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Alterations in metabolic flux in migraine and the translational relevance. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:127. [PMID: 36175833 PMCID: PMC9523955 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder with significant economical and personal burden. Despite the development of effective therapeutics, the causes which precipitate migraine attacks remain elusive. Clinical studies have highlighted altered metabolic flux and mitochondrial function in patients. In vivo animal experiments can allude to the metabolic mechanisms which may underlie migraine susceptibility. Understanding the translational relevance of these studies are important to identifying triggers, biomarkers and therapeutic targets in migraine. MAIN BODY Functional imaging studies have suggested that migraineurs feature metabolic syndrome, exhibiting hallmark features including upregulated oxidative phosphorylation yet depleted available free energy. Glucose hypometabolism is also evident in migraine patients and can lead to altered neuronal hyperexcitability such as the incidence of cortical spreading depression (CSD). The association between obesity and increased risk, frequency and worse prognosis of migraine also highlights lipid dysregulation in migraine pathology. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) has demonstrated an important role in sensitisation and nociception in headache, however its role in metabolic regulation in connection with migraine has not been thoroughly explored. Whether impaired metabolic function leads to increased release of peptides such as CGRP or excessive nociception leads to altered flux is yet unknown. CONCLUSION Migraine susceptibility may be underpinned by impaired metabolism resulting in depleted energy stores and altered neuronal function. This review discusses both clinical and in vivo studies which provide evidence of altered metabolic flux which contribute toward pathophysiology. It also reviews the translational relevance of animal studies in identifying targets of biomarker or therapeutic development.
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Zhu XH, Lee BY, Chen W. Functional energetic responses and individual variance of the human brain revealed by quantitative imaging of adenosine triphosphate production rates. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:959-972. [PMID: 29633649 PMCID: PMC5998995 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18769039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellular ATP energy metabolism and regulation are essential for brain function and health. Given the high ATP expenditure at resting-state, it is not yet clear how the human brain at working-state can effectively regulate ATP production to meet higher energy requirement. Through quantitative measurement of regional cerebral ATP production rates and associated neurophysiological parameters in human visual cortex at rest and during visual stimulation, we found significant stimulus-induced and highly correlated neuroenergetic changes, indicating distinctive and complementary roles of the ATP synthesis reactions in supporting evoked neuronal activity and maintaining ATP homeostasis. We also uncovered large individual variances in the neuroenergetic responses and significant reductions in intracellular [H+] and free [Mg2+] during the stimulation. These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the brain ATP energy regulation and present a sensitive and much-needed neuroimaging tool for quantitatively assessing neuroenergetic state in healthy and diseased human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Zhu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Byeong-Yeul Lee
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Lee BY, Zhu XH, Woo MK, Adriany G, Schillak S, Chen W. Interleaved 31 P MRS imaging of human frontal and occipital lobes using dual RF coils in combination with single-channel transmitter-receiver and dynamic B 0 shimming. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:10.1002/nbm.3842. [PMID: 29073724 PMCID: PMC5736151 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In vivo 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a unique tool for the non-invasive study of brain energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. The assessment of bioenergetic impairment in different brain regions is essential to understand the pathophysiology and progression of human brain diseases. This article presents a simple and effective approach which allows the interleaved measurement of 31 P spectra and imaging from two distinct human brain regions of interest with dynamic B0 shimming capability. A transistor-transistor logic controller was employed to actively switch the single-channel X-nuclear radiofrequency (RF) transmitter-receiver between two 31 P RF surface coils, enabling the interleaved acquisition of two 31 P free induction decays (FIDs) from human occipital and frontal lobes within the same repetition time. Linear gradients were incorporated into the RF pulse sequence to perform the first-order dynamic shimming to further improve spectral resolution. The overall results demonstrate that the approach provides a cost-effective and time-efficient solution for reliable 31 P MRS measurement of cerebral phosphate metabolites and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolic fluxes from two human brain regions with high detection sensitivity and spectral quality at 7 T. The same design concept can be extended to acquire multiple spectra from more than two brain regions or can be employed for other magnetic resonance applications beyond the 31 P spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Yeul Lee
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Myung Kyun Woo
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Magnitsky S, Belka G, Sterner C, Pickup S, Chodosh L, Glickson J. Lactate detection in inducible and orthotopic Her2/neu mammary gland tumours in mouse models. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:35-42. [PMID: 22767445 PMCID: PMC3535525 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the steady state concentration of lactate in an inducible Her2/nue transgenic breast cancer mouse model and in tumours from the same Her2/neu model grown orthotopically. In vivo lactate was detected by MRS using the Hadamard encoded selective multiple quantum coherence pulse sequence (HadSelMQC) recently developed by our laboratory. A lower lactate signal was observed in the inducible tumours compared to orthotopic tumours in vivo, while ex vivo analysis of perchloric acid extracts revealed similar amounts of this metabolite in both models. Histological staining of mammary tumour specimens showed a much higher level of fat tissue in inducible tumours compared to the orthotopic model. Phantom studies with [3-(13) C] lactate indicated that a lipid environment could significantly reduce the T2 of lactate and impede its detection. The transgenic inducible model for breast cancer not only better recapitulated the biological aspects of the human disease but also provided additional characteristics related to in vivo detection of lactate that are not available in orthotopic or xenograft models. This study suggests that the level of lactate measured by the HadSelMQC pulse sequence may be underestimated in human patients in the presence of high lipid levels that are typically encountered in the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Magnitsky
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - G.K. Belka
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - C. Sterner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S. Pickup
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - L.A. Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J.D. Glickson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Reyngoudt H, Achten E, Paemeleire K. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in migraine: what have we learned so far? Cephalalgia 2012; 32:845-59. [PMID: 22763498 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412452048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize and evaluate proton ((1)H) and phosphorus ((31)P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings in migraine. METHODS A thorough review of (1)H and/or (31)P-MRS studies in any form of migraine published up to September 2011. RESULTS Some findings were consistent in all studies, such as a lack of ictal/interictal brain pH change and a disturbed energy metabolism, the latter of which is reflected in a drop in phosphocreatine content, both in the resting brain and in muscle following exercise. In a recent interictal study ATP was found to be significantly decreased in the occipital lobe of migraine with aura patients, reinforcing the concept of a mitochondrial component to the migraine threshold, at least in a subgroup of patients. In several studies a correlation between the extent of the energy disturbance and the clinical phenotype severity was apparent. Less consistent but still congruent with a disturbed energy metabolism is an observed lactate increase in the occipital cortex of several migraine subtypes (MwA, migraine with prolonged aura). No increases in brain glutamate levels were found. CONCLUSION The combined abnormalities found in MRS studies imply a mitochondrial component in migraine neurobiology. This could be due to a primary mitochondrial dysfunction or be secondary to, for example, alterations in brain excitability. The extent of variation in the data can be attributed to both the variable clinical inclusion criteria used and the variation in applied methodology. Therefore it is necessary to continue to optimize MRS methodology to gain further insights, especially concerning lactate and glutamate.
