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Bautista-López NL, Schulz R. Call for Consensus in the Evaluation of Circulating Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chagas Disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:tpmd210860. [PMID: 35895410 PMCID: PMC9490674 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite is endemic in parts of America. Approximately 30% of people infected develop Chagas cardiomyopathy, the most common cause of heart failure in these regions. No suitable biomarker that reflects the evolution of the disease has been widely accepted as of yet. There is substantial evidence, however, of a strong inflammatory reaction following infection with T. cruzi that could activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Emerging research suggests the involvement of MMPs in Chagas cardiomyopathy and there is a growing interest in measuring the blood levels of MMPs as diagnostic and/or prognostic indicators of heart damage in Chagas patients. This perspective discusses the lack of consensus on the best method for MMP evaluation. Some studies are based on MMP concentrations and activities in serum whereas others use plasma. We believe that these different methods of evaluation have led to incongruent and poorly comparable data on the blood levels of MMPs in Chagas patients. A standard for the preparation of blood samples needs to be adopted for the study of MMPs as markers of Chagas cardiomyopathy to ensure better comparability of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Schulz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Holten-Andersen MN, Brünner N, Nielsen HJ, Christensen IJ, Sørensen NM, Rasmussen ASS, Primdahl H, Orntoft T. Levels of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1 in Plasma and Urine from Patients with Bladder Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 21:6-11. [PMID: 16711508 DOI: 10.1177/172460080602100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim To assess the potential use of plasma and urine levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in urothelial cancer. Methods TIMP-1 levels were determined in urine and plasma from healthy donors (n=26), patients with bacterial bladder infection (n=24), urothelial bladder adenoma (n=3) or adenocarcinoma (n=7). Results Free and total TIMP-1 in plasma were weakly but significantly correlated with age; urinary TIMP-1 was not. A strong correlation between free and total TIMP-1 in plasma was observed, with an average ratio of 0.85. No correlation between total TIMP-1 in urine and plasma was found (p=0.55). No significant differences in free or total TIMP-1 in plasma were found between healthy individuals, patients with cystitis or bladder cancer (p=0.4). Urinary TIMP-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with cystitis (p=0.001). No apparent differences in TIMP-1 levels were found in patients with bladder cancer at different stages. Conclusion Our previous observation of a weak but significant correlation between plasma TIMP-1 and age was confirmed. Likewise, an association between free and total TIMP-1 in plasma with a ratio of 0.85 was established. No correlation between plasma and urine TIMP-1 was found. Measurement of TIMP-1 in plasma and/or urine is apparently not useful for the identification of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Holten-Andersen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The Veterinary University, Frederiksberg.
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Kusnierova P, Vsiansky F, Pleva L, Plevova P, Safarcik K, Svagera Z. Reference intervals of plasma matrix metalloproteinases 2, 3, and 9 and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine levels. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2015; 75:508-13. [PMID: 26151887 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1057760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to verify the reference intervals of plasma matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 3, and 9 and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in a healthy population with an average age corresponding to that of patients with cardiovascular diseases. METHODS The study included 180 healthy volunteers. Plasma MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and serum ADMA levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These levels were analyzed for association with age and gender. The Cbstat5, R software, and NCSS 2007 programs were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The average volunteer age was 47.4 years in the group in which MMP-3 and ADMA were analyzed, 40.3 years in the MMP-9 group, and 47.8 years for the MMP-2 group. Serum ADMA levels were determined to be independent of age and gender. Plasma MMP-2 levels were significantly correlated with age (p = 0.001), with lower levels detected in persons ≤ 49 years of age. Plasma MMP-3 was significantly associated with both age (p < 0.0001) and gender, with lower levels detected in persons of ≤ 47 years of age and among women. Plasma MMP-9 levels were not age dependent, but were associated with gender (p = 0.014), showing lower levels in women. CONCLUSIONS Reference intervals of heparin-plasma MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 and serum ADMA levels were determined. MMP-2 and MMP-3 levels were found to be age dependent, and MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels were gender dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Kusnierova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava
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Prescimone T, Tognotti D, Caselli C, Cabiati M, D'Amico A, Del Ry S, Giannessi D. Reappraisal of quantitative gel zymography for matrix metalloproteinases. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:374-80. [PMID: 24648291 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) is relevant in many pathophysiological conditions, especially if associated with extracellular matrix remodeling; however, the results obtained are closely linked to the method used and are not directly comparable. The aim of this study was to perform a reappraisal of quantitative gel zymography technique for MMPs in human plasma, to use for comparison with commercially available ELISA and in those experimental conditions where the MMP active form needs to be revealed. METHODS The critical methodological parameters of zymography were checked and a comparison with a routinely used ELISA was performed. RESULTS Sensitivity and reproducibility levels of zymography are suitable for detection of MMP-9 in human plasma, providing results closely related to those obtained by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS Analytical parameters of zymography were suitable for detection of MMPs in human plasma. Quantitative zymography for MMPs is an alternative method for comparing the results of ELISA widely employed for MMP determination, thus reducing the discrepancies between laboratories regarding gelatinase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Prescimone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Pisa, Italy
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Chuang YC, Huang WT, Chiang PH, Tang MC, Lin CS. Aqueous zymography screening of matrix metalloproteinase activity and inhibition based on colorimetric gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 32:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lefkowitz RB, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Heller MJ. Whole blood assay for elastase, chymotrypsin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. Anal Chem 2011; 82:8251-8. [PMID: 20828137 DOI: 10.1021/ac101462c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to measure protease activity in the blood is important for the development of future diagnostics and for biomedical research. Presently, protease assays require sample preparation, making them time-consuming, costly, less accurate, and unsuitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Recently, we demonstrated a unique method for measuring clinically relevant levels of trypsin activity in only a few microliters of whole blood. This assay utilizes a charge-changing fluorescent peptide substrate that produces a positively charged fluorescent product fragment upon cleavage by the target protease. Using a simple electrophoretic format, the fragments could be rapidly separated, concentrated, and detected directly from a whole blood sample. We now report on the development of new protease substrates for the measurement of elastase, chymotrypsin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 activity in whole blood. In these studies, detection limits ranging from 1 to 40 pg in 6 μL of 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (0.2-6 ng/mL) were achieved after a only 1 h reaction of enzyme and substrate. In subsequent experiments measuring spiked protease in whole blood (with endogenous protease present), detection limits ranging from 100 to 200 ng/mL were achieved after a 1 h reaction. Thus, these new substrates demonstrate broad applicability toward clinically relevant detection of important disease-relevant proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy B Lefkowitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, USA
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Kisand K, Kerna I, Kumm J, Jonsson H, Tamm A. Impact of cryopreservation on serum concentration of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-7, TIMP-1, vascular growth factors (VEGF) and VEGF-R2 in Biobank samples. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 49:229-35. [PMID: 21118050 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood biomarkers are subject to pre-analytical variability. In many cases, the stability of important new tissue biomarkers during freeze cycles and storage has not been studied sufficiently. METHODS To test the stability of matrix metalloproteinases-7 (MMP-7) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1), vascular growth factors (VEGF) and VEGF-receptor, serum samples were frozen and then thawed up to six times. The impact of storage temperature was investigated using an accelerated stability testing protocol. Stability at -20°C and -75°C was calculated using the Arrhenius equation. RESULTS The average concentration of TIMP-1 was stable, even after six freeze/thaw cycles. One thawing did not change the concentration of MMP-7 and VEGF-receptor. However, repeated freeze/thaw cycles increased the measured values significantly. Decreases in VEGF concentrations were dramatic, even after the first freeze/thaw cycle. According to the Arrhenius calculation, MMP-7 showed excellent stability, at least 5 years at -20°C and several 100 years at -75°C. The VEGF-receptor maintains 90% of its initial concentration at -20°C over 3 months, and decades at -75°C. TIMP-1 and VEGF showed poor stability with cryopreservation, even at -75°C. CONCLUSIONS The stability of MMP-7, TIMP-1, VEGF or VEGF-receptor in biobanking is highly variable, and this should be taken into account in the interpretation of results. A temperature -20°C is unsuitable for prolonged storage of the biomarkers investigated, and repeated thawing of sera is not recommended. VEGF is especially unstable and should be quantitated using serum that has never been frozen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Kisand
- Immunology Group, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Validating sampling methods for measurement of circulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Pancreas 2010; 39:937; author reply 937-8. [PMID: 20664481 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181d26e2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Lefkowitz RB, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Heller MJ. Whole blood assay for trypsin activity using polyanionic focusing gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2442-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lefkowitz RB, Marciniak JY, Hu CM, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Heller MJ. An electrophoretic method for the detection of chymotrypsin and trypsin activity directly in whole blood. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:403-10. [PMID: 20024920 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, it is a major challenge to measure disease-related degradative enzyme activity directly in whole blood. Present techniques for assaying degradative enzyme activity require sample preparation, which makes the assays time-consuming and costly. This study now describes a simple and rapid electrophoretic method that allows detection of degradative enzyme activity directly in whole blood using charge-changing fluorescent peptide substrates. Charge-changing substrates eliminate the need for sample preparation by producing positively charged cleavage fragments that can be readily separated from the oppositely charged fluorescent substrate and blood components by electrophoresis. Two peptide substrates have been developed for pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin. For the first substrate, a detection limit of 3 ng for both alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin was achieved in whole rat blood using a 4% agarose gel. This substrate had minimal cross-reactivity with the trypsin-like proteases thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein. For the second substrate (trypsin-specific), a detection limit of about 10-20 pg was achieved using thinner higher resolution 20 and 25% polyacrylamide gels. Thus, the new charge changing peptide substrates enable a simple electrophoretic assay format for the measurement of degradative enzyme activity, which is an important step toward the development of novel point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy B Lefkowitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
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Abstract
The extracellular cardiac matrix (ECCM) plays an important role in the support of myocytes and fibroblasts. ECCM turnover is influenced by ischemia, stretch, inflammation, and neurohormonal mediators. Myocardial fibrosis is the consequence of several pathologic processes mediated by mechanical, neurohormonal, and cytokine factors. It is a major determinant of diastolic dysfunction and pumping capacity and may result in tissue heterogeneity, dys-synchrony, and arrhythmias. The measurement of various serum peptides arising from the metabolism of collagen types 1 and 3, of degradation fragments, and of specific metalloproteinases may provide noninvasive assessment of fibrosis. ECCM biomarkers are clinically useful tools, particularly given the potential for cardioprotective and cardioreparative pharmacologic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Zannad
- Hôpital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les-Toul, France
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Mannello F, Jung K, Tonti GA, Canestrari F. Heparin affects matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases circulating in peripheral blood. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:1466-73. [PMID: 18926810 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood sampling/handling alters matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) expression. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of high molecular weight heparin on MMP and TIMP expression in blood. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed by gelatin zymography and ELISA assays the effects of different heparin salts, dose- and time-dependence of MMP and TIMP concentrations in plasma and sera collected with and without clot-accelerator in plastic tubes from 50 healthy donors. RESULTS The levels and zymography of MMP-2 did not show significant changes among all samples, and during time- and dose-dependent heparin treatments. MMP-9 and TIMP-2 expression were strongly affected by heparin, with significant increase of their content and gelatinolytic activity both in time- and in dose-dependent fashion. Addition of heparin allowed also the displacement of MMP-2 prodomain, favouring zymogen activation. CONCLUSIONS Heparin has direct and indirect effects, altering MMP/TIMP complexes circulating in blood, and increasing the release of TIMP-2. To avoid misinterpretations due to MMP/TIMP complex alteration and MMP prodomain displacement, heparin should be cautiously used in blood collection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
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Mannello F, Jung K. Blood sampling affects circulating TIMP-1 concentration, a useful biomarker in estimating liver fibrosis stages. Hepatology 2008; 48:688-9; author reply 689-90. [PMID: 18666227 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Würtz SØ, Würtz SØ, Schrohl AS, Mouridsen H, Brünner N. TIMP-1 as a tumor marker in breast cancer--an update. Acta Oncol 2008; 47:580-90. [PMID: 18465326 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802022976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Improvement of the management of breast cancer patients has high priority. In this regard, prognostic stratification needs to be improved in order to ensure proper medical treatment of all patients and furthermore predictors of response to chemotherapy are urgently needed. As new treatment opportunities emerge in the future this need will continue to grow. Thus, the search for molecular markers of prognosis and prediction is ongoing. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) has been suggested as a marker of both prognosis and response to treatment. Several studies have demonstrated the association between TIMP-1 and prognosis in breast cancer and new studies within this area have focused on the possibility of using blood samples or paraffin embedded tissue instead of tumor tissue extracts for measurements of TIMP-1. Interestingly, recent studies have investigated the association between TIMP-1 and response to treatment showing that TIMP-1 may also carry predictive information on response to treatment. In this regard, results from studies of the molecular functions of TIMP-1 point to a role of TIMP-1 in the inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis as an explanation for the clinical findings. This review gives an update on the ongoing investigation of the potential role of TIMP-1 as a tumor marker in breast cancer. Furthermore, we link the clinical findings with studies of the molecular actions of the TIMP-1 protein, raising hypotheses that may explain why TIMP-1 could play an important role in future management of breast cancer patients.
