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Zhou D, Ding J, Ya J, Pan L, Wang Y, Ji X, Meng R. Remote ischemic conditioning: a promising therapeutic intervention for multi-organ protection. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1825-1855. [PMID: 30115811 PMCID: PMC6128414 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of formidable exploration, multi-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) encountered, particularly amongst elderly patients with clinical scenarios, such as age-related arteriosclerotic vascular disease, heart surgery and organ transplantation, is still an unsettled conundrum that besets clinicians. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), delivered via transient, repetitive noninvasive IR interventions to distant organs or tissues, is regarded as an innovative approach against IRI. Based on the available evidence, RIC holds the potential of affording protection to multiple organs or tissues, which include not only the heart and brain, but also others that are likely susceptible to IRI, such as the kidney, lung, liver and skin. Neuronal and humoral signaling pathways appear to play requisite roles in the mechanisms of RIC-related beneficial effects, and these pathways also display inseparable interactions with each other. So far, several hurdles lying ahead of clinical translation that remain to be settled, such as establishment of biomarkers, modification of RIC regimen, and deep understanding of underlying minutiae through which RIC exerts its powerful function. As this approach has garnered an increasing interest, herein, we aim to encapsulate an overview of the basic concept and postulated protective mechanisms of RIC, highlight the main findings from proof-of-concept clinical studies in various clinical scenarios, and also to discuss potential obstacles that remain to be conquered. More well designed and comprehensive experimental work or clinical trials are warranted in future research to confirm whether RIC could be utilized as a non-invasive, inexpensive and efficient adjunct therapeutic intervention method for multi-organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayue Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Ya
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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Giblett JP, Hoole SP. Letter in response to glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates cardioprotection by remote ischaemic conditioning. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 113:13. [PMID: 28069699 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Giblett
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Stephen P Hoole
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK .,Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
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Is there an effect of ischemic conditioning on myocardial contractile function following acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:822-830. [PMID: 30660684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning induces cardioprotection; the final infarct size following a myocardial ischemic event is reduced. However, whether ischemic conditioning has long-term beneficial effects on myocardial contractile function following such an ischemic event needs further elucidation. To date, ex vivo studies have shown that ischemic conditioning improves the contractile recovery of isolated ventricular papillary muscle or atrial trabeculae following simulated ischemia. However, in vivo animal studies and studies in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery show conflicting results. At the subcellular level, it is known that ischemic conditioning improved energy metabolism, preserved mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, and Ca2+ homeostasis in isolated mitochondria from the myocardium. Ischemic conditioning also presents with post-translational modifications of proteins in the contractile machinery of the myocardium. The beneficial effects on myocardial contractile function need further elucidation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The power of metabolism: Linking energy supply and demand to contractile function edited by Torsten Doenst, Michael Schwarzer and Christine Des Rosiers.
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Circulating mediators of remote ischemic preconditioning: search for the missing link between non-lethal ischemia and cardioprotection. Oncotarget 2019; 10:216-244. [PMID: 30719216 PMCID: PMC6349428 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. There has been an extensive search for cardioprotective therapies to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon that relies on the body's endogenous protective modalities against I/R injury. In RIPC, non-lethal brief I/R of one organ or tissue confers protection against subsequent lethal I/R injury in an organ remote to the briefly ischemic organ or tissue. Initially it was believed to be limited to direct myocardial protection, however it soon became apparent that RIPC applied to other organs such as kidney, liver, intestine, skeletal muscle can reduce myocardial infarct size. Intriguing discoveries have been made in extending the concept of RIPC to other organs than the heart. Over the years, the underlying mechanisms of RIPC have been widely sought and discussed. The involvement of blood-borne factors as mediators of RIPC has been suggested by a number of research groups. The main purpose of this review article is to summarize the possible circulating mediators of RIPC, and recent studies to establish the clinical efficacy of these mediators in cardioprotection from lethal I/R injury.