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Reyngoudt H, Paemeleire K, Descamps B, De Deene Y, Achten E. 31P-MRS demonstrates a reduction in high-energy phosphates in the occipital lobe of migraine without aura patients. Cephalalgia 2011; 31:1243-53. [PMID: 21289000 DOI: 10.1177/0333102410394675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in brain energy metabolism have been found between migraine patients and controls in previous phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) studies, most of them emphasizing migraine with aura (MwA). The aim of this study was to verify potential changes in resting-state brain energy metabolism in patients with migraine without aura (MwoA) compared to control subjects by (31)P-MRS at 3 tesla. METHODS Quantification was performed using the phantom replacement technique. MRS measurements were performed interictally and in the medial occipital lobe of 19 MwoA patients and 26 age-matched controls. RESULTS A significantly decreased phosphocreatine concentration ([PCr]) was found as in previous studies. While adenosine triphosphate concentration ([ATP]) was considered to be constant in previously published work, this study found a significant decrease in the measured [ATP] in MwoA patients. The inorganic phosphate ([P(i)]) and magnesium ([Mg(2+)]) concentrations were not significantly different between MwoA patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS The altered metabolic concentrations indicate that the energy metabolism in MwoA patients is impaired, certainly in a subgroup of patients. The actual decrease in [ATP] adds further strength to the theory of the presence of a mitochondrial component in the pathophysiology of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen Reyngoudt
- MR Department, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium.
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Gade TPF, Koutcher JA, Spees WM, Beattie BJ, Ponomarev V, Doubrovin M, Buchanan IM, Beresten T, Zakian KL, Le HC, Tong WP, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Blasberg RG, Gelovani JG. Imaging transgene activity in vivo. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2878-84. [PMID: 18413756 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The successful translation of gene therapy for clinical application will require the assessment of transgene activity as a measure of the biological function of a therapeutic transgene. Although current imaging permits the noninvasive detection of transgene expression, the critical need for quantitative imaging of the action of the expressed transgene has not been met. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) was applied to quantitatively delineate both the concentration and activity of a cytosine deaminase-uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (CD-UPRT) fusion enzyme expressed from a transgene. MRSI enabled the generation of anatomically accurate maps of the intratumoral heterogeneity in fusion enzyme activity. We observed an excellent association between the CD-UPRT concentration and activity and the percentage of CD-UPRT(+) cells. Moreover, the regional levels of UPRT activity, as measured by imaging, correlated well with the biological affect of the enzyme. This study presents a translational imaging paradigm for precise, in vivo measurements of transgene activity with potential applications in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence P F Gade
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Mayer D, Zahr NM, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. In vivo metabolite differences between the basal ganglia and cerebellum of the rat brain detected with proton MRS at 3T. Psychiatry Res 2007; 154:267-73. [PMID: 17346948 PMCID: PMC1892789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) enables non-invasive longitudinal tracking of brain chemistry changes that can accompany aging, neurodegenerative disease, drug addiction and experimental manipulations in animals modeling such conditions. J-coupled resonances, such as glutamate, which are highly relevant to neuropsychiatric conditions are difficult to resolve on a clinical 3T MR scanner using conventional one-dimensional MRS sequences. We, therefore, implemented Constant Time PRESS (CT-PRESS) to quantify major metabolite and neurotransmitter biochemical signals, including glutamate, in two brain regions of the rat, basal ganglia and cerebellum. We acquired spectra at two distinct time points in two independent groups of six rats and analyzed metabolite levels using either creatine or water as a reference. Our results provide evidence that CT-PRESS at 3T is adequate and reliable for in vivo detection and quantification of glutamate in the rat brain and that regional differences occur in the signal intensities of the major metabolites. That the directionality of the differences depends on whether creatine or water is used as a reference for metabolite levels emphasizes the benefit to in vivo MRS of incorporating methods to establish absolute baseline metabolite concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Mayer
- Radiology Department Lucas MRS/I Center Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P-273, Stanford, California 94305-5488, USA.
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Iotti S, Frassineti C, Sabatini A, Vacca A, Barbiroli B. Quantitative mathematical expressions for accurate in vivo assessment of cytosolic [ADP] and DeltaG of ATP hydrolysis in the human brain and skeletal muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1708:164-77. [PMID: 15953473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy affords the possibility of assessing in vivo the thermodynamic status of living tissues. The main thermodynamic variables relevant for the knowledge of the health of living tissues are: DeltaG of ATP hydrolysis and cytosolic [ADP], the latter as calculated from the apparent equilibrium constant of the creatine kinase reaction. In this study we assessed the stoichiometric equilibrium constant of the creatine kinase reaction by in vitro (31)P NMR measurements and computer calculations resulting to be: logK(CK)=8.00+/-0.07 at T=310 K and ionic strength I=0.25 M. This value refers to the equilibrium: PCr(2-)+ADP(3-)+ H(+)=Cr+ATP(4-). We also assessed by computer calculation the stoichiometric equilibrium constant of ATP hydrolysis obtaining the value: logK(ATP-hyd)=-12.45 at T=310 K and ionic strength I=0.25 M, which refers to the equilibrium: ATP(4-)+H(2)O=ADP(3-)+PO(4)(3-)+2H(+). Finally, we formulated novel quantitative mathematical expressions of DeltaG of ATP hydrolysis and of the apparent equilibrium constant of the creatine kinase reaction as a function of total [PCr], pH and pMg, all quantities measurable by in vivo (31)P MRS. Our novel mathematical expressions allow the in vivo assessment of cytosolic [ADP] and DeltaG of ATP hydrolysis in the human brain and skeletal muscle taking into account pH and pMg changes occurring in living tissues both in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Iotti
- Biochimica Clinica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata "D. Campanacci", Università di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Lyoo IK, Demopulos CM, Hirashima F, Ahn KH, Renshaw PF. Oral choline decreases brain purine levels in lithium-treated subjects with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: a double-blind trial using proton and lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5:300-6. [PMID: 12895208 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral choline administration has been reported to increase brain phosphatidylcholine levels. As phospholipid synthesis for maintaining membrane integrity in mammalian brain cells consumes approximately 10-15% of the total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pool, an increased availability of brain choline may lead to an increase in ATP consumption. Given reports of genetic studies, which suggest mitochondrial dysfunction, and phosphorus (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies, which report dysfunction in high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with bipolar disorder, the current study is designed to evaluate the role of oral choline supplementation in modifying high-energy phosphate metabolism in subjects with bipolar disorder. METHODS Eight lithium-treated patients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder, rapid cycling type were randomly assigned to 50 mg/kg/day of choline bitartrate or placebo for 12 weeks. Brain purine, choline and lithium levels were assessed using 1H- and 7Li-MRS. Patients received four to six MRS scans, at baseline and weeks 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12 of treatment (n = 40 scans). Patients were assessed using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGIS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YRMS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) at each MRS scan. RESULTS There were no significant differences in change-from-baseline measures of CGIS, YMRS, and HDRS, brain choline/creatine ratios, and brain lithium levels over a 12-week assessment period between the choline and placebo groups or within each group. However, the choline treatment group showed a significant decrease in purine metabolite ratios from baseline (purine/n-acetyl aspartate: coef = -0.08, z = -2.17, df = 22, p = 0.030; purine/choline: coef = -0.12, z = -1.97, df = 22, p = 0.049) compared to the placebo group, controlling for brain lithium level changes. Brain lithium level change was not a significant predictor of purine ratios. CONCLUSIONS The current study reports that oral choline supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in brain purine levels over a 12-week treatment period in lithium-treated patients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder, rapid-cycling type, which may be related to the anti-manic effects of adjuvant choline. This result is consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder inadequately meeting the demand for increased ATP production as exogenous oral choline administration increases membrane phospholipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyoon Lyoo
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Barbiroli B, Gaiani S, Lodi R, Iotti S, Tonon C, Clementi V, Donati G, Bolondi L. Abnormal brain energy metabolism shown by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic liver disease. Brain Res Bull 2002; 59:75-82. [PMID: 12372552 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to assess in vivo the brain bioenergetics of 28 patients with liver cirrhosis. Seven had clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE), nine hepatocellular carcinoma. 31P-MRS was performed by the DRESS localisation technique on occipital lobes. Brain phosphocreatine was significantly reduced in patients with or without overt HE, and inorganic phosphate was increased in both groups of patients. The cytosolic phosphorylation potential (PP), the relative rate of oxidative metabolism and the regulatory [ADP] were all abnormal. Brain PP was inversely correlated with serum ammonia concentration only in patients without liver cancer. The degree of bioenergetic failure was significantly higher in the presence of overt encephalopathy. We conclude that patients with liver cirrhosis had a derangement of brain energy metabolism, and that 31P-MRS offers a non-invasive method for investigating the underlying mechanisms of HE, with relevant implications in the identification and management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata D Campanacci, Bologna, Italy.
