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Chattopadhyay S, Malayil L, Chopyk J, Smyth E, Kulkarni P, Raspanti G, Thomas SB, Sapkota A, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. Oral microbiome dysbiosis among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users compared to non-users. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10394. [PMID: 38710815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use significantly influences the oral microbiome. However, less is known about how different tobacco products specifically impact the oral microbiome over time. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the oral microbiome of cigarette users, smokeless tobacco users, and non-users over 4 months (four time points). Buccal swab and saliva samples (n = 611) were collected from 85 participants. DNA was extracted from all samples and sequencing was carried out on an Illumina MiSeq, targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Cigarette and smokeless tobacco users had more diverse oral bacterial communities, including a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, when compared to non-users. Non-users had a higher relative abundance of Actinomyces, Granulicatella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Oribacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, Rothia, and Veillonella in buccal swab samples, compared to tobacco users. While the most abundant bacterial genera were relatively constant over time, some species demonstrated significant shifts in relative abundance between the first and last time points. In addition, some opportunistic pathogens were detected among tobacco users including Neisseria subflava, Bulleidia moorei and Porphyromonas endodontalis. Overall, our results provide a more holistic understanding of the structure of oral bacterial communities in tobacco users compared to non-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Leena Malayil
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Chopyk
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Eoghan Smyth
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Greg Raspanti
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephen B Thomas
- Center for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Aydın M, Aydın EB, Sezgintürk MK. Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Ultrasensitive Immunoplatform for Electrochemical Magnetosensing of Cotinine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2567-2580. [PMID: 38529538 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, an innovative and simple electrochemical magneto biosensor based on carboxyethylsilanetriol-modified iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles was designed for ultrasensitive and specific analysis of cotinine, an important marker of smoking. Anticotinine antibodies were covalently immobilized on carboxylic acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles, and the cotinine-specific magnetic nanoparticles created a specific surface on the working electrode surface. The use of magnetic nanoparticles as an immobilization platform for antibodies provided a large surface area for antibody attachment and increased sensitivity. In addition, the advantages of the new immobilization platform were reusing the working electrode numerous times, recording repeatable and reproducible signals, and reducing the necessary volume of biomolecules. The specific interaction between cotinine and cotinine-specific antibody-attached magnetic nanoparticles restricted the electron transfer of the redox probe and changed the impedimetric response of the electrode correlated to the concentration of cotinine. The magneto biosensor had a wide detection range (2-300 pg/mL), a low LOD (606 fg/mL), and an acceptable recovery (97.24-105.31%) in real samples. In addition, the current biosensor's measurement results were in good agreement with those found by the standard liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. These results showed that a simple impedimetric immunosensing platform was generated for the cotinine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Elif Burcu Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale 17110, Turkey
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Yang J, Xiong W, Liu C, Li J, Zhu R, Xia J, Yin Z, Tian R, Tang S, Li Z, Li H, Han Y, Si X, Jiang W, He P, Zhang F, Xu Y, Liu Z. Direct adsorption sampling and ambient mass spectrometry analysis of tobacco smoke with porous paper strips. Front Chem 2022; 10:1037542. [PMID: 36386000 PMCID: PMC9643588 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1037542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols by conventional analytical methods is usually required to perform complicated and time-consuming sample preparation processes. In recent decades, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AI-MS) methods have been proven to be simple, rapid, and effective analytical tools for direct analysis of various complex samples. In this work, we applied porous paper filters for direct adsorptive sampling of tobacco smoke, and then the sampled paper filters were performed the emitters of the paper spray ionization (PSI) device. An auto-sampling device was made to control the generation and collection of tobacco smoke. Nicotine, the typical compound of tobacco smoke, was used to optimize the key conditions of auto-sampling. Moreover, different types of tobacco smoke were also compared with multivariate variable analysis, and the makers of tobacco smoke from different sources of tobacco smoke were investigated. By using this method, direct sampling and analysis of a single tobacco sample can be completed within minutes. Overall, our results show that PSI-MS is a powerful tool that integrates collection, extraction, ionization, and identification analytes in smoke.
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Abd-Elsabour M, Alsoghier HM, Alhamzani AG, Abou-Krisha MM, Yousef TA, Assaf HF. A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Nicotine in Tobacco Products Based on Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Conjugated with (1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulphonic Acid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142354. [PMID: 35889578 PMCID: PMC9323772 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple electrochemical sensor for nicotine (NIC) detection was performed. The sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by (1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid)(Nq) decorated by graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite. The synthesized (GO) nanosheets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), FT-IR, and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The insertion of Nq with GO nanosheets on the surface of GCE displayed high electrocatalytic activity towards NIC compared to the bare GCE. NIC determination was performed under the optimum conditions using 0.10 M of Na2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte with pH 8.0 at a scan rate of 100 mV/s using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This electrochemical sensor showed an excellent result for NIC detection. The oxidation peak current increased linearly with a 6.5–245 µM of NIC with R2 = 0.9999. The limit of detection was 12.7 nM. The fabricated electrode provided satisfactory stability, reproducibility, and selectivity for NIC oxidation. The reliable GO/Nq/GCE sensor was successfully applied for detecting NIC in the tobacco product and a urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abd-Elsabour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Hesham M. Alsoghier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman G. Alhamzani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (T.A.Y.)
| | - Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (T.A.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-K.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Tarek A. Yousef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (T.A.Y.)
- Mansoura Laboratory, Department of Toxic and Narcotic Drug, Forensic Medicine, Medicolegal Organization, Ministry of Justice, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
| | - Hytham F. Assaf
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-K.); (H.F.A.)
