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Yang X, Liu T, Yang R, Fan H, Liu X, Xuan Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Duan Y, Zhu X. Overexpression of GmPAL Genes Enhances Soybean Resistance Against Heterodera glycines. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2024; 37:416-423. [PMID: 38171485 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0151-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, soybean cyst nematode [SCN]) disease adversely affects the yield of soybean and leads to billions of dollars in losses every year. To control the disease, it is necessary to study the resistance genes of the plant and their mechanisms. Isoflavonoids are secondary metabolites of the phenylalanine pathway, and they are synthesized in soybean. They are essential in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we reported that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes GmPALs involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, can positively regulate soybean resistance to SCN. Our previous study demonstrated that the expression of GmPAL genes in the resistant cultivar Huipizhi (HPZ) heidou are strongly induced by SCN. PAL is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the first step of phenylpropanoid metabolism, and it responds to biotic or abiotic stresses. Here, we demonstrate that the resistance of soybeans against SCN is suppressed by PAL inhibitor l-α-(aminooxy)-β-phenylpropionic acid (L-AOPP) treatment. Overexpression of eight GmPAL genes caused diapause of nematodes in transgenic roots. In a petiole-feeding bioassay, we identified that two isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, could enhance resistance against SCN and suppress nematode development. This study thus reveals GmPAL-mediated resistance against SCN, information that has good application potential. The role of isoflavones in soybean resistance provides new information for the control of SCN. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Xu W, Liu M, Li H, Chen J, Zhou J. De Novo Synthesis of Chrysin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:6481-6490. [PMID: 38481145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chrysin, a flavonoid, has been found to have been widely used in the health food field. But at present, chrysin production is hindered by the low availability of precursors and the lack of catalytic enzymes with high activity. Therefore, ZmPAL was initially screened to synthesize trans-cinnamic acid with high catalytic activity and specificity. To enhance the supply of precursors, the shikimic acid and chorismic acid pathway genes were overexpressed. Besides, the expression of the intracellular and mitochondrial carbon metabolism genes CIT, MAC1/3, CTP1, YHM2, RtME, and MDH was enhanced to increase the intracellular acetyl-CoA content. Chrysin was synthesized through a novel gene combination of ScCPR-EbFNSI-1 and PcFNSI. Finally, de novo synthesis of chrysin was achieved, reaching 41.9 mg/L, which is the highest reported concentration to date. In summary, we identified efficient enzymes for chrysin production and increased it by regulating acetyl-CoA metabolism in mitochondria and the cytoplasm, laying a foundation for future large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengsu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hongbiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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3
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Noda S, Fujiwara R, Mori Y, Dainin M, Shirai T, Kondo A. Styrene Production in Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli in a Two-Phase Culture. BioTech (Basel) 2024; 13:2. [PMID: 38247732 PMCID: PMC10801462 DOI: 10.3390/biotech13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Styrene is an important industrial chemical. Although several studies have reported microbial styrene production, the amount of styrene produced in batch cultures can be increased. In this study, styrene was produced using genetically engineered Escherichia coli. First, we evaluated five types of phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL) and Brachypodium distachyon (BdPAL) for their ability to produce trans-cinnamic acid (Cin), a styrene precursor. AtPAL2-expressing E. coli produced approximately 700 mg/L of Cin and we found that BdPALs could convert Cin into styrene. To assess styrene production, we constructed an E. coli strain that co-expressed AtPAL2 and ferulic acid decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After a biphasic culture with oleyl alcohol, styrene production and yield from glucose were 3.1 g/L and 26.7% (mol/mol), respectively, which, to the best of our knowledge, are the highest values obtained in batch cultivation. Thus, this strain can be applied to the large-scale industrial production of styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Noda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujiwara
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (R.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Mayumi Dainin
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (R.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomokazu Shirai
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (R.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (R.F.); (T.S.)
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Pałka K, Podsadni K, Pająk M. Enzymatic synthesis of halogen derivatives of L-phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid stereoselectively labeled with hydrogen isotopes in the side chain. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:362-368. [PMID: 37530220 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated, labeled with deuterium, tritium or doubly labeled with deuterium and tritium in the 3S position of the side chain isotopomers of L-phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid were synthesized. Isotopomers of halogenated L-phenylalanine were obtained by addition of ammonia from isotopically enriched buffer solution to the halogenated derivative of (E)-cinnamic acid catalyzed by phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Isotopomers of halogenated phenylpyruvic acid were obtained enzymatically by conversion of the appropriate isotopomer of halogenated L-phenylalanine in the presence of phenylalanine dehydrogenase. As a source of deuterium was used deuterated water, as a source of tritium was used a solution of highly diluted tritiated water. The labeling takes place in good yields and with high deuterium atom% abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Podsadni
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Maslennikova D, Ivanov S, Petrova S, Burkhanova G, Maksimov I, Lastochkina O. Components of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in the Implementation of the Protective Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on Wheat under Salinity. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12112123. [PMID: 37299102 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional, gaseous signaling molecule implicated in both physiological and protective responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, including salinity. In this work, we studied the effects of 200 µM exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on the components of the phenylpropanoid pathway, such as lignin and salicylic acid (SA), and its relationship with wheat seedling growth under normal and salinity (2% NaCl) conditions. It was established that exogenous SNP contributed to the accumulation of endogenous SA and increased the level of transcription of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) gene. It was found that endogenous SA played an important role in the growth-stimulating effect of SNP, as evidenced by the growth parameters. In addition, under the influence of SNP, the activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), and peroxidase (POD), an increase in the level of transcription of the TaPAL and TaPRX genes, and the acceleration of lignin accumulation in the cell walls of roots were revealed. Such an increase in the barrier properties of the cell walls during the period of preadaptation played an important role in protection against salinity stress. Salinity led to significant SA accumulation and lignin deposition in the roots, strong activation of TAL, PAL, and POD, and suppression of seedling growth. Pretreatment with SNP under salinity conditions resulted in additional lignification of the root cell walls, decreased stress-induced endogenous SA generation, and lower PAL, TAL, and POD activities in comparison to untreated stressed plants. Thus, the obtained data suggested that during pretreatment with SNP, phenylpropanoid metabolism was activated (i.e., lignin and SA), which contributed to reducing the negative effects of salinity stress, as evidenced by the improved plant growth parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Maslennikova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, 69 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Svetlana Petrova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, 69 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Burkhanova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Igor Maksimov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Oksana Lastochkina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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6
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Zhu BF, Liu Y, Pei XQ, Wu ZL. Characterization of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyases from Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) as Robust Biocatalysts for the Production of d- and l-Amino Acids. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:2935-2942. [PMID: 36734156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the reversible conversion of l-phenylalanine into the corresponding trans-cinnamic acid, providing a route to optically pure α-amino acids. We explored the catalytic function of all five PALs encoded in the genome of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) that are previously known to be involved in wound browning. All LsPALs were active toward l-phenylalanine in the ammonia elimination reaction and displayed maximum activity at 55-60 °C and pH 9.0-9.5. However, four of them, LsPAL1-LsPAL4, showed significantly higher activity and thermal stability than LsPAL5, as well as a broader substrate spectrum including some challenging substrates with steric demanding or electron-donating substituents. The best one LsPAL3 was subjected to the kinetic resolution of a panel of 21 rac-phenylalanine derivatives, as well as the ammonia addition of 21 cinnamic acid derivatives. It showed excellent enantioselectivity in most cases and significantly better activity than previously described PALs for a number of challenging non-natural substrates, demonstrating its great potential in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Feng Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu610041, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Zhong-Liu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu610041, China
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7
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Jiang Y, Sun B, Qian F, Dong F, Xu C, Zhong W, Huang R, Zhai Q, Jiang Y, Yang S. Expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase as an intracellularly free and extracellularly cell surface-immobilized enzyme on a gut microbe as a live biotherapeutic for phenylketonuria. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:127-36. [PMID: 35907113 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU), a disease resulting in the disability to degrade phenylalanine (Phe) is an inborn error with a 1 in 10,000 morbidity rate on average around the world which leads to neurotoxicity. As an potential alternative to a protein-restricted diet, oral intake of engineered probiotics degrading Phe inside the body is a promising treatment, currently at clinical stage II (Isabella, et al., 2018). However, limited transmembrane transport of Phe is a bottleneck to further improvement of the probiotic's activity. Here, we achieved simultaneous degradation of Phe both intracellularly and extracellularly by expressing genes encoding the Phe-metabolizing enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as an intracellularly free and a cell surface-immobilized enzyme in Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) which overcomes the transportation problem. The metabolic engineering strategy was also combined with strengthening of Phe transportation, transportation of PAL-catalyzed trans-cinnamic acid and fixation of released ammonia. Administration of our final synthetic strain TYS8500 with PAL both displayed on the cell surface and expressed inside the cell to the PahF263S PKU mouse model reduced blood Phe concentration by 44.4% compared to the control EcN, independent of dietary protein intake. TYS8500 shows great potential in future applications for PKU therapy.
