1
|
Ramos-Díaz R, Escuela-Escobar A, Díaz-Usera A, Hernández Pérez JM, González-Carracedo MA, Pérez-Pérez JA. Real-time PCR detection of PI*S and PI*Z alleles of SERPINA1 gene using SYBR green. Gene 2024; 921:148540. [PMID: 38723785 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an underdiagnosed genetic condition that predisposes to pulmonary complications and is mainly caused by rs28929474 (PI*Z allele) and rs17580 (PI*S allele) mutations in the SERPINA1 gene. OBJECTIVE Development of a homogeneous genotyping test for detection of PI*S and PI*Z alleles based on the principles of allele-specific PCR and amplicon melting analysis with a fluorescent dye. METHODS Sixty individuals, which included all possible genotypes that result from combinations of rs28929474 and rs17580 single nucleotide variants, were assayed with tailed allele-specific primers and SYBR Green dye in a real-time PCR machine. RESULTS A clear discrimination of mutant and wild-type variants was achieved in the genetic loci that define PI*S and PI*Z alleles. Specific amplicons showed a difference of 2.0 °C in melting temperature for non-S and S variants and of 2.9 °C for non-Z and Z variants. CONCLUSIONS The developed genotyping method is robust, fast, and easily scalable on a standard real-time PCR platform. While it overcomes the handicaps of non-homogeneous approaches, it greatly reduces genotyping costs compared with other homogeneous approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ramos-Díaz
- Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC) - Unidad de Investigación Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, Servicio de Farmacia, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Escuela-Escobar
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Díaz-Usera
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Mario Andrés González-Carracedo
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moubarz G, Saad-Hussein A, Shahy EM, Mahdy-Abdallah H, Mohammed AMF, Saleh IA, Abo-Zeid MAM, Abo-Elfadl MT. Lung cancer risk in workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with emphasis on the role of DNA repair gene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:313-329. [PMID: 36287252 PMCID: PMC9905182 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Workers in secondary aluminum production plants are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We aimed to monitor the concentrations of PAHs in air and in serum of workers at two secondary aluminum production plants. We also investigated the potential risk of lung cancer development among PAHs exposed workers with emphasis on the role of A1AT mutation and APEX1 gene polymorphisms. METHODS This study included 177 workers from administrative departments and production lines. Blood samples were obtained for estimation of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide albumin adduct (BPDE-Alb adduct), anti-Cyclin-B1 marker (CCNB1) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg). Genes' polymorphism for human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APEX1) and alpha-1-anti-trypsin (A1AT) gene mutation were detected. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the level of BPDE-Alb adduct among exposed workers in comparison to non-exposed group. Moreover, 41.67% of exposed workers in El Tebbin had BPDE-Alb adduct level ≥ 15 ng/ml versus 29.6% of workers in Helwan factory. There was a significant increase in tumor markers (SCCAg and CCNB1) among workers whose BPDE-Alb adduct ≥ 15 ng/ml. There was a significant increase in the level of BPDE-Alb adducts in exposed workers carrying homozygous APEX1 genotype Glu/Glu. Furthermore, exposed workers with the Glu/Glu genotype had high tumor markers levels. There was a significant increase in levels of BPDE-Alb adducts in workers carrying A1AT mutant allele. Moreover, workers with mutant A1AT genotype had significantly high tumor markers (SCCAg and CCNB1) levels. CONCLUSION Therefore, we conclude that aluminum workers may be at a potential risk of lung cancer development due to PAHs exposure. Although PAHs concentrations in air were within the permissible limits, yet evidence of DNA damage was present as expressed by high BPDE-albumin adduct level in exposed workers. Also, elevation of tumor markers (SCCAg and CCNB1) in exposed workers points to the importance of periodic biological monitoring of such workers to protect them from cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gehan Moubarz
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Shahy
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba Mahdy-Abdallah
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Atef M. F. Mohammed
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inas A. Saleh
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A. M. Abo-Zeid
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt ,Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T. Abo-Elfadl