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de Faria HD, Silveira AT, Carvalhodo Prado B, Nacif JLM, Rosa MA, da Rocha dos Santos J, Santos PCJL, Figueiredo EC, Martins I. ONLINE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE PREPARATION WITH RESTRICTED ACCESS HYBRID CARBON NANOTUBES FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTI-SMOKING DRUGS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jin S, Pang W, Zhao L, Zhao Z, Mei S. Review of HPLC-MS methods for the analysis of nicotine and its active metabolite cotinine in various biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5351. [PMID: 35106788 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, tobacco smoking is a risk factor for a series of diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and cancers. Nicotine, the primary component of tobacco smoke, is mainly transformed to its active metabolite cotinine, which is often used as biomarker for tobacco exposure for its higher blood concentration and longer residence time than nicotine. Various analytical methods have been developed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in biological matrices. This article reviewed the HPLC-MS based methods for nicotine and/or cotinine analysis in various biological matrices. The sample preparation, mass and chromatographic conditions and method validation results of these methods have been summarized and analyzed. Sample was mainly pretreated by protein precipitation and/or extraction. Separation was achieved using methanol and/or acetonitrile:water (with or without ammonium acetate) on C18 columns, and acetonitrile:water (with formic acid, ammonium acetate/formate) on HILIC columns. Nicotine-d3, nicotine-d4 and cotinine-d3 were commonly used internal standards. Other non-deuterated IS were also used such as ritonavir, N-ethylnorcotinine, and milrinone. For both nicotine and cotinine, the calibration range was 0.005-35000 ng/mL, the matrix effect was 75.96% - 126.8% and the recovery was 53% - 124.5%. The two analytes were stable at room temperature for 1-10 days, at -80 °C for up to 6 months, and after 3-6 freeze-thaw cycles. Comedications did not affect nicotine and cotinine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Jin
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Pang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Application of HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and New RP-HPLC-DAD System Utilizing the Chaotropic Effect for Determination of Nicotine and Its Major Metabolites Cotinine, and trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine in Human Plasma Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030682. [PMID: 35163947 PMCID: PMC8839739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The routine techniques currently applied for the determination of nicotine and its major metabolites, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, in biological fluids, include spectrophotometric, immunoassays, and chromatographic techniques. The aim of this study was to develop, and compare two new chromatographic methods high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS), and RP-HPLC enriched with chaotropic additives, which would allow reliable confirmation of tobacco smoke exposure in toxicological and epidemiological studies. The concentrations of analytes were determined in human plasma as the sample matrix. The methods were compared in terms of the linearity, accuracy, repeatability, detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ), and recovery. The obtained validation parameters met the ICH requirements for both proposed procedures. However, the limits of detection (LOD) were much better for HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS (0.07 ng mL−1 for trans-3′-hydroxcotinine; 0.02 ng mL−1 for cotinine; 0.04 ng mL−1 for nicotine) in comparison to the RP-HPLC-DAD enriched with chaotropic additives (1.47 ng mL−1 for trans-3′-hydroxcotinine; 1.59 ng mL−1 for cotinine; 1.50 ng mL−1 for nicotine). The extraction efficiency (%) was concentration-dependent and ranged between 96.66% and 99.39% for RP-HPLC-DAD and 76.8% to 96.4% for HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. The usefulness of the elaborated analytical methods was checked on the example of the analysis of a blood sample taken from a tobacco smoker. The nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine contents in the smoker’s plasma quantified by the RP-HPLC-DAD method differed from the values measured by the HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. However, the relative errors of measurements were smaller than 10% (6.80%, 6.72%, 2.04% respectively).
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Xia B, Blount BC, Wang L. Sensitive Quantification of Nicotine in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid by Acetone Precipitation Combined With Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13962-13969. [PMID: 34124421 PMCID: PMC8190791 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The United States experienced an outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) that began in August 2019. Patient diagnosis and treatment sometimes involved bronchoscopy and collection of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Although this matrix has been useful for understanding some chemical exposures in the lungs, no methods existed for measuring the nicotine content. Therefore, we developed a simple and sensitive method for measuring nicotine in the BAL fluid. Nicotine was extracted from the BAL fluid using acetone precipitation in a 96-well plate format to increase the sample throughput (200 samples/day). We optimized liquid chromatography column conditions (e.g., mobile phase, column temperature) and mass spectrometry parameters to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and lower limits of detection (LOD) for measuring nicotine in the BAL fluid. The LOD for nicotine in the BAL fluid was 0.050 ng/mL at a sample volume of 40 μL of the BAL fluid. The within-day and between-day imprecision and bias were less than 10%. This method detected nicotine in 15 of 43 BAL fluids from EVALI case patients. This method is useful for understanding recent inhalational exposure to nicotine as part of characterizing EVALI or similar illnesses.
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Sibul F, Burkhardt T, Kachhadia A, Pilz F, Scherer G, Scherer M, Pluym N. Identification of biomarkers specific to five different nicotine product user groups: Study protocol of a controlled clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 22:100794. [PMID: 34189337 PMCID: PMC8219643 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing biomarker profiles in various body fluids is of large value to discern between the sole use of nicotine products. In particular, the assessment of the product compliance is required for long-term clinical studies. The objective of this study was the identification of biomarkers and biomarker patterns in body fluids, to distinguish between combustibles, heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, oral tobacco and oral/dermal nicotine products used for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), as well as a control group of non-users. Methods A controlled, single-center study was conducted with 60 healthy subjects, divided into 6 groups (5 nicotine product user groups and one non-user group) based on their sole use of the products of choice. The subjects were confined for 76 h, during which, free and uncontrolled use of the products was provided. Sample collections were performed according to the study time schedule provided in Table 2. The primary outcome will be validated through analysis of the collected biospecimens (urine, blood, saliva, exhaled breath and exhaled breath condensate) by means of untargeted omics approaches (i.e. exposomics, breathomics and adductomics). Secondary outcome will include established biomarker quantification methods to allow for the identification of typical biomarker patterns. Statistical analysis tools will be used to specifically discriminate different product use categories. Results/Conclusions The clinical trial was successfully completed in May 2020, resulting in sample management and preparations for the quantitative and qualitative analyses. This work will serve as a solid basis to discern between biomarker profiles of different nicotine product user groups. The knowledge collected during this research will be required to develop prototype diagnostic tools that can reliably assess the differences and evaluate possible health risks of various nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Sibul
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Therese Burkhardt
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Alpeshkumar Kachhadia
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Fabian Pilz