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Yao L, Zhang H, Liu Y, Ji Q, Xie J, Zhang R, Huang L, Mei K, Wang J, Gao W. Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg 3 accumulation in ginseng plant chassis. J Integr Plant Biol 2022; 64:1739-1754. [PMID: 35731022 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ginsenoside Rg3 found in Panax species has extensive pharmacological properties, in particular anti-cancer effects. However, its natural yield in Panax plants is limited. Here, we report a multi-modular strategy to improve yields of Rg3 in a Panax ginseng chassis, combining engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of a lignin biosynthesis gene, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). We first performed semi-rational design and site mutagenesis to improve the enzymatic efficiency of Pq3-O-UGT2, a glycosyltransferase that directly catalyzes the biosynthesis of Rg3 from Rh2 . Next, we used clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing to knock down the branch pathway of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside biosynthesis to enhance the metabolic flux of the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside Rg3 . Overexpression of PAL accelerated the formation of the xylem structure, significantly improving ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation (to 6.19-fold higher than in the control). We combined overexpression of the ginsenoside aglycon synthetic genes squalene epoxidase, Pq3-O-UGT2, and PAL with CRISPR/Cas9-based knockdown of CYP716A53v2 to improve ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation. Finally, we produced ginsenoside Rg3 at a yield of 83.6 mg/L in a shake flask (7.0 mg/g dry weight, 21.12-fold higher than with wild-type cultures). The high-production system established in this study could be a potential platform to produce the ginsenoside Rg3 commercially for pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yirong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiushuang Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Kunrong Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Allen H, Zeef L, Morreel K, Goeminne G, Kumar M, Gomez LD, Dean AP, Eckmann A, Casiraghi C, McQueen-Mason SJ, Boerjan W, Turner SR. Flexible and digestible wood caused by viral-induced alteration of cell wall composition. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3398-3406.e6. [PMID: 35732179 PMCID: PMC9616729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Woody plant material represents a vast renewable resource that has the potential to produce biofuels and other bio-based products with favorable net CO2 emissions.1,2 Its potential has been demonstrated in a recent study that generated novel structural materials from flexible moldable wood.3 Apple rubbery wood (ARW) disease is the result of a viral infection that causes woody stems to exhibit increased flexibility.4 Although ARW disease is associated with the presence of an RNA virus5 known as apple rubbery wood virus (ARWV), how the unique symptoms develop is unknown. We demonstrate that the symptoms of ARWV infections arise from reduced lignification within the secondary cell wall of xylem fibers and result in increased wood digestibility. In contrast, the mid-lamellae region and xylem ray cells are largely unaffected by the infection. Gene expression and proteomic data from symptomatic xylem clearly show the downregulation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to lignin biosynthesis. A large increase in soluble phenolics in symptomatic xylem, including the lignin precursor phenylalanine, is also consistent with PAL downregulation. ARWV infection results in the accumulation of many host-derived virus-activated small interfering RNAs (vasiRNAs). PAL-derived vasiRNAs are among the most abundant vasiRNAs in symptomatic xylem and are likely the cause of reduced PAL activity. Apparently, the mechanism used by the virus to alter lignin exhibits similarities to the RNAi strategy used to alter lignin in genetically modified trees to generate comparable improvements in wood properties.6, 7, 8 Video abstract
Apple rubbery wood (ARW) symptoms are caused by decreased lignin in woody tissue RNA-seq, proteomics, and metabolomics suggest phenylalanine levels decrease Virus-activated small interfering RNAs (vasiRNAs) are generated in response to ARWV infection VasiRNAs cause siRNA-based downregulation of phenylalanine ammonia
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Allen
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Leo Zeef
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Metabolomics Core Gent, VIB, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Leonardo D Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew P Dean
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Axel Eckmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon R Turner
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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10
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Brack Y, Sun C, Yi D, Bornscheuer U. Discovery of novel tyrosine ammonia lyases for the enzymatic synthesis of p-coumaric acid. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200062. [PMID: 35352477 PMCID: PMC9321829 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p‐Coumaric acid (p‐CA) is a key precursor for the biosynthesis of flavonoids. Tyrosine ammonia lyases (TALs) specifically catalyze the synthesis of p‐CA from l‐tyrosine, which is a convenient enzymatic pathway. To explore novel and highly active TALs, a phylogenetic tree‐building approach was conducted including 875 putative TALs and 46 putative phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyases (PTALs). Among them, 5 TALs and 3 PTALs were successfully characterized and found to exhibit the proposed enzymatic activity. The TAL from Chryseobacterium luteum sp. nov (TALclu) has the highest affinity (Km=0.019 mm) and conversion efficiency (kcat/Km=1631 s−1 ⋅ mm−1) towards l‐tyrosine. The reaction conditions for two purified enzymes and their E. coli recombinant cells were optimized and p‐CA yields of 2.03 g/L after 8 hours by TALclu and 2.35 g/L after 24 h by TAL from Rivularia sp. PCC 7116 (TALrpc) in whole cells were achieved. These TALs are thus candidates for the construction of whole‐cell systems to produce the flavonoid precursor p‐CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Brack
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Chenghai Sun
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Dong Yi
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Greifswald University, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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11
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Singh RR, Pajar JA, Audenaert K, Kyndt T. Induced Resistance by Ascorbate Oxidation Involves Potentiating of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Improved Rice Tolerance to Parasitic Nematodes. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:713870. [PMID: 34456953 PMCID: PMC8386471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.713870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anticipating an increased ecological awareness, scientists have been exploring new strategies to reduce the use of chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases. Triggering the intrinsic plant defense system is one of the promising strategies to reduce yield loss by pathogenic organisms, such as nematodes. Ascorbate oxidase (AO) enzyme plays an important role in plant defense by regulating the apoplastic ascorbate/dehydroascorbate (DHA) ratio via the ascorbate oxidation process. Ascorbate oxidation is known to induce systemic resistance in rice against parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN). Here, we sought to evaluate if AO- or DHA-induced resistance (IR) against RKN M. graminicola involves activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and whether this IR phenotype has potential effects on growth of rice seedlings under stressed and unstressed conditions. Our results show that AO/DHA-IR against these parasitic nematodes is dependent on activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). However, application of reduced ascorbic acid (AA) did not induce this response. Gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR showed that OsPAL2 and OsPAL4 are highly expressed in AO/DHA-sprayed nematode-infected roots and PAL-activity measurements confirmed that AO/DHA spraying triggers the plants for primed activation of this enzyme upon nematode infection. AO/DHA-IR is not effective in plants sprayed with a chemical PAL inhibitor confirming that AO/DHA-induced resistance is dependent on PAL activity. Improved plant growth and low nematode infection in AO/DHA-sprayed plants was found to be correlated with an increase in shoot chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll index (ChlIdx), and modified anthocyanin reflection index which were proven to be good above-ground parameters for nematode infestation. A detailed growth analysis confirmed the improved growth of AO/DHA-treated plants under nematode-infected conditions. Taken together, our results indicate that ascorbate oxidation enhances the phenylpropanoid-based response to nematode infection and leads to a tolerance phenotype in treated rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessil Ann Pajar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Zhang H, Huang Q, Yi L, Song X, Li L, Deng G, Liang J, Chen F, Yu M, Long H. PAL-mediated SA biosynthesis pathway contributes to nematode resistance in wheat. Plant J 2021; 107:698-712. [PMID: 33974322 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is deleterious to Triticeae crops and is a threat to the global crop yield. Accession no. 1 of Aegilops variabilis, a relative of Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), is highly resistant to CCN. Our previous study demonstrated that the expression of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene AevPAL1 in Ae. variabilis is strongly induced by CCN. PAL, the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism, is involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses. However, its role in plant-CCN interaction remains unknown. In the present study, we proved that AevPAL1 helps to confer CCN resistance through affecting the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and downstream secondary metabolites. The silencing of AevPAL1 increased the incidence of CCN infection in roots and decreased the accumulation of SA and phenylalanine (Phe)-derived specialized metabolites. The exogenous pre-application of SA also improved CCN resistance. Additionally, the functions of PAL in phenylpropanoid metabolism correlated with tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) functioning in tryptophan metabolism pathways. The silencing of either AevPAL1 or AevTDC1 exhibited a concomitant reduction in the expression of both genes and the contents of metabolites downstream of PAL and TDC. These results suggested that AevPAL1, possibly in coordination with AevTDC1, positively contributes to CCN resistance by altering the downstream secondary metabolites and SA content in Ae. variabilis. Moreover, AevPAL1 overexpression significantly enhanced CCN resistance in bread wheat and did not exhibit significant negative effects on yield-related traits, suggesting that AevPAL1 is valuable for the genetic improvement of CCN resistance in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiulan Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- College of Sichuan Tea, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ling Yi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaona Song
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Li
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Guangbing Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junjun Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Maoqun Yu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hai Long
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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13