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Bottomley PA, Ouwerkerk R, Lee RF, Weiss RG. Four-angle saturation transfer (FAST) method for measuring creatine kinase reaction rates in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47:850-63. [PMID: 11979563 PMCID: PMC1995126 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2001] [Accepted: 01/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new fast method of measuring kinetic reaction rates for two-site chemical exchange is described. The method employs saturation transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and acquisition of only four spectra under partially saturated, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In two acquisitions one of the exchanging species is saturated; the other two employ a control saturation. Each pair of acquisitions is applied with two different flip angles, and the equilibrium magnetization, relaxation times, and reaction rates are calculated therefrom. This four-angle saturation transfer (FAST) method is validated theoretically using the Bloch equations modified for two-state chemical exchange. Potential errors in the rate measurements due to the effects of exchange are evaluated for creatine kinase (CK) metabolism modeled for skeletal and heart muscle, and are found to be < 5% for forward CK flux rates of 0.05 < or = k(f) < or = 1.0 s(-1), and up to a 90% depletion of phosphocreatine (PCr). The effect of too much or too little saturating irradiation on FAST appears to be comparable to that of the conventional saturation transfer method, although the relative performance deteriorates when spillover irradiation cuts the PCr signal by 50% or more. "FASTer" and " FASTest" protocols are introduced for dynamic CK studies wherein [PCr] and/or k(f) changes. These protocols permit the omission of one or two of the four acquisitions in repeat experiments, and the missing information is recreated from initial data via a new iterative algorithm. The FAST method is validated empirically in phosphorus ((31)P) MRS studies of human calf muscle at 1.5 T. FAST measurements of 10 normal volunteers yielded the same CK reaction rates measured by the conventional method (0.29 +/- 0.06 s(-1)) in the same subjects, but an average of seven times faster. Application of the FASTer algorithm to these data correctly restored missing information within seven iterations. Finally, the FAST method was combined with 1D spatially localized (31)P MRS in a study of six volunteers, yielding the same k(f) values independent of depth, in total acquisition times of 17-39 min. These timesaving FAST methods are enabling because they permit localized measurements of metabolic flux, which were previously impractical due to intolerably long scan times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Bottomley
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-0843, USA.
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Lodi R, Iotti S, Cortelli P, Pierangeli G, Cevoli S, Clementi V, Soriani S, Montagna P, Barbiroli B. Deficient energy metabolism is associated with low free magnesium in the brains of patients with migraine and cluster headache. Brain Res Bull 2001; 54:437-41. [PMID: 11306197 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess in vivo the brain cytosolic free magnesium concentration and the free energy released by the reaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis (DeltaG(ATPhyd)), the latter being an index of the cell's bioenergetics condition. We studied 78 patients with migraine in attack-free periods (7 with migraine stroke, 13 with migraine with prolonged aura, 37 with migraine with typical aura or basilar migraine, and 21 with migraine without aura), and 13 patients with cluster headache. In the occipital lobes of all subgroups of migraine and in cluster headache patients cytosolic free [Mg(2+)] as well as the free energy released by the reaction of ATP hydrolysis were significantly reduced. Among migraine patients, the level of free energy released by the reaction of ATP hydrolysis and the cytosolic free [Mg(2+)] showed a trend in keeping with the severity of clinical phenotype, both showing the lowest values in patients with migraine stroke and the highest in patients with migraine without aura. These results support our current hypothesis that the reduction in free [Mg(2+)] in tissues with mitochondrial dysfunction is secondary to the bioenergetics deficit, and are against a primary role of low brain cytosolic free [Mg(2+)] in causing the bioenergetics deficit in headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lodi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata D. Campanacci, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Serrai H, Nadal-Desbarats L, Poptani H, Glickson JD, Senhadji L. Lactate editing and lipid suppression by continuous wavelet transform analysis: application to simulated and (1)H MRS brain tumor time-domain data. Magn Reson Med 2000; 43:649-56. [PMID: 10800029 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(200005)43:5<649::aid-mrm6>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Determination of lactate concentrations in vivo is required in the noninvasive diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic monitoring of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke. An iterative filtering process based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) method in the time domain is proposed to isolate the lactate doublet signal from overlapping lipid resonances and estimate the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) parameters of the lactate methyl signal (signal amplitude, chemical shift, J-coupling and apparent transverse relaxation time (T*(2))). This method offers a number of advantages over the multiple quantum (MQ) and difference spectroscopy approaches, including: 1) full recovery of the lactate methyl signal, whereas the MQ methods usually detect 50% of the signal intensity; 2) in contrast to MQ methods, the lipid signal is retained together with J-coupling data on the lactate peak; 3) the CWT method is much less sensitive to motion artifacts than difference spectroscopy. Application of the method to simulated and real (1)H MRS data collected from human blood plasma and brain tumors demonstrated that this filter provides accurate estimates of the MRS parameters of the lactate doublet and efficiently removes lipid contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Serrai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Barbiroli B, Iotti S, Cortelli P, Martinelli P, Lodi R, Carelli V, Montagna P. Low brain intracellular free magnesium in mitochondrial cytopathies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19:528-32. [PMID: 10326720 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199905000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied, by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS), the occipital lobes of 19 patients with mitochondrial cytopathies to clarify the functional relation between energy metabolism and concentration of cytosolic free magnesium. All patients displayed defective mitochondrial respiration with low phosphocreatine concentration [PCr] and high inorganic phosphate concentration [Pi] and [ADP]. Cytosolic free [Mg2+] and the readily available free energy (defined as the actual free energy released by the exoergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis, i.e., deltaG(ATPhyd)) were abnormally low in all patients. Nine patients were treated with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which improved the efficiency of the respiratory chain, as shown by an increased [PCr], decreased [Pi] and [ADP], and increased availability of free energy (more negative value of deltaG(ATPhyd)). Treatment with CoQ also increased cytosolic free [Mg2+] in all treated patients. The authors findings demonstrate low brain free [Mg2+] in our patients and indicate that it resulted from failure of the respiratory chain. Free Mg2+ contributes to the absolute value of deltaG(ATPhyd). The results also are consistent with the view that cytosolic [Mg2+] is regulated in the intact brain cell to equilibrate, at least in part, any changes in rapidly available free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbiroli
- Biochimica Clinica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata D. Campanacci, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Barbiroli B, Martinelli P, Patuelli A, Lodi R, Iotti S, Cortelli P, Montagna P. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1999; 14:430-5. [PMID: 10348465 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(199905)14:3<430::aid-mds1007>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy on the occipital lobes of 15 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA; eight with olivopontocerebellar atrophy [OPCA] and seven with the striatonigral degeneration variant [SND]), 13 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), and 16 age-matched healthy subjects. The MSA group showed significantly reduced phosphocreatine (PCr), increased inorganic phosphate (Pi), and unchanged cytosolic free [Mg2+], and pH. We did not find any significant difference between the OPCA and SND variants. However, patients with PD showed significantly increased content of Pi, decreased cytosolic free [Mg2+], and unchanged [PCr] and pH. Comparing the MSA and PD groups, [PCr] was significantly lower in MSA than in PD, whereas cytosolic free [Mg2+] was significantly lower in PD. Despite a certain degree of overlap of [PCr] and [Mg2+] values between the two groups, by considering both variables at the same time it was possible to classify correctly 93% of cases by discriminant analysis. We conclude that phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy discloses abnormal phosphate metabolite and ion contents in both MSA and PD, respectively, and may provide noninvasive diagnostic help to differentiate MSA from PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbiroli