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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Mallock N, Rabenstein A, Laux P, Rüther T, Hutzler C, Parr MK, Luch A. Rapid, sensitive, and reliable quantitation of nicotine and its main metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine by LC-MS/MS: Method development and validation for human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122736. [PMID: 34246168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New nicotine delivery products are gaining market share. For evaluation of their characteristics, toxicokinetic investigations are in current research focus. For reliable determination of blood plasma levels of nicotine and its main metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, a quantitation method based on LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed and validated. Addition of isotope labeled internal standards prior to rapid sample preparation using protein precipitation with methanol was chosen for sample preparation. Different stationary phases were tested and phenyl-hexyl separation was found to be superior to HILIC, C18, and C8 stationary phases. Ion suppression effects caused by hydrophilic early eluting matrix were eliminated by the adjustment of an adequate retention utilizing a phenyl-hexyl separation stationary phase. Exchange of acetonitrile as organic mobile phase by methanol and elevation of pH value of aqueous mobile phase containing 5 mM NH4Ac to 4.50 improved the chromatographic resolution. The limits of quantitation for nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine were 0.15, 0.30, and 0.40 ng/mL, respectively. Linearity was proven by matrix matched calibration for the whole working range from 0.50 ng/mL to 35.0 ng/mL for nicotine and from 6.00 to 420 ng/mL for cotinine and hydroxycotinine (Mandel's fitting test with R2 > 0.995). Quality control samples at four different levels (0.50, 1.50, 17.5, 28.0 ng/mL for nicotine and 6.00, 18.0, 210, 336 ng/mL for cotinine and hydroxycotinine) in plasma were analyzed six times on three days. Mean accuracies ranged from 87.7% to 105.8% for nicotine, from 90.3% to 102.9% for cotinine, and from 99.9% to 109.9% for hydroxycotinine. Intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD %) were below 15% for all analytes (<20% for LLOQ). As proof of concept, the method was successfully applied to a real plasma sample from a cigarette smoking volunteer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Arnold MJ, Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Ahluwalia JS, Leavens EL, Zhang G, Rice M, Pulvers K. Harm reduction associated with dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes in Black and Latino smokers: Secondary analyses from a randomized controlled e-cigarette switching trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1972-1976. [PMID: 33837422 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most adult cigarette smokers who use e-cigarettes are dual cigarette and e-cigarette (CC-EC) users, yet little is known about relative consumption of cigarettes to e-cigarettes and any associated harm reduction. METHODS Rate of substitution from cigarettes to e-cigarettes at week 6 and change in biomarkers of exposure and potential harm were examined among dual CC-EC users [64/114 (56%); 35 Black, 29 Latino] in an e-cigarette switching randomized trial. RESULTS Dual users averaged 79% substitution of cigarettes for e-cigarettes at week 6, resulting in a reduction from baseline of 70.0 ± 54.1 cigarettes per week (p < .001). Total nicotine consumption remained stable (baseline: 1160.5 ± 1042.1 pg/mL of cotinine, week 6: 1312.5 ± 1725.9 pg/mL of cotinine, p = .47), while significant reductions were seen in the potent lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridul)-1-butanol (NNAL) (-55.9 ± 88.6 ng/ml, p < .001), carbon monoxide (-6.3 ± 8.6 ppm, p < .001), and self-reported respiratory symptoms (-3.3 ± 8.0, p = .002). No significant changes were found in blood pressure or spirometry. Greater substitution from cigarettes to e-cigarettes was associated with larger reductions in NNAL (r = -.29, p = .02). CONCLUSIONS The predominant dual use pattern was characterized by regular e-cigarette and intermittent cigarette use. Findings demonstrate the short-term harm reduction potential of this dual use pattern in Black and Latino smokers and suggest that the greatest benefit, aside from cessation of both products, is achieved by higher substitution of e-cigarettes for cigarettes. Findings need confirmation in a larger sample with longer follow-up in dual users with greater variability in rate of substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Arnold
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nicole L Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Matthew S Mayo
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eleanor L Leavens
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Guanlin Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Myra Rice
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Kim Pulvers
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
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Marques H, Cruz-Vicente P, Rosado T, Barroso M, Passarinha LA, Gallardo E. Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1768. [PMID: 33670326 PMCID: PMC7918937 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernâni Marques
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cruz-Vicente
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- C4—Centro de Competências em Cloud Computing da Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.M.); (P.C.-V.); (T.R.); (L.A.P.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Habibagahi A, Siddique S, Harris SA, Alderman N, Aranda-Rodriguez R, Farhat I, Chevrier J, Kubwabo C. Challenges associated with quantification of selected urinary biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1162:122490. [PMID: 33360416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use, of which cigarette smoking is the most common, is a global health concern and is directly linked to over 7 million premature deaths annually. Measurement of the levels of tobacco-related biomarkers in biological matrices reflects human exposure to the chemicals in tobacco products. Nicotine, nicotine metabolites, anatabine, and anabasine are specific to tobacco and nicotine containing products. However, as nicotine and its metabolites are ubiquitous in the environment, background contamination during sample preparation can occur, making the quantification of target analytes challenging. The main purpose of the present study was to examine quality control measures needed in the determination of urinary nicotine, nicotine metabolites, anatabine, and anabasine. Urine samples (n = 75) and NIST standard reference materials SRM 3671 and SRM 3672 were analysed. A one-step extraction procedure using cold acetone was used in this study, which involved no additional clean up. The blank matrices investigated included synthetic urine prepared with HPLC-grade water, synthetic urine prepared with Milli-Q water, and bovine urine. By adopting strategies for minimizing the background levels, very low detection limits for all the target analytes ranging from 0.025 ng/mL for 3-hydroxycotinine to 0.634 ng/mL for nicotine, were achieved. Recoveries ranged between 67% and 118% with RSD values below 20%. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the range of 1.1-11.7% and 4.8-25.2%, respectively. The levels of all target analytes were higher in daily smokers than in non-smokers, with the largest difference observed for 3-hydroxycotinine. No difference was observed in the levels of target analytes between individuals who were former smokers, who never smoked or who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), except for total nicotine equivalents (TNE), which was significantly higher in non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke compared with study participants who never smoked. The results obtained from SRM 3671 and SRM 3672 could inform a potential certification of additional biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products in those standard reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Habibagahi
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Department of Epidemiology & Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Alderman
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Present address: Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rocio Aranda-Rodriguez
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Imen Farhat