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Abstract
This review examines the rationale for using remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) in elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to prevent procedure-related ischemia-reperfusion injury and justifies the importance of periprocedural biomarker elevation following elective PCI as a valid target for RIC. We review the evidence for the use of RIC as a treatment in this setting and document the salutary rules that must be followed to successfully translate RIC for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Giblett
- 1 Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Hoole
- 1 Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK
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Candilio L, Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM. Remote Ischemic Conditioning: A Clinical Trial’s Update. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 16:304-12. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248411411711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and early and successful restoration of myocardial reperfusion following an ischemic event is the most effective strategy to reduce final infarct size and improve clinical outcome. This process can, however, induce further myocardial damage, namely acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and worsen clinical outcome. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are required to protect the myocardium against IRI in patients with CAD. In this regard, the endogenous cardioprotective phenomenon of “ischemic conditioning,” in which the heart is put into a protected state by subjecting it to one or more brief nonlethal episodes of ischemia and reperfusion, has the potential to attenuate myocardial injury during acute IRI. Intriguingly, the heart can be protected in this manner by applying the “ischemic conditioning” stimulus to an organ or tissue remote from the heart (termed remote ischemic conditioning or RIC). Furthermore, the discovery that RIC can be noninvasively applied using a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to induce brief episodes of nonlethal ischemia and reperfusion in the forearm has greatly facilitated the translation of RIC into the clinical arena. Several recently published proof-of-concept clinical studies have reported encouraging results with RIC, and large multicenter randomized clinical trials are now underway to investigate whether this simple noninvasive and virtually cost-free intervention has the potential to improve clinical outcomes in patients with CAD. In this review article, we provide an update of recently published and ongoing clinical trials in the field of RIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Candilio
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, London, UK
| | - Derek J. Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, London, UK
| | - Derek M. Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, London, UK
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Giblett JP, Axell RG, White PA, Clarke SJ, McCormick L, Read PA, Reinhold J, Brown AJ, O'Sullivan M, West NEJ, Dutka DP, Hoole SP. Glucagon-like peptide-1 derived cardioprotection does not utilize a KATP-channel dependent pathway: mechanistic insights from human supply and demand ischemia studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:99. [PMID: 27431258 PMCID: PMC4950774 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) protects against stunning and cumulative left ventricular dysfunction in humans. The mechanism remains uncertain but GLP-1 may act by opening mitochondrial K-ATP channels in a similar fashion to ischemic conditioning. We investigated whether blockade of K-ATP channels with glibenclamide abrogated the protective effect of GLP-1 in humans. METHODS Thirty-two non-diabetic patients awaiting stenting of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) were allocated into 4 groups (control, glibenclamide, GLP-1, and GLP-1 + glibenclamide). Glibenclamide was given orally prior to the procedure. A left ventricular conductance catheter recorded pressure-volume loops during a 1-min low-pressure balloon occlusion (BO1) of the LAD. GLP-1 or saline was then infused for 30-min followed by a further 1-min balloon occlusion (BO2). In a non-invasive study, 10 non-diabetic patients were randomized to receive two dobutamine stress echocardiograms (DSE) during GLP-1 infusion with or without oral glibenclamide pretreatment. RESULTS GLP-1 prevented stunning even with glibenclamide pretreatment; the Δ % dP/dtmax 30-min post-BO1 normalized to baseline after GLP-1: 0.3 ± 6.8 % (p = 0.02) and GLP-1 + glibenclamide: -0.8 ± 9.0 % (p = 0.04) compared to control: -11.5 ± 10.0 %. GLP-1 also reduced cumulative stunning after BO2: -12.8 ± 10.5 % (p = 0.02) as did GLP-1 + glibenclamide: -14.9 ± 9.2 % (p = 0.02) compared to control: -25.7 ± 9.6 %. Glibenclamide alone was no different to control. Glibenclamide pretreatment did not affect global or regional systolic function after GLP-1 at peak DSE stress (EF 74.6 ± 6.4 vs. 74.0 ± 8.0, p = 0.76) or recovery (EF 61.9 ± 5.7 vs. 61.4 ± 5.6, p = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS Glibenclamide pretreatment does not abrogate the protective effect of GLP-1 in human models of non-lethal myocardial ischemia. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov Unique Identifier: NCT02128022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Giblett
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard G Axell
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul A White
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie J Clarke
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liam McCormick
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Philip A Read
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Johannes Reinhold
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam J Brown
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Nick E J West
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
| | - David P Dutka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Hoole
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK.
