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Braun G, Krauss M, Spahr S, Escher BI. Handling of problematic ion chromatograms with the Automated Target Screening (ATS) workflow for unsupervised analysis of high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2983-2993. [PMID: 38556595 PMCID: PMC11045623 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a versatile analytical method for the analysis of thousands of chemical pollutants that can be found in environmental and biological samples. While the tools for handling such complex datasets have improved, there are still no fully automated workflows for targeted screening analysis. Here we present an R-based workflow that is able to cope with challenging data like noisy ion chromatograms, retention time shifts, and multiple peak patterns. The workflow can be applied to batches of HRMS data recorded after GC with electron ionization (GC-EI) and LC coupled to electrospray ionization in both negative and positive mode (LC-ESIneg/LC-ESIpos) to perform peak annotation and quantitation fully unsupervised. We used Orbitrap HRMS data of surface water extracts to compare the Automated Target Screening (ATS) workflow with data evaluations performed with the vendor software TraceFinder and the established semi-automated analysis workflow in the MZmine software. The ATS approach increased the overall evaluation performance of the peak annotation compared to the established MZmine module without the need for any post-hoc corrections. The overall accuracy increased from 0.80 to 0.86 (LC-ESIpos), from 0.77 to 0.83 (LC-ESIneg), and from 0.67 to 0.76 (GC-EI). The mean average percentage errors for quantification of ATS were around 30% compared to the manual quantification with TraceFinder. The ATS workflow enables time-efficient analysis of GC- and LC-HRMS data and accelerates and improves the applicability of target screening in studies with a large number of analytes and sample sizes without the need for manual intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Braun
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Dione CT, Ndiaye M, Delhomme O, Diebakate C, Ndiaye B, Diagne I, Cisse D, Hane M, Dione MM, Diouf S, Diop A, Millet M. Pollution of water in Africa: a review of contaminants and fish as biomonitors and analytical methodologies-the case of Senegal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2374-2391. [PMID: 36399299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems facing human health, ecosystems, and biodiversity. This is particularly the case for water quality in Senegal. Fish can be used as a biomonitor of pollution by accumulating pollutants from the environment through their tissues. Fish is an indispensable element in the assessment of the quality of the environment due to the diversity of biological cycles and their position in the food chain. Fish, which is very sensitive to chemical and bacterial pollution, concentrates pollutants and is a good indicator of water quality. This review presents water pollution in Senegal and the possibility of using fish as an ideal monitoring matrix for marine environments, to detect the concentration of heavy metals and organic pollutants. The different extraction and analytical techniques used for fish biomonitoring will be also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Tidiane Dione
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Momar Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Olivier Delhomme
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France
- Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Lorraine University, Metz, France
| | - Cheikhna Diebakate
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Animal Biology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Birame Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Diagne
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Dame Cisse
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maoudo Hane
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mame Mor Dione
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sitor Diouf
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Diop
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France.
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3
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Zhu T, Guo G, Li W, Gao M. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect between Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Imogolite Nanotubes and Ammonium Polyphosphate in Unsaturated Polyester Resin. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47601-47609. [PMID: 36591118 PMCID: PMC9798765 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Imogolite nanotubes (INTs) were synthesized from tetraethoxysilane, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, and ammonia solution by the method of Arancibia-Miranda, and their dispersion was modified by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6) to obtain ionic liquid (IL)-functionalized INTs (INTs-PF6-ILs). Then, the flame retardant INTs-PF6-ILs was complexed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and applied to unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The limiting oxygen index value and the UL-94 level of the UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites reached 28 and V-0, respectively. The residual carbon of the composites in thermogravimetric analysis increased by 19.47%, compared with that of pure UPR. The cone calorimeter test result showed that the peak of heat release rate and total heat rate values of the UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites were lowered by 41 and 34% than those of the pure UPR, respectively. The effect of heat combustion and the maximum mass loss rate of UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites were also greatly decreased. There were no holes or folds observed on the surface of the UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites' residual carbon in scanning electron microscopy images. The intact residual carbon could have effectively insulated the heat and oxygen to improve the flame retardant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taohua Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological
Engineering, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, Beijing100083, China
- School
of Electronic Science and Control Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe065201, China
| | - Guozheng Guo
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing101601, China
| | - Wanhong Li
- College
of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Kunming
Metallurgy College, Kunming, Yunnan Province650033, China
| | - Ming Gao
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing101601, China
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4
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Sun Y, Tang S, Cui H, Wang C, Yan H, Hu J, Wan Y. Tetraphenylphosphonium Chloride-Enhanced Ionization Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive and Non-targeted Screening of Polyhalogenated Alkyl Compounds from Limited Serum. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14195-14204. [PMID: 36214478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although many types of halogenated compounds are known to bioaccumulate in humans, few are routinely biomonitored and many have remained uncharacterized in human exposome studies due to a lack of high-sensitivity and high-resolution analytical methods. In this study, we discovered tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (Ph4PCl, 10 μM) as a simple additive to the mobile phase, which enhanced the ionizations of polyhalogenated alkyl compounds (such as organochlorinated pesticides [OCPs], chlorinated paraffins [CPs], dechlorane plus [DPs], and some brominated flame retardants [BFRs]) in the form [M + Cl]- and boosted mass spectrometry responses by an average of 1-3 orders of magnitude at a resolution of 140,000. Ph4PCl-enhanced ionization coupled with a halogenation-guided screening process was used to establish a sensitive and non-targeted method that required only single-step sample preparation and identified Cl- and/or bromine-containing alkyl compounds. The method enabled the identification of ∼700 polyhalogenated compounds from 200 μL of human serum, 240 of which were known compounds: 33 short-chain CPs, 52 median-chain CPs, 97 long-chain CPs, 22 very short-chain CPs (vSCCPs), 19 OCPs, 13 DPs, and 4 BFRs. We also identified 325 emerging contaminants (34 unsaturated CPs, 285 chlorinated fatty acid methyl esters [CFAMEs], and 6 chloro-bromo alkenes) and 130 new contaminants (114 oxygen-containing CPs, 2 hexachlorocyclohexane structural analogs, and 11 amino-containing and 3 nitrate-containing chlorinated compounds). The full scan results highlighted the dominance of CPs, CFAMEs, vSCCPs, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes in the serum samples. Ph4PCl-enhanced ionization enabled the sensitive and non-targeted identifications of polyhalogenated compounds in small volumes of biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Sun