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Pulvers K, Nollen NL, Rice M, Schmid CH, Qu K, Benowitz NL, Ahluwalia JS. Effect of Pod e-Cigarettes vs Cigarettes on Carcinogen Exposure Among African American and Latinx Smokers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2026324. [PMID: 33206193 PMCID: PMC7675102 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fourth-generation nicotine salt pod system (NSPS) electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the leading class of e-cigarettes. They contain high nicotine concentrations, which may facilitate switching among smokers, but could also lead to increased exposure to nicotine and biomarkers of potential harm. African American and Latinx smokers experience significant tobacco-related health disparities. The potential of NSPS e-cigarettes to reduce smoking-related harm among these groups is unknown. OBJECTIVE To compare the harm reduction potential of NSPS e-cigarette vs combustible cigarettes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This unblinded randomized clinical trial compared 6 weeks of e-cigarette use vs cigarettes as usual from to 2018 to 2019 among smokers in the San Diego, California, and Kansas City, Missouri, areas. Participants included African American and Latinx adult combustible cigarette smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/d on at least 25 of the past 30 days for at least 6 months and were interested in switching to e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed from September 18, 2019, to September 4, 2020. INTERVENTIONS 6 weeks of e-cigarette use in a choice of pod flavors (5% nicotine) along with brief education, training, and action planning to completely switch to e-cigarettes from combustible cigarettes. The control group smoked combustible cigarettes as usual. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was reduction in urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentration at week 6. Secondary outcomes were change in urinary cotinine, expired carbon monoxide (CO), respiratory symptoms, lung function, blood pressure, past 7-day consumption of combustible cigarettes, and switching rates (e-cigarette group only) at weeks 2 and 6. RESULTS This study included 186 participants, including 92 African American participants and 94 Latinx participants. The mean (SD) age was 43.3 (12.5) years, and 75 (40.3%) were women. Participants smoked a mean (SD) of 12.1 (7.2) cigarettes/d on 6.8 (0.6) d/wk at baseline. A total of 125 participants were randomized to the e-cigarette group and 61 were randomized to the control group. At baseline, median (interquartile range) NNAL was 124 (45-197) pg/mL in the e-cigarette group and 88 (58-197) pg/mL in the control group. At week 6, the e-cigarette group had significantly greater reductions in NNAL (relative risk [RR], 0.36 [95% CI, 0.23-0.54]; P < .001), CO (RR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.42-0.68]; P < .001), respiratory symptoms (RR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.47-0.85]; P = .002), and number of cigarettes smoked in the past 7 days among those still smoking (RR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.20-0.43]; P < .001) than the control group and maintained their cotinine levels (RR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.58-1.10]; P = .17). Lung function and diastolic and systolic blood pressure remained unchanged and did not differ between groups. For participants randomized to receive e-cigarettes, 32 participants (28.1%) were exclusively using e-cigarettes at week 6, while 66 participants (57.9%) were dual using and 16 participants (14%) resumed exclusively using cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that e-cigarettes may be an inclusive harm reduction strategy for African American and Latinx smokers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03511001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pulvers
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Marcos
| | - Nicole L. Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
| | - Myra Rice
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Marcos
| | - Christopher H. Schmid
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kexin Qu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco
| | - Jasjit S. Ahluwalia
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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15
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Ramdzan AN, Almeida MIG, McCullough MJ, Segundo MA, Kolev SD. Determination of salivary cotinine as tobacco smoking biomarker. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Qiu J, Zhang Y, Zhao L, He Q, Jiang J, Hong Q, He J. Isolation and characterization of the cotinine-degrading bacterium Nocardioides sp. Strain JQ2195. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 353:158-165. [PMID: 29665494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotinine, the primary nicotine metabolite, not only more stable and more difficult to degrade in the environment but is a potential health risk to human. To date, little is known about the biodegradation process of cotinine. In this study, a bacterial strain JQ2195 was isolated from municipal wastewater and was identified as Nocardioides sp. based on morphological, physiological characteristics, and 16 S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis. This strain utilized cotinine as a sole carbon source and degraded 0.5 g L-1 cotinine completely within 32 h. Optimum degradation of cotinine by JQ2195 was at 30 °C and pH 7.0. Two cotinine degradation intermediates were identified as 6-hydroxy-cotinine and 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine by UV/VIS spectroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, about half of cotinine was transformed to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine which was a value-added compound for biocatalysis. When 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol was used as an electron acceptor, the cell-free extract containing the inducible cotinine dehydrogenase could convert cotinine into 6-hydroxy-cotinine with the activity 40 ± 6 mUnmg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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17
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Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, Lorkiewicz PK, Blair IA, Kimmel HL, Doerschuk CM, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L425-L452. [PMID: 28522563 PMCID: PMC5626373 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaynn F Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | | | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John C Gomez
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica R Martin
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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18
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Guinan TM, Abdelmaksoud H, Voelcker NH. Rapid detection of nicotine from breath using desorption ionisation on porous silicon. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5224-5226. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Desorption ionisation on porous silicon mass spectrometry was used for the detection of nicotine from exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Guinan
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - H. Abdelmaksoud
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - N. H. Voelcker
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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19
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Electrochemical behavior of the cotinine at a boron-doped diamond electrode and its determination in saliva by multiple-pulse amperometry in an FIA system. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Dixon RB, Dasgupta A. Comparison of SemiQuantitative Cotinine Values Obtained by the DRI Immunoassay and Values Obtained by a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Method: The DRI Immunoassay is Suitable for Screening Purposes Only Because Semiquantitative Values May Be Unreliable. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:1106-1109. [PMID: 27212710 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DRI cotinine assay is suitable only for screening for cotinine in urine specimens. We studied the reliability of DRI cotinine semiquantitative values by comparing them with the cotinine concentration obtained with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. METHODS Semiquantitative cotinine concentrations in 39 urine specimens obtained by the DRI immunoassay were compared with cotinine concentrations obtained by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The DRI cotinine assay consistently overestimated cotinine values obtained by the LC/MS/MS method (y = 1.1529 x + 252.24, n = 39, R2 = 0.8899) indicating that semiquantitative values obtained using the DRI assay may be unreliable. However, no false-negative results were observed using the DRI assay. CONCLUSION DRI cotinine assay is suitable only for screening cotinine in urine specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brent Dixon
- Physician's Choice Laboratory Services, Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.