- Biochimica Clinica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata D. Campanacci, Università di Bologna, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Multislice, two-dimensional phosphorus 31 spectroscopic imaging (SI) of human brain was performed in 15 normal volunteers on a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance system. Images of free magnesium concentrations and pH as well as phosphoesters, inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were calculated from the SI data. By using the equations of Golding and Golding (Magn. Reson. Med. 1995;33: 467-474), average [Mg2+] for all brain regions studied was 0.42+/-0.05 mM, whereas average brain pH was found to be 7.07+/-0.03, with no significant regional variations. Phosphorus metabolite concentrations (relative to ATP, assumed to be 3.0 mM/kg wet weight)were 5.39+/-1.88, 1.30+/-0.39, 5.97+/-3.17, and 4.33+/-1.45 mM/kg wet weight for phosphomonoesters, inorganic phosphate, phosphodiesters, and phosphocreatine (PCr), respectively. These values are in good general agreement with those reported previously. Typical signal-to-noise ratios of 15:1 were obtained for PCr in spectra from nominal 31.5 cc voxel sizes with a 34-min scan time. Limits on spatial resolution and the likely error of the magnesium and pH values are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Barker
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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19
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Barbiroli B, Iotti S, Lodi R. Improved brain and muscle mitochondrial respiration with CoQ. An in vivo study by 31P-MR spectroscopy in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies. Biofactors 1999; 9:253-60. [PMID: 10416038 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520090221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We used in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to study the effect of CoQ10 on the efficiency of brain and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in ten patients with mitochondrial cytopathies. Before CoQ, brain [PCr] was remarkably lower in patients than in controls, while [Pi] and [ADP] were higher. Brain cytosolic free [Mg2+] and delta G of ATP hydrolysis were also abnormal in all patients. MRS also revealed abnormal mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscles of all patients, as shown by a decreased rate of PCr recovery from exercise. After six-months of treatment with CoQ (150 mg/day), all brain MRS-measurable variables as well as the rate of muscle mitochondrial respiration were remarkably improved in all patients. These in vivo findings show that treatment with CoQ in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies improves mitochondrial respiration in both brain and skeletal muscles, and are consistent with Lenaz's view that increased CoQ concentration in the mitochondrial membrane increases the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation independently of enzyme deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata D. Campanacci, Università di Bologna, Italy.
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20
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Barbiroli B, Iotti S, Lodi R. Aspects of human bioenergetics as studied in vivo by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochimie 1998; 80:847-53. [PMID: 9893943 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(00)88879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We outline the relevant capabilities of in vivo phosphorus MR spectroscopy by discussing some aspects of normal human biochemistry as studied by this technique. The transport of inorganic phosphate from cytosol into mitochondria in the human skeletal muscle was studied by exploiting a new experimental protocol. We found that Pi was transported into mitochondria in the absence of ATP biosynthesis and in the presence of a pH gradient. The control of CoQ on the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle and brain was studied by administering CoQ to patients with mitochondrial cytopathies due to known enzyme defects. Before CoQ we had detected a relevant reduction of mitochondrial functionality in the skeletal muscle as shown by the reduced rate of phosphocreatine recovery from exercise, and in the occipital lobes by reduced [phosphocreatine] and a high [ADP] and [Pi]. After CoQ all brain variables were remarkably improved. Treatment with CoQ also improved the rate of muscle phosphocreatine recovery from exercise. Our in vivo findings support the hypothesis that the concentration of CoQ rather than the rate of its lateral diffusion in the mitochondrial membrane controls the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. Other experiments were undertaken to clarify the functional relationship between cytosolic free [Mg2+] and cell bioenergetics in the intact human brain. In the same group of patients with mitochondrial cytopathies we found decreased delta G of ATP hydrolysis and low cytosolic free [Mg2+]. Treatment with CoQ resulted in improved brain bioenergetics and increased free [Mg2+]. These findings strongly indicate that decreased free magnesium was secondary to defective mitochondrial respiration, and support the hypothesis that cytosolic free [Mg2+] is regulated in the intact brain cell to equilibrate, at least in part, any changes in rapidly available free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata (D Campanacci), Bologna, Italy
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21
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Okada M, Mitsunami K, Inubushi T, Kinoshita M. Influence of aging or left ventricular hypertrophy on the human heart: contents of phosphorus metabolites measured by 31P MRS. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39:772-82. [PMID: 9581609 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910390515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although both aging and hypertrophy are extremely important factors for cardiac performance, their influence on cardiac metabolism, especially that of high-energy phosphates, has not been fully elucidated as yet. Quantitative measurements of high-energy phosphates were attempted by comparing myocardial 31P NMR spectra with an external reference using depth-resolved surface-coil spectroscopy. The voxel size of the region of interest (ROI) was disk-shaped with 15-cm diameter and 25-mm thickness, but the left ventricular weight actually involved in the ROI was estimated to be between 22 and 66 g using MRI. Myocardial phosphocreatine (PCr) content and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content for the 30 normal volunteers showed significant age dependence since both decreased in relation to increasing age. Myocardial PCr content and ATP content in patients with hypertension did not differ significantly from the age-matched control group. PCr content (6.1 +/- 2.2 micromol/g wet tissue, n = 10) and ATP content (4.1 +/- 1.3 micromol/g wet tissue) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were less than the age-matched control group (n = 15; PCr: 9.7 +/- 2.5 micromol/g wet tissue, P < 0.01; ATP: 6.4 +/- 1.8 micromol/g wet tissue, P < 0.05), respectively. These results indicate that quantitative 31P MRS may be valuable in the assessment of changes in high-energy phosphate metabolism caused by aging or hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okada
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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22
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Murphy-Boesch J, Jiang H, Stoyanova R, Brown TR. Quantification of phosphorus metabolites from chemical shift imaging spectra with corrections for point spread effects and B1 inhomogeneity. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39:429-38. [PMID: 9498599 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910390313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for quantifying phosphorus metabolites in tissue using spectra localized with surface coils and chemical shift imaging (CSI) and assuming that metabolites are uniformly distributed within a well-defined volume. An analytical expression is developed that yields a single numerical correction factor that takes into account the excitation and receiver profiles of the coil, T1 saturation, and point spread effects associated with Fourier transformation of CSI data. An external phosphorus standard is used to calibrate instrument gain and the B1 profile of the coil. For spherical samples, point spread effects can modulate the signal intensities of three-dimensional CSI spectra from -32% to +54%, depending on the voxel size. Measurements of phantoms of known concentrations showed systematic variations of +/- 10% and random errors of +/- 5%. We have used this method to measure the concentration of phosphocreatine in the thigh muscle of normal volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Murphy-Boesch
- Department of NMR and Medical Spectroscopy, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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23
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Mason GF, Chu WJ, Vaughan JT, Ponder SL, Twieg DB, Adams D, Hetherington HP. Evaluation of 31P metabolite differences in human cerebral gray and white matter. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39:346-53. [PMID: 9498589 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910390303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