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Remifentanil Preconditioning Reduces Postischemic Myocardial Infarction and Improves Left Ventricular Performance via Activation of the Janus Activated Kinase-2/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-3 Signal Pathway and Subsequent Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Rats. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:e131-45. [PMID: 26468894 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Remifentanil preconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, but the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. The Janus activated kinase-2 (JAK2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways are critical in both ischemic and pharmacologic preconditioning cardioprotection, which involve the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β. We hypothesized that remifentanil preconditioning confers cardioprotection via the JAK2/STAT3 and/or PI3K/Akt activation-mediated glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition. DESIGN Pharmacologic intervention. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS In vivo and in vitro treatments. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were sham operated or subjected to myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. The JAK2 inhibitor AG490 (3 mg/kg), the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (15 μg/kg), or the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor SB216763 (600 μg/kg) were given before inducing in vivo myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury achieved by occluding coronary artery for 30 minutes followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion in the absence or presence of remifentanil preconditioning (6 μg/kg/min). Also, isolated rat hearts were Langendorff perfused and subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion without or with remifentanil preconditioning (100 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of AG490 and/or SB216763. Isolated rat cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation alone or in combination with AG490 (100 μM), wortmannin (100 nM), or SB216763 (3 μM) without or with remifentanil preconditioning (2.5 μM). Remifentanil preconditioning reduced postischemic myocardial infarction and hemodynamic dysfunction induced by myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury concomitant with increased phosphorylation of STAT3 at tyr-705 (p-STAT3) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β but not Akt. AG490 but not wortmannin cancelled remifentanil preconditioning cardioprotection, and SB216763 restored it despite the presence of AG490. In Langendorff-perfused hearts, AG490-mediated cancellation of remifentanil preconditioning cardioprotection in attenuating postischemic myocardial infarction and creatinine kinase-MB release was reverted by concomitant administration of SB216763. Remifentanil preconditioning also attenuated posthypoxic cardiomyocyte injury and increased p-STAT3 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in isolated primary cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells. STAT3 gene knockdown with specific synthetic RNA cancelled remifentanil preconditioning cardioprotection, whereas glycogen synthase kinase-3β gene knockdown, which per se did not affect STAT3 under hypoxia/reoxygenation condition, preserved remifentanil preconditioning cardioprotection regardless of STAT3 abrogation. CONCLUSIONS Remifentanil preconditioning confers cardioprotection primarily via activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling that can function independent of PI3K/Akt activation. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is a critical downstream effector of remifentanil preconditioning cardioprotection.
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Karami A, Khosravi MB, Shafa M, Azemati S, Khademi S, Akhlagh SH, Maghsodi B. Cardioprotective Effect of Extended Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Patients Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Undergoing: A Randomized Clinical Trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 41:265-74. [PMID: 27365547 PMCID: PMC4912644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning has been known for many years. Since the temporary ischemia in the heart may cause lethal cardiac effects, the idea of creating ischemia in organs far from the heart such as limbs was raised as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). We hypothesized that the extension of RIPC has more cardioprotective effect in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries. METHODS In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial study, 96 patients were randomly divided into 3 groups and two blood pressure cuffs were placed on both upper and lower extremities. In group A, only upper extremity cuff and in group B upper limb and lower limb cuff was inflated intermittently and group C was the control group. RIPC was induced with three 5-min cycles of cuff inflation about 100 mmHg over the initial systolic blood pressure before starting cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary endpoints were troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-myoglobin isoenzyme (CK-MB). RESULTS Six hours after the termination of CPB, there was a peak release of the troponin I level in all groups (group A=4.90 ng/ml, group B=4.40 ng/ml, and group C=4.50 ng/ml). There was a rise in plasma CK-MB in all groups postoperatively and there were not any significant differences in troponin I and CK-MB release between the three groups. CONCLUSION RIPC induced by upper and lower limb ischemia does not reduce postoperative myocardial enzyme elevation in adult patients undergoing CABG. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER IRCT2012071710311N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karami
- Shiraz Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Bagher Khosravi
- Shiraz Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Mohamad Bagher Khosravi, MD; Department of Anesthesiology, Faghihi Hospital, Karimkhan-e Zand Avenue, Shiraz, Iran Post Code: 71348-44119, Tel: +98 71 32318072 Fax: +98 71 32307072
| | - Masih Shafa
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Simin Azemati
- Shiraz Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khademi
- Shiraz Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hedayatalla Akhlagh
- Shiraz Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behzad Maghsodi
- Shiraz Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Giblett JP, Clarke SJ, Dutka DP, Hoole SP. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Promising Agent for Cardioprotection During Myocardial Ischemia. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016; 1:267-276. [PMID: 30167515 PMCID: PMC6113423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide (GLP-1) is a human incretin hormone responsible for the release of insulin in response to food. Pre-clinical and human physiological studies have demonstrated cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. It can reduce infarct size, ischemic left ventricular dysfunction, and myocardial stunning. GLP-1 receptor agonists have also been shown to reduce infarct size in myocardial infarction. The mechanism through which this protection occurs is uncertain but may include hijacking the subcellular pathways of ischemic preconditioning, modulation of myocardial metabolism, and hemodynamic effects including peripheral, pulmonary, and coronary vasodilatation. This review will assess the evidence for each of these mechanisms in turn. Challenges remain in successfully translating cardioprotective interventions from bench-to-bedside. The window of cardioprotection is short and timing of cardioprotection in the appropriate clinical setting is critically important. We will emphasize the need for high-quality, well-designed research to evaluate GLP-1 as a cardioprotective agent for use in real-world practice.