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Tolba SRT, Rosso LC, Pentimone I, Colagiero M, Moustafa MMA, Elshawaf IIS, Bubici G, Prigigallo MI, Ciancio A. Root Endophytism by Pochonia chlamydosporia Affects Defense-Gene Expression in Leaves of Monocot and Dicot Hosts under Multiple Biotic Interactions. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10040718. [PMID: 33917204 PMCID: PMC8068004 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the effect of the root endophytic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on plant systemic signal of defense related genes during fungal or nematode parasitism. Different biotic stress factors were examined, inoculating roots of dicot and monocot hosts with the endophyte, and measuring the expression of defense genes in leaves. A first greenhouse assay was carried out on expression of PAL, PIN II, PR1 and LOX D in leaves of tomato cv Tondino inoculated with Phytophthora infestans (CBS 120920), inoculating or not the roots of infected plants with P. chlamydosporia DSM 26985. In a second assay, plants of banana (Musa acuminata cv Grand Naine) were artificially infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical race 4 (TR4) and inoculated or not with DSM 26985. In a further experiment, banana plants were inoculated or not with P. chlamydosporia plus juveniles of the root knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. A similar assay was also carried out in vitro with adults and juveniles of the lesion nematode Pratylenchus goodeyi. Differential expression of the defense genes examined was observed for all plant-stress associations, indicative of early, upward systemic signals induced by the endophyte. Changes in expression profiles included a 5-fold down-regulation of PIN II at 2 dai in leaves of tomato plants treated with P. infestans and/or P. chlamydosporia, and the up-regulation of PAL by the endophyte alone, at 2 and 7 dai. In the TR4 assay, PR1 was significantly up-regulated at 7 dai in banana leaves, but only in the P. chlamydosporia treated plants. At 10 dai, PIN II expression was significantly higher in leaves of plants inoculated only with TR4. The banana-RKN assay showed a PR1 expression significantly higher than controls at 4 and 7 dai in plants inoculated with P. chlamydosporia alone, and a down-regulation at 4 dai in leaves of plants also inoculated with RKN, with a PR1 differential up-regulation at 10 dai. Pratylenchus goodeyi down-regulated PIN at 21 dai, with or without the endophyte, as well as PAL but only in presence of P. chlamydosporia. When inoculated alone, the endophyte up-regulated PR1 and LOX. The gene expression patterns observed in leaves suggest specific and time-dependent relationships linking host plants and P. chlamydosporia in presence of biotic stress factors, functional to a systemic, although complex, activation of defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa R T Tolba
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Laura C Rosso
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Pentimone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Colagiero
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mahmoud M A Moustafa
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim I S Elshawaf
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Isabella Prigigallo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
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14
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Wang B, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Shanklin J, Zhao Q, Liu CJ. Arabidopsis SnRK1 negatively regulates phenylpropanoid metabolism via Kelch domain-containing F-box proteins. New Phytol 2021; 229:3345-3359. [PMID: 33253431 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents a substantial metabolic sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon. The evolutionarily conserved Sucrose Non-Fermenting Related Kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a major metabolic sensor that reprograms metabolism upon carbon deprivation. However, it is not clear if and how the SnRK1-mediated sugar signaling pathway controls phenylpropanoid metabolism. Here, we show that Arabidopsis SnRK1 negatively regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis via a group of Kelch domain-containing F-box (KFB) proteins that are responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Downregulation of AtSnRK1 significantly promoted the accumulation of soluble phenolics and lignin polymers and drastically increased PAL cellular accumulation but only slightly altered its transcription level. Co-expression of SnRK1α with PAL in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in the severe attenuation of the latter's protein level, but protein interaction assays suggested PAL is not a direct substrate of SnRK1. Furthermore, up or downregulation of AtSnRK1 positively affected KFBPALs gene expression, and energy starvation upregulated KFBPAL expression, which partially depends on AtSnRK1. Collectively, our study reveals that SnRK1 negatively regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and KFBPALs act as regulatory components of the SnRK1 signaling network, transcriptionally regulated by SnRK1 and subsequently mediate proteasomal degradation of PAL in response to the cellular carbon availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yunjun Zhao
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Qiao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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15
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Tziros GT, Samaras A, Karaoglanidis GS. Laminarin Induces Defense Responses and Efficiently Controls Olive Leaf Spot Disease in Olive. Molecules 2021; 26:1043. [PMID: 33671171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive leaf spot (OLS) caused by Fusicladiumoleagineum is mainly controlled using copper fungicides. However, the replacement of copper-based products with eco-friendly alternatives is a priority. The use of plant resistance-inducers (PRIs) or biological control agents (BCAs) could contribute in this direction. In this study we investigated the potential use of three PRIs (laminarin, acibenzolar-S-methyl, harpin) and a BCA (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB24) for the management of OLS. The tested products provided control efficacy higher than 68%. In most cases, dual applications provided higher (p < 0.05) control efficacies compared to that achieved by single applications. The highest control efficacy of 100% was achieved by laminarin. Expression analysis of the selected genes by RT-qPCR revealed different kinetics of induction. In laminarin-treated plants, for most of the tested genes a higher induction rate (p < 0.05) was observed at 3 days post application. Pal, Lox, Cuao and Mpol were the genes with the higher inductions in laminarin-treated and artificially inoculated plants. The results of this study are expected to contribute towards a better understanding of PRIs in olive culture and the optimization of OLS control, while they provide evidence for potential contributions in the reduction of copper accumulation in the environment.
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16
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Xue F, Liu Z, Yu Y, Wu Y, Jin Y, Yang M, Ma L. Codon-Optimized Rhodotorula glutinis PAL Expressed in Escherichia coli With Enhanced Activities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:610506. [PMID: 33614604 PMCID: PMC7886678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.610506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) is important for secondary metabolite production in plants and microorganisms. There is broad interest in engineering PAL for its biocatalytic applications in industry, agriculture, and medicine. The production of quantities of high-activity enzymes has been explored by gene cloning and heterogeneous expression of the corresponding protein. Here, we cloned the cDNA of Rhodotorula glutinis PAL (RgPAL) and introduced codon optimization to improve protein expression in Escherichia coli and enzyme activities in vitro. The RgPAL gene was cloned by reverse transcription and named pal-wt. It had a full-length of 2,121 bp and encoded a 706-amino-acid protein. The pal-wt was inefficiently expressed in E. coli, even when the expression host and physical conditions were optimized. Therefore, codon optimization was used to obtain the corresponding gene sequence, named pal-opt, in order to encode the same amino acid for the RgPAL protein. The recombinant protein encoded by pal-opt, named PAL-opt, was successfully expressed in E. coli and then purified to detect its enzymatic activity in vitro. Consequently, 55.33 ± 0.88 mg/L of PAL-opt protein with a specific activity of 1,219 ± 147 U/mg and Km value of 609 μM for substrate L-phenylalanine was easily obtained. The enzyme protein also displayed tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL)–specific activity of 80 ± 2 U/mg and Km value of 13.3 μM for substrate L-tyrosine. The bifunctional enzyme RgPAL/TAL (PAL-opt) and its easy expression advantage will provide an important basis for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Xue
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lanqing Ma
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Esmaeily S, Amin Samih M, Izadi H. Induced eggplant resistance against Trialeurodes vaporariorum triggered by jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and Nesidiocoris tenuis feeding. Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:285-292. [PMID: 31559944 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, is one of the major insect pests of agricultural crops such as eggplant. Due to various difficulties associated with synthetic pesticides, more environmentally friendly alternative methods are greatly appreciated for controlling pests. In the present study, the induction of resistance was investigated in eggplant using root and foliar application of jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, as well as Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) either individually or in combination against T. vaporariorum. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions inside a growth chamber, which was set at 27 ± 2°C, 50 ± 5% relative humidity with a 16 h day length. Our results showed an increase in plant resistance due to the higher immature mortality rates, longer immature periods, lower longevity of adults, and fecundity. In free-choice situation, oviposition on root jasmonic acid (RJA) + N. tenuis and root abscisic acid (RABA) + N. tenuis was similar, but numbers of eggs deposited on these plants were lower than other treatments and control plants. The plant enzyme activity and phenolic content were significantly greater in RJA + N. tenuis and RABA + N. tenuis, intermediate in individual treatments, and the lowest in control plants. Correspondingly, T. vaporariorum longevity, number of eggs produced per female, oviposition preference, all were lowest when the insects fed on these treatments. These findings suggest that the induction of resistance in eggplants with the physiological changes in the host plant leads to a reduction in whitefly damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Esmaeily
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Samih
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Lala S. Enhancement of secondary metabolites in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell plants treated with copper-based nanoparticles in vivo. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:78-85. [PMID: 31935682 PMCID: PMC8675962 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to document the effect of starch-stabilised copper-based nanoparticles (CuNPs) on the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites, especially saponins, of the reputed nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. CuNPs were synthesised chemically by the reduction of cupric sulphate pentahydrate with ascorbic acid using starch as the capping agent. They were characterised by UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential. The nanoparticles consisted of cuprous oxide and metallic copper, were approximately spherical, polydispersed with diameter <20 nm. Hydroponically grown B. monnieri plants were treated in vivo with the CuNPs between the concentrations of 0-100 mg l-1. Spectrophotometric estimation of the total contents of saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging capacity from the methanolic extracts of the whole plants showed a hormetic increase in the content of secondary metabolites in a concentration-dependent manner from 5 mg l-1 until it declined at toxic metabolic concentration. This was accompanied by an increase in ROS markers hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde as well as a hormetic effect on activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. CuNPs at sub-toxic concentrations were found to enhance secondary metabolism and antioxidant capacity in Bacopa monnieri through ROS-mediated defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Lala
- Department of Botany, Sarsuna College (University of Calcutta), 4/HB/A, Ho Chi Minh Sarani, Sarsuna Satellite Township, Kolkata-700061, India.