31P NMR is commonly used to study brain energetics in health and disease. Due to sensitivity constraints, the NMR measurements are typically made in volumes that do not contain pure gray or white matter. For accurate evaluation of abnormalities in brain metabolite levels, it is necessary to consider the differences in normal levels of 31P metabolites in gray and white matter. In this study, voxels from a three-dimensional spectroscopic image acquisition were analyzed for their dependence on tissue type to assess differences in metabolite levels between gray and white matter. Specifically, gray matter was found to have significantly higher ratios of phosphocreatine (PCr) to gamma-ATP and PCr to the total 31P metabolite signal, whereas pH and the ratio of PCr to inorganic phosphate (Pi) were found to differ insignificantly between gray and white matter. Thus, tissue type can be an important factor to consider for alterations in bioenergetics by 31P NMR spectroscopic studies of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Mason
- Department of Medicine, Center for Nuclear Imaging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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24
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Thulborn KR, Boada FE, Shen GX, Christensen JD, Reese TG. Correction of B1 inhomogeneities using echo-planar imaging of water. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39:369-75. [PMID: 9498592 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910390306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reliable interpretation of the MR signal intensity over the FOV of an image must consider the spatial heterogeneity of instrumental sensitivity. A major source of such variation is the nonuniformity of the B1 magnetic field of the radiofrequency coil. This heterogeneity can be minimized by coil design but is exaggerated by surface coils, which are used to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for some applications. This paper describes a rapid method for mapping the B1 field over the sample of interest, using 1H echo-planar imaging, to correct for B1 distortions. The method applies to 1H imaging and has been extended to non-1H imaging by using dual-frequency coils in which the B1 distributions are matched for the 1H frequency and the frequency of interest. The approach is demonstrated in phantoms, animals, and humans and for sodium imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Thulborn
- MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Lodi R, Montagna P, Soriani S, Iotti S, Arnaldi C, Cortelli P, Pierangeli G, Patuelli A, Zaniol P, Barbiroli B. Deficit of brain and skeletal muscle bioenergetics and low brain magnesium in juvenile migraine: an in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy interictal study. Pediatr Res 1997; 42:866-71. [PMID: 9396571 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199712000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) to investigate in vivo the brain and skeletal muscle energy metabolism of 15 children with migraine with aura in interictal periods. Brain 31P MRS disclosed low phosphocreatine and high inorganic phosphate contents, and high intracellular pH in all patients. Calculated [ADP] and the relative rate of mitochondrial oxidation were higher in the brain of patients than in control subjects, whereas the phosphorylation potential was lower. Brain intracellular free Mg2+ concentration was reduced by 25% in patients. Abnormal skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration was also disclosed in 7 of 15 patients as shown by the slow rate of phosphocreatine postexercise recovery. The multisystem bioenergetic failure found in patients with juvenile migraine is comparable to that found in adults with different types of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lodi
- Cattedra di Biochimica Clinica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata D Campanacci, Universitá di Bologna, Italy
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26
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Rango M, Castelli A, Scarlato G. Energetics of 3.5 s neural activation in humans: a 31P MR spectroscopy study. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38:878-83. [PMID: 9402187 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910380605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
No direct information on brain energetics and energy-related compounds in the first seconds of physiological activation has been reported to date. In this study visual cortex high energy phosphate changes were monitored in 11 normal subjects during 3.5 s activation and the following 23.5 s by a simple 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic method. An intraactivation decrease of phosphocreatine (PCr) was observed in all subjects, with changes in pH in three, one of them also presenting a change in adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the subgroup of eight subjects without changes in pH, the mean rate of mean PCr decrease (D(PCr)) was 7.24 +/- 0.78%/s, and the postactivation mean rate of mean PCr recovery was <1/2 D(PCr). Short phasic neural activity requires a large amount of energy, i.e., at least three times basal consumption, in agreement with theoretical calculations. Additional energy demands in the visual cortex are several times those measured by positron emission tomography during prolonged stimulation studies, implying that mean energy requirements decrease with increases in duration of stimulation. During short activation, the vascular responses as detected by brain-mapping techniques (BMT) are preceded by an important reduction of the intracellular high-energy phosphate content, which returns to resting values during an interval that corresponds to the poststimulation return of BMT signals to baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rango
- Clinica Neurologica and Centro di Spettroscopia a Risonanza Magnetica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale Policlinico, IRCCS, Italy
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27
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Abstract
NMR spectroscopy and NMR imaging with magnetic field gradients make strange bedfellows, the requirements for one seemingly ruling out the other for human applications. Nevertheless, their stories are intertwined; the advent of high field imaging systems arose because of the desire for human spectroscopy. Localized spectroscopy is possible because of NMR imaging. Both have links to physics at Nottingham, at least in the personalized account that follows. Today, virtually all NMR spectroscopy experiments can be conceived with a localized in vivo spectroscopy counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bottomley
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-0843, USA.
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28
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Lodi R, Rinaldi R, Gaddi A, Iotti S, D'Alessandro R, Scoz N, Battino M, Carelli V, Azzimondi G, Zaniol P, Barbiroli B. Brain and skeletal muscle bioenergetic failure in familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62:574-80. [PMID: 9219741 PMCID: PMC1074139 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.62.6.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a multisystemic bioenergetic deficit is an underlying feature of familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia. METHODS Brain and skeletal muscle bioenergetics were studied by in vivo phosphorus MR spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in two neurologically affected members (mother and son) and in one asymptomatic member (daughter) of a kindred with familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia. Plasma concentrations of vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) were also assessed. RESULTS Brain 31P-MRS disclosed in all patients a reduced phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration whereas the calculated ADP concentration was increased. Brain phosphorylation potential was reduced in the members by about 40%. Skeletal muscle was studied at rest in the three members and during aerobic exercise and recovery in the son and daughter. Only the mother showed an impaired mitochondrial function at rest. Both son and daughter showed an increased end exercise ADP concentration whereas the rates of postexercise recovery of PCr and ADP were slow in the daughter. The rate of inorganic phosphate recovery was reduced in both cases. Plasma concentration of vitamin E and CoQ10 was below the normal range in all members. CONCLUSIONS Structural changes in mitochondrial membranes and deficit of vitamin E together with reduced availability of CoQ10 can be responsible for the multisystemic bioenergetic deficit. Present findings suggest that CoQ10 supplementation may be important in familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lodi
- Cattedra di Biochimica Clinica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Biotecnologia Applicata D Campanacci, Università di Bologna, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Although
in vivo
31
P NMR permits unique measurements of the body’s stores of high energy phosphate metabolites, their low concentrations place critical limits and demands on spatial resolution, localization techniques, and reproducibility. We argue that optimum reliability and reproducibility of
in vivo
measurements of metabolite ratios and concentrations is best achieved by preselecting the minimal requirements for spatial localization suited to, and varying with, the particular organ and disease type. Strategies for measuring metabolite ratios and concentrations in the human heart and brain are discussed and demonstrated in the context of the expeditious choice of operating parameters, including localized volume size, localization technique, NMR coils, radiofrequency-field uniformity, patient positioning, and corrections for spectral distortion caused by NMR relaxation, to optimize the return of useful metabolic information in practical clinical research exams of about an hour duration.
