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López-Acosta O, Ruiz-Ramírez A, Barrios-Maya MÁ, Alarcon-Aguilar J, Alarcon-Enos J, Céspedes Acuña CL, El-Hafidi M. Lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity and some strategies to protect vascular smooth muscle cell against proliferative phenotype in metabolic syndrome. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113546. [PMID: 36513245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis through a mechanism that involves vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. Several molecules found to be increased in MetS, including free fatty acids, fatty acid binding protein 4, leptin, resistin, oxidized lipoprotein particles, and advanced glycation end products, influence VSMC proliferation. Most of these molecules act through their receptors on VSMCs by activating several signaling pathways associated with ROS generation in various cellular compartments. ROS from NADPH-oxidase and mitochondria have been found to promote VSMC proliferation and cell cycle progression. In addition, most of the natural or synthetic substances described in this review, including pharmaceuticals with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties, attenuate VSMC proliferation by their simultaneous modulation of cell signaling and their scavenging property due to the presence of a phenolic ring in their structure. This review discusses recent data in the literature on the role that several MetS-related molecules and ROS play in the change from contractile to proliferative phenotype of VSMCs. Hence the importance of proposing an appropriate strategy to prevent uncontrolled VSMC proliferation using antioxidants, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ocarol López-Acosta
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Angélica Ruiz-Ramírez
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Miguel-Ángel Barrios-Maya
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Javier Alarcon-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Julio Alarcon-Enos
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Av. Andres Bello 720, Chillan, Chile
| | - Carlos L Céspedes Acuña
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Av. Andres Bello 720, Chillan, Chile.
| | - Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Jing Z, Peng L, Jin P, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Yang L, Ren J, Xie Q, Jin X. N-oleoylethanolamide suppresses intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in rats through AMPK/PPARα pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:415-421. [PMID: 29305859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration are crucial events in the pathological course of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a bioactive lipid amide released upon dietary fat digestion with many reported actions. However, the effect of OEA on restenosis after vascular injury remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of OEA on intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in vivo, its effect on VSMC proliferation and migration induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation in vitro, and the underlying mechanism underlying these effects. The results showed that OEA-treated rats displayed a significant reduction in neointima formation after balloon injury. In cultured VSMCs, treatment with OEA decreased cell proliferation and migration induced by PDGF. OEA treatment both in vivo and in vitro led to an increase in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and a decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclinD1 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK and PPARα reversed the suppressive effects of OEA on VSMC proliferation and migration, suggesting that the suppressive effect of OEA on VSMC proliferation and migration is mediated through the activation of AMPK and PPARα. In conclusion, our present study demonstrated that OEA attenuated neointima formation in response to balloon injury by suppressing SMC proliferation and migration through an AMPK and PPARα-dependent mechanism. Our data suggests that OEA may be a potential therapeutic agent for restenosis after PCI.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Endocannabinoids/pharmacology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Hyperplasia/prevention & control
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Neointima/genetics
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Neointima/prevention & control
- Oleic Acids/pharmacology
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Zuo Jing
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Lu Peng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Peng Jin
- Experiment Section, Fushun Agricultural Specialty School, Fushun 113123, PR China
| | - Yangbin Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Lichao Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Jie Ren
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China.
