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Lawton RI, Sabatini BL, Hochbaum DR. Longevity, demographic characteristics, and socio-economic status are linked to triiodothyronine levels in the general population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308652121. [PMID: 38175866 PMCID: PMC10786306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308652121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is fundamental to human biology, exerting central control over energy expenditure and body temperature. However, the consequences of normal physiologic HPT-axis variation in populations without diagnosed thyroid disease are poorly understood. Using nationally representative data from the 2007 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we explore relationships with demographic characteristics, longevity, and socio-economic factors. We find much larger variation across age in free T3 than other HPT-axis hormones. T3 and T4 have opposite relationships to mortality: free T3 is inversely related and free T4 is positively related to the likelihood of death. Free T3 and household income are negatively related, particularly at lower incomes. Finally, free T3 among older adults is associated with labor both in terms of unemployment and hours worked. Physiologic TSH/T4 explain only 1.7% of T3 variation, and neither are appreciably correlated to socio-economic outcomes. Taken together, our data suggest an unappreciated complexity of the HPT-axis signaling cascade broadly such that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Furthermore, we find that subclinical variation in the HPT-axis effector hormone T3 is an important and overlooked factor linking socio-economic forces, human biology, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardo L. Sabatini
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Daniel R. Hochbaum
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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2
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Levy SB, Bribiescas RG. Hierarchies in the energy budget: Thyroid hormones and the evolution of human life history patterns. Evol Anthropol 2023; 32:275-292. [PMID: 37584402 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of human life history characteristics required dramatic shifts in energy allocation mechanisms compared with our primate ancestors. Thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are sensitive to energy balance, and are significant determinants for both tissue-specific and whole-body metabolic rate. Thus, thyroid hormones are in part responsible for setting the body's overall energy budget and likely played an important role in the evolution of human life history patterns. We propose that the dynamics of mammalian T3 production, uptake, and action have evolved so that energy allocation prioritizes the high demands of brain development and functioning, often at the expense of growth and reproduction. This paper explores the role of thyroid hormone dynamics in the evolution of human encephalization, prolonged childhood and adolescence, long lifespans, reproduction, and human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Levy
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
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Xing Y, Xuan F, Wang K, Zhang H. Aging under endocrine hormone regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1223529. [PMID: 37600699 PMCID: PMC10433899 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1223529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process in which the environment interacts with the body to cause a progressive decline in effective physiological function. Aging in the human body can lead to a dysfunction of the vital organ systems, resulting in the onset of age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, which can seriously affect an individual's quality of life. The endocrine system acts on specific targets through hormones and related major functional factors in its pathways, which play biological roles in coordinating cellular interactions, metabolism, growth, and aging. Aging is the result of a combination of many pathological, physiological, and psychological processes, among which the endocrine system can achieve a bidirectional effect on the aging process by regulating the hormone levels in the body. In this paper, we explored the mechanisms of growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and estrogen in the aging process to provide a reference for the exploration of endocrine mechanisms related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huifeng Zhang
- Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Lawton RI, Sabatini BL, Hochbaum DR. Sub-clinical triiodothyronine levels predict health, demographic, and socioeconomic outcomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531775. [PMID: 36993428 PMCID: PMC10054950 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis is fundamental to human biology, exerting central control over energy expenditure, metabolic rate, and body temperature. However, the consequences of "normal" physiologic HPT-axis variation in non-clinical populations are poorly understood. Using nationally-representative data from the 2007-2012 NHANES, we explore relationships with demographics, mortality, and socio-economic factors. We find much larger variation across age in free T3 than other HPT-axis hormones. T3 and T4 have opposite effects on mortality: free T3 is inversely related and free T4 is positively related with likelihood of death. Free T3 and household income are negatively related, particularly at lower incomes. Finally, free T3 among older adults is associated with labor both on the extensive margin (unemployment) and intensive margin (hours worked). Physiologic TSH/T4 explain only 1% of T3 variation, and neither are appreciably correlated to socio-economic outcomes. Taken together, our data suggest an unappreciated complexity and non-linearity of the HPT-axis signaling cascade broadly such that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Furthermore, we find that sub-clinical variation in the HPT-axis effector hormone T3 is an important and overlooked factor linking socio-economic forces, human biology, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Hochbaum