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Hoang AQ, Karyu R, Tue NM, Goto A, Tuyen LH, Matsukami H, Suzuki G, Takahashi S, Viet PH, Kunisue T. Comprehensive characterization of halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in settled dust from informal e-waste and end-of-life vehicle processing sites in Vietnam: Occurrence, source estimation, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119809. [PMID: 35931384 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Information about the co-occurrence of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the environment of informal waste processing areas is still limited, especially in emerging and developing countries. In this study, OPEs and HFRs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and chlorinated flame retardants (CFRs) were determined in settled dust from Vietnamese e-waste recycling (WR) and vehicle processing (VP) workshops. Pollutant concentrations decreased in the order: OPEs (median 1500; range 230-410,000 ng/g) ≈ PBDEs (1200; 58-250,000) > NBFRs (140; not detected - 250,000) > CFRs (13; 0.39-2200). HFR and OPE levels in the WR workshops for e-waste and obsolete plastic were significantly higher than in the VP workshops. Decabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane are major HFRs, accounting for 60 ± 26% and 25 ± 29% of total HFRs, respectively. Triphenyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate dominated the OPE profiles, accounting for 30 ± 25%, 25 ± 16%, and 24 ± 18% of total OPEs, respectively. The OPE profiles differed between WR and VP dust samples, implying different usage patterns of these substances in polymer materials for electric/electronic appliance and automotive industries. Human health risk related to dust-bound HFRs and OPEs in the study areas was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Ryogo Karyu
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan; Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Akitoshi Goto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305- 8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305- 8506, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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6
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Cao Y, Gao Y, Hu X, Zeng Y, Luo X, Li G, An T, Mai B. Insight into phototransformation mechanism and toxicity evolution of novel and legacy brominated flame retardants in water: A comparative analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:118041. [PMID: 35030361 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have become widespread as a consequence of the prohibition on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, the transformation mechanism and potential environmental risk are largely unclear. In this study, we have explored the phototransformation behavior of the most abundant NBFRs, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) in water under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Meanwhile, the legacy 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE155) with similar structure was investigated contrastively. Results show that novel BTBPE is more persistent than legacy BDE155, with nearly four times slower photodegradation rate constants (0.0120 min-1and 0.0447 min-1, respectively). 18 products are identified in the phototransformation of BTBPE. Different from the only debrominated products formed in legacy BDE155 transformation, the ether bond cleavage photoproducts (e.g. bromophenols) are also identified in novel BTBPE transformation. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) confirms the phototransformation mechanism is mainly via debromination accompanying with the breaking of ether bond. Computational toxicity assessment implies that transformation products of BTBPE still have the high kidney risks. Especially the bromophenols formed via the ether bond cleavage could significantly increase the health effects on skin irritation. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the photolytic behavior and potential risks of novel NBFRs and other structurally similar analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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7
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Badea SL, Geana EI, Niculescu VC, Ionete RE. Recent progresses in analytical GC and LC mass spectrometric based-methods for the detection of emerging chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their transformation products in aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137914. [PMID: 32208267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper is an overview of screening methods recently developed for emerging halogenated contaminants and their transformation products. The target screening methods are available only for a limited number of emerging pollutants since the reference standards for these compounds are not always available, but a risk assessment of those micropollutants in environment must be performed anyhow. Therefore, the chromatographic techniques hyphenated with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) trend to become indispensable methods for suspect and non-target screening of emerging halogenated contaminants. HRMS is also an effective tool for tentatively identification of the micropollutants' transformation products existing in much lower concentrations. To assess the transformation pathway of halogenated contaminants in environment, the non-target screening methods must be combined with biodegradation lab experiments and also with advanced oxidation and reduction processes that can mimic the transformation on these contaminants in environment. It is expected that in the future, the accurate-mass full-spectra of transformation products recorded by HRMS will be the basic information needed to elucidate the transformation pathways of emerging halogenated contaminants in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Violeta-Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
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8
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Fort DJ, Mathis M, Fort C, Fort TD, Guiney PD, Weeks JA. Polybrominated Diphenylether (DE-71) Exposure Skews Phenotypic Sex Ratio, and Alters Steroid Hormone Levels and Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities in Juvenile Silurana tropicalis. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:63-74. [PMID: 31393593 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the brominated flame-retardant mixture, DE-71, on gonadal steroidogenesis during sexual differentiation in Silurana tropicalis was examined. A partial lifecycle study exposing S. tropicalis to varying concentrations of DE-71 (0.0, 0.65, 1.3, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/L [nominal]) was conducted from early gastrula-stage embryo to 150 d post-metamorphosis (dpm). Exposure of S. tropicalis to DE-71 induced liver necrosis and induced abnormal ovary development characterized by previtellogenic oocyte necrosis and arrested development of vitellogenic oocytes in females in a concentration-dependent manner. Decreased mean plasma DHT and T, gonad T, and increased mean plasma E2 levels were found in 150 dpm DE-71-treated male S. tropicalis compared to controls. Plasma E2 levels in females were not significantly altered compared to control S. tropicalis, although lower plasma and gonad T were detected. Mean gonadal CYP 19 aromatase activity in both male and female S. tropicalis exposed to DE-71 was not appreciably affected. Decreased mean male 5α-reductase and CYP17 activities in both male and females were observed compared to control frogs. Overall, these studies suggested that PBDE exposure induced liver necrosis and abnormal ovary development; and reduced circulating and gonadal androgens resulting in a phenotypic skew in sex ratio toward the female sex in S. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chelsea Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Inc. Stillwater, OK.,Current Address - Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Oklahoma - Central Division, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Troy D Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Inc. Stillwater, OK.,Current Address - Cognitive and Neurobiological Approaches to Plasticity (CNAP), Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Patrick D Guiney
- S.C. Johnson & Son, Racine, WI.,Current Address - University of Wisconsin, Stoughton, WI
| | - John A Weeks
- S.C. Johnson & Son, Racine, WI.,Current Address - Weeks Entox, Knoxville, TN
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9
