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Perry S, Clark JT, Ngo P, Ray A. Receptors underlying an odorant's valence across concentrations in Drosophila larvae. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247215. [PMID: 38511428 PMCID: PMC11166451 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Odorants interact with receptors expressed in specialized olfactory neurons, and neurons of the same class send their axons to distinct glomeruli in the brain. The stereotypic spatial glomerular activity map generates recognition and the behavioral response for the odorant. The valence of an odorant changes with concentration, typically becoming aversive at higher concentrations. Interestingly, in Drosophila larvae, the odorant (E)-2-hexenal is aversive at low concentrations and attractive at higher concentrations. We investigated the molecular and neural basis of this phenomenon, focusing on how activities of different olfactory neurons conveying opposing effects dictate behaviors. We identified the repellant neuron in the larvae as one expressing the olfactory receptor Or7a, whose activation alone at low concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal elicits an avoidance response in an Or7a-dependent manner. We demonstrate that avoidance can be overcome at higher concentrations by activation of additional neurons that are known to be attractive, most notably odorants that are known activators of Or42a and Or85c. These findings suggest that in the larval stage, the attraction-conveying neurons can overcome the aversion-conveying channels for (E)-2-hexenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Perry
- Graduate program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Clark
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Paulina Ngo
- Department of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anandasankar Ray
- Graduate program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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2
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Kanagendran A, Turlings TCJ. Cowpea volatiles induced by beet armyworm or fall armyworm differentially prime maize plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154164. [PMID: 38141481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) is known to enhance the defense responses in plants. This so-called priming effect has only been marginally studied in intercropping systems. We tested whether HIPVs from cowpea, which often serves as an intercrop alongside maize, can prime herbivore-induced volatile emissions in maize. Conventional volatile collection assays and real-time mass spectrometry revealed that maize plants that were exposed to HIPVs from cowpea infested with Spodoptera exigua caterpillars emitted more than control plants when they themselves were subsequently damaged by the same pest. The enhanced emission was only evident on the first day after infestation. Maize plants that were exposed to HIPVs from cowpea infested by S. frugiperda larvae showed no priming effect and released considerably less upon S. frugiperda infestation than upon S. exigua infestation. The latter may be explained by the fact that S. frugiperda is particularly well adapted to feed on maize and is known to suppress maize HIPV emissions. Our results imply that HIPVs from cowpea, depending on the inducing insect herbivore, may strongly prime maize plants. This deserves further investigation, also in other intercropping systems, as it can have important consequences for tritrophic interactions and crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooran Kanagendran
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE) Lab, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE) Lab, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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3
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Jones AC, Lin PA, Peiffer M, Felton G. Caterpillar Salivary Glucose Oxidase Decreases Green Leaf Volatile Emission and Increases Terpene Emission from Maize. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:518-527. [PMID: 37432514 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Caterpillar salivary glucose oxidase (GOX) can function as both an elicitor or as an effector of plant defense responses depending upon the system. Treatment with GOX reduces the stomatal aperture of tomato and soybean leaves, thereby reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that are important indirect defense responses of plants by attracting natural enemies of the caterpillars. Here we examined the effect of fungal GOX (fungal glucose oxidases have been used to determine specificity in defense response elicitation) on stomatal closure of maize leaves and on the volatile emission pattern whole maize plants. We also used salivary gland homogenate from wild-type and CRISPR-Cas9 Helicoverpa zea mutants deficient in GOX activity to determine the effect caterpillar saliva with and without GOX had on maize volatile emission. Collecting volatiles at 2-hour intervals allowed us to examine the changes in emission over time. Fungal GOX reduced the stomatal aperture in maize leaves, which may have influenced the observed significant reduction in total green leaf volatile (GLV) emission. Furthermore, fungal GOX significantly increased the emission of several key terpenes: linalool, DMNT, and Z-β-farnesene from maize, while salivary gland homogenate from wild type (WT; GOX+) H. zea increased the emission of α-pinene, β-pinene, and ocimene compared to H. zea unable to synthesize GOX. This study addressed a significant knowledge gap about the effect of GOX on maize volatiles and provides a baseline for further research on the effect of GOX on the regulation of terpene synthase genes and their relation to terpene volatile emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Jones