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt ,Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bidla G, Rosenblatt DS, Gilfix BM. Identification of Variants in Alpha-1-Antitrypsin by High Resolution Melting. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 6:715-728. [PMID: 33331634 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is one of the most common hereditary disorders occurring in populations of European origin and is due to variants in SERPINA1, which encodes a protease inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, limiting lung damage from this enzyme. The World Health Organization has recommended that individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma be tested for AATD. The development of inexpensive and simple genetic testing will help to meet this goal. METHODS Primers and synthetic SERPINA1 gene fragments (gBlocks) were designed for 5 AATD-associated variants. PCR was run on a CFX96 Thermal Cycler with High Resolution Melting (HRM) capacity and data analyzed using the supplied HRM-analysis software. Genomic DNA from individuals (n = 86) genotyped for the S and Z variants were used for validation. HRM-analysis was performed on 3 additional samples with low alpha-1-antitrypsin levels inconsistent with the genotype determined in our clinical laboratory. RESULTS Unique normalized melt curve and difference curve patterns were identified for the AAT variants Z, S, I, F, and MMalton using gBlocks. Similar curve shapes were seen when these primers were used to analyze the gDNA samples. HRM identified the genotypes of the gDNA correctly with 100% concordance. The curve shapes of some samples did not match the melting patterns of the targeted variant. Sequencing was used to identify the variants, including rare AATD variants c.1108_1115delinsAAAAACA (p.Glu370Lysfs*31) and c.1130dup (p.Leu377fs). CONCLUSION We developed a rapid and inexpensive HRM-analysis method for genotyping of Z, S, MMalton, I, and F variants that was also capable of detecting other variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gawa Bidla
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David S Rosenblatt
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Divisions of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Medical Biochemistry, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian M Gilfix
- Medical Biochemistry, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Déficit en alpha-1 antitrypsine secondaire à une mutation Null. Rev Mal Respir 2016; 33:612-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Rapid DNA Extraction Protocol for Detection of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency from Dried Blood Spots by Real-Time PCR. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 756:29-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4549-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
6
|
Corda L, Medicina D, La Piana GE, Bertella E, Moretti G, Bianchi L, Pinelli V, Savoldi G, Baiardi P, Facchetti F, Gatta N, Annesi-Maesano I, Balbi B. Population genetic screening for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in a high-prevalence area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 82:418-25. [PMID: 21474916 DOI: 10.1159/000325067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines for α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) state that adult population screening should only be done in high-risk areas. Up-to-date genetic methods are always recommended. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of AATD in a suspected high-risk area by population screening, applying new genetic analyses and comparing the prevalence of liver and lung abnormalities in subjects with or without AATD. METHODS Adult residents of Pezzaze, a village in an Italian alpine valley, voluntarily participated in the screening, and were examined for: nephelometric α1-antitrypsin (AAT) serum level, DNA analysis (mutagenic polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism tests for Z and S AATD causative mutations, and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and/or direct gene sequencing if needed), serum aspartate and alanine transaminases, a respiratory questionnaire and the Medical Research Council dyspnea index scale. The prevalence of AATD was compared with that expected in Italy (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium), and transaminases and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms were compared between study groups. RESULTS Of 1,353 residents, 817 (60.4%) participated; 67 (8.2%) had low AAT serum levels (<90 mg/dl); 118 were carriers of AATD-associated alleles, 4 (0.5%) homozygotes or compound heterozygotes (1 Z, 1 S, 2 ZP(brescia)), 114 (14%) heterozygotes (46 Z, 52 S, 9 P(brescia), 4 M(wurzburg), 2 I, 1 P(lowell)). The prevalence and frequency of all AATD-related alleles was higher than expected for Italy (p < 0.001). There were no differences in symptoms of respiratory disease and transaminases between individuals with normal and low serum AAT. CONCLUSION The screening design is one of the main strengths of this study. The large number of mostly asymptomatic individuals with AATD identified suggests that in high-risk areas adult population screening programs employing the latest genetic methods are feasible. Early recognition of individuals at risk means primary or secondary prevention measures can be taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Corda
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per il Deficit di Alfa1-Antitripsina, Prima Divisione di Medicina Interna, Spedali Civili, Cattedra di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ganji SM, Sahebghadam-Lotfi A, Rastgar-Jazii F, Yazdanbod M, Mota A, Mohsenifar A, Kazemnejad A. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficient Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus in the Azeri Population of Iran. Lab Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1309/lma5kt05rbqknfqj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
8
|