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ye Y, Li Y, Ma Q, Li Y, Zeng H, Luo Y, Liang Y, Liu L, Liu L, Lin X, Yu G, Song C, Wan H, Shen J. Association of multiple blood metals with thyroid function in general adults: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1134208. [PMID: 37051196 PMCID: PMC10083359 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid function has a large impact on humans' metabolism and is affected by iodine levels, but there is a scarcity of studies that elucidate the association between thyroid function and other elements. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study on 1,067 adults to evaluate the associations of the common essential metals with thyroid function in adults living in an iodine-adequate area of China. Serum free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and blood metals (zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, and calcium) were measured. Further, the thyroid hormone sensitivity indexes, FT3:FT4 ratio, and thyrotropin T4 resistance index (TT4RI) were calculated. Linear regression, quantile g-computation, and Bayesian kernel machine regression methods were used to explore the association of metals with thyroid function. RESULTS We found that the TSH levels correlated with copper (negative) and zinc (positive). Iron and copper were positively associated with FT3 and FT4 levels, respectively. Iron (positive) and copper (negative) were correlated with the FT3:FT4 ratio. Furthermore, we found that manganese was inversely correlated with TT4RI, while zinc was positively correlated. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that manganese, iron, copper, and zinc levels were strongly correlated with thyroid function, and patients with thyroid disorders are recommended to measure those metals levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heng Wan
- *Correspondence: Jie Shen, ; Heng Wan,
| | - Jie Shen
- *Correspondence: Jie Shen, ; Heng Wan,
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Guan B, Luo J, Huang X, Tian F, Sun S, Ma Y, Yu Y, Liu R, Cao J, Fan L. Association between thyroid hormone levels and frailty in the community-dwelling oldest-old: a cross-sectional study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1962-1968. [PMID: 36378137 PMCID: PMC9746773 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in thyroid hormone levels are commonly recognized characters among the elderly, which were reported to potentially influence incident frailty. Therefore, we examined the cross-sectional associations of thyroid hormones (THs) with frailty as well as the five components characterizing frailty (fatigue, resistance, ambulation, number of illnesses, and loss of weight) among the oldest-old. METHODS Four hundred and eighty-seven community-dwelling oldest-old from a local community in Haidian District, Beijing, participated in our recruitment campaign between April 2019 and May 2020. The primary outcomes were a definitive diagnosis of frailty according to the FRAIL scale (Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, Loss of weight) and a positive score for each frailty subdomain. Demographic information (age, sex, marital status, and educational status), comorbidities, and details on the participants' lifestyles were recorded. Serum THs including free triiodothyronin (fT3), triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were also measured at the beginning of our study. Logistic regressions were conducted to screen for potential risk factors for frailty and its subdomains. RESULTS Among the total 487 subjects at enrollment, 60 (12.23%) of them were diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism and 110 (22.59%) of the total population scored positive for frailty. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for all potential confounders, showed that frailty was significantly associated with the serum TSH concentration (odds ratio [OR]: 1.06), fT3 concentration (OR: 0.54), and subclinical hypothyroidism score (OR: 2.18). The association between fT4 and frailty was absent in our observational study. The fT3/fT4 ratio characterizing peripheral hormone conversion was also tested to be correlated with frailty. CONCLUSION Subclinical hypothyroidism, higher TSH level, lower fT3 level, and decreased fT3/fT4 ratio were all associated with frailty assessed by the FRAIL scale among the community-dwelling oldest-old, suggesting a relevant role of thyroid function in aging. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to determine the casual relationship between thyroid dysfunction and frailty in the oldest-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Guan
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jiakun Luo
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Fan Tian
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shasha Sun
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruihan Liu
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
- Medical School of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Li Fan
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
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Serum TSH and Daily Physical Activity in a Cohort of Nonagenarians: Results from the Mugello Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7030056. [PMID: 35997372 PMCID: PMC9396985 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current literature does not furnish clear data concerning the relationship between thyroid function, sedentary time and daily physical activity (PA) in older adults with euthyroid condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of serum Thyrotropin-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), free Triiodothyronine (fT3) and free Thyroxine (fT4) with sedentary time and PA in a cohort of nonagenarians. METHODS A total of 108 nonagenarians (92.8 ± 3.2 years), participating in the Mugello Study, and with complete data on thyroid function, sedentary time, PA and sleeping (objectively collected through a multisensory device), were considered for the analysis. RESULTS Mainly, TSH negatively correlated with time spent lying down, and positively correlated with METs. fT4 levels were negatively associated with mean daily metabolic equivalents (METs) and with low-intensity PA practice (LIPAT), and positively associated with lying down and sleeping time. Similar results have been shown in the female sample. Mainly, participants with high-normal (third tertile) versus low-normal TSH (first tertile) had higher moderate-intensity PA (MIPAT) (p = 0.03). In the female sample, first TSH tertile had higher METs (p = 0.010), LIPAT (p = 0.02), MIPAT (p = 0.01) and lower time lying down (p = 0.04) than third TSH tertile. CONCLUSION High-normal serum TSH and low-normal fT4 are associated with higher levels and intensity of daily PA, together with higher MIPAT continuity, in the oldest-old.