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21
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Abdallah IA, Hammell DC, Stinchcomb AL, Hassan HE. A fully validated LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine in human serum and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after using nicotine transdermal delivery systems with standard heat application in adult smokers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Zhu Z, Yang S, Zhao W, Li R, Zhao C. A Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Myrislignan by UHPLC-MS After Oral Administration of a Monomer and Myristica fragrans Extract to Rats. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:689-96. [PMID: 26774114 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) method was developed and validated to quantify myrislignan in rat plasma using podophyllotoxin as an internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation of myrislignan and IS was performed on a 3.0 µm Hypersil C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm) with methanol and water containing 0.1% acetic acid (80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. An electrospray ionization was used in the positive selective-ion monitoring mode for the target ions at m/z 397 and m/z 437 for the quantification of myrislignan and IS. The total run time was 3.6 min for each run. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.75-300 ng/mL (r> 0.995) with the lower limit of quantitation at 0.75 ng/mL. Intra- and interday precision was below 11.49%, and the mean accuracy ranged from -9.75 to 7.45%. The proposed method was successfully applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of myrislignan after oral administration of the myrislignan monomer and Myristica fragrans extract in rats. Statistical analyses indicate that the pharmacokinetic properties of myrislignan in rats have significant differences between two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Shu Yang
- General Surgery Department, The First Hospital DEPT.2 of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Waiou Zhao
- Cardiology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Chengliang Zhao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Ramdzan AN, Barreiros L, Almeida MIG, Kolev SD, Segundo MA. Determination of salivary cotinine through solid phase extraction using a bead-injection lab-on-valve approach hyphenated to hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Santos CIM, Oliveira E, Santos HM, Menezes JCJMDS, Faustino MAF, Cavaleiro JAS, Capelo JL, Neves MDGPMS, Lodeiro C. Untangling interactions of a zinc(II) complex containing a coumarin-porphyrin unit with alkaloids in water solutions: a photophysical study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:757-64. [PMID: 25620620 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00359d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal complex 1 derivative from a coumarin bearing a porphyrin unit was spectroscopically characterized and its sensing ability towards the alkaloids caffeine 2, nicotine 3 and cotinine 4 was evaluated in these studies. This probe shows to be sensitive to the alkaloids studied, where a detectable amount of 2.5 ± 0.3 μM of cotinine was determined in dam water from the Vigia Dam located in the Montoito village region, Alentejo district, Portugal. The interaction of 1 with cotinine was also verified by MALDI-TOF-MS, where it was found with peaks at 877.2 and 1053.3 m/z corresponding to the species [1H](+) and [1CotinineH](+), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla I M Santos
- ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182, Caparica, Portugal
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Ogden MW, Marano KM, Jones BA, Morgan WT, Stiles MF. Switching from usual brand cigarettes to a tobacco-heating cigarette or snus: Part 2. Biomarkers of exposure. Biomarkers 2015; 20:391-403. [PMID: 26554277 PMCID: PMC4720046 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1094134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A randomized, multi-center study of adult cigarette smokers switched to tobacco-heating cigarettes, snus or ultra-low machine yield tobacco-burning cigarettes (50/group) was conducted, and subjects' experience with the products was followed for 24 weeks. Differences in biomarkers of tobacco exposure between smokers and never smokers at baseline and among groups relative to each other and over time were assessed. Results indicated reduced exposure to many potentially harmful constituents found in cigarette smoke following product switching. Findings support differences in exposure from the use of various tobacco products and are relevant to the understanding of a risk continuum among tobacco products (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02061917).
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Chang YW, Nguyen HP, Chang M, Burket SR, Brooks BW, Schug KA. Determination of nicotine and its metabolites accumulated in fish tissue using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2414-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Hien P. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Mike Chang
- Agilent Technologies, Inc.; 25200 Commercentre Drive Lake Forest CA USA
| | | | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science; Baylor University; Waco TX USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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Zinc Sulfate, a Recently Introduced Urinary Adulterant Can Invalidate Urine Cotinine Test Using Immunoassay but Has Less Effect on Liquid Chromatography Combined With Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Test. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:681-4. [PMID: 25627403 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc sulfate is a recently introduced urinary adulterant, which causes false-negative results with immunoassays used for screening drugs of abuse in urine but whether zinc sulfate also could invalidate urine cotinine assay using immunoassay or liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry has never been studied. DESIGN AND METHOD Four urine pools containing none detected to high levels of cotinine were analyzed using DRI cotinine immunoassay on the Olympus 640 analyzer as well as using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Specimens were reanalyzed after supplementing with various amounts of zinc sulfate that are known to invalidate immunoassays used for drugs of abuse testing. RESULTS Zinc sulfate in all concentrations studied caused false-negative results using immunoassays, but zinc sulfate also reduced cotinine values by approximately 2.1%-38.4% when analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Zinc sulfate caused false-negative cotinine result when DRI immunoassay was used and also had small to moderate impact on liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry-based assay for urine cotinine.
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Shastri MD, Lu W, Ferguson SG, Narkowicz CK, Davies NW, Jacobson GA. Determination of Cotinine, 3′-Hydroxycotinine, and Their Glucuronides in Urine by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Earla R, Ande A, McArthur C, Kumar A, Kumar S. Enhanced nicotine metabolism in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers: simultaneous determination of nicotine and its four metabolites in their plasma using a simple and sensitive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:282-93. [PMID: 24301609 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is approximately three times more prevalent in HIV-1-positive than HIV-negative individuals in the United States. Nicotine, which is the major constituent of tobacco, is rapidly metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP2A6) to many metabolites. In this study, we developed a simple, fast, and sensitive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using a strong cation solid phase extraction, and determined the concentration of nicotine and its four major metabolites (cotinine, nornicotine, norcotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) in the plasma of HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative smokers. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine, norcotinine, nicotine-d4, and cotinine-d3 were selected at mass-to-charge ratios of 163.3/117.1, 177.5/80.3, 193.2/80.1, 149.5/132.3, 163.4/80.3, 167.3/121.4, and 180.3/101.2, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation for nicotine and its metabolites was 0.53 ng/ml, which is relatively more sensitive than those previously reported. The concentration of nicotine was detected 5-fold lower in HIV-1-positive smokers (7.17 ± 3.8 ng/ml) than that observed in HIV-negative smokers (33.29 ± 15.4 ng/ml), whereas the concentration of the metabolite nornicotine was 3-fold higher in HIV-1-positive smokers (6.8 ± 2.9 ng/ml) than in HIV-negative smokers (2.3 ± 1.2 ng/ml). Although it was statistically nonsignificant, the concentration of the metabolite cotinine was also higher in HIV-1-positive smokers (85.6 ± 60.5 ng/ml) than in HIV-negative smokers (74.9 ± 40.5 ng/ml). In conclusion, a decrease in the concentration of nicotine and an increase in the concentration of its metabolites in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers support the hypothesis that nicotine metabolism is enhanced in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Earla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (R.E., A.A., A.K., S.K.); and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (C.M.)