Spínola C, Brehm A, Spínola H. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in the Cape Verde islands (Northwest Africa): High prevalence in a sub-Saharan population. Respir Med 2010; 104:1069-72. [PMID: 20226649 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency results from mutations on the Protease Inhibitor (PI) locus located in chromosome 14 and has been associated with pulmonary early-onset emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). African populations show a lower prevalence of AAT deficiency compared to Europeans. Two hundred and two (202) unrelated samples from the Cape Verde archipelago (Northwest Africa) were genotyped for the two most common AAT deficiency alleles, PI*S and PI*Z, using PCR - Mediated Site-Directed Mutagenesis. PI*S mutation in Cape Verde (3.2%) presents one of the highest frequencies in sub-Saharans, similar to South Africa (3.3%) but lower than Angolans (18.8%), Namibians (14.7%), Nigerians (6.4%) and Botswains (4.5%). The PI*Z mutation shows lower values (0.2%) than other sub-Saharan populations, namely Somalia (1.15%), Mali (0.98%)or Nigeria (0.36%). However, many other sub-Saharan populations, like Botswana, Congo, Cameroon, Angola, Gambia, South Africa, Mozambique and Namibia, lack the PI*Z mutation. The frequency of all the AAT deficiency genotypes in the Cape Verde archipelago (PI*ZZ, PI*SS, and PI*SZ) was estimated to be one of the highest in sub-Saharans (15 per 1000), only lower than Angola (54 per 1000) and Namibia (22 per 1000). The results obtained show a high prevalence of the AAT deficiency in Cape Verdeans when compared to other sub-Saharans a condition that can be explained by a heavy European genetic influence, characteristic of that population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Spínola
- Human Genetics Laboratory, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Spínola C, Bruges-Armas J, Pereira C, Brehm A, Spínola H. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in Madeira (Portugal): The highest prevalence in the world. Respir Med 2009; 103:1498-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Isoelectrofocusing and PCR Amplification-Reverse Hybridization Assay in Evaluation of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. J Med Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-009-0023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoelectrofocusing and PCR Amplification-Reverse Hybridization Assay in Evaluation of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin DeficiencyAlpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a potentially lethal genetic disorder, which has pulmonary and liver manifestations. The standardized biochemical and molecular diagnostic protocol for detection of clinically relevant alleles is needed. The paper summarizes current concepts about AATD, describes the potentials of isoelectric focusing and PCR amplification-reverse allele specific oligonucleotide hybridization assay in the detection of affected individuals and shortly presents our experiences in the evaluation of AATD. We conclude that the systematic clinical laboratory approach to AATD might be based on the combination of mentioned methods, coordinated by alpha-1-antritrypsin quantification. Additionally, its complete medical implementation is achieved through teamwork between clinical chemists, molecular biologists and clinicians.
Collapse
|
11
|
Barker SD, Bale S, Booker J, Buller A, Das S, Friedman K, Godwin AK, Grody WW, Highsmith E, Kant JA, Lyon E, Mao R, Monaghan KG, Payne DA, Pratt VM, Schrijver I, Shrimpton AE, Spector E, Telatar M, Toji L, Weck K, Zehnbauer B, Kalman LV. Development and characterization of reference materials for MTHFR, SERPINA1, RET, BRCA1, and BRCA2 genetic testing. J Mol Diagn 2009; 11:553-61. [PMID: 19767587 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2009.090078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-characterized reference materials (RMs) are integral in maintaining clinical laboratory quality assurance for genetic testing. These RMs can be used for quality control, monitoring of test performance, test validation, and proficiency testing of DNA-based genetic tests. To address the need for such materials, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Genetic Testing Reference Material Coordination Program (GeT-RM), which works with the genetics community to improve public availability of characterized RMs for genetic testing. To date, the GeT-RM program has coordinated the characterization of publicly available genomic DNA RMs for a number of disorders, including cystic fibrosis, Huntington disease, fragile X, and several genetic conditions with relatively high prevalence in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Genotypic information about a number of other cell lines has been collected and is also available. The present study includes the development and commutability/genotype characterization of 10 DNA samples for clinically relevant mutations or sequence variants in the following genes: MTHFR; SERPINA1; RET; BRCA1; and BRCA2. DNA samples were analyzed by 19 clinical genetic laboratories using a variety of assays and technology platforms. Concordance was 100% for all samples, with no differences observed between laboratories using different methods. All DNA samples are available from Coriell Cell Repositories and characterization information can be found on the GeT-RM website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Barker
- Division of Laboratory Systems, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, G23, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zerimech F, Hennache G, Bellon F, Barouh G, Jacques Lafitte J, Porchet N, Balduyck M. Evaluation of a new Sebia isoelectrofocusing kit for alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotyping with the Hydrasys System. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:260-3. [PMID: 18076352 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory evaluation of alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is generally performed by determination of A1AT concentrations and identification of specific allelic variants by phenotyping. For this purpose, we evaluated a new Hydragel 18 A1AT Isofocusing kit on the semi-automatic Hydrasys System (Sebia) for the determination of A1AT phenotypes by isoelectrofocusing on ready-to-use agarose gels with specific immunological detection. METHODS Serum samples from 66 patients were analysed with this new kit in comparison with the conventional and manually performed isoelectrofocusing method on polyacrylamide gels with Coomassie Blue staining. RESULTS A1AT phenotypes showed comparable iso-electrofocusing patterns in both systems. The good within-gel reproducibility of this kit was demonstrated using two normal serum samples (M1 and M1M2 phenotypes) and six pathological serum samples with different phenotypes (MS, SS, SZ, MZ, ZZ). A sensitivity study was undertaken by performing serial dilutions on a serum with a ZZ phenotype containing 0.27 g/L A1AT. The detection limit was 0.050 g/L. CONCLUSIONS This new method is highly specific, rapid and simple to perform. It improves identification of not only the most common but also various rare A1AT phenotypes. It appears to be suitable for routine analysis and screening applications in a clinical laboratory setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Zerimech
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kaczor MP, Sanak M, Szczeklik A. Molecular diagnostics of α1-antitrypsin deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:253-65. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
14
|
Kaczor MP, Sanak M, Szczeklik A. Rapid and inexpensive detection of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency-related alleles S and Z by a real-time polymerase chain reaction suitable for a large-scale population-based screening. J Mol Diagn 2007; 9:99-104. [PMID: 17251342 PMCID: PMC1867421 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
alpha(1)-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is one of the most common genetic disorders in Caucasians, leading to early onset pulmonary emphysema and/or liver disorders. Accumulating data suggest that AAT deficiency is commonly under-recognized or misdiagnosed by physicians. The need for a rapid, timesaving, and relatively inexpensive but reliable detection method for the two most common deficiency alleles was developed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping. We designed and validated a 5'-nuclease assay for typing of the PI*S and PI*Z alleles using dual-labeled target-specific fluorescent probes. As a reference method, we used restriction fragment length polymorphism. The real-time PCR method was tested on a large, cross-sectional epidemiological trial. Overall, we genotyped about 1200 samples and found a very good concordance with AAT serum levels and restriction fragment length polymorphism results. In addition, external interlaboratory validation confirmed the accuracy of the real-time PCR method. In our experience, the real-time qualitative PCR using 5'-nuclease assay is suitable as a genetic test for AAT deficiency. This method offers an acceptable balance between reliability and expenses. It seems appropriate for both population-based screening and clinical diagnosis of the deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin P Kaczor
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, 8 Skawińska Str., 30-066 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suárez Ortega S, Gil Díaz A, Rodríguez Gallego C, García Saavedra A, Artiles Vizcaíno J, Prieto Vicente A. Hipertensión arterial vinculable desde un punto de vista etiológico al déficit de α-1-antitripsina. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(07)71672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Listì F, Candore G, Grimaldi MP, Lio D, Colonna-Romano G, Orlando V, Caruso M, Hoffmann E, Paolisso G, Franceschi C, Caruso C. Alpha1-antitrypsin heterozygosity plays a positive role in attainment of longevity. Biogerontology 2006; 8:139-45. [PMID: 17048073 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genes involved in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) play an opposite role in human longevity. The alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a serine-protease inhibitor required for the prevention of proteolytic tissue damage, by neutrophil elastase. The role of AAT in CVD has not been definitively assessed and its effect on longevity has not yet fully been studied. To clarify these points, we have studied the distribution of AAT allele variants in 3 cohorts: 127 young patients affected by acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 255 young controls and 143 centenarians from Sicily. The Z allele frequency was most frequent in centenarians (13.3%), intermediate in healthy young controls (3.1%) and less frequent in AMI patients (1.2%) (P = 0.0000001). The heterozygous MZ genotype was significantly over represented in centenarians (38/143) and under represented in AMI patients (3/127) with intermediate values in young controls (16/255) (P = 0.0000001). After adjustment for well-recognized AMI risk factors, the MZ genotype still predicted a significant negative risk factor for developing AMI in the Sicilian population. Thus, our data show a positive role of MZ heterozygosity in attainment of successful ageing linked to the positive effects of this genotype versus the cardiovascular ischemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Listì
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo 90134, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Divac A, Nikolic A, Mitic-Milikic M, Nagorni-Obradovic L, Petrovic-Stanojevic N, Dopudja-Pantic V, Nadaskic R, Savic A, Radojkovic D. High frequency of the R75Q CFTR variation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cyst Fibros 2005; 3:189-91. [PMID: 15463907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2004.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We performed the complete screening of the CFTR gene in a group of 31 patients with COPD in order to investigate the impact of mutations and polymorphisms in the CFTR gene. The cumulative frequency of CFTR mutations (17.74%) was significantly higher than in our general population (P < 0.0001). The R75Q was significantly overrepresented in COPD patients (8.06%; P = 0.002). In all patients carrying the R75Q chronic bronchitis was a dominant symptom of COPD, and all were homozygous for the V470 allele. These findings suggest that R75Q mutation could be characteristic CFTR variant for COPD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Divac