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Key Words
- AMI, acute myocardial infarction
- ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- DPP, dipeptidyl-peptidase
- GLP-1
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36) amide
- GLP-1R, GLP-1 receptor
- GLP-1RA, GLP-1 receptor agonist
- IC, ischemic conditioning
- IR, ischemia reperfusion
- PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
- RISK, reperfusion injury survival kinase
- SAFE, survivor-activating factor enhancement
- STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- glucagon-like peptide-1
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- ischemic heart disease
- percutaneous coronary intervention
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Giblett
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie J Clarke
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David P Dutka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Hoole
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Orbegozo Cortés D, Puflea F, De Backer D, Creteur J, Vincent JL. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess the effects of local ischemic preconditioning in the muscle of healthy volunteers and critically ill patients. Microvasc Res 2015; 102:25-32. [PMID: 26265192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) permits non-invasive evaluation of tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). A vascular occlusion test (VOT) produces transient controlled ischemia similar to that used in ischemic preconditioning. We hypothesized that we could evaluate local responses to ischemic preconditioning by performing repeated VOTs and observing the changes in different NIRS VOT-derived variables. In healthy volunteers (n=20), four VOTs were performed at 30-min intervals on one day and, in a second group (n=21), two VOTs with time intervals of 5, 15 or 30min were performed on 3 separate days. Two cohorts of patients, one with circulatory shock (n=23) and a hemodynamically stable group (n=20), were also studied, repeating the VOT twice with a 5-min interval. In the 1-day volunteers, there was a median decrease of 15 (6-21)% in the Desc slope (StO2 decrease during VOT) after the second VOT, but no significant change in the Asc slope (StO2 increase after VOT). In the 3-day volunteers, the Desc slope also decreased, regardless of the time interval between VOTs. There was no overall decrease in the Desc slope in either patient cohort with repeated VOTs but there was marked individual patient variability. Patients in whom the Desc slope decreased had less organ dysfunction at admission, required less norepinephrine (0.00 vs 0.08mcg/kg/min, p=0.02), less frequently had sepsis (12 vs 50%, p=0.02) and had a lower mortality (6 vs 39%, p=0.03) compared to those in whom it did not decrease. Repeated NIRS VOT can non-invasively assess the local effects of ischemic preconditioning in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orbegozo Cortés
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florin Puflea
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Backer
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Remote ischemic conditioning and cardioprotection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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McCormick LM, Hoole SP, White PA, Read PA, Axell RG, Clarke SJ, O’Sullivan M, West NE, Dutka DP. Pre-Treatment With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Protects Against Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Stunning Without a Detected Difference in Myocardial Substrate Utilization. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8:292-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Randhawa PK, Bali A, Jaggi AS. RIPC for multiorgan salvage in clinical settings: Evolution of concept, evidences and mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 746:317-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Williams TM, Waksman R, De Silva K, Jacques A, Mahmoudi M. Ischemic preconditioning-an unfulfilled promise. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2014; 16:101-8. [PMID: 25681256 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial reperfusion injury has been identified as a key determinant of myocardial infarct size in patients undergoing percutaneous or surgical interventions. Although the molecular mechanisms underpinning reperfusion injury have been elucidated, attempts at translating this understanding into clinical benefit for patients undergoing cardiac interventions have produced mixed results. Ischemic conditioning has been applied before, during, or after an ischemic insult to the myocardium and has taken the form of local induction of ischemia or ischemia of distant tissues. Clinical studies have confirmed the safety of differing conditioning techniques, but the benefit of such techniques in reducing hard clinical event rates has produced mixed results. The aim of this article is to review the role of ischemic conditioning in patients undergoing percutaneous and surgical coronary revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Williams
- Ashford & St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Waksman
- Washington Hospital Centre, 110 Irving Street, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Kalpa De Silva
- Ashford & St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Jacques
- Ashford & St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mahmoudi