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Ganci AP, Vane CH, Abdallah MAE, Moehring T, Harrad S. Legacy PBDEs and NBFRs in sediments of the tidal River Thames using liquid chromatography coupled to a high resolution accurate mass Orbitrap mass spectrometer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1355-1366. [PMID: 30677996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediment samples (n = 45) were collected along a 110 km transect of the river Thames in October 2011, starting from Teddington Lock out through the industrial area of London to the southern North Sea. Several legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were analysed, including 13 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (congeners 17, 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 196, 197, 206, 207 and 209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB or TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP or TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), anti/syn-dechlorane plus (a/s-DP), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB153) and α-,β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (α-,β-DBE-DBCH or TBECH). A novel analysis method based on liquid chromatographic separation, followed by high resolution accurate mass detection using the Orbitrap platform was used for quantification. Results revealed that BDE-209 had the highest concentrations (<0.1 to 540 μg kg-1 dw) and detection frequency, accounting for 95% of all PBDE congeners measured. Indicative evidence of debromination of the PentaBDE technical mixture was observed through elevated relative abundance of BDE-28 in sediment compared to the Penta-BDE formulation. NBFRs were detected at comparable levels to PBDEs (excluding BDE-209), which indicates increasing use of the former. Spatial trend analysis showed that samples from industrial areas had significantly higher concentrations of Σ12PBDEs, ΣHBCDDs, TBBPA, BEH-TEBP, BTBPE and TBP. Three locations showed high concentrations of HBCDDs with diastereomer patterns comparable to the technical mixture, which indicate recent input sources to the sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide P Ganci
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed A-E Abdallah
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Thomas Moehring
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (GmbH) Bremen, Hanna-Kunath-Str. 11, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stuart Harrad
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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10
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Di Lorenzo RA, Lobodin VV, Cochran J, Kolic T, Besevic S, Sled JG, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ. Fast gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure (photo)ionization mass spectrometry of polybrominated diphenylether flame retardants. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:70-78. [PMID: 30797463 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are powerful, complementary techniques for the analysis of environmental toxicants. Currently, most GC-MS instruments employ electron ionization under vacuum, but the concept of coupling GC to atmospheric pressure ionization (API) is attracting revitalized interest. API conditions are inherently compatible with a wide range of ionization techniques as well high carrier gas flows that enable fast GC separations. This study reports on the application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and a custom-built photoionization (APPI) source for the GC-MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a ubiquitous class of flame retardants. Photoionization of PBDEs resulted in the abundant formation of molecular ions M•+ with very little fragmentation. Some photo-oxidation was observed, which differentiated critical BDE isomers. Formation of protonated molecules [M+H]+ did not occur in GC-APPI because the ionization energy of H2O (clusters) exceeds the energy of the ionizing photons. Avoiding mixed-mode ionization is a major advantage of APPI over APCI, which requires careful control of the source conditions. A fast GC-API-MS method was developed using helium and nitrogen carrier gases that provides good separation of critical isomers (BDE-49/71) and elution of BDE 209 in less than 7 min (with He) and 15 min (with N2). It will be shown that the GC-APPI and GC-APCI methods match the sensitivity and improve upon the selectivity and throughput of established methods for the analysis of PBDEs using standard reference materials (NIST SRM 1944 and SRM 2585) and selected environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Vladislav V Lobodin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| | - Jack Cochran
- VUV Analytics, 715 Discovery Blvd. Suite 502, Cedar Park, TX, 78613, USA
| | - Terry Kolic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sladjana Besevic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
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11
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Li B, Wang K, Ma LX, Sun SJ, Jia LR, Yuan AN, Shen JM, Qi H, Zhang AP. Deca-BDE and alternative halogenated flame retardants in a wastewater treatment plant in Harbin (2009-2016): Occurrence, temporal trends, seasonal variation, and fate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1156-1163. [PMID: 29996412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first attempt to comprehensively investigate deca-BDE and alternative flame retardants in a wastewater treatment plant in such a long term in China (2009-2016). Influent, effluent and sludge samples were collected. The mean concentration of deca-BDE, Σ19NBFRs and ΣDPs in influent were 311.5, 76.0 and 1.4ng/L, respectively, which were at the low end of the global range. The levels of deca-BDE, Σ19NBFRs and ΣDPs in effluent were range from 9.5-68.6, 4.1-38.5 and BLD-1.6ng/L, respectively. In sludge samples, the mean concentrations were 406.7, 510.5 and 6.9ng/g dw for deca-BDE, Σ19NBFRs and ΣDPs. The concentration of temporal trends in this study may reflected the release of those compounds. Compared to the beginning year of this study, the usage of deca-BDE was decreased but the usage of total NBFRs and DPs presented sustained increase over the sampling period. There were no significant variation of deca-BDE, NBFRs and DPs in the wastewater treatment plant in Harbin was observed in the four seasons except for NBFRs in influents, which the Σ19NBFRs mean concentration in influents in the summer was statistically significantly higher than that in winter indicating that NBFRs was easier impacted by temperature compared to deca-BDE and DPs. In addition, sorption and accumulation to sludge was the major removal mechanism for those compounds, accounting for 73.3% to 89.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Li-Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shao-Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lin-Ran Jia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - An-Ni Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ji-Min Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - An-Ping Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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12
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Kharlyngdoh JB, Pradhan A, Olsson PE. Androgen receptor modulation following combination exposure to brominated flame-retardants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4843. [PMID: 29556062 PMCID: PMC5859252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds can interfere with androgen receptor (AR) signaling and disrupt steroidogenesis leading to reproductive failure. The brominated flame-retardant (BFR) 1, 2-dibromo-4-(1, 2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), is an agonist to human, chicken and zebrafish AR. Recently another group of alternative BFRs, allyl 2, 4, 6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), and 2, 3-dibromopropyl 2, 4, 6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) along with its metabolite 2-bromoallyl 2, 4, 6-tribromophenyl ether (BATE) were identified as potent human AR antagonists. These alternative BFRs are present in the environment. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of mixed exposures to the AR agonist and the AR antagonists at environmentally relevant concentrations. In vitro reporter luciferase assay showed that the AR antagonists, when present at concentration higher than TBECH, were able to inhibit TBECH-mediated AR activity. These AR antagonists also promoted AR nuclear translocation. In vitro gene expression analysis in the non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell RWPE1 showed that TBECH induced AR target genes whereas DPTE repressed these genes. Further analysis of steroidogenic genes showed that TBECH up-regulated most of the genes while DPTE down-regulated the same genes. The results indicate that when TBECH and DPTE are present together they will antagonize each other, thereby reducing their individual effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joubert Banjop Kharlyngdoh