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3
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Abstract
Objective: To review the mechanisms of anti-cancer activity of fenofibrate (FF) and other Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor α (PPARα) agonists based on evidences reported in the published literature.Methods: We extensively reviewed the literature concerning FF as an off target anti-cancer drug. Controversies regarding conflicting findings were also addressed.Results: The main mechanism involved in anti-cancer activity is anti-angiogenesis through down-regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) and Hypoxia Inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α), inhibition of endothelial cell migration, up-regulation of endostatin and thrombospondin-1, but there are many other contributing mechanisms like apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, down-regulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) and Protein kinase B (Akt) and decrease of cellular energy by impairing mitochondrial function. Growth impairment is related to down-regulation of Phospho-Inositol 3 Kinase (PI3K)/Akt axis and down-regulation of the p38 map kinase (MAPK) cascade. A possible role should be assigned to FF stimulated over-expression of Tribbles Homolog-3 (TRIB3) which inhibits Akt phosphorylation. Important anti-cancer and anti-metastatic activities are due to down-regulation of MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1), decreased Metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) production, weak down-regulation of adhesion molecules like E selectin, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and Vascular Endothelial Adhesion Molecules (VCAM), and decreased secretion of chemokines like Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and down-regulation of cyclin D-1. There is no direct link between FF activity in lipid metabolism and anticancer activity, except for the fact that many anticancer actions are dependent from PPARα agonism. FF exhibits also PPARα independent anti-cancer activities.Conclusions: There are strong evidences indicating that FF can disrupt growth-related activities in many different cancers, due to anti-angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore FF may be useful as a complementary adjunct treatment of cancer, particularly included in anti-angiogenic protocols like those currently increasingly used in glioblastoma. There are sound reasons to initiate well planned phase II clinical trials for FF as a complementary adjunct treatment of cancer.
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Yamasaki D, Kawabe N, Nakamura H, Tachibana K, Ishimoto K, Tanaka T, Aburatani H, Sakai J, Hamakubo T, Kodama T, Doi T. Fenofibrate suppresses growth of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell via PPARα-independent mechanisms. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:657-64. [PMID: 21514001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α agonist, is a hypolipidemic drug. Although several studies have explored the fenofibrate-induced antiproliferative effect in cultured human cells, it is not clear which role PPARα plays in this antiproliferative effect. Therefore, we investigated the antiproliferative mechanism of fenofibrate in Huh7 (human hepatoma cell line). Cell viability was measured by the WST-8 assay and cell proliferation was assessed using the BrdU incorporation assay. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The cyclins, tumor suppressor proteins and regulators of the AKT signaling pathway were analyzed by immunoblotting. Using flow cytometry, we showed that fenofibrate blocks entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. We certified that this G1 arrest is caused by the reduction of cyclin A and E2F1 and the accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Interestingly, the antiproliferative effect of fenofibrate was not affected by the PPARα antagonist (GW6471) or by PPARα-specific siRNA. These results suggest that fenofibrate suppresses Huh7 cell growth through a PPARα independent mechanism. Furthermore, we showed that treatment of Huh7 cells with fenofibrate leads to suppression of AKT phosphorylation. We also found for the first time that fenofibrate increased the C-terminal modulator protein (CTMP), which inhibits AKT phosphorylation. Our data suggest that fenofibrate inhibits the proliferation of Huh7 cells by blocking Akt activation, and that CTMP is one of the key players for this antiproliferative property of fenofibrate in Huh7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Birkenhauer P, Yang Z, Gander B. Preventing restenosis in early drug-eluting stent era: recent developments and future perspectives. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:1339-56. [PMID: 15525440 DOI: 10.1211/0022357044797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Restenosis is the major limitation of the successful therapy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with coronary artery disease. The problem was appreciated in the late 1970s to early 1980s. Only in recent years, anti-restenotic therapy has achieved a breakthrough with the development of drug-eluting stents. Here, we provide an overview about pathological mechanisms of restenosis after PCI. Present therapeutic approaches to overcome restenosis and recent clinical results are revisited, and some major concerns in the post-drug-eluting stent era are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Birkenhauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Hönggerberg HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Zahradka P. Cardiovascular Actions of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha (PPAR?) Agonist Wy14,643. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 25:99-122. [PMID: 17614934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the various effects of Wy14,643, a hypolipidemic agent that activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha), on the cardiovascular system. An emphasis has been placed on the specific cellular processes affected by Wy14,643 as they relate to vascular and cardiac function. Although the topic of this discussion is limited to vascular and cardiac tissues, the importance of circulating lipids on cardiovascular disease requires that a description of the indirect actions of this compound on liver metabolism also be included. Finally, the pharmacology of Wy14,643 is discussed within the context of PPARalpha-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zahradka