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Peebles KC, Horsman H, Tzeng YC. The influence of tobacco smoking on the relationship between pressure and flow in the middle cerebral artery in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72624. [PMID: 23977332 PMCID: PMC3744580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of stroke but the mechanism is unclear. The study examined whether acute and chronic cigarette smoking alters the dynamic relationship between blood pressure and cerebral blood flow. We hypothesised that acute and chronic smoking would result in a cerebral circulation that was less capable of buffering against dynamic fluctuations in blood pressure. Further, these changes would be accompanied by a reduction in baroreflex sensitivity, which is reduced after smoking (acute smoking). Methods We recruited 17 non-smokers and 15 habitual smokers (13 ± 5 pack years). Continuous measurements of mean cerebral blood flow velocity (transcranial Doppler ultrasound), blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography) and heart rate enabled transfer function analysis of the dynamic relationship between pressure and flow (gain, normalised gain, phase and coherence) and baroreflex sensitivity during supine rest before and after smoking a single cigarette (acute smoking). Results There were no between-group differences in gain, phase or coherence before acute smoking. However, both groups showed a reduction in gain and coherence, associated with a reduction in baroreflex sensitivity, and increase in phase after acute smoking. Conclusions Contrary to our hypothesis, these findings suggest that in the face of a reduction in baroreflex sensitivity acute smoking may potentially improve the ability of the cerebral circulation to buffer against changes in blood pressure. However, chronic smoking did not alter the dynamic relationship between blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity. These results have implications on understanding mechanisms for attenuating stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C. Peebles
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Helen Horsman
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yu-Chieh Tzeng
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Simultaneous serum nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine quantitation with minimal sample volume for tobacco exposure status of solid organ transplant patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 928:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dunlop AJ, Clunie I, Stephen DWS, Allison JJ. Determination of Cotinine by LC-MS-MS with Automated Solid-Phase Extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:351-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Silva DB, Guaratini T, Vessecchi R, Lopes NP, Cramer B, Humpf HU, Lopes JLC. H2 unimolecular elimination in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry from erythraline, a spirocyclic alkaloid. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:345-350. [PMID: 24800418 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Erythrina alkaloids, which contain a spirocyclic structure, are well known due to their important biological activity at the central nervous system. In this study, systematic electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and ESI-multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) analysis of erythraline have shown an unexpected H2 neutral elimination reaction. We have investigated the formation of these ions by accurate-mass ESI-MS/MS with different analyzers and the data suggest a possible unimolecular reaction of H2 loss.
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NUCHTAVORN N, RYVOLOVA M, BEK F, MACKA M, PHECHKRAJANG C, SUNTORNSUK L. Potential of Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and Chip-CE with Dual Detection (Capacitively-Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (C 4D) and Fluorescence Detection) for Monitoring of Nicotine and Cotinine Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:339-44. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nantana NUCHTAVORN
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Siam University
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University
| | - Marketa RYVOLOVA
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Irish Separation Science Cluster and School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University
| | | | - Mirek MACKA
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania
| | | | - Leena SUNTORNSUK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University
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Ande A, Earla R, Jin M, Silverstein PS, Mitra AK, Kumar A, Kumar S. An LC-MS/MS method for concurrent determination of nicotine metabolites and the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolite-mediated oxidative stress in SVGA astrocytes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 125:49-59. [PMID: 22498344 PMCID: PMC3413753 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine is known to generate oxidative stress through cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)-mediated metabolism in the liver and other organs, including macrophages. This study has been designed to examine the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in SVGA cells, an immortalized human astrocyte cell line. METHODS SVGA astrocytes were treated with 1 μM nicotine, followed by determination of mRNA and protein levels of several CYPs using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. Quantitation of nicotine and the nicotine metabolites, cotinine and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketones (NNK), was performed using an LC-MS/MS method. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS Nicotine significantly upregulated mRNA and protein expression of the most abundantly expressed CYPs in SVGA astrocytes, CYP2A6 and CYP1A1. To characterize the metabolism of nicotine in astrocytes, a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed which is capable of quantifying very low concentrations of nicotine (0.3 ng/mL), cotinine and NNK (0.11 ng/mL). The LC-MS/MS results showed that nicotine is steadily metabolized to cotinine and NNK from 0.5 to 4h. Finally, we showed that nicotine initially causes an increase in ROS formation which is then gradually decreased, perhaps due to the increase in superoxide dismutase level. Nicotine metabolism and ROS formation by CYP2A6 were further confirmed by using tryptamine, a selective inhibitor of CYP2A6, which significantly lowered the levels of cotinine and NNK and inhibited ROS formation. CONCLUSIONS CYP2A6 plays a key role in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in astrocytes, and this has implications in nicotine-associated brain toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ande
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ravinder Earla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Mengyao Jin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Peter S Silverstein
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA,Corresponding author: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte St. Kansas City, MO 64108, USA Phone: 816-235-5494, Fax: 816-235-1776,
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McKinney DL, Gogova M, Davies BD, Ramakrishnan V, Fisher K, Carter WH, Karnes HT, Garnett WR, Iyer SS, Somani AA, Kobal G, Barr WH. Evaluation of the effect of ammonia on nicotine pharmacokinetics using rapid arterial sampling. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:586-95. [PMID: 22140146 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nicotine bolus theory states that the dependence-producing potential of cigarettes relates to a rapid increase in nicotine at brain receptor sites. It has been suggested that ammonia, a compound typically found in tobacco products, further increases the amount of nicotine absorbed and its absorption rate. The aim of this study was to determine whether different ammonia yields in cigarettes affected the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from the lungs to arterial circulation. METHODS 34 adult smokers received 3 separate puffs from each of 2 test cigarettes with different ammonia yields (ammonia in smoke: 10.1 μg per cigarette vs. 18.9 μg per cigarette), followed by rapid radial arterial blood sampling (maximum one sample per second) with 30 min between puffs. Arterial blood samples were assayed for nicotine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed and the two test cigarettes were assessed for bioequivalence. RESULTS No significant differences were found in area under the curve, C(max), or T((max)) and the 2 test cigarettes were found to be bioequivalent based on 2 one-sided tests at a significance level of 5%. In addition, the zero-order rate constant (k(0)) obtained from the initial slope of the curves and the model-dependent first-order rate constant (k(a)) were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence that the different ammonia yields of the test cigarettes had no impact on nicotine pharmacokinetics; thus, the ammonia did not increase the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from a puff of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L McKinney
- Altria Client Services, Inc, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Noworyta K, Kutner W, Wijesinghe CA, Srour SG, D’Souza F. Nicotine, Cotinine, and Myosmine Determination Using Polymer Films of Tailor-Designed Zinc Porphyrins as Recognition Units for Piezoelectric Microgravimetry Chemosensors. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2154-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2021344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Noworyta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224
Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224
Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences, School of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Channa A. Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, No. 305070,
Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Serge G. Srour
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, No. 305070,
Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, No. 305070,
Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Nelson PR, Chen P, Dixon M, Steichen T. A survey of mouth level exposure to cigarette smoke in the United States. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:S25-38. [PMID: 20937343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoke yields determined by a machine-based smoking method cannot adequately predict exposures experienced by human smokers. In this work, a filter analysis technique which addresses this fundamental limitation was used to measure mouth level exposures (MLE) to tar and nicotine in 1330 smokers of 26 brand-styles of US cigarettes covering a wide range of machine-generated yields. Despite the high degree of variability observed among individual smokers, MLEs were significantly correlated with machine-derived tar and nicotine yields (r=0.423 for nicotine MLE/cigarette; r=0.493 for tar MLE/cigarette; p<0.001 for both). Mean tar and nicotine MLE was higher for males than for females. Mean MLE across races was generally similar. Menthol cigarettes tended toward lower MLE than non-menthol cigarettes and King-Size cigarettes (≈ 83 mm) tended toward lower MLE than 100's cigarettes (≈ 100 mm), though those trends were not statistically significant. There were good agreements between MLEs measured in a group of 159 subjects smoking their usual cigarette brand-style on two separate occasions and between two independent groups of subjects smoking the same brand-styles. The results indicated that the filter analysis method used had sufficient precision to show similarity among groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Nelson
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102-1487, USA.
