1
|
Xu W, Liu M, Li H, Chen J, Zhou J. De Novo Synthesis of Chrysin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6481-6490. [PMID: 38481145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chrysin, a flavonoid, has been found to have been widely used in the health food field. But at present, chrysin production is hindered by the low availability of precursors and the lack of catalytic enzymes with high activity. Therefore, ZmPAL was initially screened to synthesize trans-cinnamic acid with high catalytic activity and specificity. To enhance the supply of precursors, the shikimic acid and chorismic acid pathway genes were overexpressed. Besides, the expression of the intracellular and mitochondrial carbon metabolism genes CIT, MAC1/3, CTP1, YHM2, RtME, and MDH was enhanced to increase the intracellular acetyl-CoA content. Chrysin was synthesized through a novel gene combination of ScCPR-EbFNSI-1 and PcFNSI. Finally, de novo synthesis of chrysin was achieved, reaching 41.9 mg/L, which is the highest reported concentration to date. In summary, we identified efficient enzymes for chrysin production and increased it by regulating acetyl-CoA metabolism in mitochondria and the cytoplasm, laying a foundation for future large-scale production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengsu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hongbiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tous Mohedano M, Mao J, Chen Y. Optimization of Pinocembrin Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 12:144-152. [PMID: 36534476 PMCID: PMC9872169 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid pinocembrin and its derivatives have gained increasing interest for their benefits on human health. While pinocembrin and its derivatives can be produced in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yields remain low. Here, we describe novel strategies for improved de novo biosynthesis of pinocembrin from glucose based on overcoming existing limitations in S. cerevisiae. First, we identified cinnamic acid as an inhibitor of pinocembrin synthesis. Second, by screening for more efficient enzymes and optimizing the expression of downstream genes, we reduced cinnamic acid accumulation. Third, we addressed other limiting factors by boosting the availability of the precursor malonyl-CoA, while eliminating the undesired byproduct 2',4',6'-trihydroxy dihydrochalcone. After optimizing cultivation conditions, 80 mg/L pinocembrin was obtained in a shake flask, the highest yield reported for S. cerevisiae. Finally, we demonstrated that pinocembrin-producing strains could be further engineered to generate 25 mg/L chrysin, another interesting flavone. The strains generated in this study will facilitate the production of flavonoids through the pinocembrin biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Ma L, Wang Z, Chen Q, Wang Q, Qi Q. Construction and yield optimization of a cinnamylamine biosynthesis route in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:100. [PMID: 36175923 PMCID: PMC9524069 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background With the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds has attracted much attention. Cinnamylamine is an aromatic compound derived from l-phenylalanine, which is used in the synthesis of biologically active molecules, including drugs, and energetic materials. Cinnamylamine has been mainly synthesized by chemical methods to date, and few reports have focused on the biosynthesis of cinnamylamine. Therefore, it is desirable to establish an efficient biosynthesis method for cinnamylamine. Results The ω-aminotransferase Cv-ωTA from Chromobacterium violaceum has been demonstrated to have high enzyme activity in the conversion of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamylamine. To prevent the preferable conversion of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol in wild-type Escherichia coli, the E. coli MG1655 strain with reduced aromatic aldehyde reduction (RARE) in which six aldehyde ketone reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase genes have been knocked out was employed. Then, the carboxylic acid reductase from Neurospora crassa (NcCAR) and phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) from E. coli were screened for a high conversion rate of cinnamic acid to cinnamaldehyde. To shift the equilibrium of the reaction toward cinnamylamine, saturation mutagenesis of Cv-ωTA at key amino acid residues was performed, and Cv-ωTA Y168G had the highest conversion rate with 88.56 mg/L cinnamylamine obtained after 4 h of fermentation. Finally, by optimizing the substrates and the supply of the cofactors, PLP and NADPH, in the fermentation, the yield of cinnamylamine in engineered E. coli reached 523.15 mg/L. Conclusion We achieved the first biosynthesis of cinnamylamine using cinnamic acid as the precursor in E. coli using a combinatorial metabolic engineering strategy. This study provides a reference for the biosynthesis of other amine compounds and lays a foundation for the de novo synthesis of cinnamylamine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02199-7.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai M, Liu J, Song X, Qi H, Li Y, Wu Z, Xu H, Qiao M. De novo biosynthesis of p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid from carboxymethyl-cellulose by microbial co-culture strategy. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:81. [PMID: 35538542 PMCID: PMC9088102 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aromatic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and caffeic acid, are secondary metabolites of various plants, and are widely used in diet and industry for their biological activities. In addition to expensive and unsustainable methods of plant extraction and chemical synthesis, the strategy for heterologous synthesis of aromatic compounds in microorganisms has received much attention. As the most abundant renewable resource in the world, lignocellulose is an economical and environmentally friendly alternative to edible, high-cost carbon sources such as glucose. Results In the present study, carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) was utilized as the sole carbon source, and a metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SK10-3 was co-cultured with other recombinant