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30
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Bottomley PA, Atalar E, Weiss RG. Human cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolite concentrations by 1D-resolved NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35:664-70. [PMID: 8722817 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910350507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method that can measure high-energy phosphate metabolite concentrations in humans with 1D resolved surface-coil NMR spectroscopy. The metabolites are measured by phosphorus (31P) NMR spectroscopy, and the tissue water proton (1H) resonance from the same volume serves as an internal concentration reference. The method requires only the additional acquisition of a 1H data set, and a simple calibration, performed separately, to determine the ratio of the signal per proton to the signal per phosphorus nucleus. The quantification method is particularly useful for human cardiac spectroscopy, where it eliminates image-based tissue volumetry and the corrections for signal sensitivity and phase nonuniformity necessary in prior approaches. Corrections are introduced to account for blood and fat contributions to the spectra. The method was validated on phantoms of phosphate of varying concentrations and on the human calf muscle. In calf, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations were 5.6 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SD) and 26 +/- 4 mmol/kg wet wt, respectively. In normal heart, [ATP] was 5.8 +/- 1.6 and [PCr] was 10 +/- 2 mmol/kg wet wt. These values are in excellent agreement with prior NMR studies and biopsy data. The protocol is easily accommodated within existing 1D cardiac patient protocols, and the same approach is advantageous for eliminating tissue volumetry and sensitivity corrections when measuring concentrations by 2D and 3D resolved spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bottomley
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-0843, USA
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31
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Fabrizi GM, Lodi R, D'Ettorre M, Malandrini A, Cavallaro T, Rimoldi M, Zaniol P, Barbiroli B, Guazzi G. Autosomal dominant limb girdle myopathy with ragged-red fibers and cardiomyopathy. A pedigree study by in vivo 31P-MR spectroscopy indicating a multisystem mitochondrial defect. J Neurol Sci 1996; 137:20-7. [PMID: 9120483 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00321-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a late-onset autosomal dominant limb girdle myopathy, associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and mental deterioration. In two affected members of the pedigree with histochemical (ragged-red and cytocrome c oxidase - negative fibers) and ultrastructural abnormalities of muscle mitochondria, in vivo muscle phosphorus MR spectroscopy disclosed a slow rate of phosphocreatine resynthesis after exercise. Brain phosphorus MR spectroscopy revealed a defect of the energy metabolism in the two patients and in a third asymptomatic member, as shown by a significantly low phosphocreatine, increased ADP and decreased phosphorylation potential. Molecular analysis of muscle mitochondrial DNA failed to reveal any known mutation, including multiple deletions of the mtDNA which have been associated with some autosomal dominant mitochondrial diseases. The multisystem clinical involvement, the presence of ragged-red fibers and the alterations revealed by in vivo brain and muscle 31P-MRS suggest that this limb-girdle syndrome represents an unusual phenotype of mitochondrial cytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fabrizi
- Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche, Universitat di Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Italy
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32
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Cady EB, Wylezinska M, Penrice J, Lorek A, Amess P. Quantitation of phosphorus metabolites in newborn human brain using internal water as reference standard. Magn Reson Imaging 1996; 14:293-304. [PMID: 8725195 DOI: 10.1016/0730-725x(95)02101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new method for noninvasive, in vivo quantitation of cerebral phosphorus (31P) metabolites is described. The technique employs point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) to obtain both 31P-metabolite and proton (1H) water spectra: brain water is used as an internal concentration reference. Spin-spin relaxation times (T2s) of cerebral 31P metabolites are much longer than the minimum echo time (TE) usable on a spectrometer equipped with actively shielded gradient coils. With short-TE (approximately 10 ms) 31P PRESS, T2 relaxation is minimal and phase modulation of the nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) multiplets can be accounted for 1H water spectra were acquired using several TEs so that extra- and intracellular water signals could be separated from that due to cerebrospinal fluid. Prior calibration of the 31P and 1H spectrometer channels and an assumed brain-water concentration enabled estimations of metabolite concentrations. Using this method, mean 31P metabolite concentrations in the brains of eight normal infants of gestational plus postnatal age 34 to 39 wk were: phosphomonoester (PME) 5.6 (SD 0.9); inorganic phosphate 1.4 (0.4); mobile phosphodiester 2.3 (0.6); phosphocreatine 2.9 (0.3); nucleotide triphosphate 2.8 (0.6); and total mobile phosphate 21.4 (2.8) mmol/kg wet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Cady
- Department of Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
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33
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Sachs GS, Renshaw PF, Lafer B, Stoll AL, Guimarães AR, Rosenbaum JF, Gonzalez RG. Variability of brain lithium levels during maintenance treatment: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38:422-8. [PMID: 8672602 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00324-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to determine the relationship between serum and brain lithium levels in bipolar patients (n=25). Over the broad range of serum lithium levels observed, the correlation (r=.68) with brain lithium levels was high. This correlation was much weaker (r=.39) when limited to only those patients with serum lithium levels in the range of 0.6-1.0 mmol/l. This variability may account for failure of lithium prophylaxis in some patients who have serum lithium levels in the therapeutic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Sachs
- Harvard Bipolar Research Program, Consolidated Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Barbiroli B, Medori R, Tritschler HJ, Klopstock T, Seibel P, Reichmann H, Iotti S, Lodi R, Zaniol P. Lipoic (thioctic) acid increases brain energy availability and skeletal muscle performance as shown by in vivo 31P-MRS in a patient with mitochondrial cytopathy. J Neurol 1995; 242:472-7. [PMID: 7595680 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A woman affected by chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and muscle mitochondrial DNA deletion was studied by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) prior to and after 1 and 7 months of treatment with oral lipoic acid. Before treatment a decreased phosphocreatine (PCr) content was found in the occipital lobes, accompanied by normal inorganic phosphate (Pi) level and cytosolic pH. Based on these findings, we found a high cytosolic adenosine diphosphate concentration [ADP] and high relative rate of energy metabolism together with a low phosphorylation potential. Muscle MRS showed an abnormal work-energy cost transfer function and a low rate of PCr recovery during the post-exercise period. All of these findings indicated a deficit of mitochondrial function in both brain and muscle. Treatment with 600 mg lipoic acid daily for 1 month resulted in a 55% increase of brain [PCr], 72% increase of phosphorylation potential, and a decrease of calculated [ADP] and rate of energy metabolism. After 7 months of treatment MRS data and mitochondrial function had improved further. Treatment with lipoate also led to a 64% increase in the initial slope of the work-energy cost transfer function in the working calf muscle and worsened the rate of PCr resynthesis during recovery. The patient reported subjective improvement of general conditions and muscle performance after therapy. Our results indicate that treatment with lipoate caused a relevant increase in levels of energy available in brain and skeletal muscle during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbiroli
- Cattedra di Biochimica Clinica, Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica D. Campanacci, Universita' di Bologna, Italy
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35
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Uncini A, Lodi R, Di Muzio A, Silvestri G, Servidei S, Lugaresi A, Iotti S, Zaniol P, Barbiroli B. Abnormal brain and muscle energy metabolism shown by 31P-MRS in familial hemiplegic migraine. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129:214-22. [PMID: 7608738 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)00283-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of unknown pathogenesis characterized by migraine and transitory hemiplegic attacks. We describe a kindred fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for FHM in which: (1) brain phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) showed a reduced phosphocreatine content accompanied by high [ADP], high percentage of V/Vmax of ATP biosynthesis and decreased phosphorylation potential; (2) muscle 31P-MRS showed a reduced rate of phosphocreatine recovery after exercise; (3) blood lactate was increased after effort; (4) muscle biopsy showed, in one patient, rare ragged red fibers succinate-dehydrogenase positive and cytochrome c oxidase negative; (5) genetic analysis of muscle mitochondrial DNA did not show any of the two point mutations in the tRNA(Leu(UUR)) associated with the MELAS syndrome (Mitochondrial myopathy, Encephalopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes). The defective energy metabolism of brain and muscle found in this pedigree suggests a multisystemic disorder of mitochondrial function in this FHM pedigree.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uncini