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Bajpai S, Shukla PS, Asiedu S, Pruski K, Prithiviraj B. A Biostimulant Preparation of Brown Seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum Suppresses Powdery Mildew of Strawberry. Plant Pathol J 2019; 35:406-416. [PMID: 31632216 PMCID: PMC6788409 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2019.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry, an important fruit crop, is susceptible to a large number of pathogens that reduce fruit quality and productivity. In this study, the effect of a biostimulant prepared from Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) was evaluated on powdery mildew progression under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse, application of 0.2% ANE showed maximum reduction in powdery mildew progression as compared to the control. Forty-eight hour post-inoculation, foliar spray of 0.2% ANE reduced spore germination by 75%. Strawberry leaves sprayed with ANE showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content in response to powdery mildew infection. Furthermore, application of ANE elicited defense response in strawberry plants by induction of defense-related enzymes, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activity. In field conditions, foliar spray of 0.2% ANE showed a reduction of 37.2% of natural incidence of powdery mildew infection as compared to the control. ANE sprayed plant also reduces the severity of powdery mildew infection under natural conditions. These results indicate that application of ANE induces the strawberry plant's active defense against powdery mildew infection by induction of secondary metabolism and regulating the activities of defense-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Bajpai
- Marine Bio-products Research Laboratory, Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3,
Canada
| | - Pushp Sheel Shukla
- Marine Bio-products Research Laboratory, Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3,
Canada
| | - Samuel Asiedu
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3,
Canada
| | - Kris Pruski
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3,
Canada
| | - Balakrishnan Prithiviraj
- Marine Bio-products Research Laboratory, Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3,
Canada
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Vanden Abeele C, Raes K, Sampers I. Effect of mild heat treatment on browning-related parameters in fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12906. [PMID: 31353711 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic browning of Iceberg lettuce was studied by subjecting midrib tissues to a series of mild heat treatments. The effects of wounding and subsequent application of a mild heat treatment were examined by monitoring the browning potential (BP) and the activity of three browning-related enzymes (i.e., phenylalanine ammonia lyase [PAL], polyphenol oxidase [PPO], and peroxidase [POD]) during refrigerated storage up to 10 days. Efficient inhibition of browning was achieved by treatment at 50°C for 60 s. The wound-induced increase of the BP and the activity of PAL and POD was effectively suppressed, maintaining their values at initial levels up to 7 days of storage. PPO activity, on the contrary, remained unchanged after wounding, whether or not followed by heat treatment. BP, PAL activity and POD were found to be strongly correlated, whereas meaningful associations for PPO with the other parameters could not be established. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In an attempt to answer to the growing demand in the fresh-cut produce industry to control browning, heat treatment was investigated as interesting alternative to chemical preservation methods. Efficient control of enzymatic browning in fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce could be achieved by heat treatment at 50°C for 60 s. Experimental data are provided showing the effects of wounding and subsequent heat treatment on visual browning, the BP and the activity of PAL, PPO, and POD during refrigerated storage up to 10 days. Using this data, correlations were found for BP, PAL activity, and POD activity, but not for PPO. Although undesired side effects of heat treatment (e.g., tissue softening) cannot be excluded, the obtained information might be useful for further research, serving as a baseline for wound-induced effects on browning-related parameters in fresh-cut lettuce and possible mechanisms of action of inhibitory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Vanden Abeele
- Research group VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Research group VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Imca Sampers
- Research group VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Paredes-Páliz K, Rodríguez-Vázquez R, Duarte B, Caviedes MA, Mateos-Naranjo E, Redondo-Gómez S, Caçador MI, Rodríguez-Llorente ID, Pajuelo E. Investigating the mechanisms underlying phytoprotection by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in Spartina densiflora under metal stress. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20:497-506. [PMID: 29350476 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of coasts by toxic metals and metalloids is a worldwide problem for which phytoremediation using halophytes and associated microbiomes is becoming relevant. Metal(loid) excess is a constraint for plant establishment and development, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) mitigate plant stress under these conditions. However, mechanisms underlying this effect remain elusive. The effect of toxic metal(loid)s on activity and gene expression of ROS-scavenging enzymes in roots of the halophyte Spartina densiflora grown on real polluted sediments in a greenhouse experiment was investigated. Sediments of the metal-polluted joint estuary of Tinto and Odiel rivers and control, unpollutred samples from the Piedras estuary were collected and submitted to ICP-OES. Seeds of S. densiflora were collected from the polluted Odiel marshes and grown in polluted and unpolluted sediments. Rhizophere biofilm-forming bacteria were selected based on metal tolerance and inoculated to S. densiflora and grown for 4 months. Fresh or frozen harvested plants were used for enzyme assays and gene expression studies, respectively. Metal excess induced SOD (five-fold increase), whereas CAT and ascorbate peroxidase displayed minor induction (twofold). A twofold increase of TBARs indicated membrane damage. Our results showed that metal-resistant PGPR (P. agglomerans RSO6 and RSO7 and B. aryabhattai RSO25) contributed to alleviate metal stress, as deduced from lower levels of all antioxidant enzymes to levels below those of non-exposed plants. The oxidative stress index (OSI) decreased between 50 and 75% upon inoculation. The results also evidenced the important role of PAL, involved in secondary metabolism and/or lignin synthesis, as a pathway for metal stress management in this halophyte upon inoculation with appropriate PGPR, since the different inoculation treatments enhanced PAL expression between 3.75- and five-fold. Our data confirm, at the molecular level, the role of PGPR in alleviating metal stress in S. densiflora and evidence the difficulty of working with halophytes for which little genetic information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Paredes-Páliz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - R Rodríguez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - B Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M A Caviedes
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Mateos-Naranjo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - S Redondo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M I Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I D Rodríguez-Llorente
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Pajuelo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Hu G, Wu T, Chang Y, Zhan X, Jia J. Wound Stress, an Unheeded Factor for Echinacoside Accumulation in Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma. Molecules 2018; 23:E893. [PMID: 29649140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma, a precious parasitic medicinal herb distributed in desert areas in the Northwest of China, also known as "desert ginseng", has been used in China for thousands of years for its nourishing effects. The phenylethanoid glycosides (PeGs) have been proven as the main effective compounds due to their neuroprotective effects and were used for quality control. In this study, echinacoside content, a representative PeG, total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging activity, and PAL activity were determined in different tissues of C. deserticola. Our results showed that most indices had a similar pattern of scale > cambium ring > pith and bottom part > middle part > upper part. Besides, stereomicroscopic observation showed that the scale surface was densely covered with physical wounds formed during vertical and broadwise growth in sand. Thus, wound area was quantified and a linear regression analysis was conducted between wound area and PAL activity, total phenolics, and echinacoside content. Our results suggested that physical wounding caused by sand might play an important role in echinacoside biosynthesis which has never been noticed in C. deserticola development. Furthermore, the coexistence of the highest PAL activity and highest echinacoside accumulation in scale tissue might indicate that the biosynthetic site of echinacoside in C. deseticola Y. C. Ma is mainly in the scale tissue.