- Ashford & St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, United Kingdom; University of Surrey, 13AY04, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Vasdekis SN, Athanasiadis D, Lazaris A, Martikos G, Katsanos AH, Tsivgoulis G, Machairas A, Liakakos T. The role of remote ischemic preconditioning in the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Brain Behav 2013; 3:606-16. [PMID: 24363964 PMCID: PMC3868166 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is the application of a transient and brief ischemic stimulus to a distant site from the organ or tissue that is afterward exposed to injury ischemia, and has been found to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in various animal models. RIPC appears to offer two distinct phases of endothelial IRI protection, which are presumably mediated through neuronal and humoral pathways. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature review on the available published data about the potential effect of RIPC in patients undergoing IRI in one or more vital organs. RESULTS Our search highlighted 24 randomized clinical trials about the effect of RIPC on variable clinical settings (abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, open heart surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, living donor renal transplantation, coronary angiography, elective decompression surgery, carotid endarterectomy, recent stroke, or transient ischemic attack combined with intracranial carotid artery stenosis). Most of the trials focused on postoperative cardiac or renal function after RIPC with conflicting results. Preconditioning protocols, age limits, comorbidities, and concomitant drug use varied significantly across trials, and therefore no firm conclusions can be drawn using the available data. However, no severe local adverse events were observed in any patient undergoing limb or arm preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS RIPC is a safe and well-tolerated procedure that may constitute a potentially promising innovative treatment in atherosclerotic diseases. Large, multicenter, randomized clinical trials are required to determine an optimal protocol for the RIPC procedure, and to evaluate further the potential benefits of RIPC in human ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros N Vasdekis
- Vascular Unit, Third Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Athens, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Athanasiadis
- Vascular Unit, Third Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Athens, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Lazaris
- Vascular Unit, Third Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Athens, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Martikos
- Third Department of Surgery, University of Athens, School of Medicine Athens, Greece
| | - Aristeidis H Katsanos
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine Athens, Greece ; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno Czech Republic
| | - Anastasios Machairas
- Third Department of Surgery, University of Athens, School of Medicine Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Liakakos
- Third Department of Surgery, University of Athens, School of Medicine Athens, Greece
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Huang J, Chen Y, Dong B, Kong W, Zhang J, Xue W, Liu D, Huang Y. Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on renal protection in patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a 'blinded' randomised controlled trial. BJU Int 2013; 112:74-80. [PMID: 23452148 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) reduces renal injury in patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 82 patients undergoing LPN were randomly assigned to either the RIPC or control group, with 40 and 38 patients, respectively completing 6-months follow-up. RIPC was conducted after induction of anaesthesia, which consisted of three 5-min cycles of right lower limb ischaemia and 5 min of reperfusion during each cycle. The primary outcome was the absolute change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the affected kidney by renal scintigraphy from baseline to 6 months. The secondary outcomes included urinary retinol-binding protein (RBP) levels measured at 24 and 48 h, serum creatinine, and estimated GFR (eGFR) at 1 and 6 months, and changes in GFR by renal scintigraphy. RESULTS There were no differences in the change of GFR of the affected kidney at 6 months, while it was significantly decreased by 15.0% in the control group vs 8.8% in the RIPC group at 1 month (P = 0.034). The urinary RBP levels increased 8.4-fold at 24 h in the control group compared with a lower increase of 3.9-fold in the RIPC group (P < 0.001). There were no differences in the serum creatinine level or eGFR at 1 and 6 months between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing LPN, RIPC using transient lower limb ischaemia may reduce renal impairment in the short term, but failed in the longer term despite a non-significant trend in favour of RIPC. These novel data support the need for a larger study of RIPC during LPN surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kim JC, Shim JK, Lee S, Yoo YC, Yang SY, Kwak YL. Effect of combined remote ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning on pulmonary function in valvular heart surgery. Chest 2012; 142:467-475. [PMID: 22281799 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the lung-protective effect of combined remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPCpre) and postconditioning (RIPCpost) in patients undergoing complex valvular heart surgery. METHODS In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 54 patients were assigned to an RIPCpre plus RIPCpost group or a control group (1:1). Patients in the RIPCpre plus RIPCpost group received three 10-min cycles of right-side lower-limb ischemia of 250 mm Hg at both 10 min after anesthetic induction and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary end point was to compare postoperative Pao(2)/Fio(2). Secondary end points were to compare pulmonary variables, incidence of acute lung injury, and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS In both groups, Pao(2)/Fio(2) at 24 h postoperation was significantly decreased compared with each corresponding baseline value. However, intergroup comparisons of pulmonary variables, including Pao(2)/Fio(2) and incidence of acute lung injury, revealed no significant differences. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α were all significantly increased in both groups compared with each corresponding baseline value, without any significant intergroup differences. There were also no significant differences in transpulmonary gradient of IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α between the groups. CONCLUSIONS RIPCpre plus RIPCpost as tested in this randomized controlled trial did not provide significant pulmonary benefit following complex valvular cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu
| | - Jae-Kwang Shim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sak Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Yoo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - So-Young Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Lan Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Remote ischemic conditioning to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42179. [PMID: 22860077 PMCID: PMC3409156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Remote ischemic conditioning is gaining interest as potential method to induce resistance against ischemia reperfusion injury in a variety of clinical settings. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether remote ischemic conditioning reduces mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, length of stay in hospital and in the intensive care unit and biomarker release in patients who suffer from or are at risk for ischemia reperfusion injury. Methods and Results Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized clinical trials comparing remote ischemic conditioning, regardless of timing, with no conditioning. Two investigators independently selected suitable trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data. 23 studies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery (15 studies), percutaneous coronary intervention (four studies) and vascular surgery (four studies), comprising in total 1878 patients, were included in this review. Compared to no conditioning, remote ischemic conditioning did not reduce mortality (odds ratio 1.22 [95% confidence interval 0.48, 3.07]) or major adverse cardiovascular events (0.65 [0.38, 1.14]). However, the incidence of myocardial infarction was reduced with remote ischemic conditioning (0.50 [0.31, 0.82]), as was peak troponin release (standardized mean difference −0.28 [−0.47, −0.09]). Conclusion There is no evidence that remote ischemic conditioning reduces mortality associated with ischemic events; nor does it reduce major adverse cardiovascular events. However, remote ischemic conditioning did reduce the incidence of peri-procedural myocardial infarctions, as well as the release of troponin.
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Ren C, Gao M, Dornbos D, Ding Y, Zeng X, Luo Y, Ji X. Remote ischemic post-conditioning reduced brain damage in experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neurol Res 2012; 33:514-9. [PMID: 21669121 DOI: 10.1179/016164111x13007856084241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the protective effects of remote post-conditioning on ischemic brain lesions caused by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats. METHODS A total of 54 animals were used in this present study. An ischemic stroke model was generated by 90-minute occlusion of right MCA (n = 42). Twelve rats were used as control for studying edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Remote post-conditioning was conducted immediately after MCA occlusion in the bilateral lower limb by occluding and releasing the femoral artery for three cycles; each occlusion and release lasted for 10 minutes. After 24 hours of reperfusion, the cerebral infarct volumes were quantified by 2,3,4-triphenytetrazolium-chloride, brain water content was determined by dry/wet weight method, and damage to the BBB was determined by Evans blue extravasation. RESULTS Remote post-conditioning significantly reduced brain infarct damage (P<0.0001). Brain edema was significantly (P<0.01) reduced after stroke in the remote post-conditioning group. BBB leakage was significantly reduced in the remote post-conditioning group when compared to the control ischemic groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that remote post-conditioning, which was initiated after ischemia and before reperfusion, protects against brain injury in experimental ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Ren
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Clinical applications of remote ischemic preconditioning. Cardiol Res Pract 2012; 2012:620681. [PMID: 22400123 PMCID: PMC3286899 DOI: 10.1155/2012/620681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a composite of damage accumulated during reduced perfusion of an organ or tissue and the additional insult sustained during reperfusion. Such injury occurs in a wide variety of clinically important syndromes, such as ischemic heart disease and stroke, which are responsible for a high degree of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Basic research has identified a number of interventions that stimulate innate resistance of tissues to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we summarise the experimental and clinical trial data underpinning one of these “conditioning” strategies, the phenomenon of remote ischemic preconditioning.