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Chieti, Italy
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36
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Antozzi C, Franceschetti S, Filippini G, Barbiroli B, Savoiardo M, Fiacchino F, Rimoldi M, Lodi R, Zaniol P, Zeviani M. Epilepsia partialis continua associated with NADH-coenzyme Q reductase deficiency. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129:152-61. [PMID: 7608730 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)00267-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the clinical, neuroradiological and biochemical features of a patient with epilepsia partialis continua (EPC). MRI studies disclosed multiple cortico-subcortical areas of abnormal signal intensity. The activity of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was markedly reduced in skeletal muscle. The biochemical defect was reflected in vivo by a failure of brain and skeletal muscle bioenergetics, as shown by exercise and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) studies. Muscle morphology was repeatedly normal, and molecular genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA was not informative. On the basis of in vivo and in vitro findings, the observed defect of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was considered the underlying biochemical pathogenesis of the disease. The observation of an oxidative defect in the brain and skeletal muscle of a patient with EPC emphasizes the importance of studying mitochondrial energy metabolism in patients with EPC not associated with primary CNS lesions when clinical and morphological findings suggesting a mitochondrial disorder are lacking. 31P-MRS can be a useful method to uncover deficits of CNS mitochondrial function and provide the indication for further biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Antozzi
- Divisione Malattie Neuromuscolari, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
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37
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Lodi R, Montagna P, Iotti S, Zaniol P, Barboni P, Puddu P, Barbiroli B. Brain and muscle energy metabolism studied in vivo by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in NARP syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57:1492-6. [PMID: 7798979 PMCID: PMC1073231 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.57.12.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) was used to study in vivo the energy metabolism of brain and skeletal muscle in two members of an Italian pedigree with NARP syndrome due to a point mutation at bp 8993 of mtDNA. In the youngest patient, a 13 year old girl with retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, and psychomotor retardation, there was an alteration of brain energy metabolism shown by a decreased phosphocreatine content, increased [ADP] and decreased phosphorylation potential. The energy metabolism of her skeletal muscle was also abnormal, as shown by resting higher inorganic phosphate and lower phosphocreatine concentrations than in normal subjects. Her mother, a 41 year old woman with minimal clinical involvement, showed a milder derangement of brain energy metabolism and normal skeletal muscle. Findings with MRS showed that this point mutation of mtDNA is responsible for a derangement of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle and even more so in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lodi
- Cattedra di Biochimica Clinica, Istituto di Patologia Medica D Campanacci, Bologna, Italy
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38
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Vion-Dury J, Meyerhoff DJ, Cozzone PJ, Weiner MW. What might be the impact on neurology of the analysis of brain metabolism by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy? J Neurol 1994; 241:354-71. [PMID: 7931430 DOI: 10.1007/bf02033352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the human brain is a recently developed technique which allows to assay noninvasively in vivo key molecules of brain metabolism. After a review of the origin of the signals detected by phosphorus and proton MRS of human brain, the impact of MRS on clinical neurology is examined. MRS of the brain does not purport to be a metabolic "biopsy", but unique applications for brain MRS are (1) quantitating the oxidative state of the brain and defining neuronal death, (2) assessing and mapping neuron damage, (3) evaluating membrane alterations, and (4) characterizing encephalopathies. In the near future brain MRS will be performed routinely after conventional MRI, as a valuable metabolic (and functional) complement to the anatomical evaluation of cerebral pathologies, particularly the toxic, metabolic and infectious encephalopathies.
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39
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Barker PB, Blackband SJ, Chatham JC, Soher BJ, Samphilipo MA, Magee CA, Hilton JD, Strandberg JD, Anderson JH. Quantitative proton spectroscopy and histology of a canine brain tumor model. Magn Reson Med 1993; 30:458-64. [PMID: 8255193 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910300408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative, single voxel proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and histological analysis was performed in eight dogs implanted with the transplantable canine glioma model of Wodinsky (Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 10, 99 (1969)). Signals from choline, creatine, N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA) and lactate were converted to molar concentration units and correlated with the quantitative analysis of histologically determined tissue types within the localized volume selected for NMR spectroscopy. In general, compared with normal brain, the lesions were associated with reductions in all metabolite concentrations, with the exception of lactate, which was increased. NAA and creatine decreases were most significantly correlated with the total lesion volume (P < 0.01), suggesting that these compounds are present in normal brain only. Changes in choline levels did not correlate strongly with any particular tissue type. Lactate was found to increase with increasing total lesion volume (P < 0.01), but not with increasing percent tumor, suggesting that it accumulates in abnormal tissue other than the tumor. The spectra reported were similar to those observed in human glioblastomas, with the exception that elevations of choline were not observed. The transplantable canine gliosarcoma system appears to be a suitable tumor model for evaluation by clinical radiological techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Barker
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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40
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Barbiroli B, Montagna P, Martinelli P, Lodi R, Iotti S, Cortelli P, Funicello R, Zaniol P. Defective brain energy metabolism shown by in vivo 31P MR spectroscopy in 28 patients with mitochondrial cytopathies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13:469-74. [PMID: 8478405 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1993.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied brain energy metabolism by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) in 28 patients with mitochondrial cytopathies, and 20 normal control subjects. Fourteen patients had myopathy alone, six had only mild brain symptoms, and eight showed different degrees of brain involvement. Brain 31P MRS showed a low phosphocreatine content in all patients, accompanied by a high inorganic phosphate in 14 of 28 patients. The average value of the Pi concentration in the patient group was significantly (p = 0.009) different from the control group. The cytosolic pH was normal. From these data were derived a high concentration of ADP (calculated from the creatine kinase equilibrium), a high percent value of V/Vmax for ATP biosynthesis, and a low phosphorylation potential, all features showing a derangement of brain energy metabolism, in all patients with mitochondrial cytopathies. 31P MRS proved to be sensitive enough to disclose a deficit of mitochondrial functionality not only in the affected patients, but also in those without clinically evident brain symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbiroli
- Cattedra di Biochimica Clinica dell'Università di Bologna, Italy
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41
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Barker PB, Soher BJ, Blackband SJ, Chatham JC, Mathews VP, Bryan RN. Quantitation of proton NMR spectra of the human brain using tissue water as an internal concentration reference. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 1993; 6:89-94. [PMID: 8384470 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1940060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of cerebral water as an internal intensity standard for the quantitation of spatially localized proton spectra of the human brain is investigated. The method is validated on standard samples of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and lactate, and possible sources of error are discussed. Using the STEAM pulse sequence, concentrations of choline, creatine and NAA in frontal lobe white matter are found to be 1.9 +/- 0.5, 10.6 +/- 1.3 and 16.6 +/- 2.3 mumol/g wet wt, respectively, in 10 normal volunteers. In the thalamus, the concentrations are 2.0 +/- 0.4, 11.6 +/- 2.0 and 17.2 +/- 1.3 mumol/g wet wt, respectively. Choline and creatine concentrations are in good agreement with conventional biochemical values: NAA concentrations are found to be three-fold higher, suggesting overlap of the NAA signal with other compounds. Quantitation relative to tissue water is a convenient and rapid means of quantitating proton spectra of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Barker
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205
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42