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Rossignol P, Cambillau M, Bissery A, Mouradian D, Benetos A, Michel JB, Plouin PF, Chatellier G, Jacob MP. Influence of blood sampling procedure on plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:464-9. [PMID: 18307742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) are potential markers of many diseases involving extracellular matrix remodelling such as hypertension. Our aim was to determine whether the anticoagulant used to collect plasma and several freeze-thaw cycles may influence the accuracy of plasma MMP and TIMP determinations. 2. Plasma samples of 18 healthy volunteers were collected on three anticoagulants: heparinate, citrate and EDTA. For each anticoagulant, we compared: (i) MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels using gelatin zymography and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; (ii) intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV); and (iii) MMP and TIMP levels after up to five freeze-thaw cycles. 3. The choice of anticoagulant influenced TIMP-2 and TIMP-1 concentrations (TIMP-2, P < 0.0001; paired comparisons, citrate vs EDTA, P < 0.0001; EDTA vs heparin, P < 0.0001; citrate vs heparin, P < 0.0001; TIMP-1, P < 0.001; paired comparisons, citrate vs EDTA, P = 0.10; EDTA vs heparin, P < 0.01; citrate vs heparin, P < 0.0001), but not those of MMP. We observed a bias with heparinate for TIMP-2, TIMP-1 and MMP-9 determinations. The anticoagulant did not influence intra-assay or interassay CV. Performing freeze-thaw cycles led to alterations in the TIMP-1 plasma levels (P < 0.0001), regardless of the anticoagulant used, whereas MMP and TIMP-2 concentrations were not significantly affected. 4. Anticoagulant influences the measured levels of MMP and TIMP in plasma and should be systematically reported. However, it does not influence the reproducibility of the measurements. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles alter the measurement of TIMP-1 levels and should be avoided.
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Lopez-Avila V, Spencer JV. Methods for Detection of Matrix Metalloproteinases as Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease. Clin Med Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF. Silicate increases the release of MMP-9 forms in peripheral blood: why gelatin zymography differs significantly in citrate plasma and serum obtained with or without clot activators. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1981-2. [PMID: 17954502 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.090548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mannello F, Tanus-Santos JE, Meschiari CA, Tonti GA. Differences in both matrix metalloproteinase 9 concentration and zymographic profile between plasma and serum with clot activators are due to the presence of amorphous silica or silicate salts in blood collection devices. Anal Biochem 2007; 374:56-63. [PMID: 18082127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are promising diagnostic tools, and blood sampling/handling alters MMP concentrations between plasma and serum and between serum with and without clot activators. To explain the higher MMP-9 expression in serum collected with clot accelerators relative to serum with no additives and to plasma, we analyzed the effects of increasing amounts of silica and silicates (components of clot activators) in citrate plasma, serum, and buffy coats collected in both plastic and glass tubes from 50 healthy donors, and we analyzed the effects of silica and silicate on cultured leukemia cells. The levels of MMP-2 did not show significant changes between glass and plastic tubes, between serum and plasma, between serum with and without clot accelerators, or between silica and silicate treatments. No modification of MMP-9 expression was obtained by the addition of silica or silicate to previously separated plasma and serum. Increasing the amounts of nonsoluble silica and soluble silicate added to citrate and empty tubes prior to blood collection resulted in increasing levels of MMP-9 relative to citrate plasma and serum. Silica and silicate added to buffy coats and leukemia cells significantly induced MMP-9 release/secretion, demonstrating that both silica and silicate induce the release of pro- and complexed MMP-9 forms. We recommend limiting the misuse of serum and avoiding the interfering effects of clot activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Institute of Histology and Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Somiari S. Concluding remarks. Int J Cancer 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mannello F, Tonti GAM, Canestrari F. The `never-ending story' of the influence of blood specimen collection methods affecting the concentration, the zymographic profile and the usefulness of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in multiple sclerosis diagnosis/prognosis: a landmark for limiting the misuse of serum samples. Mult Scler 2007; 13:687-90. [PMID: 17548455 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506072492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mannello F, Tonti GA. Gelatinase concentrations and zymographic profiles in human breast cancer: Matrix metalloproteinases circulating in plasma are better markers for the subclassification and early prediction of cancer: The coagulation/fibrinolysis pathways alter the release, activation and recovery of different gelatinases in serum. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:216-8; author reply 219-23. [PMID: 17315186 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Colotti C, Angeli V, Del Ry S, Maltinti M, Vittorini S, Giannessi D. Matrix metalloprotease-2 and -9 concentration and activity in serum and culture medium samples: a methodological reappraisal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 45:1292-8. [PMID: 17727309 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1292–8.