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Arosio B, Geraci A, Ferri E, Mari D, Cesari M. Biological Frailty Index in centenarians. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:687-690. [PMID: 34655428 PMCID: PMC8894165 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study measured the subclinical frailty of centenarians by looking at the accumulation of their biological abnormalities. For this aim, a biological Frailty Index (FI) was computed in centenarians living in Northern Italy. The median value of the biological FI was 0.33 (interquartile range, IQR 0.28–0.41). The biological FI did not significantly differ between women (0.34, IQR 0.31–0.39) and men (0.32, IQR 0.26–0.43). The biological FI seems to have a narrower distribution compared to clinical FI we previously computed in the same cohort. In conclusion, our study suggests that centenarians benefit from exceptional biological reserves that might be underestimated by clinical appearances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Arosio
- Laboratorio di Geriatria, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Geraci
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche di Neuroendocrinologia Geriatrica ed Oncologica, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Laboratorio di Geriatria, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138, Milan, Italy
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Cheng Y, Cao W, Zhang J, Wang J, Liu X, Wu Q, Lin Q. Determinants of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Their Clinical Significance: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:934020. [PMID: 35957831 PMCID: PMC9360478 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.934020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics and predictors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS The study was designed as a retrospective cohort trial at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. From January 2017 to December 2020, a total of 1,262 patients with DM were enrolled to assess the risk factors for DPN. The patients were divided into two groups (DPN group and non-DPN group). The Mann-Whitney U test or t-test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, univariate chi-square analyses, and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the adjusted predictors of DPN. RESULTS The overall prevalence of DPN in DM patients was 72.7% (n = 793/1,091). Multivariate analysis revealed that age > 66 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.647; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.469-4.770; p = 0.002), history of hypertension (OR, 1.829; 95% CI 1.146-2.920; p = 0.011), neutrophil (NE) levels exceeding 4.0 × 109/L (OR 0.256; 95% CI 0.162-0.405; p = 0.001), lymphocyte (LY) levels over 3.0 × 109/L (OR 7.173; 95% CI 4.258-12.086; p = 0.000), HbA1c > 7.7% (OR 3.151; 95% CI 1.959-5.068; p = 0.000), and FT3 > 4.4 pmol/L (OR 0.417; 95% CI 0.263-0.662; p = 0.000) were six significant predictive factors for the prevalence of DPN. CONCLUSIONS High levels of LY, HbA1c, history of hypertension, and > 66 years of age increase the risk of DPN in adult patients with DM, while high levels of NE and FT3 were protective factors of DPN. Thus, the prediction of DPN can significantly be improved by identifying older patients over the age of 66 and history of hypertension, as well as establishing the biochemical cutoff values of NE, LY, HbA1c, and FT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Qingxia Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingxia Lin,