- Biology, Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.,Glomerular Disease Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Centre, IL-60612, Chicago, USA
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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13
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Fernie KJ, Letcher RJ. Waste-water treatment plants are implicated as an important source of flame retardants in insectivorous tree swallows (Tachicyneta bicolor). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:29-39. [PMID: 29248750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important source of anthropogenic chemicals, including organic flame retardants (FRs). Limited studies indicate birds can be exposed to FRs by feeding from waters receiving WWTP effluent or in fields receiving biosolids. Expanding on our earlier study, 47 legacy and 18 new FR contaminants were characterized in the eggs of insectivorous tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) feeding in water bodies receiving effluent from two WWTPs and compared to those from a reference site 19 km downstream of the nearest WWTP. Of the FRs measured, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) dominated the FR profile, specifically BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154, with considerably lower concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), BDE-183 and BDE-209; each detected in 96-100% of the eggs overall except HBCDD (83%). FR concentrations were usually significantly greater in eggs from the secondary WWTP versus the tertiary WWTP and/or reference site. Despite low detection rates, concentrations of new FRs, specifically pentabromobenzyl acrylate (PBBA), 1,2,-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP), tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene (TBCT), hexabromobenzene (HBB), α- and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (DBE-DBCH), were greater than HBCDD or BDE-209. Additional evidence that WWTPs are an important source of exposure to new FR contaminants for birds utilizing associated water bodies is that only the WTTP eggs, not the reference eggs, had measureable concentrations of PBBA, TBCT, BEHTBP, HBB, α-DBE-DBCH, 2,2',4,5,5'-pentabromobiphenyl (BB-101), pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether (TBPAE), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). Our study suggests that WWTPs are an important source of legacy and new FR contaminants for birds consuming prey that are associated with WWTP out-flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Fernie
- Ecotoxiciology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Center for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 1A1, Canada.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
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14
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Determination of halogenated flame retardants by GC-API-MS/MS and GC-EI-MS: a multi-compound multi-matrix method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1375-1387. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Influence of natural organic matter on the extraction efficiency of flame retardants from surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Samanipour S, Dimitriou-Christidis P, Nabi D, Arey JS. Elevated Concentrations of 4-Bromobiphenyl and 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene Found in Deep Water of Lake Geneva Based on GC×GC-ENCI-TOFMS and GC×GC-μECD. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:641-652. [PMID: 31457461 PMCID: PMC6641002 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We quantified the concentrations of two little-studied brominated pollutants, 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (TBB) and 4-bromobiphenyl (4BBP), in the deep water column and sediments of Lake Geneva. We found aqueous concentrations of 625 ± 68 pg L-1 for TBB and 668 ± 86 pg L-1 for 4BBP over a depth range of 70-191.5 m (near-bottom depth), based on duplicate measurements taken at five depths during three separate 1 month sampling periods at our sampling site near Vidy Bay. These levels of TBB and 4BBP were 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than the quantified aqueous concentrations of the components of the pentabrominated biphenyl ether technical mixture, which is a flame retardant product that had a high production volume in Europe before 2001. We observed statistically significant vertical concentration trends for both TBB and 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromobiphenyl ether in the deep water column, which indicates that transport and/or degradation processes affect these compounds. These measurements were enabled by application of a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to an electron capture negative chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-ENCI-TOFMS) and to a micro-electron capture detector (GC×GC-μECD). GC×GC-ENCI-TOFMS and GC×GC-μECD were found to be >10× more sensitive toward brominated pollutants than conventional GC×GC-EI-TOFMS (with an electron impact (EI) ionization source), the latter of which had insufficient sensitivity to detect these emerging brominated pollutants in the analyzed samples. GC×GC also enabled the estimation of several environmentally relevant partitioning properties of TBB and 4BBP, further confirming previous evidence that these pollutants are bioaccumulative and have long-range transport potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saer Samanipour
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE LMCE GR C2 544 Station
2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Petros Dimitriou-Christidis
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE LMCE GR C2 544 Station
2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Firmenich, Route des Jeunes 1, 1227 Les Acacias, Switzerland
| | - Deedar Nabi
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE LMCE GR C2 544 Station
2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bigelow
Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United
States
| | - J. Samuel Arey
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE LMCE GR C2 544 Station
2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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17
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Analysis of brominated flame retardants and their derivatives by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization using gas chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 162:618-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Development and comparison of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of flame retardants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Brasseur C, Pirard C, L'homme B, De Pauw E, Focant JF. Measurement of emerging dechloranes in human serum using modulated gas chromatography coupled to electron capture negative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2545-2554. [PMID: 27654949 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quite recently, the presence of significant amounts of several emerging Dechlorane (Dec) flame retardants (FRs) was reported in environmental and biota samples, principally from Canada and China, but also from Europe. Several molecules were identified, e.g. Dec 602, 603, 604, Dechlorane Plus (DP), and Chlordene Plus (CP). Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to electron ionization (EI) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is typically used for their measurement in various matrices based on hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) fragment ions at m/z 271.8102/273.8072. METHODS We investigated the use of GC with cryogenic zone compression and electron capture negative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CZC-GC/ECNI-TOFMS) to measure Dechlorane compounds at low levels in human serum. The TOFMS instrument provided a resolving power of 5000 (FWHM) with an acquisition rate of 25 Hz and was equipped with a specific low thermal emission filament, which allowed it to perform reproducibly in ECNI mode at ion source temperatures as low as 140°C, thus yielding a signal for the molecular ion cluster. RESULTS The method provided comparable sensitivity to the GC/EI-SectorHRMS technique used in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, and specificity for the target Dechlorane compounds. The method was applied on human serum samples and quantification was performed for Dec 602, Dec 603, and CP, ranging from 0.1 to 10 ng/g lipid weight levels. The main drawbacks of the method are the high instrument detection limits (IDLs) obtained for DP and Dec 604. The method would benefit from even softer ionization and better ion transmission. CONCLUSIONS The main advantages of the present method are the selectivity, as detection is based on the molecular ion signal, and the use of good mass accuracy combined with isotopic distribution calculation for molecular formulae investigation of halogenated compounds. This methodology should facilitate the monitoring of emerging Dechlorane contaminants in future studies, and possibly extend the scope to untargeted emerging analogues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Brasseur