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Staack A, Badendieck S, Schnorr D, Loening SA, Jung K. Combined determination of plasma MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP1 improves the non-invasive detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. BMC Urol 2006; 6:19. [PMID: 16901349 PMCID: PMC1560390 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) play a major role in the maintenance of extracellular matrix homeostasis and are involved in the process of tumour invasion and metastasis in several malignant tumour entities. The goal of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of various circulating MMPs and TIMPs in blood plasma for a non-invasive detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC). Methods In this study the concentrations of MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, their inhibitors TIMP1, TIMP2, and the MMP1/TIMP1-complex (MTC1) were quantified in blood plasma with the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood plasma samples were investigated from 68 patients (non-metastasized, n = 57 and metastasized, n = 11) with TCC of the bladder and from 79 healthy controls. The mROC program was used to calculate the best two- and three- marker combinations. The diagnostic values for all single markers and the marker combinations were estimated both by the overall diagnostic performance index area under the ROC curve (AUC) and the sensitivity and specificity at cutoff limits with the highest diagnostic accuracy and at the 90% and 95% limits of sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Results The median MMP2 concentration was elevated in blood plasma in all patient groups with TCC in comparison to the controls (p < 0.001). The concentrations of TIMP1, TIMP2, and MTC1 in plasma probes were significantly lower from patients with non-metastasized TCC compared to the controls. MMP2 tested alone reached the highest sensitivity and specificity at 75%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity increased when tested in combination with MMP9 and TIMP1 (97%, 94%, respectively). The combination of MMP9 and TIMP1 also showed an improved sensitivity (80%) and specificity (99%) than tested alone. Conclusion MMP2 is a statistically significant marker in blood plasma for bladder cancer detection with an increased diagnostic value in combination with MMP9 and TIMP1. This study showed that the highest sensitivities and specificities are not obtained by testing each marker alone. As shown by the best two-marker combination, which includes MMP9 and TIMP1, the optimized combination does not always include the best single markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Staack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Badendieck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schnorr
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan A Loening
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Jung K, Meisser A, Bischof P. Blood sampling as critical preanalytical determinant to use circulating MMP and TIMP as surrogate markers for pathological processes. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:1000-1; author reply 1002-3. [PMID: 15856460 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Makowski GS, Ramsby ML. Use of citrate to minimize neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human plasma. Anal Biochem 2004; 322:283-6. [PMID: 14596841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Makowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Fontaine V, Jacob MP, Houard X, Rossignol P, Plissonnier D, Angles-Cano E, Michel JB. Involvement of the mural thrombus as a site of protease release and activation in human aortic aneurysms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1701-10. [PMID: 12414517 PMCID: PMC1850780 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acquired abdominal aortic aneurysms are usually associated with a mural thrombus through which blood continues to flow. Some early data suggest that aneurysmal evolution correlates with the biological activity of the thrombus. Our hypothesis was therefore that the thrombus could adsorb blood components and store, release, and participate in the activation of proteases involved in aneurysmal evolution. For this purpose, we have explored both the metalloproteinase and fibrinolytic systems in the thrombus and the wall of human aneurysms. We have first investigated blood clot formation and lysis in vitro. Spontaneous clotting induces a release of promatrix metalloproteinase (pro-MMP)-9 into the serum that was fourfold higher than in paired control plasma (P < 0.001). Fibrinolysis progressively released more MMP-9 in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.01). After selective isolation, we demonstrated that polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the main source of MMP-9 release during clot formation. Protease content was then analyzed in 35 mural thrombi and walls of human abdominal aortic aneurysms sampled during surgical repair. In 15 aneurysms, the liquid phase at the interface between the thrombus and the wall was sampled separately. Both thrombus and wall contained MMP-2 and MMP-9 but the ratio MMP-9/MMP-2 was higher in the thrombus than in the wall. The liquid interface also contained active MMP-9. Immunohistochemistry of the thrombus confirmed these findings, showing the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes at the luminal pole of the thrombus, co-localizing with MMP-9 storage. In contrast, MMP-3 and MMP-7 were only present in the aneurysmal wall. Plasminogen was present in the mural