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Wang K, Zhang D, Cao G, Wang C, Wang L, Zhao R, He Q, Hou X, Gong L, Chen L. A Low Free T3 to Free T4 Ratio Is Associated with Sarcopenia in Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:2305156. [PMID: 36034587 PMCID: PMC9402295 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2305156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research evaluated the link between normal thyroid hormone levels and sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 312 euthyroid patients with T2DM from Qilu Hospital of the Shandong University, China. Body composition, grip strength, and physical performance were assessed as per the 2019 consensus guidelines of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the correlation between thyroid hormone levels and sarcopenia and its components. RESULTS The prevalence of sarcopenia was 26.9%. Following adjustments for potential confounders, a high-normal serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) level (odds ratio (OR) = 0.522, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.304-0.895, P = 0.018), a low-normal serum free thyroxine (FT4) level (OR = 1.126, 95% CI: 1.009-1.258, P = 0.034), and a heightened FT3/FT4 ratio (OR = 0.923, 95% CI: 0.879-0.969, P = 0.001) were linked to a low prevalence of sarcopenia. Considering the components of sarcopenia, FT3 concentration was positively associated with muscle strength (OR = 0.525, 95% CI: 0.305-0.902, P = 0.020) and physical performance (OR = 0.443, 95% CI: 0.259-0.758, P = 0.003), while FT4 concentration was negatively linked to muscle mass (OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.009-1.232, P = 0.036). The FT3/FT4 ratio was positively linked to muscle mass (OR = 0.943, 95% CI: 0.905-0.981, P = 0.006), muscle strength (OR = 0.945, 95% CI: 0.901-0.992, P = 0.021), and physical performance (OR = 0.934, 95% CI: 0.894-0.975, P = 0.002). Nevertheless, thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration was not associated with sarcopenia. CONCLUSION A high FT3/FT4 ratio was significantly linked to a lowered risk of sarcopenia in euthyroid patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guanglei Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ruxing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
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Changes in Thyroid Hormone Signaling Mediate Cardiac Dysfunction in the Tg197 Mouse Model of Arthritis: Potential Therapeutic Implications. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235512. [PMID: 34884213 PMCID: PMC8658216 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients show a higher risk of heart failure. The present study investigated possible causes of cardiac dysfunction related to thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in a RA mouse model. Methods A TNF-driven mouse model of RA[TghuTNF (Tg197)] was used. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. SERCA2a and phospholamban protein levels in left ventricle (LV) tissue, thyroid hormone levels in serum, TH receptors in LV and TH-related kinase signaling pathways were measured. T3 hormone was administered in female Tg197 mice. Results We show LV and atrial dilatation with systolic dysfunction in Tg197 animals, accompanied by downregulated SERCA2a. We suggest an interaction of pro-inflammatory and thyroid hormone signaling indicated by increased p38 MAPK and downregulation of TRβ1 receptor in Tg197 hearts. Interestingly, female Tg197 mice showed a worse cardiac phenotype related to reduced T3 levels and Akt activation. T3 supplementation increased Akt activation, restored SERCA2a expression and improved cardiac function in female Tg197 mice. Conclusions TNF overexpression of Tg197 mice results in cardiac dysfunction via p38 MAPK activation and downregulation of TRβ1. Gender-specific reduction in T3 levels could cause the worse cardiac phenotype observed in female mice, while T3 administration improves cardiac function and calcium handling via modified Akt activation.