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Lee JH, Park YH, Byon HJ, Kim HS, Kim CS, Kim JT. Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on ischaemic-reperfusion injury in pulmonary hypertensive infants receiving ventricular septal defect repair. Br J Anaesth 2011; 108:223-8. [PMID: 22157844 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) can reduce ischaemic-reperfusion injury in distant organs. The myocardial and pulmonary protective effect of RIPC in infants with pulmonary hypertension remains unclear. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of RIPC in infants receiving ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair. METHODS We studied 55 infants with pulmonary hypertension undergoing VSD repair (RIPC group, n=27; control group, n=28). RIPC consisted of four 5 min cycles of lower limb ischaemia and reperfusion. Serum troponin I (TnI) concentrations were measured after induction of anaesthesia and at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery. Other clinical data such as inotropic score, lung compliance, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, oxygen index, mechanical ventilation time, and length of intensive care unit stay were also recorded at each interval. RESULTS No differences in patient or surgical characteristics were observed between the two groups. There were no significant differences in postoperative TnI levels according to time (P=0.35) or the total amount of TnI release, expressed as the area under the curve over the 24 h after surgery [RIPC vs control: 207.6 (134.0) vs 274.6 (263.7) h ng ml(-1), P=0.24]. All other clinical data were also comparable. CONCLUSIONS RIPC does not reduce the postoperative TnI release after VSD repair in infants with pulmonary hypertension. Additionally, it is difficult to find significant clinical benefits of RIPC in this population. The effect of RIPC varies according to clinical situation and patient condition. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01313832.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hoole SP, Dutka DP. Does remote ischemic conditioning salvage left ventricular function after successful primary PCI? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:563-6. [PMID: 21615317 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The translation of ischemic preconditioning to a viable therapy that benefits patients has been slow. This has been largely due to the difficultly in preempting when ischemia will occur. Recent advances in the field have demonstrated that cardioprotection from brief episodes of ischemia is possible when applied immediately after reperfusion (ischemic postconditioning) or remotely in another tissue during myocardial ischemia, prior to reperfusion (remote ischemic conditioning). This has facilitated the therapeutic application to patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. In this article, we will discuss the results of a recent study published by Munk et al., concerning the application of remote ischemic conditioning during primary percutaneous coronary intervention to salvage myocardial function following ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Hoole
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 6 ACCI, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Voucharas C, Lazou A, Triposkiadis F, Tsilimingas N. Remote preconditioning in normal and hypertrophic rat hearts. J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 6:34. [PMID: 21426585 PMCID: PMC3071784 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-6-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to investigate whether remote preconditioning (RPC) improves myocardial function after ischemia/reperfusion injury in both normal and hypertrophic isolated rat hearts. This is the first time in world literature that cardioprotection by RPC in hypertrophic myocardium is investigated. Methods Four groups of 7 male Wistar rats each, were used: Normal control, normal preconditioned, hypertrophic control and hypertrophic preconditioned groups. Moderate cardiac hypertrophy was induced by fludrocortisone acetate and salt administration for 30 days. Remote preconditioning of the rat heart was achieved by 20 minutes transient right hind limb ischemia and 10 minutes reperfusion of the anaesthetized animal. Isolated Langendorff-perfused animal hearts were then subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia and reperfusion for 60 minutes. Contractile function and heart rhythm were monitored. Preconditioned groups were compared to control groups. Results Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and the product LVDP × heart rate (HR) were significantly higher in the hypertrophic preconditioned group than the hypertrophic control group while left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and severe arrhythmia episodes did not differ. Variances between the normal heart groups were not significantly different except for the values of the LVEDP in the beginning of reperfusion. Conclusions Remote preconditioning seems to protect myocardial contractile function in hypertrophic myocardium, while it has no beneficial effect in normal myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Voucharas
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41335, Greece.