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Jiao Y, Chen Y, Ma C, Qin J, Nguyen THN, Liu D, Gan H, Ding S, Luo ZB. Phenylalanine as a nitrogen source induces root growth and nitrogen-use efficiency in Populus × canescens. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:66-82. [PMID: 29036367 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the physiological responses of poplars to amino acids as sole nitrogen (N) sources, Populus × canescens (Ait.) Smith plants were supplied with one of three nitrogen fertilizers (NH4NO3, phenylalanine (Phe) or the mixture of NH4NO3 and Phe) in sand culture. A larger root system, and decreased leaf size and CO2 assimilation rate was observed in Phe- versus NH4NO3-treated poplars. Consistently, a greater root biomass and a decreased shoot growth were detected in Phe-supplied poplars. Decreased enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and elevated activities of nitrite reductase (NiR), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), glutamine synthetase (GS) and asparagine synthase (AS) were found in Phe-treated roots. Accordingly, reduced concentrations of NH4+, NO3- and total N, and enhanced N-use efficiencies (NUEs) were detected in Phe-supplied poplars. Moreover, the transcript levels of putative Phe transporters ANT1 and ANT3 were upregulated, and the mRNA levels of NR, glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2), NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), GDH and asparagine synthetase 2 (ASN2) were downexpressed in Phe-treated roots and/or leaves. The 15N-labeled Phe was mainly allocated in the roots and only a small amount of 15N-Phe was translocated to poplar aerial parts. These results indicate that poplar roots can acquire Phe as an N source to support plant growth and that Phe-induced NUEs in the poplars are probably associated with NH4+ re-utilization after Phe deamination and the carbon bonus simultaneously obtained during Phe uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yinghao Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | | | - Di Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Honghao Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shen Ding
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, PR China
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Lynch JH, Orlova I, Zhao C, Guo L, Jaini R, Maeda H, Akhtar T, Cruz-Lebron J, Rhodes D, Morgan J, Pilot G, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. Multifaceted plant responses to circumvent Phe hyperaccumulation by downregulation of flux through the shikimate pathway and by vacuolar Phe sequestration. Plant J 2017; 92:939-950. [PMID: 28977710 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of hyperaccumulation of the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) in animals, known as phenylketonuria, are mitigated by excretion of Phe derivatives; however, how plants endure Phe accumulating conditions in the absence of an excretion system is currently unknown. To achieve Phe hyperaccumulation in a plant system, we simultaneously decreased in petunia flowers expression of all three Phe ammonia lyase (PAL) isoforms that catalyze the non-oxidative deamination of Phe to trans-cinnamic acid, the committed step for the major pathway of Phe metabolism. A total decrease in PAL activity by 81-94% led to an 18-fold expansion of the internal Phe pool. Phe accumulation had multifaceted intercompartmental effects on aromatic amino acid metabolism. It resulted in a decrease in the overall flux through the shikimate pathway, and a redirection of carbon flux toward the shikimate-derived aromatic amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. Accumulation of Phe did not lead to an increase in flux toward phenylacetaldehyde, for which Phe is a direct precursor. Metabolic flux analysis revealed this to be due to the presence of a distinct metabolically inactive pool of Phe, likely localized in the vacuole. We have identified a vacuolar cationic amino acid transporter (PhCAT2) that contributes to sequestering excess of Phe in the vacuole. In vitro assays confirmed PhCAT2 can transport Phe, and decreased PhCAT2 expression in PAL-RNAi transgenic plants resulted in 1.6-fold increase in phenylacetaldehyde emission. These results demonstrate mechanisms by which plants maintain intercompartmental aromatic amino acid homeostasis, and provide critical insight for future phenylpropanoid metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Irina Orlova
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Rohit Jaini
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tariq Akhtar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Harvey CM, Sharkey TD. Exogenous isoprene modulates gene expression in unstressed Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:1251-1263. [PMID: 26477606 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a well-studied volatile hemiterpene that protects plants from abiotic stress through mechanisms that are not fully understood. The antioxidant and membrane stabilizing potential of isoprene are the two most commonly invoked mechanisms. However, isoprene also affects phenylpropanoid metabolism, suggesting an additional role as a signalling molecule. In this study, microarray-based gene expression profiling reveals transcriptional reprogramming of Arabidopsis thaliana plants fumigated for 24 h with a physiologically relevant concentration of isoprene. Functional enrichment analysis of fumigated plants revealed enhanced heat- and light-stress-responsive processes in response to isoprene. Isoprene induced a network enriched in ERF and WRKY transcription factors, which may play a role in stress tolerance. The isoprene-induced up-regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes was specifically confirmed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. These results support a role for isoprene as a signalling molecule, in addition to its possible roles as an antioxidant and membrane thermoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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26
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Martínez-Hernández GB, Amodio ML, Colelli G. Potential use of microwave treatment on fresh-cut carrots: physical, chemical and microbiological aspects. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:2063-2072. [PMID: 26112226 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of microwave treatments (900 and 750 W for 45 and 60 s) on the microbial, physicochemical and sensory properties of fresh-cut carrot slices and the contents of several bioactive compounds was studied. Carrot samples were stored for 7 days at 5 °C. RESULTS The microwaving of fresh-cut carrots reduced the initial respiration rate (8.6 CO2 mL kg(-1) h(-1)) by 55-74% compared with untreated samples, although the rates then increased during storage. The initial pH (6.7), titratable acidity (0.036%), soluble solid content (8.2 °Brix) and shelf-life of the samples did not differ greatly from those of the untreated samples. Microwaving prevented the incipient whitening and surface dryness during storage. In general, no significant changes in phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity (5.5 µmol t-cinnamic acid kg(-1) h(-1)), total phenolics (TP, 81.3 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent kg(-1) fresh weight (FW)) or total antioxidant capacity (TAC, 74.2 µmol Trolox equivalent kg(-1) FW) were observed on the processing day or over storage. However, the mildest treatment (750 W for 45 s) caused TP and TAC enhancements of 118 and 394% respectively after 7 days of shelf-life. Microwave treatments reduced the initial microbial loads of the samples by up to 1.8 log units, although their microbial growth was greater than that of the untreated samples throughout storage. CONCLUSION Mild microwave treatments such as 750 W/45 s and 750 W/60 s are a good sustainable alternative to the use of NaOCl; however, combining them with other sanitizing techniques is needed to control microbial growth throughout the shelf-life of fresh-cut carrot slices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luisa Amodio
- Dipto SAFE, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colelli
- Dipto SAFE, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71122, Foggia, Italy
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27
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Peña-Estévez ME, Gómez PA, Artés F, Aguayo E, Martínez-Hernández GB, Galindo A, Torecillas A, Artés-Hernández F. Changes in bioactive compounds and oxidative enzymes of fresh-cut pomegranate arils during storage as affected by deficit irrigation and postharvest vapor heat treatments. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016; 22:665-676. [PMID: 26970609 DOI: 10.1177/1082013216635323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of postharvest vapor heat treatments at 95℃ (4, 7, and 10 s) regarding a conventional sanitizing treatment with 100 mg NaClO l-1 on enzyme activities (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase), phenolic content, and total antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut pomegranates arils throughout 18 days at 5℃ was studied. Furthermore, the effect of two sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) strategies, compared to a standardly irrigated control (CTRL), was also studied on such quality parameters throughout storage. Arils from CTRL-irrigated fruit registered phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase initial activities of 60.6, 382, and 14.4 U g-1 fw, respectively. Arils from sustained deficit irrigation fruit registered 46-58% lower phenylalanine ammonia lyase values while polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities did not register great variants (<9%) among both sustained deficit irrigation treatments. Postharvest vapor heat treatments enhanced phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in those samples from sustained deficit irrigation fruit although no great peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (<2-5%) increases were observed. Arils from SDI1 fruit registered higher phenolic content than those values reported for CTRL samples. However, phenolic compounds decreased during storage, in a greater extent for sustained deficit irrigation samples, although 7 s arils achieved better phenolic compounds retention in sustained deficit irrigation samples. Vapor heat treatments reduced up to twofold the total antioxidant capacity losses observed in samples sanitized by conventional NaOCl treatment during shelf life. Conclusively, postharvest vapor heat treatment for 7 and 10 s used to extend the shelf life of pomegranate arils up to 18 days at 5℃ reduced the losses of health-promoting compounds during storage compared to conventional NaOCl sanitizing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Peña-Estévez
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Perla A Gómez
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Francisco Artés
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.,Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Encarna Aguayo
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.,Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ginés Benito Martínez-Hernández
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.,Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alejandro Galindo
- Irrigation Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Torecillas
- Irrigation Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Artés-Hernández