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Lara RS, Matson GB, Hugg JW, Maudsley AA, Weiner MW. Quantitation of in vivo phosphorus metabolites in human brain with magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Magn Reson Imaging 1993; 11:273-8. [PMID: 8455438 DOI: 10.1016/0730-725x(93)90033-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A method for quantitation of in vivo 31P metabolite concentrations in human brain with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is described. The method relies on comparison of brain and calibration phantom measurements, with corrections for coil loading and metabolite magnetic relaxation. Estimated metabolite concentrations for the centrum semiovale in 11 normal adults (mean +/- SD) were: phosphomonoesters = 3.0 +/- 0.7 mM, inorganic phosphate = 0.7 +/- 0.2 mM, phosphodiesters = 10.9 +/- 1.8 mM, phosphocreatine = 2.7 +/- 0.5 mM, and adenosine triphosphate = 2.9 +/- 0.3 mM. These values are similar to previous results obtained from single-volume localized spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lara
- Bioengineering Program, University of California, San Francisco
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43
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Ruiz-Cabello J, Cohen JS. NMR and the study of pathological state in cells and tissues. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 145:1-63. [PMID: 8500979 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ruiz-Cabello
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C. 20007
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44
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Shungu DC, Bhujwalla ZM, Li SJ, Rose LM, Wehrle JP, Glickson JD. Determination of absolute phosphate metabolite concentrations in RIF-1 tumors in vivo by 31P-1H-2H NMR spectroscopy using water as an internal intensity reference. Magn Reson Med 1992; 28:105-21. [PMID: 1435214 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910280111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The absolute metabolite quantification method of Thulborn and Ackerman [J. Magn. Reson. 55, 357 (1983)] in which the tissue water proton signal is used as an internal intensity standard and its more recent variation in which NMR peak intensities are referenced to that of the natural abundance deuterium signal of water [Li et al., SMRM Abstr. 2, 825 (1988); Song et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 25, 45 (1992) have been implemented to obtain absolute phosphate metabolite concentrations in subcutaneous RIF-1 tumors during untreated growth and following treatment with 5-fluorouracil. The equivalence of these two hydrogen isotopes as intensity standards and the validity of their use in the determination of absolute metabolite concentrations in vivo by NMR has been demonstrated. On matched in vivo and extract tumor samples (n = 5), excellent agreement has been obtained between nucleoside triphosphate concentrations determined by NMR and those derived by HPLC analysis for the control tumors. Following 3 days of untreated growth, absolute concentrations of phosphate metabolites in RIF-1 tumors (n = 10) decreased significantly, except for the Pi concentration which did not vary. For the treated tumors (n = 10) there were no changes in metabolite concentrations except for a decrease in the PCr and, possibly, Pi concentrations. The PCr/Pi ratio in the latter tumors did not change. These observations suggest that changes in absolute metabolite concentrations may be more sensitive indices of response to therapy than changes in metabolite peak amplitude ratios, a parameter commonly used to express in vivo NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Shungu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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45
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Alder ME, Dove SB, Murrah VA, Salinas F, Williams RF. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of inflammation associated with the temporomandibular joint. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1992; 74:515-23. [PMID: 1408030 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(92)90305-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive early recognition and treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction remains a diagnostic challenge. This pilot study evaluated the use of phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy with magnetic resonance imaging to measure alterations in pH and high-energy phosphate metabolite ratios of muscle that is adjacent to an inflamed temporomandibular joint. Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Two animals were used to develop signal acquisition protocols and to ensure that stable baseline data could be measured. In each of the eight animals used in the experiment, one temporomandibular joint was injected with a suspension of silica particles and the contralateral joint served as a control. Data were collected from control and experimental joints on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, after the injection. At the end of the study, temporomandibular joints were block resected and histologically examined to confirm the presence of an inflammatory response. Results indicated that pH and metabolite ratios could be obtained by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Changes in pH and some metabolite ratios in experimental joints showed statistical significance (p < 0.001). Differences were seen on day 2 and day 7 (p = 0.040 and p = 0.008, respectively) in the phosphocreatine/alpha-adenosine triphosphate ratios. This contrasts with phosphocreatine/beta adenosine triphosphate ratios that showed significance that began at day 7 (p = 0.022) and continued to day 14 (p = 0.025). Histologic examination indicated that the tissue response within the joint capsule was less than the granulomatous reaction expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Alder
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
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Sacquegna T, Lodi R, De Carolis P, Tinuper P, Cortelli P, Zaniol P, Funicello R, Montagna P, Barbiroli B. Brain energy metabolism studied by 31P-MR spectroscopy in a case of migraine with prolonged aura. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 86:376-80. [PMID: 1455984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb05104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism of a patient with prolonged aura was studied by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We found that the phosphocreatine to ATP ratio in brain was reduced, while the inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine ratio and the calculated ADP concentration were increased. The phosphorylation potential and percentage of maximal rate of ATP synthesis were also altered. Intracellular pH and inorganic phosphate concentration were normal. In muscle we found a low post-exercise recovery of phosphocreatine. These data indicate an impairment of energy oxidative metabolism both in brain and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sacquegna
- Department of Neurology, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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47
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Mapping creatine kinase reaction rates in human brain and heart with 4 tesla saturation transfer 31P NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(92)90201-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Kato T, Takahashi S, Inubushi T. Brain lithium concentration by 7Li- and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 1992; 45:53-63. [PMID: 1410078 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4927(92)90013-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed to measure lithium concentrations in the human brain using in vivo 7Li- and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Lithium concentrations measured by MRS in 10 lithium-treated bipolar patients were at the half level of those measured in serum. Serial measurements indicated that lithium concentrations in the brain increased markedly during manic episodes, while serum concentrations were unchanged. These findings suggest that in vivo measurements of lithium concentrations in the brain, combined with measurements of concentrations in serum, may be useful in monitoring the effects of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan
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49
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Abstract
An interlaced radial scanning method that is ideally suited for 31P spectroscopy with short T2 components and a wide spectral range is presented. The proposed method, which uses an additional radial gradient and radial scans in the k-space, minimizes T2 decay during the selection time and also optimizes the volume selectivity in a given gradient field strength. Simulation and experimental results with a short selection time of 2 ms demonstrate that the proposed method is suitable for volume selective 31P spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Rim
- Department of Electrical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science, Cheongyangni, Seoul
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50
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Abstract
Writing a critique and guide for authors of clinical spectroscopy research papers is a likely way of ensuring that one never sees another of one's own papers published in this field. Nevertheless, it is disappointing, though perhaps predictable, that despite its historical foundations in quantitative spectroscopy, the field has its fair share of findings that are not so obviously reconciled. Here is the view of one author, one referee, and one spectroscopy protagonist about what might be expected of a clinical spectroscopy paper. In addition to novelty, the fundamental criteria for acceptance should be that the conclusions are supported by properly and objectively quantified results, and that sufficient experimental detail is provided so that one skilled in the art could reproduce the study and its findings.
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