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin L'homme
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Megson D, Robson M, Jobst KJ, Helm PA, Reiner EJ. Determination of Halogenated Flame Retardants Using Gas Chromatography with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) and a High-Resolution Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (HRqTOFMS). Anal Chem 2016; 88:11406-11411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Megson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School
of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Robson
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Karl J. Jobst
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Paul A. Helm
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Eric J. Reiner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
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21
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Lee SC, Sverko E, Harner T, Pozo K, Barresi E, Schachtschneider J, Zaruk D, DeJong M, Narayan J. Retrospective analysis of "new" flame retardants in the global atmosphere under the GAPS Network. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:62-69. [PMID: 26857525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis was conducted on air samples that were collected in 2005 under the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network around the time period when the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants came into force. Results are presented for several new flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), which was recently listed under the Convention (2013). These results represent the first global-scale distributions in air for these compounds. The targeted compounds are shown to have unique global distributions in air, which highlights the challenges in understanding the sources and environmental fate of each chemical, and ultimately in their assessments as persistent organic pollutants. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of using the PUF disk passive air sampler to study these new flame retardants in air, many of which exist entirely in the particle-phase as demonstrated in this study using a KOA-based partitioning model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sum Chi Lee
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada.
| | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, P.C. 407 01 29 Concepción, Chile; RECETOX, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3/126, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Enzo Barresi
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - JoAnne Schachtschneider
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Donna Zaruk
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Maryl DeJong
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Julie Narayan
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada
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22
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Badea SL, Niculescu VC, Ionete RE, Eljarrat E. Advances in enantioselective analysis of chiral brominated flame retardants. Current status, limitations and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1120-1130. [PMID: 27265736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective analysis is a powerful tool for the discrimination of biotic and abiotic transformation processes of chiral environmental contaminants because their environmental biodegradation is mostly stereospecific. However, it is challenging when applied to new contaminants since enantioselective analysis methods are currently available only for a limited number of compounds. The enantioselective analysis of chiral novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) either using gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) with various chiral stationary phases (CSP) coupled with various mass spectrometric techniques was extensively discussed. The elution order of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) enantiomers in chiral LC was reviewed using the experimental LC data combined also with predictions from a multi-mode Hamiltonian dynamics simulation model based on interaction energies of HBCD enantiomers with β-permethylated cyclodextrin. The further development of analytical methodologies for new chiral BFRs using advanced hyphenated analytical techniques, but also the next generation mass spectrometer analyzers (i.e. GC-Qrbitrap MS-MS, LC-Qrbitrap MS-MS), will contribute to a better characterization of the transformation pathways of chiral BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Violeta Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Megson D, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ, Dorman FL, Robson M, Focant JF. A review of the determination of persistent organic pollutants for environmental forensics investigations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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García-Bermejo Á, Mohr S, Herrero L, González MJ, Gómara B. Applicability of Gas Chromatography (GC) Coupled to Triple-Quadrupole (QqQ) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) and Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR) Determinations in Functional Foods Enriched in Omega-3. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7265-7274. [PMID: 27600263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the optimization, characterization, and applicability of gas chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ(MS/MS)) for the determination of 14 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 2 emerging brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), in functional food samples. The method showed satisfactory precision and linearity with instrumental limits of detection (iLODs) ranging from 0.12 to 7.1 pg, for tri- to octa-BDEs and BTBPE, and equal to 51 and 20 pg for BDE-209 and DBDPE, respectively. The highest ΣBFR concentrations were found in fish oil supplements (924 pg/g fresh weight, fw), followed by biscuits (90 pg/g fw), vegetable oil supplements (46 pg/g fw), chicken eggs (45 pg/g fw), cow's milk (7.7 pg/g fw), and soy products (1.6 pg/g fw). BDE-47, BDE-99, and DBDPE were the most abundant compounds. Foodstuffs enriched with omega-3 presented concentrations similar to or even lower than those of conventional foods commercialized in Spain since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Bermejo
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mohr
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Marı́ (UFSM) , Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 42, Sala 3135, 97105-900, Santa Marı́, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José González
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Li WL, Liu LY, Song WW, Zhang ZF, Qiao LN, Ma WL, Li YF. Five-year trends of selected halogenated flame retardants in the atmosphere of Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:286-293. [PMID: 26363723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study collected 227 pairs of gas phase and particle phase air samples in a typical urban city of Northeast China from 2008 to 2013. Four alternative halogenated flame retardants for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, namely 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP), syn-dechlorane plus (syn-DP) and anti-dechlorane plus (anti-DP). The average concentrations for EHTBB and BEHTBP were 5.2 ± 20 and 30 ± 200 pg/m3, respectively, while for syn-DP and anti-DPwere 1.9±5.1 and 5.8±18 pg/m3, respectively. Generally, they were frequently detected in the particle phase, and the gas/particle partitioning suggested they were the maximum partition chemicals. The fractional abundance of EHTBB (fEHTBB) and syn-DP (fsyn)were comparablewith those in other studies. Strong local sources were identified based on the air parcel backward trajectories and the potential source contribution function. The concentrations of these chemicals were significantly increased during this sampling campaign, possibly suggesting their increasing usages from 2008 to 2013 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada.