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Li P, Ding L, Zhen J, Hu J, Fan Y, Liu M. Association of subtle alterations in thyroid function with presarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:696-705. [PMID: 34704391 PMCID: PMC9017640 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction To investigate the association of subtle alterations in thyroid function with presarcopenia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods A total of 1,865 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study, excluding patients with overt thyroid dysfunction. Skeletal muscle mass measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry was used to assess presarcopenia. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of thyroid hormones on presarcopenia, and subgroup analyses were carried out in different strata of age, sex and body mass index, respectively. Results Compared with the euthyroid group (Euthy), the subclinical hyperthyroidism group had an increased odds of presarcopenia (multivariate‐adjusted odds ratio 1.99, 95% confidence interval 1.09–3.63), but the subclinical hypothyroidism group did not (P > 0.05). In the subclinical hyperthyroidism group, age and body mass index <24 kg/m2 were independent risk factors for presarcopenia. In the overall Euthy group, an increased odds of presarcopenia was correlated with the elevated free thyroxine : free triiodothyronine ratio (all P for trend <0.05), whereas not with increment in free triiodothyronine level (P for trend >0.05). Additionally, in Euthy subgroup analyses stratified by middle‐age, sex and body mass index, a similar association was noted (all P for trend <0.05), but not in the older‐aged patients (P for trend >0.05). Conclusions Subclinical hyperthyroidism was an independent risk factor for presarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but subclinical hypothyroidism was not. In the Euthy group with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a high free thyroxine : free triiodothyronine ratio was a good index of presarcopenia in addition to older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyang Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Keestra S, Högqvist Tabor V, Alvergne A. Reinterpreting patterns of variation in human thyroid function: An evolutionary ecology perspective. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 9:93-112. [PMID: 34557302 PMCID: PMC8454515 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone reference intervals—used to determine normal thyroid
function —currently don’t take into account many significant
factors that can cause variation in thyroid hormone levels. These factors
include age, sex, ethnicity, season, time of day, iodine content in the diet,
socioeconomic status, stress levels, body composition, immune status, menstrual
cycle phase, and overall health status. This paper shows how early life
experiences as well as short term stressors may affect variation in thyroid
function. These are energetic challenges to which the thyroid physiology can
respond to. Our investigation shows that much variation in thyroid function is
natural. It may result from a complex interplay of evolutionary, genetic,
developmental, and physiological factors in response to energetic challenges in
the environment, beyond what is currently considered in biomedicine. A new
research agenda for thyroid health should explore the way that diversity in
thyroid function has evolved as a response to different contexts people live
in—like focusing on how people’s metabolisms adapt to the
energetic requirements of their environments. Two hundred million people worldwide experience some form of thyroid disorder,
with women being especially at risk. However, why human thyroid function varies
between populations, individuals, and across the lifespan has attracted little
research to date. This limits our ability to evaluate the conditions under which
patterns of variation in thyroid function are best understood as
‘normal’ or ‘pathological’. In this review, we
aim to spark interest in research aimed at understanding the causes of variation
in thyroid phenotypes. We start by assessing the biomedical literature on
thyroid imbalance to discuss the validity of existing reference intervals for
diagnosis and treatment across individuals and populations. We then propose an
evolutionary ecological framework for understanding the phylogenetic, genetic,
ecological, developmental, and physiological causes of normal variation in
thyroid function. We build on this approach to suggest testable predictions for
how environmental challenges interact with individual circumstances to influence
the onset of thyroid disorders. We propose that dietary changes, ecological
disruptions of co-evolutionary processes during pregnancy and with pathogens,
emerging infections, and exacerbated stress responses can contribute to
explaining the onset of thyroid diseases. For patients to receive the best
personalized care, research into the causes of thyroid variation at multiple
levels is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Keestra
- School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexandra Alvergne
- School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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14
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Bacalini MG, Gentilini D, Monti D, Garagnani P, Mari D, Cesari M, Ogliari G, Passarino G, Franceschi C, Pirazzini C, Arosio B. No association between frailty index and epigenetic clocks in Italian semi-supercentenarians. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111514. [PMID: 34098514 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Centenarians experience successful ageing, although they still present high heterogeneity in their health status. The frailty index is a biomarker of biological age, able to capture such heterogeneity, even at extreme old age. At the same time, other biomarkers (e.g., epigenetic clocks) may be informative the biological age of the individual and potentially describe the ageing status in centenarians. In this article, we explore the relationship between epigenetic clocks and frailty index in a cohort of Italian centenarians. No association was reported, suggesting that these two approaches may describe different aspects of the same ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche di Neuroendocrinologia Geriatrica ed Oncologica, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Ogliari