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444A, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ferrarotti I, Zorzetto M, Scabini R, Mazzola P, Campo I, Luisetti M. A novel method for rapid genotypic identification of alpha 1-antitrypsin variants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 13:160-3. [PMID: 15322427 DOI: 10.1097/01.pdm.0000128700.22128.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is worldwide growing awareness of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), a major hereditary disorder in Caucasians. The gold standard for laboratory diagnosis of AATD is thin-layer isoelectrofocusing (IEF), which is labor intensive and should be performed in reference laboratories. The aim of this study was to find an easy, fast, and cheap method for detecting alpha1-antitrypsin S and Z variants, the most frequent variants associated with AATD. The novel method herein described is based on SexAI/Hpy99I RFLP. We studied samples from 90 subjects enrolled in the Italian National Registry for AATD, previously typed by isoelectrofocusing. We found a complete agreement among our results, IEF, and genotypes obtained by standard methods. We concluded that this novel method combines efficiency, ease, swiftness, and low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ferrarotti
- Laboratorio di Biochimica e Genetica, Clinica di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
de Serres FJ, Blanco I, Fernández-Bustillo E. Genetic epidemiology of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in North America and Australia/New Zealand: Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States of America. Clin Genet 2004; 64:382-97. [PMID: 14616761 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AAT deficiency) is one of the most common serious hereditary disorders in the world, as its affects all major racial subgroups worldwide, and there are an estimated 120.5 million carriers and deficient subjects worldwide. This genetic disease is related to susceptibility for development of jaundice in infants, liver disease in children and adults and pulmonary emphysema in adults. Moreover, AAT deficiency carrier phenotypes (PiMS and PiMZ) and deficiency allele phenotypes (PiSS, PiSZ and PiZZ) are suspected to predispose subjects to a variety of other adverse health effects. Because there is a limited database on the number of individuals affected by this disease worldwide, we have collected data on control cohorts in genetic epidemiological studies published on case-control studies in the peer-reviewed literature worldwide. Based on these data, we estimated the numbers of carriers and deficiency allele combinations for the two most common defective alleles, namely PiS and PiZ in 58 countries worldwide. The present paper focuses on the distribution of the PiS and PiZ deficiency alleles in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States of America. A total of 31,042,232 individuals at risk for adverse health effects have been calculated in these four countries: 2,144,158 in Australia, 3,258,564 in Canada, 430,922 in New Zealand and 24,909,548 in the United States of America. The prevalences for all five phenotypic classes of AAT deficiency in each of these countries is as follows: Australia 1 out of 8.9, Canada 1 out of 9.8, New Zealand 1 out of 8.5 and the United States of America 1 out of 11.3. The geographical distribution of individual control cohorts and estimates of the numbers of carriers and deficiency allele phenotypes in each of these four countries are given in individual tables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J de Serres
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27709-2233, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kissela BM, Sauerbeck L, Woo D, Khoury J, Carrozzella J, Pancioli A, Jauch E, Moomaw CJ, Shukla R, Gebel J, Fontaine R, Broderick J. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preventable disease with a heritable component. Stroke 2002; 33:1321-6. [PMID: 11988610 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000014773.57733.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysm affects approximately 16 000 Americans annually, and almost 40% of affected patients die within 30 days despite the best current therapy. Prevention of SAH is therefore of paramount importance. We present a preliminary analysis of risk factors for SAH from our population-based, case-control study. METHODS Cases were prospectively collected and matched 2:1 by age, race, and gender to controls using random digit dialing. Personal risk factor history, family history, neuroimaging data, and genetic samples were obtained. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed and population-attributable risks estimated. Multivariable analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Between June 1997 and February 2000, 107 cases and 197 controls were enrolled. In bivariate analyses, a large proportion of population-attributable risk for SAH could be explained by modifiable risk factors: smoking, hypertension, and heavy alcohol use. In multivariable analysis, current cigarette smoking, history of hypertension, frequent alcohol use, lower body mass index, and a family history of a relative with SAH or intracranial aneurysm were found to be significant, independent risk factors for SAH. CONCLUSION Our data confirm previous reports that SAH clusters within some families independent of environmental risk factors, suggesting that SAH has a significant genetic component. Yet, even among families at increased risk of SAH, smoking cessation, treatment of hypertension, and reduced alcohol intake may substantially decrease SAH risk. The independent associations with heavy alcohol use and low body mass index with SAH may be confounded by smoking and require further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Kissela