thrombus but plasmin activity was present in both thrombus and wall. In the liquid interface, plasmin-alpha(2)-anti-plasmin complexes were detected demonstrating in vivo the activation of plasminogen. In contrast, u-PA and t-PA were detectable only in the wall, suggesting that plasminogen present in the thrombus could be activated by factors secreted by the arterial wall. This was demonstrated in vitro, in which co-incubation of thrombus and wall extracts generated plasmin in the presence of a fibrin matrix and activated MMPs. In conclusion, our study strongly suggests that the mural thrombus, by trapping polymorphonuclear leukocytes and adsorbing plasma components could act as a source of proteases in aneurysms that may play a critical role in enlargement and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fontaine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U460, Cardiovascular Remodeling, Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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HRABEC E, STREK M, NOWAK D, HRABEC Z. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. Respir Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1053/rmed.2001.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jung K, Lein M, Laube C, Lichtinghagen R. Blood specimen collection methods influence the concentration and the diagnostic validity of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in blood. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 314:241-4. [PMID: 11718702 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in blood are promising new diagnostic tools. It was shown that the blood sampling process resulted in different blood concentrations of MMPs. To clarify whether the sampling process also influences the diagnostic validity of MMPs, MMP-9 measurements were performed in plasma and serum samples of patients with prostate carcinoma and renal cell cancer. METHODS MMP-9 ELISAs were performed in samples of heparin plasma and serum collected in blood tubes with and without clot accelerator. Measurements were undertaken in 78 healthy persons, 33 patients with prostate carcinoma and 33 patients with renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS MMP-9 showed higher concentrations in serum samples than in heparin plasma and was about threefold higher in serum samples collected in tubes with clot activator than in native serum samples. Both patient groups had lower MMP-9 concentrations in serum, whereas in plasma, patients with renal cell carcinoma had higher, but patients with prostate cancer unchanged MMP-9 concentrations. 13 of 33 patients with renal cell carcinoma had increased MMP-9 plasma values but no patient had increased serum concentrations. CONCLUSIONS To optimise the diagnostic validity of the MMP-9 in blood, measurements should be performed in heparin plasma but not in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
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Holten-Andersen MN, Murphy G, Nielsen HJ, Pedersen AN, Christensen IJ, Høyer-Hansen G, Brünner N, Stephens RW. Quantitation of TIMP-1 in plasma of healthy blood donors and patients with advanced cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:495-503. [PMID: 10408859 PMCID: PMC2362309 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 was developed in order to examine the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of TIMP-1 measurements in cancer patients. The ELISA enabled specific detection of total TIMP-1 in EDTA, citrate and heparin plasma. The assay was rigorously tested and requirements of sensitivity, specificity, stability and good recovery were fulfilled. TIMP-1 levels measured in citrate plasma (mean 69.2+/-13.1 microg I(-1)) correlated with TIMP-1 measured in EDTA plasma (mean 73.5+/-14.2 microg I(-1)) from the same individuals in a set of 100 healthy blood donors (Spearman's rho = 0.62, P< 0.0001). The mean level of TIMP-1 in EDTA plasma from 143 patients with Dukes' stage D colorectal cancer was 240+/-145 microg I(-1) and a Mann-Whitney test demonstrated a highly significant difference between TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors and colorectal cancer patients (P < 0.0001). Similar findings were obtained for 19 patients with advanced breast cancer (mean 292+/-331 microg I(-1)). The results show that TIMP-1 is readily measured in plasma samples by ELISA and that increased levels of TIMP-1 are found in patients with advanced cancer. It is proposed that plasma measurements of TIMP-1 may have value in the management of cancer patients.
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Jung K, Laube C, Lein M, Lichtinghagen R, Tschesche H, Schnorr D, Loening SA. Kind of Sample as Preanalytical Determinant of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 in Blood. Clin Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/44.5.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Laube
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Lein
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Harald Tschesche
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schnorr
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan A Loening
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical School Hanover, D-30623 Hanover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Jung K. Plasma but not serum should be used for determining tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase in blood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997; 21:1155-6. [PMID: 9309331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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