may represent a distinct pathophysiological entity that could serve as a target for new therapies and for fostering resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stroh
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research at the Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Polyakova Z, Hatanaka N, Chiken S, Nambu A. Subthalamic Activity for Motor Execution and Cancelation in Monkeys. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1911222024. [PMID: 38290848 PMCID: PMC10957207 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1911-22.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives cortical inputs via the hyperdirect and indirect pathways, projects to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, and plays a critical role in the control of voluntary movements and movement disorders. STN neurons change their activity during execution of movements, while recent studies emphasize STN activity specific to cancelation of movements. To address the relationship between execution and cancelation functions, we examined STN activity in two Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata, both sexes) who performed a goal-directed reaching task with a delay that included Go, Cancel, and NoGo trials. We first examined responses to the stimulation of the forelimb regions in the primary motor cortex and/or supplementary motor area. STN neurons with motor cortical inputs were found in the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN. All these STN neurons showed activity changes in Go trials, suggesting their involvement in execution of movements. Part of them exhibited activity changes in Cancel trials and sustained activity during delay periods, suggesting their involvement in cancelation of planed movements and preparation of movements, respectively. The STN neurons rarely showed activity changes in NoGo trials. Go- and Cancel-related activity was selective to the direction of movements, and the selectivity was higher in Cancel trials than in Go trials. Changes in Go- and Cancel-related activity occurred early enough to initiate and cancel movements, respectively. These results suggest that the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN, which receives motor cortical inputs, is involved in preparation and execution of movements and cancelation of planned movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Polyakova
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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3
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Nambu A, Chiken S. External segment of the globus pallidus in health and disease: Its interactions with the striatum and subthalamic nucleus. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106362. [PMID: 37992783 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) has long been considered a homogeneous structure that receives inputs from the striatum and sends processed information to the subthalamic nucleus, composing a relay nucleus of the indirect pathway that contributes to movement suppression. Recent methodological revolution in rodents led to the identification of two distinct cell types in the GPe with different fiber connections. The GPe may be regarded as a dynamic, complex and influential center within the basal ganglia circuitry, rather than a simple relay nucleus. On the other hand, many studies have so far been performed in monkeys to clarify the functions of the basal ganglia in the healthy and diseased states, but have not paid much attention to such classification and functional differences of GPe neurons. In this minireview, we consider the knowledge on the rodent GPe and discuss its impact on the understanding of the basal ganglia circuitry in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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4
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Wang J, Wang X, Li H, Shi L, Song N, Xie J. Updates on brain regions and neuronal circuits of movement disorders in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102097. [PMID: 38511877 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a global burden that affects more often in the elderly. The basal ganglia (BG) is believed to account for movement disorders in PD. More recently, new findings in the original regions in BG involved in motor control, as well as the new circuits or new nucleuses previously not specifically considered were explored. In the present review, we provide up-to-date information related to movement disorders and modulations in PD, especially from the perspectives of brain regions and neuronal circuits. Meanwhile, there are updates in deep brain stimulation (DBS) and other factors for the motor improvement in PD. Comprehensive understandings of brain regions and neuronal circuits involved in motor control could benefit the development of novel therapeutical strategies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Limin Shi
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Song
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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5
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Nambu A, Chiken S, Sano H, Hatanaka N, Obeso JA. Dynamic Activity Model of Movement Disorders: The Fundamental Role of the Hyperdirect Pathway. Mov Disord 2023; 38:2145-2150. [PMID: 37986211 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schematic illustration of cortically induced dynamic activity changes of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the internal segment of the globus pallidus, GPi and the substantia nigra pars reticulata, SNr) in the healthy and diseased states. The height of the dam along the time course controls the expression of voluntary movements. Its alterations could cause a variety of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and hyperkinetic disorders. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Grants
- JPMJCR1853 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
- JP18dm0307005 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP21dm0207115 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- 19KK0193 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 20K06933 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 20K07772 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 21K07257 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 23H02594 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 15H01458 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 15H05873 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 17H05590 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 22H04790 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 23H04688 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - José A Obeso