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Xu P, Tao B, Ye Z, Qi L, Ren Y, Zhou Z, Li N, Huang Y, Chen J. Simultaneous determination of three alternative flame retardants (dechlorane plus, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane, and decabromodiphenyl ethane) in soils by gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 144:1014-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saunders DMV, Podaima M, Wiseman S, Giesy JP. Effects of the brominated flame retardant TBCO on fecundity and profiles of transcripts of the HPGL-axis in Japanese medaka. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 160:180-187. [PMID: 25646719 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The novel brominated flame retardant, 1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO) is an additive flame retardant which is marketed under the trade name Saytex BCL-48. TBCO has recently been investigated as a potential alternative to the major use brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), which could have major implications for significant increases in amounts of TBCO used. Yet there is a lack of information regarding potential toxicities of TBCO. Recently, results of in vitro experiments have demonstrated the potential of TBCO to modulate endocrine function through interaction with estrogen and androgen receptors and via alterations to the synthesis of 17-β-estradiol and testosterone. Further research is required to determine potential endocrine disrupting effects of TBCO in vivo. In this experiment a 21-day fecundity assay with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) was conducted to examine endocrine disrupting effects of TBCO in vivo. Medaka were fed a diet containing either 607 or 58μg TBCO/g food, wet mass (wm). Fecundity, measured as cumulative deposition of eggs and fertilization of eggs, as well as abundances of transcripts of 34 genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis were measured as indicators of holistic endocrine disruption and to determine mechanisms of effects, respectively. Cumulative fecundity was 18% lesser by medaka exposed to 58μg TBCO/g, wm food. However, fecundity of medaka exposed to 607μg TBCO/g, wm food was not significantly different from that of controls. Organ-specific and dose-dependent alterations to abundances of transcripts were observed in male and female medaka. A pattern of down-regulation of expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis, metabolism of cholesterol, and regulatory feedback mechanisms was observed in gonads from male and female medaka which had been exposed to the greater concentration of TBCO. However, these effects on expression of genes were not manifested in effects on fertilization of eggs or fecundity. In livers from male and female medaka exposed to the lesser concentration of TBCO greater expression of genes that respond to exposure to estrogens, including vitellogenin II, choriogenin H, and ERα, were observed. The results reported here confirm the endocrine disrupting potential of TBCO and elucidate potential mechanisms of effects which include specific patterns of alterations to abundances of transcripts of genes in the gonad and liver of medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Michelle Podaima
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Vorkamp K, Bossi R, Riget FF, Skov H, Sonne C, Dietz R. Novel brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in Greenland air and biota. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:284-291. [PMID: 25463724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Following the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, other halogenated flame retardants (FRs) might be used increasingly. This study has analyzed hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE), 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and dechloraneplus (DP) in Greenland air over the course of a year. Moreover, BTBPE, DPTE, DP, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were analyzed in samples of polar bear, ringed seal, black guillemot and glaucous gull from Greenland. HBCD in air appeared low, while mean concentrations of syn- and anti-DP were 2.3 and 5.2 pg/m(3), respectively. BTBPE and DPTE were undetectable in air. Detection frequencies in biota were <50% for BTBPE, TBPH and DBDPE, but near 100% for the remaining compounds. Ringed seals from East Greenland had highest mean concentrations of TBB, DPTE, syn- and anti-DP (1.02, 0.078, 0.096 and 0.42 ng/g wet weight, respectively). Our study documents the long-range transport and, to some extent, bioaccumulation of these novel FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Kim M, Guerra P, Alaee M, Smyth SA. Occurrence and fate of four novel brominated flame retardants in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13394-13404. [PMID: 24999183 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Four novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), i.e., decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were studied in 377 liquid samples and 288 solid samples collected from 20 wastewater treatment plants. Lagoon, primary, secondary, and advanced treatment processes were included, in order to investigate NBFR occurrence and the effects of WWTP operational conditions on NBFR removal. Median influent and effluent levels were 14 to 3,700 and 1.0 to 180 pg/L respectively, with DBDPE being the highest in both. Overall median removal efficiencies for DBDPE, BTBPE, HBB, and PBEB across all process types were 81 to 93, 76 to 98, 61 to 97, and 54 to 97 %, respectively with advanced treatment processes obtaining the best removals. NBFRs removal was related to retention time, surface loading rate, and biomass concentration. Median NBFR levels in treated biosolids were 80 to 32,000 pg/g, influenced by solids treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6
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Guo J, Li Z, Sandy AL, Li A. Method development for simultaneous analyses of multiple legacy and emerging organic chemicals in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1370:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Advances in Instrumental Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants: Current Status and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:651834. [PMID: 27433482 PMCID: PMC4897317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent advances and methodological improvements in instrumental techniques applied for the analysis of different brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The literature search strategy was based on the recent analytical reviews published on BFRs. The main selection criteria involved the successful development and application of analytical methods for determination of the target compounds in various environmental matrices. Different factors affecting chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of brominated analytes were evaluated and discussed. Techniques using advanced instrumentation to achieve outstanding results in quantification of different BFRs and their metabolites/degradation products were highlighted. Finally, research gaps in the field of BFR analysis were identified and recommendations for future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Xiang N, Chen L, Meng XZ, Li YL, Liu Z, Wu B, Dai L, Dai X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Shanghai: seasonal variations and potential sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:342-349. [PMID: 