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0525, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lucotte G, Sesboüé R. Polymerase chain reaction detection of S and Z alpha-1-antitrypsin variants by duplex PCR assay. Mol Cell Probes 1999; 13:389-91. [PMID: 10508561 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1999.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect the two most common alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency variants, S and Z. By co-amplification using primers for both the S and Z mutations, we were able to detect heterozygous and homozygous genotypes for both mutations and normal type M in a single duplex reaction. We validated our assay by comparison with phenotype studies obtained by the standard isoelectrofocusing technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lucotte
- Regional Center of Neurogenetics, Maison Blanche Hospital, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, Reims, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Benetazzo MG, Gilè LS, Bombieri C, Malerba G, Massobrio M, Pignatti PF, Luisetti M. alpha 1-antitrypsin TAQ I polymorphism and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin mutations in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 1999; 93:648-54. [PMID: 10542979 DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(99)90105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive pulmonary disease is a multifactorial condition deriving from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. From biochemical knowledge of the basis of the disease, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin are considered two likely candidate genes. We therefore designed an association study comprising 232 unrelated Italian individuals divided as follows: 89 individuals with obstructive lung disease (66 with COPD and 23 with disseminated bronchiectasis) and 143 controls (45 patients with non-obstructive lung disease and 98 healthy individuals). We screened for Taq I (G1237A) polymorphism of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene as well as the rare variants Bonn-1 (Pro229Ala), Bochum-1 (Leu55Pro), Isehara-1 (Met389Val) and Isehara-2 (1258delAA), and the common signal peptide polymorphism Thr-15Ala of the alpha 1-antichymotrypsin gene. The frequencies of Taq I G1237A alleles were 11.7 and 10.8% in obstructed patients and controls, respectively (P = 0.43), while those of signal peptide Thr-15Ala alleles were 51.6 and 50.3% in obstructed patients and controls, respectively (P = 0.42). We conclude that alpha 1-antitrypsin Taq I polymorphism and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin Thr-15Ala mutation are not major genetic risk factors for the development of obstructive lung disease in Italian patients. The alpha 1-antichymotrypsin rare variants were not detected: our results do not exclude the possibility that other alpha 1-antichymotrypsin gene mutations might be present in Italian obstructed patients but, if so, these genetic defects must be rare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Benetazzo
- Istituto di Biologia e Genetica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
A 4-week-old boy had a fatal intracranial hemorrhage resulting from vitamin K deficiency. The infant had received no vitamin K prophylaxis and was exclusively breastfed. At autopsy, examination of the liver showed cholestasis and fibrosis. DNA was isolated from a blood spot on a Gutherie sample card obtained from the infant for routine metabolic screening. This DNA was used for alpha1-antitrypsin genotyping studies. Genotyping studies identified homozygosity for the point mutation 9989G-->A, confirming a diagnosis of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (ZZ phenotype), and resulted in appropriate screening of siblings born after this child's death. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants with late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Use of blood from the metabolic screening card as a source of DNA allowed confirmation of this diagnosis after the infant's death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Israels
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bristow CL, Di Meo F, Arnold RR. Specific activity of alpha1proteinase inhibitor and alpha2macroglobulin in human serum: application to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 89:247-59. [PMID: 9837695 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1998.4605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The shifting balance between proteinases and proteinase inhibitors in blood, a function of their relative affinities and concentrations, has long been hypothesized to influence immune competency. The identification of proteinase-activated receptor responses in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system suggests a potential explanation. The major serum proteinase inhibitor, alpha1proteinase inhibitor (alpha1PI, alpha1-antitrypsin), has been reported to increase in concentration during inflammation. Quantitative determination of serum alpha1PI has traditionally been performed nephelometrically; however, antigenically quantitated levels may not be representative