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba and Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Masood I, Porter KE, London NJM. Endothelin-1 is a mediator of intimal hyperplasia in organ culture of human saphenous vein. Br J Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1997.02597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Gajdos M, Mongiellová V, Huttová D, Cibulová L, Krivosíková Z, Spustová V, Dzúrik R. Ciprofibrate increases plasma concentration of platelet-derived growth factor AB in patients with advanced atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia independently of its hypolipidemic effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38:651-6. [PMID: 11602811 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200111000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibrates, besides their hypolipidemic action, share alternative effects, such as decreased plasma fibrinogen and uric acid levels. Because of their complex action, additional effects have been investigated. A group of 23 patients with clinical signs of atherosclerosis and hyperlipoproteinemia was randomly allocated after a 1-month washout period and treated with either 100 mg/d of ciprofibrate or 100 mg/d of aspirin for 2 months. Patients were then treated with a combination of these two agents for the next 2 months. Ciprofibrate decreased plasma concentrations of triglycerides (-29%) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-27%) in monotherapy and a larger reduction was observed if ciprofibrate was added to the aspirin therapy: triglycerides (-39%), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-33%), total cholesterol (-18%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-17%), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+36%). Ciprofibrate increased plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) AB in both monotherapy patients (+162.9 pg/ml, +297%) and in aspirin-pretreated patients (+129.8 pg/ml, +134%); the increase of PDGF AB platelet store was significant only in aspirin-pretreated patients (+11.1 ng/ml, +51%). Aspirin in monotherapy did not modulate either plasma or platelet store of PDGF AB. Ciprofibrate did not inhibit thromboxane B 2 synthesis in platelets. Aspirin did not influence plasma thromboxane B 2 concentration at all, whereas it decreased thromboxane B 2 platelet production markedly in monotherapy (-85%) and in combination with ciprofibrate (-91%). Ciprofibrate increases PDGF AB content, which is amplified by aspirin pretreatment without correlation with its hypolipidemic action. The increase of PDGF production is suggested to participate in plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gajdos
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacotherapy, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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9
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Ruotolo G, Båvenholm P, Brismar K, Eféndic S, Ericsson CG, de Faire U, Nilsson J, Hamsten A. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I level is independently associated with coronary artery disease progression in young male survivors of myocardial infarction: beneficial effects of bezafibrate treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:647-54. [PMID: 10716467 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the effect of bezafibrate on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in the BEzafibrate Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (BECAIT) was related to insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and glucose-insulin homeostasis. BACKGROUND BECAIT, the first double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, serial angiographic trial of a fibrate compound, demonstrated that progression of focal coronary atherosclerosis in young patients after infarction could be retarded by bezafibrate treatment. METHODS The treatment effects on serum concentrations of IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1, as well as on basal and postload glucose and insulin levels, were examined, and on-trial determinations were related to the angiographic outcome measurements. RESULTS Bezafibrate treatment resulted in a significant reduction of serum IGF-I levels, both at two and five years, and on-trial serum IGF-I levels were directly related to changes in both minimal lumen diameter (r = 0.25, p < 0.05) and mean segment diameter (r = 0.29, p < 0.05). In contrast, none of the available indexes of insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment estimate, basal and postload plasma insulin concentrations and serum IGFBP-1 levels) were related to the angiographic changes, nor were they significantly affected by bezafibrate treatment. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the relation between on-trial serum IGF-I level and coronary artery disease (CAD) progression was independent of baseline angiographic score, age, body mass index, serum lipoprotein and plasma fibrinogen concentrations and measures of glucose-insulin homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I could be implicated in the progression of premature CAD, and a reduction of serum IGF-I concentration could account partly for the effect of bezafibrate on progression of focal coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ruotolo