24793840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered an important medium for the transport and transformation of organic pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP). However, limited data on PBDEs and no data on DP were available regarding wastewater and sludge from China, especially in Shanghai, one of the most developed cities in China. This study examined the occurrence of PBDEs and DP in a conventional WWTP in Shanghai for one year. The levels of the total PBDEs in the influent and dewatered sludge ranged from 5.31 to 27.9 ng/L and 31.0 to 99.5 ng/g, respectively, which were at the low end of the global range. DP was reported in wastewater with a mean concentration of 0.46 ng/L (range: 0.05 to 1.40 ng/L) and sludge contained DP in the range of 1.1 to 2.0 ng/g. For both PBDEs and DP, there were no significant seasonal variations observed in the four seasons. Indoor dust and outdoor air could be two main sources of PBDEs and DP in the WWTP. In both the influent and sewage sludge, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener, with contributions to the total PBDE levels ranging from 52.9 to 82.6% and 82.7 to 84.0%, respectively. The fraction of anti-DP was consistently higher than that of syn-DP, and the average of fsyn ranged from 0.16 to 0.33, which fell in the range of two commercial DP mixtures. The annual releases of PBDEs and DP via sewage sludge from WWTPs in Shanghai were estimated to be 6,370 g and 164.8 g, respectively. The fate and risk of these compounds after being released into the environment require further research. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report on the occurrence of DP in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lingling Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Fromme H, Hilger B, Kopp E, Miserok M, Völkel W. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and "novel" brominated flame retardants in house dust in Germany. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 64:61-8. [PMID: 24368294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a wide variety of products such as electronic devices, upholstery and carpets and in insulation boards. The study presented here aimed to quantify the amounts of BFRs in house dust in Germany. For this purpose 20 residences' dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags and analysed with LC-MS/MS and simultaneously with GC/MS. Using GC/MS, the median (95th percentile) concentrations of PBDEs (sum of tetra- to hepta-congeners), BDE 209, Σ-HBCD (sum of three congeners), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were 42ng/g (230ng/g), 950ng/g (3426ng/g), 335ng/g (1545ng/g), and 146ng/g (1059ng/g), respectively. Using LC-MS/MS some "novel" flame retardants were found in median concentrations of 343ng/g (bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate, TBPH), and 28ng/g (tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA). Whilst 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) could not be detected. Based on these measurements an exposure assessment for the sum of tetra- to heptabrominated congeners, BDE 209, and Σ-HBCD resulted in a "high" daily intake for toddlers (based on 95th percentiles) of 1.2ng/kg b.w., 0.69ng/kg b.w., and 8.9ng/kg b.w., respectively. For TBPH the "high" intake was calculated at 4.1ng/kg b.w. and for DBDPE at 5.3ng/kg b.w. A clear tendency was observed to apply "novel" BFRs in Germany. Moreover, the results suggest that the recent exposure to PBDEs and HBCD via house dust in Germany is well below the levels that are associated with health effects. For the "novel" brominated flame retardants such an assessment is not possible due to limited toxicological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany.
| | - B Hilger
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - E Kopp
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - M Miserok
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - W Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
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Barón E, Santín G, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Occurrence of classic and emerging halogenated flame retardants in sediment and sludge from Ebro and Llobregat river basins (Spain). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 265:288-295. [PMID: 24295901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants such as hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoetilbenzene (PBEB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and Dechlorane plus (DP) were analyzed in 33 sediments and 7 sludges from two Iberian river basins, Ebro and Llobregat. In sediment samples, PBDE levels ranged between nd and 44.3ng/g dw with BDE-209 being the most abundant congener. Levels of DBDPE and halogenated norbornenes ranged between nd and 31.5ng/g dw and between nq and 3.74ng/g dw, respectively. This is the first study to report halogenated norbornene levels in sediment samples from Spain. PBDE, DBDPE and halogenated norbornene levels in sludge ranged from 13 to 340, nq to 124 and 2.7 to 19ng/g dw, respectively. HBB and PBEB were not detected in any sample. Levels of classic and emerging HFRs were compared. Our results suggest that DBDPE is the most frequently used compound to replace BDE-209, whereas the use of halogenated norbornenes is still low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Barón
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giselle Santín
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Richman LA, Kolic T, Macpherson K, Fayez L, Reiner E. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment and caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) deployed in the Niagara River. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:778-786. [PMID: 23648331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in caged mussels (Elliptio complanata), deployed in the Niagara River for 3weeks in 2003, 2004 and 2006 and in sediment collected from the river and tributaries. The highest concentrations (measured as the sum of 17 BDE congeners) were in mussels deployed within tributaries to the American side of the River (Cayuga Creek: 11.5ngg(-1) wet wt.; Two Mile Creek 9.5ngg(-1); and Gill Creek: 5.8ngg(-1)). In addition to contributions from the atmosphere, each urban tributary has multiple potential sources of PBDEs which include storm sewers, sewage treatment plants and industries located upstream of the sampling sites. Total PBDE concentrations in sediment ranged from 0.25 to 188ngg(-1). In general, mean mussel tissue concentrations were positively correlated with sediment BDE concentrations. Total PBDE concentrations were higher in mussels deployed at most sites in the Tonawanda Channel which is highly industrialised, compared with mussels deployed on the Canadian side of the upper Niagara River where the surrounding area is generally rural. The sum of BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -209 contributed between 92% and 96% of the total BDE concentrations in all of the mussel samples. BDE-209 represented between 39% and 100% of the total BDE in sediment samples. BSAFs in mussels ranged from 1 to 18 depending on the sampling station. Ratios of BDE-47/99 and BDE-100/99 and congener patterns in mussels and sediment were suggestive of the penta formulation as the historical source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Richman
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 125 Resources Rd., Etobicoke, ON, Canada M9P 3V6.