- (Entomology), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Po-An Lin
- (Entomology), National Taiwan University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- (Entomology), Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Gary Felton
- (Entomology), Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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4
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Lin YH, Silven JJM, Wybouw N, Fandino RA, Dekker HL, Vogel H, Wu YL, de Koster C, Große-Wilde E, Haring MA, Schuurink RC, Allmann S. A salivary GMC oxidoreductase of Manduca sexta re-arranges the green leaf volatile profile of its host plant. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3666. [PMID: 37380635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are short-chain oxylipins that are emitted from plants in response to stress. Previous studies have shown that oral secretions (OS) of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, introduced into plant wounds during feeding, catalyze the re-arrangement of GLVs from Z-3- to E-2-isomers. This change in the volatile signal however is bittersweet for the insect as it can be used by their natural enemies, as a prey location cue. Here we show that (3Z):(2E)-hexenal isomerase (Hi-1) in M. sexta's OS catalyzes the conversion of the GLV Z-3-hexenal to E-2-hexenal. Hi-1 mutants that were raised on a GLV-free diet showed developmental disorders, indicating that Hi-1 also metabolizes other substrates important for the insect's development. Phylogenetic analysis placed Hi-1 within the GMCβ-subfamily and showed that Hi-1 homologs from other lepidopterans could catalyze similar reactions. Our results indicate that Hi-1 not only modulates the plant's GLV-bouquet but also functions in insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lin
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juliette J M Silven
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard A Fandino
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Henk L Dekker
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yueh-Lung Wu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chris de Koster
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ewald Große-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- EXTEMIT-K, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michel A Haring
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silke Allmann
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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5
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Tumlinson JH. Complex and Beautiful: Unraveling the Intricate Communication Systems Among Plants and Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:1-12. [PMID: 35834769 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-021622-111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
My research focuses on elucidating the chemical communication systems linking plants, herbivores, and natural enemies. My interests in integrating chemistry and agriculture led to my graduate studies in the emerging field of chemical ecology. My thesis research resulted in the identification, synthesis, and application of boll weevil sex pheromones. My research group subsequently developed chemical lures for more than 20 species of pest insects. I then shifted my focus to some of the first studies of the chemical signals produced by plants being attacked by herbivores. When insects feed, elicitors in the insects' oral secretions, such as volicitin, a fatty acid-amino acid conjugate elicitor, stimulate plants to release volatile organic compounds. Parasitoid wasps learn to associate these species-specific volatiles with their herbivore hosts. These volatiles also prime nearby plants to activate a faster and higher defense response upon attack. Throughout my career, I have collaborated with scientists from diverse disciplines to tackle fundamental questions in chemical ecology and create innovative solutions for insect management. Our collaborative research has fundamentally changed and improved our understanding of the ongoing coevolution of plants, their herbivores, and the natural enemies that attack those herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Tumlinson
- Department of Entomology, Center for Chemical Ecology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Grover S, Shinde S, Puri H, Palmer N, Sarath G, Sattler SE, Louis J. Dynamic regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites in modulating sorghum defense against fall armyworm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019266. [PMID: 36507437 PMCID: PMC9732255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo dynamic metabolic changes at the cellular level upon insect infestation to better defend themselves. Phenylpropanoids, a hub of secondary plant metabolites, encompass a wide range of compounds that can contribute to insect resistance. Here, the role of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) phenylpropanoids in providing defense against the chewing herbivore, fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, was explored. We screened a panel of nested association mapping (NAM) founder lines against FAW and identified SC1345 and Ajabsido as most resistant and susceptible lines to FAW, respectively, compared to reference parent, RTx430. Gene expression and metabolomic studies suggested that FAW feeding suppressed the expression level of genes involved in monolignol biosynthetic pathway and their associated phenolic intermediates at 10 days post infestation. Further, SC1345 genotype displayed elevated levels of flavonoid compounds after FAW feeding for 10 days, suggesting a diversion of precursors from lignin biosynthesis to the flavonoid pathway. Additionally, bioassays with sorghum lines having altered levels of flavonoids provided genetic evidence that flavonoids are crucial in providing resistance against FAW. Finally, the application of FAW regurgitant elevated the expression of genes associated with the flavonoid pathway in the FAW-resistant SC1345 genotype. Overall, our study indicates that a dynamic regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway in sorghum plants imparts resistance against FAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Sanket Shinde