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Sweden
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10
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Ranganna K, Yatsu FM, Hayes BE, Milton SG, Jayakumar A. Butyrate inhibits proliferation-induced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (PCNA) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2000; 205:149-61. [PMID: 10821433 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007078200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Arterial injury-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in intima is the important etiologic factor in vascular proliferative disorders such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Butyrate, a naturally occurring short chain fatty acid, is produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and by mammary glands of certain mammals. Studies have shown that butyrate at millimolar concentrations, which are physiological, induces growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis. We examined the effect of physiological concentrations of butyrate on rat VSMC proliferation and proliferation-induced PCNA expression to determine anti-atherogenic potential of butyrate. Butyrate concentrations, closer to physiological range, exhibited antiproliferative effects on both serum-induced proliferation of serum-starved quiescent VSMCs and actively proliferating non-confluent VSMCs. Treatment of serum-starved quiescent VSMCs with 1-8 mmol/l concentration of butyrate caused a concentration-dependent decrease in serum-induced VSMC proliferation and cell proliferation-associated increase in total cellular proteins and RNA levels. Similarly, exposure of actively growing VSMCs to 5 mmol/l butyrate resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and proliferation-induced increase in cellular proteins and RNA levels. Furthermore, cellular morphology was significantly altered. Analysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins indicated that levels of PCNA, an excellent marker for cell proliferation, was significantly altered by butyrate both in actively proliferating and serum-induced quiescent VSMCs. These observations suggest that butyrate exhibits potential antiatherogenic capability by inhibiting VSMC proliferation and proliferation-associated increase in PCNA expression and thus merits further investigations regarding therapeutic significance of butyrate in vascular proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ranganna
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston 77004, USA
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11
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Masood I, Porter KE, London NJM. Endothelin-1 is a mediator of intimal hyperplasia in organ culture of human saphenous vein. Br J Surg 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800840418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Several growth factors have been implicated in the derangements of cellular metabolism and proliferation that occur in diabetes, eg. kidney mesangial expansion, retinal neovascular formation, and acceleration of atherosclerosis in large vessels. These phenomena contribute to the development and progression of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular disease. Pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing growth factor alterations, among other actions in diabetic vasculopathy, include a multitude of classes of drugs, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium antagonists, lipid-lowering drugs, and somatostatin analogs. New potential interventions, ie, antisense oligonucleotide local delivery, are being applied in growth factor research and may prove beneficial in diabetic macrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Serri
- Metabolic Unit, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Munro E, Patel M, Chan P, Betteridge L, Clunn G, Gallagher K, Hughes A, Schachter M, Wolfe J, Sever P. Inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by lovastatin: the role of isoprenoid intermediates of cholesterol synthesis. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24:766-72. [PMID: 7890015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Restenosis remains the largest single obstacle to the long-term success of invasive vascular interventions. Lovastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has been shown to reduce myointimal hyperplasia in animal models of restenosis and in one clinical coronary restenosis trial. We have assessed the effect of lovastatin on the growth of cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from saphenous vein and vascular graft stenoses. Lovastatin (2 microM) inhibited proliferation over 14 days in saphenous vein (and graft stenoses) derived vascular smooth muscle cells by 42% and 32% respectively: this was not significantly different. Lovastatin (10 microM) reduced [methyl 3H]-thymidine uptake by 51% in saphenous vein-derived cells. These concentrations were significantly higher than those achieved in plasma during therapeutic dosage. Lovastatin-induced inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and [methyl 3H]-thymidine uptake was completely reversed by adding mevalonate (100 microM) but cholesterol (10-40 micrograms ml-1) had no effect. Isopentenyl adenine (25-50 microM) did not affect the inhibition of [methyl 3H]-thymidine uptake by lovastatin (10 microM), but farnesol (20 microM), another isoprenoid precursor of cholesterol synthesis, reversed the antiproliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Munro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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