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Sapozhnikova Y, Lehotay SJ. Multi-class, multi-residue analysis of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel flame retardants in fish using fast, low-pressure gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 758:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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39
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Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes fish: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2639-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples - review. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2075-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fulara
- Central Laboratory; Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas; Katowice Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Environmental Protection Department; Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals; Gliwice Poland
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41
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Kopp E, Fromme H, Völkel W. Analysis of common and emerging brominated flame retardants in house dust using ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction and on-line sample preparation via column switching with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1241:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Davis EF, Klosterhaus SL, Stapleton HM. Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:1-7. [PMID: 22280921 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) face increasing restrictions worldwide, several alternate flame retardants are expected to see increased use as replacement compounds in consumer products. Chemical analysis of biosolids collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can help determine whether these flame retardants are migrating from the indoor environment to the outdoor environment, where little is known about their ultimate fate and effects. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of a suite of flame retardants, and the antimicrobial compound triclosan, in opportunistic samples of municipal biosolids and the domestic sludge Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2781. Grab samples of biosolids were collected from two WWTPs in North Carolina and two in California. Biosolids samples were also obtained during three subsequent collection events at one of the North Carolina WWTPs to evaluate fluctuations in contaminant levels within a given facility over a period of three years. The biosolids and SRM 2781 were analyzed for PBDEs, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), and the antimicrobial agent 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan). PBDEs were detected in every sample analyzed, and ΣPBDE concentrations ranged from 1750 to 6358ng/g dry weight. Additionally, the PBDE replacement chemicals TBB and TBPH were detected at concentrations ranging from 120 to 3749 ng/g dry weight and from 206 to 1631 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Triclosan concentrations ranged from 490 to 13,866 ng/g dry weight. The detection of these contaminants of emerging concern in biosolids suggests that these chemicals have the potential to migrate out of consumer products and enter the outdoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Davis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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43
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Fischer K, Fries E, Körner W, Schmalz C, Zwiener C. New developments in the trace analysis of organic water pollutants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:11-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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44
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Xiao H, Shen L, Su Y, Barresi E, Dejong M, Hung H, Lei YD, Wania F, Reiner EJ, Sverko E, Kang SC. Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: the Canadian High Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 161:154-161. [PMID: 22230080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (FRs) were monitored for approximately one year at two remote stations, namely Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau and Alert in the Canadian High Arctic. BDE-47 and 99 were the dominant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners at both sites. Atmospheric PBDE concentrations in Nam Co were generally lower than those at Alert. While significant seasonal variations were observed for PBDEs at Alert, the FR concentrations at Nam Co showed no significant seasonality, even though air masses originated from distinctly different regions during different seasons. This suggests that FRs in Tibet do not have regional sources, but are reflective of truly global background contamination. Three new FRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) and bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) were detected at relatively high concentrations at both sites. This is the first report of these FRs in the remote global atmosphere and suggests significant potential for long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
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45
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A review of the analysis of novel brominated flame retardants. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1219:15-28. [PMID: 22172654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a summary of various analytical methodologies applied to the determination of "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in various environmental compartments, as reported in peer reviewed literature, either in print or online, until the end of 2010. NBFRs are defined here as those brominated flame retardants (BFRs) which are either new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. The preparation and extraction of sediment, water, sewage sludge, soil, air and marine biota samples, the extract clean-up/fractionation and subsequent instrumental analysis of NBFRs are described and critically examined. Generally, while the instrumental analysis step mainly relies on mass-spectrometric detection specifically developed for NBFRs, and hyphenated to liquid or gas chromatography, preceding steps tend to replicate methodologies applied to the determination of traditional BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Shortcomings and gaps are discussed and recommendations for future development are given.
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46
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Analytical characteristics and determination of major novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor dust. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3073-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Shen L, Reiner EJ, MacPherson KA, Kolic TM, Helm PA, Richman LA, Marvin CH, Burniston DA, Hill B, Brindle ID, McCrindle R, Chittim BG. Dechloranes 602, 603, 604, Dechlorane Plus, and Chlordene Plus, a newly detected analogue, in tributary sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:693-699. [PMID: 21133428 DOI: 10.1021/es1027844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A chlorinated compound (Chlordene Plus, CP), structurally related to Dechloranes (Dec) 602, 603, 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP), was identified, and concentrations and spatial trends of Dec 602, 603, 604, CP, and DP in tributary sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes are reported. The dechloranes were widely detected with their concentrations varying considerably across the Great Lakes basin. Spatial trends of Dec 602, 604, and DP in Canadian tributary sediments were similar to that of BDE 209, which suggested these flame retardant chemicals in tributaries were associated with industrial and urban areas. The highest concentrations of Dec 602, 604, and DP observed in tributaries of the Niagara River confirmed that past or ongoing manufacturing of these compounds at plants along the river were important sources to Lake Ontario. Dec 603 was detected in technical products of aldrin and dieldrin, and its spatial trend was consistent with historic pesticide usage. Similarly, CP was detected in technical products of chlordene and chlordane, and it was found in higher concentrations in sediments near urban areas, possibly related to past chlordane use in home termite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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48
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de la Torre A, Sverko E, Alaee M, Martínez MÁ. Concentrations and sources of Dechlorane Plus in sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:692-697. [PMID: 21122888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge from 31 urban Spanish wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) was analyzed for the emerging halogenated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of the two major isomers in the technical mixture, syn and anti, ranged between 0.903-19.2 and 1.55-75.1ngg(-1) dry weight, respectively. Overall, concentrations of DP were lower than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9.10-995ngg(-1) dry weight) and this is likely related to the higher usage of brominated flame retardants. The average ratio of the syn isomer to total DP (f(syn)) was 0.28±0.05, which is similar to that of the commercial mixture. Comparing different wastewater treatment methods, we found lower concentrations in those using biological nitrogen and phosphorous elimination, suggesting that DP is susceptible to microbial degradation and that anti-DP is more so, given the enrichment of syn-DP in the sewage sludge. Principal components analysis revealed significant positive correlation (r=0.619, p<0.05) between total DP concentrations with the contribution of industrial input to waste streams. This implies release of DP is related to industrial activity, likely stemming from the use of the technical product during manufacture of consumer goods. However, use and disposal of products containing DP could not be dismissed. According to our knowledge, this is the first report on DP in WWTP sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián de la Torre
- Persistent Organic Pollutants Group, Environment Department, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 22, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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49
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Single-run determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) di- to deca-brominated in fish meal, fish oil and fish feed by isotope dilution: Application of automated sample purification and gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS). Anal Chim Acta 2010; 672:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Reiner EJ. The analysis of dioxins and related compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:526-559. [PMID: 19672939 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other related compounds requires complex sample preparation and analytical procedures using highly sensitive and selective state-of-the-art instrumentation to meet very stringent data quality objectives. The analytical procedures (extraction, sample preparation), instrumentation (chromatographic separation and detection by mass spectrometry) and screening techniques for the determination of dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and related compounds with a focus on new approaches and alternate techniques to standard regulatory methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6.
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