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Heena Puri
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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7
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Takabayashi J. Herbivory-Induced Plant Volatiles Mediate Multitrophic Relationships in Ecosystems. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1344-1355. [PMID: 35866611 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are involved in biotic interactions among plants as well as herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods. This review looks at the specificity in plant-carnivore communication mediated by specific blends of HIPVs as well as describes plant-herbivore and plant-plant communication mediated by specific HIPVs. Factors affecting the net benefits of HIPV production have also been examined. These specific means of communication results in high complexity in the 'interaction-information network', which should be explored further to elucidate the mechanism underlying the numerous species coexisting in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Takabayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113 Japan
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8
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Matsui K, Engelberth J. Green Leaf Volatiles-The Forefront of Plant Responses Against Biotic Attack. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1378-1390. [PMID: 35934892 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are six-carbon volatile oxylipins ubiquitous in vascular plants. GLVs are produced from acyl groups in the biological membranes via oxygenation by a pathway-specific lipoxygenase (LOX) and a subsequent cleavage reaction by hydroperoxide lyase. Because of the universal distribution and ability to form GLVs, they have been anticipated to play a common role in vascular plants. While resting levels in intact plant tissues are low, GLVs are immediately synthesized de novo in response to stresses, such as insect herbivory, that disrupt the cell structure. This rapid GLV burst is one of the fastest responses of plants to cell-damaging stresses; therefore, GLVs are the first plant-derived compounds encountered by organisms that interact with plants irrespective of whether the interaction is competitive or friendly. GLVs should therefore be considered important mediators between plants and organisms that interact with them. GLVs can have direct effects by deterring herbivores and pathogens as well as indirect effects by attracting predators of herbivores, while other plants can recruit them to prepare their defenses in a process called priming. While the beneficial effects provided to plants by GLVs are often less dramatic and even complementary, the buildup of these tiny effects due to the multiple functions of GLVs can amass to levels that become substantially beneficial to plants. This review summarizes the current understanding of the spatiotemporal resolution of GLV biosynthesis and GLV functions and outlines how GLVs support the basic health of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsui
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation (Agriculture), Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Jurgen Engelberth
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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9
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Yactayo-Chang JP, Hunter CT, Alborn HT, Christensen SA, Block AK. Production of the Green Leaf Volatile (Z)-3-Hexenal by a Zea mays Hydroperoxide Lyase. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172201. [PMID: 36079583 PMCID: PMC9460041 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-produced volatile compounds play important roles in plant signaling and in the communication of plants with other organisms. Many plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) in response to damage or attack, which serve to warn neighboring plants or attract predatory or parasitic insects to help defend against insect pests. GLVs include aldehydes, esters, and alcohols of 6-carbon compounds that are released rapidly following wounding. One GLV produced by maize (Zea mays) is the volatile (Z)-3-hexenal; this volatile is produced from the cleavage of (9Z,11E,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid by hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) of the cytochrome P450 CYP74B family. The specific HPL in maize involved in (Z)-3-hexenal production had not been determined. In this study, we used phylogenetics with known HPLs from other species to identify a candidate HPL from maize (ZmHPL). To test the ability of the putative HPL to produce (Z)-3-hexenal, we constitutively expressed the gene in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 that contains a natural loss-of-function mutant in AtHPL and examined the transgenic plants for restored (Z)-3-hexenal production. Volatile analysis of leaves from these transgenic plants showed that they did produce (Z)-3-hexenal, confirming that ZmHPL can produce (Z)-3-hexenal in vivo. Furthermore, we used gene expression analysis to show that expression of ZmHPL is induced in maize in response to both wounding and the insect pests Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera exigua. Our study demonstrates that ZmHPL can produce GLVs and highlights its likely role in (Z)-3-hexenal production in response to mechanical damage and herbivory in maize.