- Department of Health Care for Older People (HCOP), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Gu Y, Wu X, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Wu H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Sun S, Wang X, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. High-normal thyroid function predicts incident non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among middle-aged and elderly euthyroid subjects. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:197-203. [PMID: 33534875 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (THs) influence hepatic lipid homeostasis through multiple pathways, suggesting that THs may predict the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, prospective studies on the association between THs levels and incident NAFLD in euthyroid subjects are limited. This prospective cohort study aimed to explore whether THs were associated with the development of NAFLD in middle-aged and elderly euthyroid subjects. METHODS A total of 6,462 subjects without baseline NAFLD were included in the cohort study (~6-year follow-up period, median: 4.2 years). Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used to measure serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between baseline THs, TSH, and the risk of NAFLD. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 1,675 subjects developed NAFLD. The incidence rate of NAFLD was 85.0 per 1000 person-years. Compared with the lowest FT3, FT4, and TSH quartiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of incident NAFLD for highest quartiles were 1.30 (1.12, 1.51), 1.07 (0.93, 1.23), 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) (P <0.001, =0.56, =0.01, respectively), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged and elderly euthyroid subjects, high-normal FT3 and low-normal TSH are independently associated with a higher incidence of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Gu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingjing Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.,Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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16
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Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Pundee R, Kallayanatham N, Pengpumkiat S, Chungcharoen J, Phommalachai C, Konthonbut P, Choochouy N, Sowanthip P, Khangkhun P, Yimsabai J, Woskie S. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. TOXICS 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33477987 PMCID: PMC7835790 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of acute pesticide exposures and acute changes in thyroid hormones among Thai farmers. We recruited 78 farmers, who were scheduled to spray insecticides (chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin) or herbicides (paraquat and/or glyphosate). On the day before spraying, farmers collected their first morning void urine and went for blood collection. On the spray day, urine samples were collected at end of the spraying event and they were interviewed with questionnaires. The next morning, the first morning void urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones. Urine samples were analyzed for the metabolites of the pesticide sprayed. The results showed that the thyroid hormones, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly reduced as urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite increased the day after spraying. Total thyroxine (T4) significantly increased as cypermethrin metabolites increased the day after spraying. T4 significantly increased as urinary glyphosate levels increased; however, FT3 and T3 decreased significantly as urinary paraquat levels increased the day after spraying. These findings suggest that acute exposures to the pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, paraquat and glyphosate can produce acute effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, acutely altering thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Kongtip
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Noppanun Nankongnab
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Ritthirong Pundee
- Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand;
| | - Nichcha Kallayanatham
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Sumate Pengpumkiat
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Jutamanee Chungcharoen
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Chavisa Phommalachai
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Pajaree Konthonbut
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Nattagorn Choochouy
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University Lampang Campus, Lampang 52190, Thailand;
| | - Preecha Sowanthip
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Phanthawee Khangkhun
- Bureau of Elderly Health, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand;
| | - Jutharak Yimsabai
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok Hospital, 90 Sithamma Traipidok Road, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA;
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17
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Thyroid hormone signaling is associated with physical performance, muscle mass, and strength in a cohort of oldest-old: results from the Mugello study. GeroScience 2020; 43:1053-1064. [PMID: 33219914 PMCID: PMC8110652 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in the homeostasis of muscle function, such as myogenesis and energy metabolism, suggesting that the thyroid may be also involved in the entropic processes of muscle aging. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of TH signaling on physical performance, muscle mass, and strength in a cohort of community-dwelling oldest-old subjects (> 90 years). The study population was selected in a rural area of central Italy (Mugello, Tuscany), and the design was cross-sectional. Four hundred seventy-five subjects (130 males and 345 females) were enrolled, representing about 65% of all the nonagenarians living in the Mugello area. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors (sex, age, diabetes, and levothyroxine administration), the lowest quartile of FT3/FT4 ratio distribution showed lower physical performance compared to the other quartiles (β ± SE: − 0.49 ± 0.12; p < 0.001), whereas the highest quartile of FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher skeletal muscle index (β ± SE: 1.11 ± 0.42; p = 0.009). In addition, the lowest quartile of FT4 showed a statistically significant higher handgrip strength (β ± SE: 1.78 ± 0.68; p = 0.009) compared to all other quartiles. This study demonstrates that nonagenarians with higher FT3/FT4 ratios had better preserved muscle function, therefore successfully overcoming the imbalance of homeostatic and entropic processes involved in muscle aging. However, we could not establish a cause-effect relationship due to the cross-sectional design of the study.