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Honma M, Sasaki F, Kamo H, Nuermaimaiti M, Kujirai H, Atsumi T, Umemura A, Iwamuro H, Shimo Y, Oyama G, Hattori N, Terao Y. Role of the subthalamic nucleus in perceiving and estimating the passage of time. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1090052. [PMID: 36936495 PMCID: PMC10017994 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1090052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sense of time (temporal sense) is believed to be processed by various brain regions in a complex manner, among which the basal ganglia, including the striatum and subthalamic nucleus (STN), play central roles. However, the precise mechanism for processing sense of time has not been clarified. To examine the role of the STN in temporal processing of the sense of time by directly manipulating STN function by switching a deep brain stimulation (DBS) device On/Off in 28 patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing STN-DBS therapy. The test session was performed approximately 20 min after switching the DBS device from On to Off or from Off to On. Temporal sense processing was assessed in three different tasks (time reproduction, time production, and bisection). In the three temporal cognitive tasks, switching STN-DBS to Off caused shorter durations to be produced compared with the switching to the On condition in the time production task. In contrast, no effect of STN-DBS was observed in the time bisection or time reproduction tasks. These findings suggest that the STN is involved in the representation process of time duration and that the role of the STN in the sense of time may be limited to the exteriorization of memories formed by experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Honma
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University of School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Motoyasu Honma,
| | - Fuyuko Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kamo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Kujirai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Atsumi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University of School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Iwamuro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genko Oyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University of School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Yasuo Terao,
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7
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Alhassen W, Alhassen S, Chen J, Monfared RV, Alachkar A. Cilia in the Striatum Mediate Timing-Dependent Functions. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:545-565. [PMID: 36322337 PMCID: PMC9849326 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Almost all brain cells contain cilia, antennae-like microtubule-based organelles. Yet, the significance of cilia, once considered vestigial organelles, in the higher-order brain functions is unknown. Cilia act as a hub that senses and transduces environmental sensory stimuli to generate an appropriate cellular response. Similarly, the striatum, a brain structure enriched in cilia, functions as a hub that receives and integrates various types of environmental information to drive appropriate motor response. To understand cilia's role in the striatum functions, we used loxP/Cre technology to ablate cilia from the dorsal striatum of male mice and monitored the behavioral consequences. Our results revealed an essential role for striatal cilia in the acquisition and brief storage of information, including learning new motor skills, but not in long-term consolidation of information or maintaining habitual/learned motor skills. A fundamental aspect of all disrupted functions was the "time perception/judgment deficit." Furthermore, the observed behavioral deficits form a cluster pertaining to clinical manifestations overlapping across psychiatric disorders that involve the striatum functions and are known to exhibit timing deficits. Thus, striatal cilia may act as a calibrator of the timing functions of the basal ganglia-cortical circuit by maintaining proper timing perception. Our findings suggest that dysfunctional cilia may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuro-psychiatric disorders, as related to deficits in timing perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Alhassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Sammy Alhassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Roudabeh Vakil Monfared
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA ,UC Irvine Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA ,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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8
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Xie J, Li T, He T, Xu R, Zhang X, Wang X, Geng X. Deep brain stimulation on the external segment of the globus pallidus improves the electrical activity of internal segment of globus pallidus in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2022; 1797:148115. [PMID: 36202223 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for PD cardinal motor symptoms. DBS of GPe has been recognized as an effective treatment option for motor symptoms of PD, but the mechanism is still essentially unknown. To investigate the impact of DBS in the external segment of globus pallidus (GPe) on the pathway of the basal ganglia (BG), we recorded the electrical activities of single neurons and local field potential (LFP) of the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi). The results showed that the firing rate of GPi neurons in the 6-OHDA lesioned rats returned to the normal level after GPe-DBS for two weeks. Moreover, the CV value of GPi neurons is significantly lower than that in the PD group. The different frequency bands of GPi LFP in PD rats have improved correspondingly. These findings indicate that the improvement of the electrical activity of GPi by GPe-DBS in PD rats may be an important electrophysiological mechanism for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Tingting He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Rong Xu
- The 72nd Group Army Hospital of the PLA Army, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xianshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xuenan Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Xiwen Geng
- Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong Province, China.
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9
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Subthalamic nucleus stabilizes movements by reducing neural spike variability in monkey basal ganglia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2233. [PMID: 35468893 PMCID: PMC9038919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus projects to the external and internal pallidum, the modulatory and output nuclei of the basal ganglia, respectively, and plays an indispensable role in controlling voluntary movements. However, the precise mechanism by which the subthalamic nucleus controls pallidal activity and movements remains elusive. Here, we utilize chemogenetics to reversibly reduce neural activity of the motor subregion of the subthalamic nucleus in three macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata, both sexes) during a reaching task. Systemic administration of chemogenetic ligands prolongs movement time and increases spike train variability in the pallidum, but only slightly affects firing rate modulations. Across-trial analyses reveal that the irregular discharges in the pallidum coincides with prolonged movement time. Reduction of subthalamic activity also induces excessive abnormal movements in the contralateral forelimb, which are preceded by subthalamic and pallidal phasic activity changes. Our results suggest that the subthalamic nucleus stabilizes pallidal spike trains and achieves stable movements. Chemogenetic inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus in monkeys increases spike train variability in the pallidum and prolongs movement time, suggesting its role in stabilizing pallidal spike trains to achieve stable motor control.