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10
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Zheng S, Chen R, Wang L, Pan S, Liu W, Zhu X, Gao X, Luo J, Cui J. Effect of Metabolic Changes in Aphis gossypii-Damaged Cotton Plants on Oviposition Preference and Larval Development of Subsequent Helicoverpa armigera. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9584-9595. [PMID: 35861328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aphis gossypii and Helicoverpa armigera are two important agricultural pests in cotton plants. However, whether early colonization of A. gossypii affects subsequent H. armigera is unknown. We implemented ecological experiments to reveal that A. gossypii-damaged cotton plants [Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt] had a significant avoidance effect on the oviposition preference of H. armigera adults. However, A. gossypii-damaged cotton plants (non-Bt) increased the weight and pupation rate and reduced the mortality of H. armigera larvae. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that 13 and 9 genes were significantly upregulated to be involved in salicylic acid (SA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, and SA and IAA contents were significantly increased, respectively. However, 15 genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis were significantly downregulated as a result of the antagonism of SA and JA. Moreover, there was significant upregulation in multiple genes involved in the biosynthesis of l-histidine, fructose, maltotetraose, melezitose, lecithin, stearidonic acid, and mannitol, in which metabolites were confirmed to promote the growth and development of H. armigera. Our study is a reference for investigating the evolutionary relationships and provides insights into implementing effective insect biocontrol between H. armigera and A. gossypii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
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11
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Jones AC, Felton GW, Tumlinson JH. The dual function of elicitors and effectors from insects: reviewing the 'arms race' against plant defenses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:427-445. [PMID: 34618284 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview, analysis, and reflection on insect elicitors and effectors (particularly from oral secretions) in the context of the 'arms race' with host plants. Following injury by an insect herbivore, plants rapidly activate induced defenses that may directly or indirectly affect the insect. Such defense pathways are influenced by a multitude of factors; however, cues from the insect's oral secretions are perhaps the most well studied mediators of such plant responses. The relationship between plants and their insect herbivores is often termed an 'evolutionary arms race' of strategies for each organism to either overcome defenses or to avoid attack. However, these compounds that can elicit a plant defense response that is detrimental to the insect may also benefit the physiology or metabolism of an insect species. Indeed, several insect elicitors of plant defenses (such as the fatty acid-amino acid conjugate, volicitin) are known to enhance an insect's ability to obtain nutritionally important compounds from plant tissue. Here we re-examine the well-known elicitors and effectors from chewing insects to demonstrate not only our incomplete understanding of the specific biochemical and molecular cascades involved in these interactions but also to consider the role of these compounds for the insect species itself. Finally, this overview discusses opportunities for research in the field of plant-insect interactions by utilizing tools such as genomics and proteomics to integrate the future study of these interactions through ecological, physiological, and evolutionary disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Jones
- Biological Sciences Department, Virginia Polytechnic State and University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Gary W Felton
- Entomology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Entomology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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12
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Salivary surprise: Symmerista caterpillars anoint petioles with red saliva after clipping leaves. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265490. [PMID: 35294481 PMCID: PMC8926259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After feeding on a tree leaf, caterpillars in ten families sever the petiole and allow the remaining leaf fragment to fall to the ground. Previous researchers proposed that the caterpillars thereby reduced bird predation by eliminating visual evidence of feeding. In this study, 26 species of caterpillars in five families were filmed clipping leaves. Caterpillar behavior did not conform to the visual cue hypothesis. Some caterpillars clipped midribs and petioles repeatedly even though a single clip would suffice to reduce visual cues for birds. Every caterpillar that clipped a leaf rubbed its spinneret (which secretes saliva from the labial glands) over the petiole or midrib stub. In the notodontids Symmerista albifrons and S. leucitys, petiole stubs were bathed in red fluid. Cauterizing the spinneret eliminated fluid application. Dissections documented that the anterior portion of their labial glands contained red pigment, thereby confirming that the red secretion is saliva. When applied to petiole stubs, the red pigment in Symmerista saliva travelled several mm in five minutes within the petiole xylem demonstrating the potential for rapid movement of salivary constituents into the plant. In diverse caterpillars, including species that clip leaves, saliva contains substances reported to suppress plant defenses. Thus, leaf clipping likely functions primarily not to remove visual cues, but to introduce salivary constituents into the plant that prevent defenses from being mobilized in nearby leaves where the caterpillar feeds next.