of functional capacity. It has previously been observed that alpha1PI in serum exhibits bimodal behavior as the result of various concentrations of proteinase inhibitors, specifically alpha2macroglobulin (alpha2M) and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, which compete in binding to a panel of serine proteinases. Consequently, it has not previously been possible to assign a numerical value for the specific activity of these competing proteinase inhibitors in serum. By applying known constants representing the association of proteinase inhibitors with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE), the theoretical relationship between the functional and antigenic values for alpha1PI and alpha2M has been empirically derived allowing, for the first time, the calculation of their specific activities in serum. As predicted, the serum concentration of alpha1PI was found to be highly correlated with residual uninhibited PPE catalytic activity in healthy individuals, but not in individuals exhibiting fragmented or complexed alpha1PI. Using these techniques, both the antigenic and functional levels of alpha1PI were determined in sera from subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who had been clinically diagnosed as having either periodontal disease or gingival health. Determination of quantitative levels by antigen-capture suggests that the IDDM subjects with periodontitis manifest dramatically increased levels of fragmented serum alpha1PI compared with their orally healthy counterparts or normal controls. In contrast, functional analysis of serum alpha1PI revealed no differences between the three subject populations. The elevated levels of antigenically determined serum alpha1PI reflect the inflammatory status of periodontal disease. These results support the importance of and provide methodology for determining the functionally active levels of alpha1PI allowing reexamination of changes detected during the acute phase of inflammation, replacement therapy, and longitudinal studies in relevant disease processes including malignancy and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Bristow
- Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Norman MR, Mowat AP, Hutchison DC. Molecular basis, clinical consequences and diagnosis of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Ann Clin Biochem 1997; 34 ( Pt 3):230-46. [PMID: 9158819 DOI: 10.1177/000456329703400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
(1) Deficiency of alpha AT is one of the most common hereditary diseases affecting Caucasians in Europe. The alpha 1AT protein is extremely pleomorphic, and around 90 variants due to mutations have been recognized. The prime functions of alpha 1AT is to inhibit neutrophil elastase, and a proportion of individuals who are deficient in alpha 1AT develop emphysema. The most common deficiency variant (Z) is also associated with liver disease. The main site of alpha 1AT synthesis is in the liver. Not all deficient individuals are affected by lung or liver disease, however, so that other factors (genetic and environmental) are clearly important. (2) Investigation of alpha 1AT status is essential in any child or adult presenting with chronic liver disease. The genetic cause cannot be identified clinically or by any other laboratory investigation. The diagnosis carries important prognostic consequences and is important for other family members. Patients with emphysema should have their Pi type determined, especially if they are under the age of 50, have never smoked or there is a suggestive family history. Asymptomatic individuals who are homozygous type Z should be referred to a chest physician for a clinical and radiological assessment together with lung function tests. (3) Several laboratory tests are available to detect alpha 1AT deficiency, and the choice of test(s) will depend on circumstances. Quantitation of the serum protein is simple and cheap. Because alpha 1AT is an acute phase protein, however, quantitation used in isolation may give false negative results which are clearly unacceptable, particularly in association with paediatric liver disease. Phenotyping by isoelectric focusing requires some experience in distinguishing SZ and ZZ phenotypes, and phenotyping should ideally be used in conjunction with quantitation because heterozygous null phenotypes may appear identical to homozygous normal phenotypes. (4) Prenatal diagnosis is usually performed by DNA analysis of CVS samples obtained at 11-13 weeks. Because of the risk that CVS samples might be contaminated by maternal tissue, assays which are less likely to detect minor contaminants are preferable. At present, use of DNA tests is confined to prenatal diagnosis, but the availability of simple tests and the possibility of unequivocal identification of S and Z alleles means that these tests are likely to find greater use in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Norman
- Department of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lam CWK, Pang CP, Poon PMK, Yin CH, Bharathi G. Rapid Screening for α1-Antitrypsin Z and S Mutations,. Clin Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/43.2.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Geetha Bharathi