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Rahman IA, Mascaro JG, Steeds RP, Frenneaux MP, Nightingale P, Gosling P, Townsend P, Townend JN, Green D, Bonser RS. Remote ischemic preconditioning in human coronary artery bypass surgery: from promise to disappointment? Circulation 2010; 122:S53-9. [PMID: 20837926 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.926667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed whether remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) improves myocardial, renal, and lung protection after on-pump coronary surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a single-center, prospective, randomized (1:1), placebo-controlled trial. Patients, investigators, anesthetists, surgeons, and critical care teams were blinded to group allocation. Subjects received RIPC (or placebo) stimuli (×3 upper limb (or dummy arm), 5-minute cycles of 200 mm Hg cuff inflation/deflation) before aortic clamping. Anesthesia, perfusion, cardioplegia, and surgical techniques were standardized. The primary end point was 48-hour area under the curve (AUC) troponin T (cTnT) release. Secondary end points were 6-hour and peak cTnT, ECG changes, cardiac index, inotrope and vasoconstrictor use, renal dysfunction, and lung injury. Hospital survival was 99.4%. Comparing placebo and RIPC, median (interquartile range) AUC 48-hour cTnT (ng/mL(-1)/48 h(-1)); 28 (19, 39) versus 30 (22, 38), 6-hour cTnT (ng/mL(-1)); 0.93(0.59, 1.35) versus 1.01(0.72, 1.43), peak cTnT (ng/mL(-1)); 1.02 (0.74, 1.44) versus 1.04 (0.78, 1.51), de novo left bundle-branch block (4% versus 0%) and Q waves (5.3% versus 5.5%), serial cardiac indices, intraaortic balloon pump usage (8.5% versus 7.5%), inotrope (39% versus 50%) and vasoconstrictor usage (66% versus 64%) were not different. Dialysis requirement (1.2% versus 3.8%), peak creatinine (median [interquartile range], 1.2 mg/dL(-1) (1.1, 1.4) versus 1.2 (1.0, 1.4)), and AUC urinary albumin-creatinine ratios 69 (40, 112) versus 58 (32, 85) were not different. Intubation times; median (interquartile range), 937 minutes(766, 1402) versus 895(675, 1180), 6-hour; 278 (210, 338) versus 270 (218, 323) and 12-hour pO(2):FiO(2) ratios 255 (195, 323) versus 263 (210, 308) were similar. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to prior smaller studies, RIPC did not reduce troponin release, improve hemodynamics, or enhance renal or lung protection. Clinical Trial Registration-URL: http://www.ukcrn.org.uk. Unique identifier: 4659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq A Rahman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Effects of remote ischemic preconditioning on biochemical markers and neurologic outcomes in patients undergoing elective cervical decompression surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2010; 22:46-52. [PMID: 19996767 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0b013e3181c572bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) may protect the spinal cord from ischemic injury. This randomized clinical trial was designed to assess whether a large clinical trial testing the effect of RIPC on neurologic outcome in patients undergoing spine surgery is warranted. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00778323. METHODS Forty adult cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients undergoing elective decompression surgery were randomly assigned to either the RIPC group (n=20) or the control group (n=20). Limb RIPC consisted of three 5-minutes cycles of upper right limb ischemia with intervening 5-minute periods of reperfusion. Neuron-specific enolase and S-100B levels were measured in serum at set time points. Median nerve somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) were also recorded. Neurologic recovery rate was evaluated using a Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale. RESULTS RIPC significantly reduced serum S-100B release at 6 hours and 1 day after surgery, and reduced neuron-specific enolase release at 6 hours, and then at 1, 3, and 5 days after surgery. No differences were observed in SEP measurements or the incidence of SEP changes during surgery between the control and RIPC groups. Recovery rate at 7 days, and at 1 and 3 months after surgery was higher in the RIPC group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results for markers of neuronal ischemic injury and rate of recovery suggest that a clinical trial with sufficient statistical power to detect an effect of RIPC on the incidence of neurologic complications (paresis, palsy, etc) due to spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury after spine surgery is warranted [corrected].
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