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Dobrinas M, Choong E, Noetzli M, Cornuz J, Ansermot N, Eap CB. Quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and varenicline in human plasma by a sensitive and specific UPLC-tandem mass-spectrometry procedure for a clinical study on smoking cessation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3574-82. [PMID: 22014744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, its metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and varenicline in human plasma was developed and validated. Sample preparation was realized by solid phase extraction of the target compounds and of the internal standards (nicotine-d4, cotinine-d3, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine-d3 and CP-533,633, a structural analog of varenicline) from 0.5 mL of plasma, using a mixed-mode cation exchange support. Chromatographic separations were performed on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column (HILIC BEH 2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm). A gradient program was used, with a 10 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3/acetonitrile mobile phase at a flow of 0.4 mL/min. The compounds were detected on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operated with an electrospray interface in positive ionization mode and quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring. Matrix effects were quantitatively evaluated with success, with coefficients of variation inferior to 8%. The procedure was fully validated according to Food and Drug Administration guidelines and to Société Française des Sciences et Techniques Pharmaceutiques. The concentration range was 2-500 ng/mL for nicotine, 1-1000 ng/mL for cotinine, 2-1000 ng/mL for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and 1-500 ng/mL for varenicline, according to levels usually measured in plasma. Trueness (86.2-113.6%), repeatability (1.9-12.3%) and intermediate precision (4.4-15.9%) were found to be satisfactory, as well as stability in plasma. The procedure was successfully used to quantify nicotine, its metabolites and varenicline in more than 400 plasma samples from participants in a clinical study on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dobrinas
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Hospital of Cery, Prilly, Switzerland
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Keskitalo-Vuokko K, Pitkäniemi J, Broms U, Heliövaara M, Aromaa A, Perola M, Ripatti S, Salminen O, Salomaa V, Loukola A, Kaprio J. Associations of nicotine intake measures with CHRN genes in Finnish smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:686-90. [PMID: 21498873 PMCID: PMC3150688 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic effects contribute to individual differences in smoking behavior. Persistence to smoke despite known harmful health effects is mostly driven by nicotine addiction. As the physiological effects of nicotine are mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), we aimed at examining whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) residing in nAChR subunit (CHRN) genes, other than CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4 gene cluster previously showing association in our sample, are associated with smoking quantity or serum cotinine levels. METHODS The study sample consisted of 485 Finnish adult daily smokers (age 30-75 years, 59% men) assessed for the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and serum cotinine level. We first studied SNPs residing on selected nAChR subunit genes (CHRNA2, CHRNA4, CHRNA6/CHRNB3, CHRNA7, CHRNA9, CHRNA10, CHRNB2, CHRNG/CHRND) genotyped within a genome-wide association study for single SNP and multiple SNP associations by ordinal regression. Next, we explored individual haplotype associations using sliding window technique. RESULTS At one of the 8 loci studied, CHRNG/CHRND (chr2), single SNP (rs1190452), multiple SNP, and 2-SNP haplotype analyses (SNPs rs4973539-rs1190452) all showed statistically significant association with cotinine level. The median cotinine levels varied between the 2-SNP haplotypes from 220 ng/ml (AA haplotype) to 249 ng/ml (AG haplotype). We did not observe significant associations with CPD. CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence that the γ-δ nAChR subunit gene region is associated with cotinine levels but not with the number of CPD, illustrating the usefulness of biomarkers in genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Broms
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arpo Aromaa
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program's Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program's Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Salminen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program's Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
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Concentrations of tenofovir and emtricitabine in saliva: implications for preexposure prophylaxis of oral HIV acquisition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4905-7. [PMID: 21788466 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00120-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent acquisition of HIV through oral sex, drugs used for preexposure prophylaxis (Prep) need to diffuse in saliva. We measured tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC) concentrations simultaneously in the plasma and saliva of 41 HIV-infected patients under stable antiretroviral treatment. Mean ratios of saliva/plasma concentration were 3% (±4%) and 86.9% (±124%) for TFV and FTC, respectively. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) should be used in combination with FTC to prevent oral acquisition of HIV.