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain .,Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Cliff MA, Law JR, Lücker J, Scaman CH, Kermode AR. Descriptive and hedonic analyses of low-Phe food formulations containing corn (Zea mays) seedling roots: toward development of a dietary supplement for individuals with phenylketonuria. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:140-149. [PMID: 25564785 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seedling roots of anthocyanin-rich corn (Zea mays) cultivars contain high levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. The development of a natural dietary supplement containing corn roots could provide the means to improve the restrictive diet of phenylketonuria (PKU) patients by increasing their tolerance to dietary phenylalanine (Phe). Therefore this research was undertaken to explore the sensory characteristics of roots of four corn cultivars as well as to develop and evaluate food products (cereal bar, beverage, jam-like spread) to which roots had been added. RESULTS Sensory profiles of corn roots were investigated using ten trained judges. Roots of Japanese Striped corn seedlings were more bitter, pungent and astringent than those of white and yellow cultivars, while roots from the Blue Jade cultivar had a more pronounced earthy/mushroom aroma. Consumer research using 24 untrained panelists provided hedonic (degree-of-liking) assessments for products with and without roots (controls). The former had lower mean scores than the controls; however, the cereal bar had scores above 5 on the nine-point scale for all hedonic assessments compared with the other treated products. CONCLUSION By evaluating low-Phe food products containing corn roots, this research ascertained that the root-containing low-Phe cereal bar was an acceptable 'natural' dietary supplement for PKU-affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Cliff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Highway 97 South, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Jessica R Law
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Highway 97 South, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
- Food Science, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joost Lücker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Christine H Scaman
- Food Science, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Talukder P, Talapatra S, Ghoshal N, Sen Raychaudhuri S. Antioxidant activity and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phenolic compounds during in vitro callus culture of Plantago ovata Forsk. and effect of exogenous additives on accumulation of phenolic compounds. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:232-44. [PMID: 25640456 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantago ovata, commonly called psyllium, is known to be a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. The present study was aimed at determining polyphenol content and studying their antioxidant activities in P. ovata during in vitro callus culture. An attempt was also made to enhance polyphenol content using external additives. The role of PAL gene in polyphenol accumulation was also studied. RESULTS The study indicated the presence of significant amounts of polyphenols, including flavonoids, in P. ovata callus. A gradual increase in polyphenol and flavonoid content was observed up to the third passage (63 days) of callus culture, which declined at the next passage. The third-passage callus showed highest antioxidant activity. High-performance liquid chromatographic results indicated the presence of high amounts of gallic acid and rutin in P. ovata calli; however, other polyphenols were also present but to a lesser extent. Additive supplementation was effective in enhancing polyphenol production and in increasing antioxidant activity in P. ovata callus. CONCLUSION The present research reported accumulation of polyphenols in callus culture of P. ovata, which could be applied to isolation of polyphenols for various beneficial purposes. It also indicated enhancement in the production of several polyphenols and also an increase in antioxidant activity in the additive-treated callus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Talukder
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Shonima Talapatra
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Nirmalya Ghoshal
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sarmistha Sen Raychaudhuri
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). If left untreated, the main clinical feature is intellectual disability. Treatment, which includes a low Phe diet supplemented with amino acid formulas, commences soon after diagnosis within the first weeks of life. Although dietary treatment has been successful in preventing intellectual disability in early treated PKU patients, there are major issues with dietary compliance due to palatability of the diet. Other potential issues associated with dietary therapy include nutritional deficiencies especially vitamin D and B12. Suboptimal outcomes in cognitive and executive functioning have been reported in patients who adhere poorly to dietary therapy. There have been continuous attempts at improving the quality of medical foods including their palatability. Advances in dietary therapy such as the use of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) and glycomacropeptides (GMP; found within the whey fraction of bovine milk) have been explored. Gene therapy and enzyme replacement or substitution therapy have yielded more promising data in the recent years. In this review the current and possible future treatments for PKU are discussed.
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31
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Kuźniak E, Wielanek M, Chwatko G, Głowacki R, Libik-Konieczny M, Piątek M, Gajewska E, Skłodowska M. Salicylic acid and cysteine contribute to arbutin-induced alleviation of angular leaf spot disease development in cucumber. J Plant Physiol 2015; 181:9-13. [PMID: 25955697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arbutin induced suppression of angular leaf spot disease in cucumber resulting from lower populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans in the infected tissues. This study provides insight into mechanisms that may potentially account for this effect. In the absence of the pathogen, exogenous arbutin-induced expression of PR1, the marker of salicylic acid signaling, increased the content of salicylic acid and modulated the cysteine pool. This suggested that arbutin promoted cucumber plants to a "primed" state. When challenged with the pathogen, the arbutin-treated plants showed strongly reduced infection symptoms 7 days after inoculation. At this time point, they were characterized by higher contents of free and protein-bound cysteine due to higher cysteine biosynthetic capacity related to increased activities of serine acetyltransferase and cysteine synthase when compared with plants infected without arbutin treatment. Moreover, in the arbutin-treated and infected plants the contents of free salicylic acid and its conjugates were also increased, partly owing to its biosynthesis via the phenylpropanoid pathway. We suggest that arbutin-induced abrogation of angular leaf spot disease in cucumber could be mediated by salicylic acid and cysteine-based signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Marzena Wielanek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 163, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 163, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Libik-Konieczny
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Science, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Milena Piątek
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Gajewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Maria Skłodowska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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Abstract
Standard therapy for phenylketonuria (PKU), the most common inherited disorder in amino acid metabolism, is an onerous phenylalanine-restricted diet. Adherence to this stringent diet regimen decreases as patients get older, and this lack of adherence is directly associated with cognitive and executive dysfunction and psychiatric issues. These factors emphasize the need for alternative pharmacological therapies to help treat patients with PKU. Sapropterin dihydrochloride is a synthetic form of tetrahydrobiopterin, the cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase that in pharmacological doses can stabilize and increase residual enzyme activity in some patients with PKU. About one-third of all patients with PKU respond to oral sapropterin. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a prokaryotic enzyme that converts phenylalanine to ammonia and trans-cinnamic acid. Phase I and II trials have shown that injectable recombinant Anabaena variabilis PAL produced in Escherichia coli conjugated with PEG can reduce phenylalanine levels in subjects with PKU. The most frequently reported adverse events were injection-site reactions, dizziness and immune reactions. Additionally, oral administration of PAL and delivery of enzyme substitution therapies by encapsulation in erythrocytes are being investigated. Novel therapies for patients with PKU appear to be options to reduce phenylalanine levels, and may reduce the deleterious effects of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Blau
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases , Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, Heidelberg 69120 , Germany
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Starr JL, Yang W, Yan Y, Crutcher F, Kolomiets M. Expression of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Genes in Maize Lines Differing in Susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita. J Nematol 2014; 46:360-364. [PMID: 25580029 PMCID: PMC4284088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is a well-known host for Meloidogyne incognita, and there is substantial variation in host status among maize genotypes. In previous work it was observed that nematode reproduction increased in the moderately susceptible maize inbred line B73 when the ZmLOX3 gene from oxylipid metabolism was knocked out. Additionally, in this mutant line, use of a nonspecific primer for phenyl alanine ammonialyase (PAL) genes indicated that expression of these genes was reduced in the mutant maize plants whereas expression of several other defense related genes was increased. In this study, we used more specific gene primers to examine the expression of six PAL genes in three maize genotypes that were good, moderate, and poor hosts for M. incognita, respectively. Of the six PAL genes interrogated, two (ZmPAL3 and ZmPAL6) were not expressed in either M. incognita-infected or noninfected roots. Three genes (ZmPAL1, ZmPAL2, and ZmPAL5) were strongly expressed in all three maize lines, in both nematode-infected and noninfected roots, between 2 and 16 d after inoculation (DAI). In contrast, ZmPAL4 was most strongly expressed in the most-resistant maize line W438, was not detected in the most-susceptible maize line CML, and was detected only at 8 DAI in the maize line B73 that supported intermediate levels of reproduction by M. incognita. These observations are consistent with at least one PAL gene playing a role in modulating host status of maize toward M. incognita and suggest a need for additional research to further elucidate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Starr
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132
| | - W Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Y Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132
| | - F Crutcher
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132
| | - M Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132