S. cerevisiae strains to achieve the bioconversion of value-added products from CMC. By optimizing the inoculation ratio, interval time, and carbon source content, the final titer of p-CA in 30 g/L CMC medium was increased to 71.71 mg/L, which was 155.9-fold higher than that achieved in mono-culture. The de novo biosynthesis of caffeic acid in the CMC medium was also achieved through a three-strain co-cultivation. Caffeic acid production was up to 16.91 mg/L after optimizing the inoculation ratio of these strains. Conclusion De novo biosynthesis of p-CA and caffeic acid from lignocellulose through a co-cultivation strategy was achieved for the first time. This study provides favorable support for the biosynthesis of more high value-added products from economical substrates. In addition, the multi-strain co-culture strategy can effectively improve the final titer of the target products, which has high application potential in the field of industrial production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01805-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- College Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuanzi Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haijin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elimination of aromatic fusel alcohols as by-products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains engineered for phenylpropanoid production by 2-oxo-acid decarboxylase replacement. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 13:e00183. [PMID: 34584841 PMCID: PMC8450241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are intensively studied as production platforms for aromatic compounds such as hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenoids and flavonoids. Heterologous pathways for production of these compounds use l-phenylalanine and/or l-tyrosine, generated by the yeast shikimate pathway, as aromatic precursors. The Ehrlich pathway converts these precursors to aromatic fusel alcohols and acids, which are undesirable by-products of yeast strains engineered for production of high-value aromatic compounds. Activity of the Ehrlich pathway requires any of four S. cerevisiae 2-oxo-acid decarboxylases (2-OADCs): Aro10 or the pyruvate-decarboxylase isoenzymes Pdc1, Pdc5, and Pdc6. Elimination of pyruvate-decarboxylase activity from S. cerevisiae is not straightforward as it plays a key role in cytosolic acetyl-CoA biosynthesis during growth on glucose. In a search for pyruvate decarboxylases that do not decarboxylate aromatic 2-oxo acids, eleven yeast and bacterial 2-OADC-encoding genes were investigated. Homologs from Kluyveromyces lactis (KlPDC1), Kluyveromyces marxianus (KmPDC1), Yarrowia lipolytica (YlPDC1), Zymomonas mobilis (Zmpdc1) and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (Gdpdc1.2 and Gdpdc1.3) complemented a Pdc− strain of S. cerevisiae for growth on glucose. Enzyme-activity assays in cell extracts showed that these genes encoded active pyruvate decarboxylases with different substrate specificities. In these in vitro assays, ZmPdc1, GdPdc1.2 or GdPdc1.3 had no substrate specificity towards phenylpyruvate. Replacing Aro10 and Pdc1,5,6 by these bacterial decarboxylases completely eliminated aromatic fusel-alcohol production in glucose-grown batch cultures of an engineered coumaric acid-producing S. cerevisiae strain. These results outline a strategy to prevent formation of an important class of by-products in ‘chassis’ yeast strains for production of non-native aromatic compounds. Identification of pyruvate decarboxylases active with pyruvate but not with aromatic 2-oxo acids. Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase can replace the native yeast enzymes. Expression of Z. mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase removes formation of fusel alcohols. Elimination of fusel alcohol by products improves formation of coumaric acid. Decarboxylase swapping is a beneficial strategy for production of non-native aromatics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Z, Zhang X, Lei D, Qiao B, Zhao GR. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for de novo production of 3-phenylpropanol via retrobiosynthesis approach. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:121. [PMID: 34176467 PMCID: PMC8237410 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 3-Phenylpropanol with a pleasant odor is widely used in foods, beverages and cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient. It also acts as the precursor and reactant in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Currently, petroleum-based manufacturing processes of 3-phenypropanol is environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable. In this study, we aim to engineer Escherichia coli as microbial cell factory for de novo production of 3-phenypropanol via retrobiosynthesis approach. Results Aided by in silico retrobiosynthesis analysis, we designed a novel 3-phenylpropanol biosynthetic pathway extending from l-phenylalanine and comprising the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), enoate reductase (ER), aryl carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) and phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase). We screened the enzymes from plants and microorganisms and reconstructed the artificial pathway for conversion of 3-phenylpropanol from l-phenylalanine. Then we conducted chromosome engineering to increase the supply of precursor l-phenylalanine and combined the upstream l-phenylalanine pathway and downstream 3-phenylpropanol pathway. Finally, we regulated the metabolic pathway strength and optimized fermentation conditions. As a consequence, metabolically engineered E. coli strain produced 847.97 mg/L of 3-phenypropanol at 24 h using glucose-glycerol mixture as co-carbon source. Conclusions We successfully developed an artificial 3-phenylpropanol pathway based on retrobiosynthesis approach, and highest titer of 3-phenylpropanol was achieved in E. coli via systems metabolic engineering strategies including enzyme sources variety, chromosome engineering, metabolic strength balancing and fermentation optimization. This work provides an engineered strain with industrial potential for production of 3-phenylpropanol, and the strategies applied here could be practical for bioengineers to design and reconstruct the microbial cell factory for high valuable chemicals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01615-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Dengwei Lei