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13
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Lin PA, Chen Y, Ponce G, Acevedo FE, Lynch JP, Anderson CT, Ali JG, Felton GW. Stomata-mediated interactions between plants, herbivores, and the environment. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:287-300. [PMID: 34580024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play a central role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Existing knowledge regarding the roles of stomata in plant stress is centered on abiotic stresses and plant-pathogen interactions, but how stomata influence plant-herbivore interactions remains largely unclear. Here, we summarize the functions of stomata in plant-insect interactions and highlight recent discoveries of how herbivores manipulate plant stomata. Because stomata are linked to interrelated physiological processes in plants, herbivory-induced changes in stomatal dynamics might have cellular, organismic, and/or even community-level impacts. We summarize our current understanding of how stomata mediate plant responses to herbivory and environmental stimuli, propose how herbivores may influence these responses, and identify key knowledge gaps in plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-An Lin
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Gabriela Ponce
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Flor E Acevedo
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jared G Ali
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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14
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Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 PMCID: PMC8910576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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15
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Divekar PA, Narayana S, Divekar BA, Kumar R, Gadratagi BG, Ray A, Singh AK, Rani V, Singh V, Singh AK, Kumar A, Singh RP, Meena RS, Behera TK. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690/s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Adinath Divekar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Srinivasa Narayana
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Basana Gowda Gadratagi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Aishwarya Ray
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, India
| | - Achuit Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vijaya Rani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Regional Research Station, Sargatia, Kushinagar 274406, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda 210001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sheopur 476339, India
| | - Rudra Pratap Singh
- Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kotwa, Azamgarh 276207, India
| | - Radhe Shyam Meena
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
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16
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Developmental Stages Affect the Capacity to Produce Aldehyde Green Leaf Volatiles in Zea mays and Vigna radiata. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040526. [PMID: 35214859 PMCID: PMC8875026 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLV) are essentially produced by the green parts of plants upon damage. GLV are mainly 6-carbon molecules derived from fatty acids through the hydroperoxide lyase pathway and can serve as airborne signals to other parts of the same plant and to neighboring plants and help to protect them against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, while the biosynthesis is generally well understood, little is known about how plants regulate the production of these important signaling molecules. To better understand how the developmental stage of the plant affects aldehyde GLV production, we selected Zea mays and Vigna radiata to represent mono- and dicot plants for this analysis. We show that the capacity to produce aldehyde GLV strongly depends on the developmental stage of the plant. Major differences in the quantity, and in the quality of these compounds were found, not only in leaves from different developmental stages, but also in different areas within a leaf. The results demonstrate that the capacity to produce GLV varies significantly within a plant and the potential implications of these findings are discussed.