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10
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Darbin O, Hatanaka N, Takara S, Kaneko N, Chiken S, Naritoku D, Martino A, Nambu A. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation driven by primary motor cortex γ2 activity in parkinsonian monkeys. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6493. [PMID: 35444245 PMCID: PMC9021287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In parkinsonism, subthalamic nucleus (STN) electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves symptoms, but may be associated with side effects. Adaptive DBS (aDBS), which enables modulation of stimulation, may limit side effects, but limited information is available about clinical effectiveness and efficaciousness. We developed a brain-machine interface for aDBS, which enables modulation of stimulation parameters of STN-DBS in response to γ2 band activity (80-200 Hz) of local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from the primary motor cortex (M1), and tested its effectiveness in parkinsonian monkeys. We trained two monkeys to perform an upper limb reaching task and rendered them parkinsonian with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Bipolar intracortical recording electrodes were implanted in the M1, and a recording chamber was attached to access the STN. In aDBS, the M1 LFPs were recorded, filtered into the γ2 band, and discretized into logic pulses by a window discriminator, and the pulses were used to modulate the interval and amplitude of DBS pulses. In constant DBS (cDBS), constant stimulus intervals and amplitudes were used. Reaction and movement times during the task were measured and compared between aDBS and cDBS. The M1-γ2 activities were increased before and during movements in parkinsonian monkeys and these activities modulated the aDBS pulse interval, amplitude, and dispersion. With aDBS and cDBS, reaction and movement times were significantly decreased in comparison to DBS-OFF. The electric charge delivered was lower with aDBS than cDBS. M1-γ2 aDBS in parkinsonian monkeys resulted in clinical benefits that did not exceed those from cDBS. However, M1-γ2 aDBS achieved this magnitude of benefit for only two thirds of the charge delivered by cDBS. In conclusion, M1-γ2 aDBS is an effective therapeutic approach which requires a lower electrical charge delivery than cDBS for comparable clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Darbin
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. .,Department of Neurology, University South Alabama College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sayuki Takara
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medecine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuya Kaneko
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Dean Naritoku
- Department of Neurology, University South Alabama College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Anthony Martino
- Department of Neurosurgery, University South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. .,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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11
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Transient Response of Basal Ganglia Network in Healthy and Low-Dopamine State. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0376-21.2022. [PMID: 35140075 PMCID: PMC8938981 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0376-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are crucial for a variety of motor and cognitive functions. Changes induced by persistent low-dopamine (e.g., in Parkinson’s disease; PD) result in aberrant changes in steady-state population activity (β band oscillations) and the transient response of the BG. Typically, a brief cortical stimulation results in a triphasic response in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr; an output of the BG). The properties of the triphasic responses are shaped by dopamine levels. While mechanisms underlying aberrant steady state activity are well studied, it is still unclear which BG interactions are crucial for the aberrant transient responses in the BG. Moreover, it is also unclear whether mechanisms underlying the aberrant changes in steady-state activity and transient response are the same. Here, we used numerical simulations of a network model of BG to identify the key factors that determine the shape of the transient responses. We show that an aberrant transient response of the SNr in the low-dopamine state involves changes in the direct pathway and the recurrent interactions within the globus pallidus externa (GPe) and between GPe and subthalamic nucleus (STN). However, the connections from D2-type spiny projection neurons (D2-SPN) to GPe are most crucial in shaping the transient response and by restoring them to their healthy level, we could restore the shape of transient response even in low-dopamine state. Finally, we show that the changes in BG that result in aberrant transient response are also sufficient to generate pathologic oscillatory activity in the steady state.
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Abstract
In 1959, E. G. Gray described two different types of synapses in the brain for the first time: symmetric and asymmetric. Later on, symmetric synapses were associated with inhibitory terminals, and asymmetric synapses to excitatory signaling. The balance between these two systems is critical to maintain a correct brain function. Likewise, the modulation of both types of synapses is also important to maintain a healthy equilibrium. Cerebral circuitry responds differently depending on the type of damage and the timeline of the injury. For example, promoting symmetric signaling following ischemic damage is beneficial only during the acute phase; afterwards, it further increases the initial damage. Synapses can be also altered by players not directly related to them; the chronic and long-term neurodegeneration mediated by tau proteins primarily targets asymmetric synapses by decreasing neuronal plasticity and functionality. Dopamine represents the main modulating system within the central nervous system. Indeed, the death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons impairs locomotion, underlying the devastating Parkinson’s disease. Herein, we will review studies on symmetric and asymmetric synapses plasticity after three different stressors: symmetric signaling under acute damage—ischemic stroke; asymmetric signaling under chronic and long-term neurodegeneration—Alzheimer’s disease; symmetric and asymmetric synapses without modulation—Parkinson’s disease.
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