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China. .,Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Tangxing Road 133, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruling Factors in Cinnamaldehyde Hydrogenation: Activity and Selectivity of Pt-Mo Catalysts. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020362. [PMID: 33535585 PMCID: PMC7912768 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To obtain selective hydrogenation catalysts with low noble metal content, two carbon-supported Mo-Pt bimetallic catalysts have been synthesized from two different molybdenum precursors, i.e., Na2MoO4 and (NH4)6Mo7O24. The results obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with the presence and strength of acid sites clarified the different catalytic behavior toward cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation. After impregnating the carbon support with Mo precursors, each sample was used either as is or treated at 400 °C in N2 flow, as support for Pt nanoparticles (NPs). The heating treatment before Pt deposition had a positive effect on the catalytic performance. Indeed, TEM analyses showed very homogeneously dispersed Pt NPs only when they were deposited on the heat-treated Mo/C supports, and XPS analyses revealed an increase in both the exposure and reduction of Pt, which was probably tuned by different MoO3/MoO2 ratios. Moreover, the different acid properties of the catalysts resulted in different selectivity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shen YP, Niu FX, Yan ZB, Fong LS, Huang YB, Liu JZ. Recent Advances in Metabolically Engineered Microorganisms for the Production of Aromatic Chemicals Derived From Aromatic Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:407. [PMID: 32432104 PMCID: PMC7214760 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic compounds derived from aromatic amino acids are an important class of diverse chemicals with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. They are currently produced via petrochemical processes, which are not sustainable and eco-friendly. In the past decades, significant progress has been made in the construction of microbial cell factories capable of effectively converting renewable carbon sources into value-added aromatics. Here, we systematically and comprehensively review the recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in the microbial production of aromatic amino acid derivatives, stilbenes, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The future outlook concerning the engineering of microbial cell factories for the production of aromatic compounds is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Xing Niu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai San Fong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Recent trends in metabolic engineering of microbial chemical factories. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Connecting central carbon and aromatic amino acid metabolisms to improve de novo 2-phenylethanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2019; 56:165-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Thomas A, Cutlan R, Finnigan W, van der Giezen M, Harmer N. Highly thermostable carboxylic acid reductases generated by ancestral sequence reconstruction. Commun Biol 2019; 2:429. [PMID: 31799431 PMCID: PMC6874671 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) are biocatalysts of industrial importance. Their properties, especially their poor stability, render them sub-optimal for use in a bioindustrial pipeline. Here, we employed ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) - a burgeoning engineering tool that can identify stabilizing but enzymatically neutral mutations throughout a protein. We used a three-algorithm approach to reconstruct functional ancestors of the Mycobacterial and Nocardial CAR1 orthologues. Ancestral CARs (AncCARs) were confirmed to be CAR enzymes with a preference for aromatic carboxylic acids. Ancestors also showed varied tolerances to solvents, pH and in vivo-like salt concentrations. Compared to well-studied extant CARs, AncCARs had a Tm up to 35 °C higher, with half-lives up to nine times longer than the greatest previously observed. Using ancestral reconstruction we have expanded the existing CAR toolbox with three new thermostable CAR enzymes, providing access to the high temperature biosynthesis of aldehydes to drive new applications in biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Thomas
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- Present Address: Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Rhys Cutlan
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- Present Address: Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - William Finnigan
- Present Address: Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Present Address: Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Richard Johnsens gate 4, Stavanger, 4021 Norway
| | - Nicholas Harmer
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- Present Address: Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wess J, Brinek M, Boles E. Improving isobutanol production with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by successively blocking competing metabolic pathways as well as ethanol and glycerol formation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:173. [PMID: 31303893 PMCID: PMC6604370 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isobutanol is a promising candidate as second-generation biofuel and has several advantages compared to bioethanol. Another benefit of isobutanol is that it is already formed as a by-product in fermentations with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although only in very small amounts. Isobutanol formation results from valine degradation in the cytosol via the Ehrlich pathway. In contrast, valine is synthesized from pyruvate in mitochondria. This spatial separation into two different cell compartments is one of the limiting factors for higher isobutanol production in yeast. Furthermore, some intermediate metabolites are also substrates for various isobutanol competing pathways, reducing the metabolic flux toward isobutanol