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17
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Jones AC, Cofer TM, Engelberth J, Tumlinson JH. Herbivorous Caterpillars and the Green Leaf Volatile (GLV) Quandary. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:337-345. [PMID: 34807370 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several herbivorous caterpillars contain effectors in their oral secretions that alter the emission of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) produced by the plants upon which the caterpillars are feeding. These effectors include an isomerase, a fatty acid dehydratase (FHD), and a heat-stable hexenal trapping (HALT) molecule. GLVs serve as signaling compounds in plant-insect interactions and inter-and intra-plant communication. However, it is not known whether these GLV-altering effectors are common among herbivorous caterpillars, or the evolutionary context of these effectors in relation to GLV emission by host plants in response to feeding damage. Here, we examined the distribution and activity of the isomerase, FHD, and HALT effectors across 10 species spanning 7 lepidopteran families. Six of the 10 species possessed all three effectors in their oral secretions. Activity from the HALT and FHD effectors was observed in all examined caterpillar species, while activity from the isomerase effector varied in some species and was absent in others. There was no discernable pattern in effector activity based on evolutionary divergence, since individual species within a family did not possess similar mechanisms to alter GLV emission. These data, demonstrating the GLV-altering effectors acting at different steps in the GLV biosynthetic pathway and present in the examined caterpillar species at different combinations with different activities, highlight the importance of these effectors in changing the emission of these compounds during caterpillar herbivory. Understanding the prevalence and roles of GLV-altering effectors and GLV emission itself will open new research areas in the dynamics of plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Tristan M Cofer
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Jurgen Engelberth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
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18
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He J, Halitschke R, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Light dominates the diurnal emissions of herbivore-induced volatiles in wild tobacco. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:401. [PMID: 34461825 PMCID: PMC8404343 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timing is everything when it comes to the fitness outcome of a plant's ecological interactions, and accurate timing is particularly relevant for interactions with herbivores or mutualists that are based on ephemeral emissions of volatile organic compounds. Previous studies of the wild tobacco N. attenuata have found associations between the diurnal timing of volatile emissions, and daytime predation of herbivores by their natural enemies. RESULTS Here, we investigated the role of light in regulating two biosynthetic groups of volatiles, terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which dominate the herbivore-induced bouquet of N. attenuata. Light deprivation strongly suppressed terpenoid emissions while enhancing GLV emissions, albeit with a time lag. Silencing the expression of photoreceptor genes did not alter terpenoid emission rhythms, but silencing expression of the phytochrome gene, NaPhyB1, disordered the emission of the GLV (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. External abscisic acid (ABA) treatments increased stomatal resistance, but did not truncate the emission of terpenoid volatiles (recovered in the headspace). However, ABA treatment enhanced GLV emissions and leaf internal pools (recovered from tissue), and reduced internal linalool pools. In contrast to the pattern of diurnal terpenoid emissions and nocturnal GLV emissions, transcripts of herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) biosynthetic genes peaked during the day. The promotor regions of these genes were populated with various cis-acting regulatory elements involved in light-, stress-, phytohormone- and circadian regulation. CONCLUSIONS This research provides insights into the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of HIPV bouquets, a mechanistic complexity which rivals the functional complexity of HIPVs, which includes repelling herbivores, calling for body guards, and attracting pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Current address: Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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19
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Lin P, Chen Y, Chaverra‐Rodriguez D, Heu CC, Zainuddin NB, Sidhu JS, Peiffer M, Tan C, Helms A, Kim D, Ali J, Rasgon JL, Lynch J, Anderson CT, Felton GW. Silencing the alarm: an insect salivary enzyme closes plant stomata and inhibits volatile release. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:793-803. [PMID: 33459359 PMCID: PMC8048682 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are widely recognized as an ecologically important defensive response of plants against herbivory. Although the induction of this 'cry for help' has been well documented, only a few studies have investigated the inhibition of HIPVs by herbivores and little is known about whether herbivores have evolved mechanisms to inhibit the release of HIPVs. To examine the role of herbivore effectors in modulating HIPVs and stomatal dynamics, we conducted series of experiments combining pharmacological, surgical, genetic (CRISPR-Cas9) and chemical (GC-MS analysis) approaches. We show that the salivary enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX), secreted by the caterpillar Helicoverpa zea on leaves, causes stomatal closure in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) within 5 min, and in both tomato and soybean (Glycine max) for at least 48 h. GOX also inhibits the emission of several HIPVs during feeding by H. zea, including (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-jasmone and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which are important airborne signals in plant defenses. Our findings highlight a potential adaptive strategy where an insect herbivore inhibits plant airborne defenses during feeding by exploiting the association between stomatal dynamics and HIPV emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po‐An Lin
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State University415 Life Sciences BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Duverney Chaverra‐Rodriguez
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San Diego9500 Gilman Drive #0335La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Chan Chin Heu
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Nursyafiqi Bin Zainuddin