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Jin M, Earla R, Shah A, Earla RL, Gupte R, Mitra AK, Kumar A, Kumar S. A LC-MS/MS method for concurrent determination of nicotine metabolites and role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism in U937 macrophages: implications in oxidative stress in HIV + smokers. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:289-99. [PMID: 21655912 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the major constituent of tobacco, is predominantly metabolized by liver CYP2A6 into cotinine and many other compounds, including nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), which is known to cause oxidative stress. We have recently shown that CYP2A6 is highly expressed in U937 monocyte-derived macrophages. In this study we investigated the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in U937 macrophages. To study nicotine metabolism, we developed a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitative determination of nicotine, cotinine, and NNK. The LC-MS/MS analysis was carried out by multiple reaction monitoring mass transitions with m/z of 163.2/130.1, 177.4/98.3, and 208.4/122.1 for nicotine, cotinine, and NNK, respectively. The calibration curves were linear within 3.3-1028.1 ng/ml for nicotine and 0.3-652.6 ng/ml for cotinine and NNK. This novel method was then applied to quantify nicotine metabolites, cotinine and NNK, in nicotine-treated U937 macrophages. Cotinine and NNK initially formed at 30 min, followed by a peak at 2-3 h. The role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism in U937 macrophages was further confirmed by using CYP2A6-selective inhibitor, tryptamine, which significantly decreased cotinine (70%) and completely inhibited NNK formations. Finally, we showed that nicotine-treated macrophages increase the formation of oxidant at 30-60 min, which is consistent with the initial formation of cotinine and NNK. In conclusion, we have developed a new LCMS/MS method for concurrent determination of nicotine metabolites and analyzed the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in U937 macrophages, which may have implications in viral replication among HIV + smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Jin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, MO 64108, USA
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Hua P, Feng W, Ji S, Raij L, Jaimes EA. Nicotine worsens the severity of nephropathy in diabetic mice: implications for the progression of kidney disease in smokers. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F732-9. [PMID: 20685820 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00293.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established the role of cigarette smoking as a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy. We have previously reported that nicotine promotes mesangial cell proliferation and hypertrophy via activation of nonneuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and that nicotine worsens renal injury in a model of acute glomerulonephritis (Jaimes E, Tian RX, Raij L. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H76-H82, 2007; Jaimes EA, Tian RX, Joshi M, Raij L. Am J Nephrol 29: 319-326, 2009). These studies were designed to test the hypothesis that nicotine worsens renal injury in db/db mice, a well-established model of diabetic nephropathy, and that reactive oxygen species play an important as mediators of these effects. For these studies, nicotine (100 μg/ml) was administered in the drinking water to control and db/db mice for 10 wk. Blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method, and urine was collected for proteinuria. At death, kidneys were collected for histology and molecular biology. The administration of nicotine did not result in significant changes in blood pressure or blood glucose and resulted in cotinine levels similar to those found in the plasma of smokers. In diabetic mice, the administration of nicotine significantly increased urinary protein excretion (1-fold), glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial area (∼20%). These changes were accompanied by significant increases in NADPH oxidase 4 (∼30%) and increased nitrotyrosine and Akt expression. In vitro, we determined that nicotine has additive effects to high glucose on reactive oxygen species generation and Akt phosphorylation in human mesangial cells. These findings unveil novel mechanisms that may result in the development of novel strategies in the treatment and prevention of diabetic nephropathy in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hua
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Park S, Lee DH, Park JG, Lee YT, Chung J. A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for measuring cotinine in passive smokers. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1238-42. [PMID: 20438723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both active smoking and passive exposure to tobacco smoke are major risk factors for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological diseases. The serum level of cotinine, a major proximate metabolite of nicotine, reflects active or passive exposure to tobacco smoke. However, currently available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for cotinine have limited sensitivity, and a high-throughput quantification of the severity of passive exposure to tobacco smoke has not been possible thus far. METHODS We generated a phage display of combinatorial antibody library, from which we selected a recombinant antibody against cotinine, developed a sensitive ELISA using this antibody, and evaluated the method in a clinical setting and an animal model. RESULTS The limits of detection and the lower limit of quantification were 31pg/mL and 1ng/mL cotinine, respectively. The intra- and inter-assay precisions based on three quality control samples were 3.8-13.5% and 14.0-15.0%, respectively. No significant interference from nicotine, trans-3'-hydroxy cotinine, tobacco alkaloids, or other serum components was found. When we applied our ELISA to serum samples from 36 volunteers, the serum cotinine levels were clustered into two groups, which exactly corresponded to their smoking behavior and this ELISA yielded reproducible and accurate results, which were comparable to those of LC/MS in a split assay. In animal studies, we were able to distinguish between rats injected with a nicotine dose equivalent to that of passive exposure to tobacco and rats without exposure. CONCLUSION The competitive ELISA described here is useful for the detection and quantification of the severity of risk of passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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45
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McKinney DL, Davies BD, Gogova M, Adams WM, Lewis W, Powell C, Iyer SS, Garnett WR, Karnes HT, Kobal G, Barr WH. Rapid automated blood sampling system for pharmacokinetics studies of cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:319-25. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Optimization and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human oral fluid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:2349-57. [PMID: 19838828 PMCID: PMC3171506 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure was developed and validated for the simultaneous identification and quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and norcotinine in 0.5 mL of human oral fluid collected with the Quantisal oral fluid collection device. Solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring were utilized. Endogenous and exogenous interferences were extensively evaluated. Limits of quantification were empirically identified by decreasing analyte concentrations. Linearity was from 1 to 2,000 ng/mL for nicotine and norcotinine, 0.5 to 2,000 ng/mL for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and 0.2 to 2,000 ng/mL for cotinine. Correlation coefficients for calibration curves were >0.99 and analytes quantified within +/-13% of target at all calibrator concentrations. Suitable analytical recovery (>91%) was achieved with extraction efficiencies >56% and matrix effects <29%. This assay will be applied to the quantification of nicotine and metabolites in oral fluid in a clinical study determining the most appropriate nicotine biomarker concentrations differentiating active, passive, and environmental nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Voltammetric behavior of nicotine at pencil graphite electrode and its enhancement determination in the presence of anionic surfactant. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Keskitalo K, Broms U, Heliövaara M, Ripatti S, Surakka I, Perola M, Pitkäniemi J, Peltonen L, Aromaa A, Kaprio J. Association of serum cotinine level with a cluster of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4) on chromosome 15. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4007-12. [PMID: 19628476 PMCID: PMC2748889 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A cluster of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes on chromosome 15 (CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4) has been shown to be associated with nicotine dependence and smoking quantity. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the variation at this locus regulates nicotine intake among smokers by using the level of a metabolite of nicotine, cotinine, as an outcome. The number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and immune-reactive serum cotinine level were determined in 516 daily smokers (age 30-75 years, 303 males) from the population-based Health2000 study. Association of 21 SNPs from a 100 kb region of chromosome 15 with cotinine and CPD was examined. SNP rs1051730 showed the strongest association to both measures. However, this SNP accounted for nearly a five-fold larger proportion of variance in cotinine levels than in CPD (R(2) 4.3% versus 0.9%). The effect size of the SNP was 0.30 for cotinine level, whereas it was 0.13 for CPD. Variation at CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 cluster influences nicotine level, measured as cotinine, more strongly than smoking quantity, measured by CPD, and appears thus to be involved in regulation of nicotine levels among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisu Keskitalo
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Chiu CW, Liang HH, Huang HY. Analyses of alkaloids in different products by NACE-MS. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4220-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Welerowicz T, Śliwka K, Buszewski B. HPLC Analysis of Cotinine in Urine After SPE with a Cholesterol-Modified Adsorbent. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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