production. We hypothesized that a relocation of all enzymes involved in anabolic and catabolic reactions of valine metabolism in only one cell compartment, the cytosol, in combination with blocking non-essential isobutanol competing pathways will increase isobutanol production in yeast. RESULTS Here, we overexpressed the three endogenous enzymes acetolactate synthase (Ilv2), acetohydroxyacid reductoisomerase (Ilv5) and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (Ilv3) of the valine synthesis pathway in the cytosol and blocked the first step of mitochondrial valine synthesis by disrupting endogenous ILV2, leading to a 22-fold increase of isobutanol production up to 0.22 g/L (5.28 mg/g glucose) with aerobic shake flask cultures. Then, we successively deleted essential genes of competing pathways for synthesis of 2,3-butanediol (BDH1 and BDH2), leucine (LEU4 and LEU9), pantothenate (ECM31) and isoleucine (ILV1) resulting in an optimized metabolic flux toward isobutanol and titers of up to 0.56 g/L (13.54 mg/g glucose). Reducing ethanol formation by deletion of the ADH1 gene encoding the major alcohol dehydrogenase did not result in further increased isobutanol production, but in strongly enhanced glycerol formation. Nevertheless, deletion of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes GPD1 and GPD2 prevented formation of glycerol and increased isobutanol production up to 1.32 g/L. Finally, additional deletion of aldehyde dehydrogenase gene ALD6 reduced the synthesis of the by-product isobutyrate, thereby further increasing isobutanol production up to 2.09 g/L with a yield of 59.55 mg/g glucose, corresponding to a more than 200-fold increase compared to the wild type. CONCLUSIONS By overexpressing a cytosolic isobutanol synthesis pathway and by blocking non-essential isobutanol competing pathways, we could achieve isobutanol production with a yield of 59.55 mg/g glucose, which is the highest yield ever obtained with S. cerevisiae in shake flask cultures. Nevertheless, our results indicate a still limiting capacity of the isobutanol synthesis pathway itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wess
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Brinek
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eckhard Boles
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gunia-Krzyżak A, Słoczyńska K, Popiół J, Koczurkiewicz P, Marona H, Pękala E. Cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics: current use and future prospects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:356-366. [PMID: 29870052 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamic acid derivatives are widely used in cosmetics and possess various functions. This group of compounds includes both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. On the basis of the Cosmetic Ingredient Database (CosIng) and available literature, this review summarizes their functions in cosmetics, including their physicochemical and biological properties as well as reported adverse effects. A perfuming function is typical of many derivatives of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, dihydrocinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid itself; these substances are commonly used in cosmetics all over the world. Some of them show allergic and photoallergic potential, resulting in restrictions in maximum concentrations and/or a requirement to indicate the presence of some substances in the list of ingredients when their concentrations exceed certain fixed values in a cosmetic product. Another important function of cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics is UV protection. Ester derivatives such as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamte (amiloxiate), octocrylene and cinoxate are used in cosmetics all over the world as UV filters. However, their maximum concentrations in cosmetic products are restricted due to their adverse effects, which include contact and a photocontact allergies, phototoxic contact dermatitis, contact dermatitis, estrogenic modulation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Other rarely utilized functions of cinnamic acid derivatives are as an antioxidant, in skin conditioning, hair conditioning, as a tonic and in antimicrobial activities. Moreover, some currently investigated natural and synthetic derivatives of cinnamic acid have shown skin lightening and anti-ageing properties. Some of them may become new cosmetic ingredients in the future. In particular, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, which is currently indexed as a skin-conditioning cosmetics ingredient, has been widely tested in vitro and in vivo as a new drug candidate for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gunia-Krzyżak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Słoczyńska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Popiół
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - P Koczurkiewicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - H Marona
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - E Pękala
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Smell of Synthetic Biology: Engineering Strategies for Aroma Compound Production in Yeast. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Yeast—especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae—have long been a preferred workhorse for the production of numerous recombinant proteins and other metabolites. S. cerevisiae is a noteworthy aroma compound producer and has also been exploited to produce foreign bioflavour compounds. In the past few years, important strides have been made in unlocking the key elements in the biochemical pathways involved in the production of many aroma compounds. The expression of these biochemical pathways in yeast often involves the manipulation of the host strain to direct the flux towards certain precursors needed for the production of the given aroma compound. This review highlights recent advances in the bioengineering of yeast—including S. cerevisiae—to produce aroma compounds and bioflavours. To capitalise on recent advances in synthetic yeast genomics, this review presents yeast as a significant producer of bioflavours in a fresh context and proposes new directions for combining engineering and biology principles to improve the yield of targeted aroma compounds.
Collapse
|