- Dept. of Chem. Pathol., Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hosp., Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Braun A, Meyer P, Cleve H, Roscher AA. Rapid and simple diagnosis of the two common alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor deficiency alleles Pi*Z and Pi*S by DNA analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY : JOURNAL OF THE FORUM OF EUROPEAN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY SOCIETIES 1996; 34:761-4. [PMID: 8891530 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1996.34.9.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple DNA-based method to assign the two common alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-antitrypsin) deficiency alleles in the Pi-system (Pi*Z and Pi*S). Two sets of mutated primers are used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by a restriction enzyme digest of the products. The mutated forward primers create a Taq I site only if the wildtype alleles (mostly M or subtypes) are present and not in the presence of the Pi*Z or Pi*S alleles. The reverse primers are mutated for an invariant Taq I site which serves as an internal control site in order to assure the completion of the restriction enzyme digest. The digested PCR products can be clearly resolved by 2.5% MetaPhore-agarose gel electrophoresis. This simple PCR probing of the most common alpha 1-antiproteinase deficiency alleles can be routinely applied either to samples showing quantitatively decreased alpha 1-antiproteinase values in serum or to blood spots of Guthrie cards used for mass screening purposes. In addition, this method may provide the opportunity for a simple, rapid, and reliable prenatal diagnosis of alpha 1-antiproteinase deficiency in special cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Braun
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Abteilung für Klinishce Chemie und Biochemie, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huggard PR, West MJ, Summers KM. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency alleles and blood pressure in an Australian population. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996; 23:600-1. [PMID: 8800597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb02792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Two deficiency alleles of alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) called S and Z have been previously associated with lower blood pressure levels. 2. A sample of Australian hypertensive and normotensive subjects was investigated with respect to these alleles. 3. No association of blood pressure levels with these AAT alleles was found in our study sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Huggard
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hammerberg G, Keren DF. Polymerase chain reaction-mediated site-directed mutagenesis detection of Z and S alpha-1-antitrypsin alleles in family members. J Clin Lab Anal 1996; 10:384-8. [PMID: 8951606 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2825(1996)10:6<384::aid-jcla11>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is an autosomal hereditary disorder with a reduction in serum A1AT levels. In a large family, we used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated, site-directed mutagenesis assay to detect the two most common A1AT deficient variants, Z and S. By coamplification, using primers for both the Z and S mutations, we were able to detect heterozygous and homozygous genotypes for both mutations in a single reaction. We compared our results with phenotype studies obtained by standard immunofixation and isoelectric focusing techniques at two reference laboratories. Whereas PCR and isoelectric focusing agreed completely, there were five discrepancies in the results obtained by the immunofixation procedure. The reference laboratory that provided these discrepant results later informed us of a quality control problem that accounted for their error. The family study included 12 individuals representing three generations. Two individuals were MM homozygotes, three were MZ heterozygotes, four were MS heterozygotes, and three were SZ heterozygotes. A thirteenth family member was diagnosed as a ZZ homozygote at another institution. We have shown that this PCR coamplification technique provides accurate information about the M, S, and Z alleles that is at least as useful as current reference laboratory methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Hammerberg
- Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti 48197, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Levinson G, Coulam CB, Spence WC, Sherins RJ, Schulman JD. Recent advances in reproductive genetic technologies. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:968-73. [PMID: 9636273 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0995-968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive and genetic disorders are becoming available as a result of a series of recent technical advances. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows treatment of numerous infertile men whose sperm cannot penetrate the egg to initiate fertilization. Molecular genetic testing provides clients of reproductive age with additional information that permits prevention of genetic diseases such as fragile X syndrome, the leading cause of inherited mental retardation. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) offers couples who carry genetic disorders the prospect of having children with a greatly decreased risk of initiating a pregnancy involving an affected individual. Flow-cytometric sperm separation offers a new, effective approach for prevention of X-linked genetic disorders. Two major causes of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) involve recurrent trisomies and immunological disorders. Of the latter, 70% of studied populations of patients can attain live births with simple treatment protocols. Maternal serum assays involving multiple markers reduce both false positives and false negatives in detection of trisomies. Despite these advances in research, many safe and effective methods of diagnosis and treatment remain under-utilized in the clinical arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Levinson
- Genetics & IVF Institute, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|