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Melvin P, Prabhu SA, Anup CP, Shailasree S, Shetty HS, Kini KR. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in pearl millet-downy mildew interaction. Plant Sci 2014; 214:29-37. [PMID: 24268161 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade-mediated signalling is essential in the establishment of resistance towards pathogens. The present study compared MAPK activities in a compatible and incompatible interaction between pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] and downy mildew pathogen Sclerospora graminicola. Differential expression was observed with rapid and increased activation of MAPKs, PgMPK1 (48kDa) and PgMPK2 (44kDa), in the incompatible interaction; with a weak activity of only PgMPK1 in the compatible interaction. Immunoblot analysis showed PgMPK1 and PgMPK2 to be orthologs of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase and wound-induced protein kinase, respectively. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed pathogen-induced accumulation and nuclear localisation of PgMPKs only in the incompatible interaction with highest signals in the vascular tissues. Maximum PgMPKs activation correlated with the activation of several defence-related enzymes. In addition, inhibition of MAPK-activation by kinase cascade inhibitors correlated with the suppression of defence-related enzyme activities and pathogen-induced H2O2 accumulation. Treatment of pearl millet seedlings with abiotic and biotic elicitors led to a strong early induction of only PgMPK1. β-Amino butyric acid and H2O2 were found to be best activators of PgMPK1. These results suggest that in pearl millet MAPK signalling is involved in mediating several defence mechanisms in response to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Melvin
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India
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Abu Zahra H, Kuwamoto S, Uno T, Kanamaru K, Yamagata H. A cis-element responsible for cGMP in the promoter of the soybean chalcone synthase gene. Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 74:92-8. [PMID: 24286716 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides cGMP and cAMP have been reported to play key roles in the regulation of plant processes and responses. We have previously reported that several genes encoding flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes, including chalcone synthase (CHS) in soybean (Glycine max L.), were induced by cGMP but not cAMP. The soybean genome contains nine CHS gene copies (GmCHS1-9). We investigated the responsiveness of several GmCHS genes to cGMP, cAMP, NO, and white light. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript levels of GmCHS7 and GmCHS8 were increased by 3.6- and 3.8-fold, respectively, with cGMP whereas the transcript levels of GmCHS2 remained constant. Although cAMP had no effect on the transcript levels of the three genes, NO had an activation effect on all three. White light activated the three genes in a transient manner, with GmCHS2, GmCHS7, and GmCHS8 transcript levels increasing 3-fold after 3 h and decreasing to basal levels after 9 h. The GmCHS8 promoter contains several important cis-elements, including the G-box and H-box forming the Unit-I-like sequence and the MYB binding sequence, a target of the GmMYB176 transcription factor regulating the expression of GmCHS8. A transient gene expression assay revealed the activation of the Unit-I-like sequence, but not of the MYB binding sequence, by cGMP. The combination of G-box and H-box was necessary for cGMP responsiveness. Taken together, these results suggest that the Unit-I-like sequence in the promoters of GmCHS7 and GmCHS8 is a cGMP responsive cis-element in these genes and that NO exerts its effect via cis-elements other than the Unit-I-like sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Abu Zahra
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuwamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohide Uno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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36
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Concha CM, Figueroa NE, Poblete LA, Oñate FA, Schwab W, Figueroa CR. Methyl jasmonate treatment induces changes in fruit ripening by modifying the expression of several ripening genes in Fragaria chiloensis fruit. Plant Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:433-44. [PMID: 23835361 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of jasmonates (JAs) in the ripening of Fragaria chiloensis fruit, two concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 10 and 100 μM) were evaluated at 2, 5 and 9 d using an in vitro ripening system. Fruit quality parameters; the contents of anthocyanin, lignin and cell wall polymers; and the transcriptional profiles of several ripening-related genes were analyzed. MeJA accelerated fruit ripening by means of a transitory increase in the soluble solid content/titratable acidity ratio, anthocyanin accumulation and an increase in softening at day 5. The expression of several phenylpropanoid-related genes, primarily those associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, was increased under MeJA treatment, which correlated with an increased accumulation of anthocyanin. MeJA also altered the expression profiles of some cell wall-modifying genes, namely, EG1 and XTH1, and these changes correlated with a transient reduction in the firmness of MeJA-treated fruits. MeJA-responsive elements were observed in the promoter region of the EG1 gene. MeJA also increased the expression of LOX, AOS and OPR3, genes involved in the biosynthesis of JAs, and these changes correlated with the transient activation of fruit ripening observed. Conversely, the expression of ethylene and lignin biosynthesis genes (ACS, ACO, CAD and POD27) increased in MeJA-treated fruits at day 9. The present findings suggest that JAs promote the ripening of non-climacteric fruits through their involvement in anthocyanin accumulation, cell wall modification and the biosynthesis of ethylene and JAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal M Concha
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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Cui JD, Qiu JQ, Fan XW, Jia SR, Tan ZL. Biotechnological production and applications of microbial phenylalanine ammonia lyase: a recent review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:258-68. [PMID: 23688066 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.791660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the nonoxidative deamination of l-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamic acid and a free ammonium ion. It plays a major role in the catabolism of l-phenylalanine. The presence of PAL has been reported in diverse plants, some fungi, Streptomyces and few Cyanobacteria. In the past two decades, PAL has gained considerable significance in several clinical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Since its discovery, much knowledge has been gathered with reference to the enzyme's importance in phenyl propanoid pathway of plants. In contrast, there is little knowledge about microbial PAL. Furthermore, the commercial source of the enzyme has been mainly obtained from the fungi. This study focuses on the recent advances on the physiological role of microbial PAL and the improvements of PAL biotechnological production both from our laboratory and many others as well as the latest advances on the new applications of microbial PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong Cui
- Research Center for Fermentation Engineering of Hebei, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhang , P R China
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Mejía-Teniente L, de Dalia Durán-Flores F, Chapa-Oliver AM, Torres-Pacheco I, Cruz-Hernández A, González-Chavira MM, Ocampo-Velázquez RV, Guevara-González RG. Oxidative and molecular responses in Capsicum annuum L. after hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid and chitosan foliar applications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10178-96. [PMID: 23676352 PMCID: PMC3676835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important ROS molecule (Reactive oxygen species) that serves as a signal of oxidative stress and activation of signaling cascades as a result of the early response of the plant to biotic stress. This response can also be generated with the application of elicitors, stable molecules that induce the activation of transduction cascades and hormonal pathways, which trigger induced resistance to environmental stress. In this work, we evaluated the endogenous H2O2 production caused by salicylic acid (SA), chitosan (QN), and H2O2 elicitors in Capsicum annuum L. Hydrogen peroxide production after elicitation, catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities, as well as gene expression analysis of cat1, pal, and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (pr1) were determined. Our results displayed that 6.7 and 10 mM SA concentrations, and, 14 and 18 mM H2O2 concentrations, induced an endogenous H2O2 and gene expression. QN treatments induced the same responses in lesser proportion than the other two elicitors. Endogenous H2O2 production monitored during several days, showed results that could be an indicator for determining application opportunity uses in agriculture for maintaining plant alert systems against a stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mejía-Teniente
- Biosystems Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Queretaro Autonomous University, C.U Cerro de las Campanas, S/N, colonia Las Campanas, CP 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.M.-T.); (F.D.D.-F.); (A.M.C.-O.); (I.T.-P.); (A.C.-H.); (R.V.O.-V.)
| | - Flor de Dalia Durán-Flores
- Biosystems Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Queretaro Autonomous University, C.U Cerro de las Campanas, S/N, colonia Las Campanas, CP 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.M.-T.); (F.D.D.-F.); (A.M.C.-O.); (I.T.-P.); (A.C.-H.); (R.V.O.-V.)
| | - Angela María Chapa-Oliver
- Biosystems Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Queretaro Autonomous University, C.U Cerro de las Campanas, S/N, colonia Las Campanas, CP 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.M.-T.); (F.D.D.-F.); (A.M.C.-O.); (I.T.-P.); (A.C.-H.); (R.V.O.-V.)
| | - Irineo Torres-Pacheco
- Biosystems Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Queretaro Autonomous University, C.U Cerro de las Campanas, S/N, colonia Las Campanas, CP 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.M.-T.); (F.D.D.-F.); (A.M.C.-O.); (I.T.-P.); (A.C.-H.); (R.V.O.-V.)
| | - Andrés Cruz-Hernández
- Biosystems Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Queretaro Autonomous University, C.U Cerro de las Campanas, S/N, colonia Las Campanas, CP 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.M.-T.); (F.D.D.-F.); (A.M.C.-O.); (I.T.-P.); (A.C.-H.); (R.V.O.-V.)
| | - Mario M. González-Chavira
- Biotechnology Group, National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Celaya-San Miguel de Allende, km 6, CP 38010, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Rosalía V. Ocampo-Velázquez
- Biosystems Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Queretaro Autonomous University, C.U Cerro de las Campanas, S/N, colonia Las Campanas, CP 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.M.-T.); (F.D.D.-F.); (A.M.C.-O.); (I.T.-P.); (A.C.-H.); (R.V.O.-V.)
| | - Ramón G. Guevara-González
- Biosystems Engineering Group, School of Engineering, Queretaro Autonomous University, C.U Cerro de las Campanas, S/N, colonia Las Campanas, CP 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.M.-T.); (F.D.D.-F.); (A.M.C.-O.); (I.T.-P.); (A.C.-H.); (R.V.O.-V.)