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
- Department of Plant ProtectionFaculty of AgricultureUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangor43400 UPMMalaysia
| | - Jagdeep Singh Sidhu
- Department of Plant SciencePennsylvania State University310 Tyson BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Ching‐Wen Tan
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Anjel Helms
- Department of Entomology103DA Entomology Research LaboratoryTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Donghun Kim
- Department of Applied BiologyKyungpook National University80 DaehakroBukgu, Daegu41566Korea
| | - Jared Ali
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Jonathan Lynch
- Department of Plant SciencePennsylvania State University310 Tyson BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State University415 Life Sciences BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Gary W. Felton
- Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State University501 ASI BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802USA
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20
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Lin PA, Felton GW. Oral cues are not enough: induction of defensive proteins in Nicotiana tabacum upon feeding by caterpillars. PLANTA 2020; 251:89. [PMID: 32232572 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The study challenges the general belief that plants are highly sensitive to oral cues of herbivores and reveals the role of the damage level on the magnitude of defense induction. Many leaf-feeding caterpillars share similar feeding behaviors involving repeated removal of previously wounded leaf tissue (semicircle feeding pattern). We hypothesized that this behavior is a strategy to attenuate plant-induced defenses by removing both the oral cues and tissues that detect it. Using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), we found that tobacco increased defensive responses during herbivory compared to mechanical wounding at moderate damage levels (30%). However, tobacco did not differentiate between mechanical wounding and herbivory when the level of leaf tissue loss was either small (4%) or severe (100%, whole leaf removal). Higher amounts of oral cues did not induce higher defenses when damage was small. Severe damage led to the highest level of systemic defense proteins compared to other levels of leaf tissue loss with or without oral cues. In conclusion, we did not find clear evidence that semicircle feeding behavior compromises plant defense induction. In addition, the level of leaf tissue loss and oral cues interact to determine the level of induced defensive responses in tobacco. Although oral cues play an important role in inducing defensive proteins, the level of induction depends more on the level of leaf tissue loss in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-An Lin
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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21
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Variability in the Capacity to Produce Damage-Induced Aldehyde Green Leaf Volatiles among Different Plant Species Provides Novel Insights into Biosynthetic Diversity. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020213. [PMID: 32041302 PMCID: PMC7076675 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are commonly released by plants upon damage, thereby providing volatile signals for other plants to prepare against the major causes of damage, herbivory, pathogen infection, and cold stress. However, while the biosynthesis of these compounds is generally well understood, little is known about the qualities and quantities that are released by different plant species, nor is it known if release patterns can be associated with different clades of plants. Here, we provide a first study describing the damage-induced release of major GLVs by more than 50 plant species. We found major differences in the quantity and quality of those compounds between different plant species ranging from undetectable levels to almost 100 µg per gram fresh weight. We also found major shifts in the composition that correlate directly to the quantity of emitted GLV. However, we did not find any major patterns that would associate specific GLV release with distinct clades of plants.
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22
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De Lange ES, Laplanche D, Guo H, Xu W, Vlimant M, Erb M, Ton J, Turlings TCJ. Spodoptera frugiperda Caterpillars Suppress Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emissions in Maize. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:344-360. [PMID: 32002720 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The vast spectrum of inducible plant defenses can have direct negative effects on herbivores, or indirect effects, for instance in the form of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that attract natural enemies. Various arthropods have evolved ways to suppress plant defenses. To test whether this is the case for caterpillar-induced HIPVs, we compared the volatile induction by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is particularly well adapted to feed on maize (Zea mays), with the induction by three more generalist noctuid larvae. We tested the hypothesis that S. frugiperda suppresses HIPV emissions in maize, and thereby reduces attractiveness to natural enemies. HIPV emissions triggered by S. frugiperda when feeding on maize were indeed found to be significantly weaker than by Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera exigua, and Helicoverpa armigera. The suppression seems specific for maize, as we found no evidence for this when S. frugiperda caterpillars fed on cotton (Gossypium herbaceum). Artificially damaged maize plants treated with larval regurgitant revealed that HIPV suppression may be related to factors in the caterpillars' oral secretions. We also found evidence that differential physical damage that the caterpillars inflict on maize leaves may play a role. The suppressed induction of HIPVs had no apparent consequences for the attraction of a common parasitoid of S. frugiperda, Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Nevertheless, the ability to manipulate the defenses of its main host plant may have contributed to the success of S. frugiperda as a major pest of maize, especially in Africa and Asia, which it has recently invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira S De Lange
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, 367 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Diane Laplanche
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Michèle Vlimant
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production & Protection Institute of Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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