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Lepelley M, Mahesh V, McCarthy J, Rigoreau M, Crouzillat D, Chabrillange N, de Kochko A, Campa C. Characterization, high-resolution mapping and differential expression of three homologous PAL genes in Coffea canephora Pierre (Rubiaceae). Planta 2012; 236:313-26. [PMID: 22349733 PMCID: PMC3382651 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is the first entry enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway producing phenolics, widespread constituents of plant foods and beverages, including chlorogenic acids, polyphenols found at remarkably high levels in the coffee bean and long recognized as powerful antioxidants. To date, whereas PAL is generally encoded by a small gene family, only one gene has been characterized in Coffea canephora (CcPAL1), an economically important species of cultivated coffee. In this study, a molecular- and bioinformatic-based search for CcPAL1 paralogues resulted successfully in identifying two additional genes, CcPAL2 and CcPAL3, presenting similar genomic structures and encoding proteins with close sequences. Genetic mapping helped position each gene in three different coffee linkage groups, CcPAL2 in particular, located in a coffee genome linkage group (F) which is syntenic to a region of Tomato Chromosome 9 containing a PAL gene. These results, combined with a phylogenetic study, strongly suggest that CcPAL2 may be the ancestral gene of C. canephora. A quantitative gene expression analysis was also conducted in coffee tissues, showing that all genes are transcriptionally active, but they present distinct expression levels and patterns. We discovered that CcPAL2 transcripts appeared predominantly in flower, fruit pericarp and vegetative/lignifying tissues like roots and branches, whereas CcPAL1 and CcPAL3 were highly expressed in immature fruit. This is the first comprehensive study dedicated to PAL gene family characterization in coffee, allowing us to advance functional studies which are indispensable to learning to decipher what role this family plays in channeling the metabolism of coffee phenylpropanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Lepelley
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D'Oé, BP 49716, 37097, Tours, France.
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Sarkissian CN, Kang TS, Gámez A, Scriver CR, Stevens RC. Evaluation of orally administered PEGylated phenylalanine ammonia lyase in mice for the treatment of Phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:249-54. [PMID: 21803624 PMCID: PMC3205297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU), a Mendelian autosomal recessive phenotype (OMIM 261600), is an inborn error of metabolism causing impaired postnatal cognitive development in the absence of treatment. We used the Pah(enu2/enu2) PKU mouse model to study oral enzyme substitution therapy with various chemically modified formulations of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (Av-p.C503S/p.C565S/p.F18A PAL). In vivo studies with the most therapeutically effective formulation (5kDa PEG-Av-p.C503S/p.C565S/p.F18A PAL) revealed that this conjugate, given orally, yielded statistically significant (p=0.0029) and therapeutically relevant reduction (~40%) in plasma phenylalanine (Phe) levels. Phe reduction occurred in a dose- and loading-dependent manner; sustained clinically and statistically significant reduction of plasma Phe levels was observed with treatment ranging between 0.3 IU and 9 IU and with more frequent and smaller dosings. Oral PAL therapy could potentially serve as an adjunct therapy, perhaps with dietary treatment, and will work independently of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), correcting such forms of hyperphenylalaninemias regardless of the PAH mutations carried by the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christineh N. Sarkissian
- Departments of Biology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and Debelle Laboratory, McGill University-Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 2300 Tupper Street, A-717, Montreal, QC, H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Tse Siang Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Alejandra Gámez
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles R. Scriver
- Departments of Biology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, and Debelle Laboratory, McGill University-Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 2300 Tupper Street, A-717, Montreal, QC, H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,
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Bélanger-Quintana A, Burlina A, Harding CO, Muntau AC. Up to date knowledge on different treatment strategies for phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104 Suppl:S19-25. [PMID: 21967857 PMCID: PMC4437510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary management for phenylketonuria was established over half a century ago, and has rendered an immense success in the prevention of the severe mental retardation associated with the accumulation of phenylalanine. However, the strict low-phenylalanine diet has several shortcomings, not the least of which is the burden it imposes on the patients and their families consequently frequent dietary non-compliance. Imperfect neurological outcome of patients in comparison to non-PKU individuals and nutritional deficiencies associated to the PKU diet are other important reasons to seek alternative therapies. In the last decade there has been an impressive effort in the investigation of other ways to treat PKU that might improve the outcome and quality of life of these patients. These studies have lead to the commercialization of sapropterin dihydrochloride, but there are still many questions regarding which patients to challenge with sapropterin what is the best challenge protocol and what could be the implications of this treatment in the long-term. Current human trials of PEGylated phenylalanine ammonia lyase are underway, which might render an alternative to diet for those patients non-responsive to sapropterin dihydrochloride. Preclinical investigation of gene and cell therapies for PKU is ongoing. In this manuscript, we will review the current knowledge on novel pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of phenylketonuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Bélanger-Quintana
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Pediatrics Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signal molecule in plants. Two pathways of SA biosynthesis have been proposed in plants. Biochemical studies using isotope feeding have suggested that plants synthesize SA from cinnamate produced by the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Silencing of PAL genes in tobacco or chemical inhibition of PAL activity in Arabidopsis, cucumber and potato reduces pathogen-induced SA accumulation. Genetic studies, on the other hand, indicate that the bulk of SA is produced from isochorismate. In bacteria, SA is synthesized from chorismate through two reactions catalyzed by isochorismate synthase (ICS) and isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL). Arabidopsis contains two ICS genes but has no gene encoding proteins similar to the bacterial IPL. Thus, how SA is synthesized in plants is not fully elucidated. Two recently identified Arabidopsis genes, PBS3 and EPS1, are important for pathogen-induced SA accumulation. PBS3 encodes a member of the acyl-adenylate/thioester-forming enzyme family and EPS1 encodes a member of the BAHD acyltransferase superfamily. PBS3 and EPS1 may be directly involved in the synthesis of an important precursor or regulatory molecule for SA biosynthesis. The pathways and regulation of SA biosynthesis in plants may be more complicated than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) was first described over 70 years ago, treatment was developed 50 years ago and universal newborn PKU screening was introduced 40 years ago. Phenylalanine-restricted dietary treatment has prevented mental retardation in thousands of individuals worldwide. We acknowledge, however, that there is still much to learn in the field. The incidence of mental retardation in untreated PKU is likely to be considerably less than the original estimates. Since dietary control is suboptimal in late childhood, adolescence and adulthood, alternative methods of treatment are being explored. These include large neutral amino acids, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, tetrahydrobiopterin and gene replacement. Evidence has surfaced that the semisynthetic, low-protein diet used to treat PKU may be deficient in certain important nutrients. Maternal PKU treatment may be successful even if initiated as late as 8-10 weeks into pregnancy. A plea is made for the immediate establishment of adult treatment centers for PKU (and other inherited metabolic diseases) for long-term treatment, follow-up and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Hanley
- a The Hospital for Sick Children and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Clinical & Biochemical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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44
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Codignola A, Maffei M, Fieschi M. Phenols and bud dormancy I. Variations in total phenols and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in dormant buds of Fagus sylvatica L. New Phytol 1988; 108:83-89. [PMID: 33873923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analyses of the total phenols (glucosides and aglycones and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity were determined separately in bud scales and the leaf primordia of dormant buds (apical, subapical and basal) of Fagus sylvatica L, until bud burst. In all the leaf primordia, the phenol and glucoside contents did not change substantially from November to March. From dormancy break to bud burst, phenols and glucosides accumulated in the subapical and basal buds. PAL activity, after a drop at the inception of dormancy, followed a trend similar to that of the total phenol content during dormancy. After dormancy break, the PAL activity of the apical bud was higher than that of the subapical and basal buds. During this period several differences were observed between PAL activity and phenolic content along the branch. No aglyeortes were detected during dormancy (except small quantities in the subapical buds). However, small amounts were detected in all three bud types after dormancy break. On the other hand, in the bud scales during the winter total phenols per bud, glucosides and PAL activity values (except in the apical buds) show a slight decrease. After dormancy break, PAL activity disappeared and aglycone levels increased slightly. At the same time it was not possible to determine any clear net variation in the levels of phenols and glucosides. It seems, therefore, that the inception and maintenance of dormancy in F. sylvatica buds buds cannot be correlated to the total phenolic pool and PAL activity in leaf primordia, while some kind of correlation seems to occur in the case of bud scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Codignola
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetate, Università di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25 I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Maffei
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetate, Università di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25 I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fieschi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetate, Università di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25 I-10125 Torino, Italy
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45
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Ronald P, Söderhäll K. PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN MYCORRHIZAL AND NONMYCORRHIZAL SHORT ROOTS OF SCOTS PINE, PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. New Phytol 1985; 101:487-494. [PMID: 33874232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase was characterized in roots of Pinus sylvestris L. The Km for the pine root enzyme with phenylalanine as a substrate was l.2 ± 0.4 X 10-4 M. The enzyme had a pH activity optimum of 9 and the subunit molecular weight was 70 to 72 kD as determined by Western blotting. Enzyme activity could be inhibited by D,L-2-aminooxy 3 phenylpropionic acid at 1 μ. Treatments with zymosan, pectinase, light or kinetin and naphthylacetic acid did not induce higher phenylalanine ammonia lyase or peroxidase activity in pine roots. No significant differences were observed in phenylalanine ammonia lyase or peroxidase activity in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal short roots in the P. sylvestris-L. laccata symbiosis 15 weeks after cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ronald
- Institute of Physiological Botany, University of Uppsala, Box 540, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Institute of Physiological Botany, University of Uppsala, Box 540, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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