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18
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Zutinic A, Blauw GJ, Pijl H, Ballieux BE, Westendorp RGJ, Roelfsema F, van Heemst D. Circulating Thyroid Hormone Profile in Response to a Triiodothyronine Challenge in Familial Longevity. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa117. [PMID: 32964174 PMCID: PMC7491925 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Familial longevity is associated with higher circulating levels of thyrotropin (TSH), in the absence of differences in circulating thyroid hormones, and a lower thyroid responsivity to TSH, as previously observed in the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS). Further mechanisms underlying these observations remain unknown. Objective We hypothesized that members from long-lived families (offspring) have higher thyroid hormone turnover or less negative feedback effect on TSH secretion compared to controls. Methods In a case-control intervention study, 14 offspring and 13 similarly aged controls received 100 µg 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) orally. Their circulating T3, free T3 (fT3), and TSH levels were measured during 5 consecutive days. We compared profiles of circulating T3, fT3, and TSH between offspring and controls using general linear modeling (GLM) and calculated the percentage decline in TSH following T3 administration. Results Circulating T3 and fT3 levels increased to supraphysiologic values and normalized over the course of 5 days. There were no serious adverse events. T3 and fT3 concentration profiles over 5 days were similar between offspring and controls (T3 GLM P = .11, fT3 GLM P = .46). TSH levels decreased in a biphasic manner and started returning to baseline by day 5. The TSH concentration profile over 5 days was similar between offspring and controls (GLM P = .08), as was the relative TSH decline (%). Conclusions Members of long-lived families have neither higher T3 turnover nor diminished negative feedback of T3 on TSH secretion. The cause and biological role of elevated TSH levels in familial longevity remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zutinic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Blauw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart E Ballieux
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Public Health and Centre for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, ZA, the Netherlands
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Thyroid hormones and frailty in persons experiencing extreme longevity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 138:111000. [PMID: 32525032 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The aging phenotype is quite heterogeneous, being the result of the capability of each individual to successfully or unsuccessfully response to stressors. The reduction of homeostatic reserve characterizing aging is accompanied by a remodeling of the endocrine system. Frailty has been indicated as a promising way for capturing the physiological decline as well as the biological aging of the individuals. In particular, the Frailty Index (FI), based on the assumption that health deficits tend to accumulate with aging, represents a quantitative measure of extreme interest. OBJECTIVE The study aims to correlate the thyroid hormone levels with FI in a population of centenarians and their offspring to capture the effects of thyroid remodeling in extreme longevity. STUDY DESIGN The study described 593 well-characterized Italian subjects, including 180 centenarians, as well as 276 centenarian's offspring and 137 age-matched controls. RESULTS FT3 levels and FT3/FT4 ratio were significantly lower (p < 0.001) and TSH levels higher (p < 0.001) in centenarians compared to the other groups, analysing both overall subjects and excluding subjects with hormone levels out of the normal ranges. In overall centenarians, we observed a negative correlation between FI and FT3 (ρ: -0.281, p < 0.001), FT3/FT4 (ρ: -0.344, p < 0.001) and TSH (ρ: -0.223, p 0.003) and a positive association between FI and FT4 (ρ: 0.189, p = 0.001). In centenarians with hormone levels within the normal ranges, similar negative correlations were observed between FI and FT3 (ρ: -0.201, p = 0.02) and FT3/FT4 (ρ: -0.264, p = 0.002). In this sub-analysis, FI positively correlated with FT4 and age (ρ: 0.167, p = 0.05; ρ: 0.219, p = 0.005, respectively). Conversely, no significant correlations were observed between hormone levels and FI in offspring and controls. CONCLUSIONS We found an association between thyroid hormone levels and frailty in centenarians, underlying the significant role of thyroid in the aging process and longevity.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that the treatment of overt hyperthyroidism with thyroid hormones is able to reduce mortality as well as cardiovascular and musculoskeletal morbidity. It remains unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to the mildest form of hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether and to what extent the threshold for therapeutic intervention needs to be modified in the elderly, in whom hypothalamo-pituitary regulation is increasingly insensitive to the negative feedback by thyroid hormones and the patients' response to thyroid hormones changes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to evaluate the current evidence on the treatment of hypothyroidism in old age with regard to the initiation of therapy and the therapeutic goals. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS According to new original data and meta-analyses, therapy with thyroid hormones does not alter morbidity and mortality in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) below the range of 7-10 mU/l. These data support the TSH threshold of 10 mU/l recommended in guidelines, particularly in elderly patients over the age of 65 years, in whom TSH serum levels increase with age. In contrast to the recommendations, the prescription of thyroxine more than doubled in a large study from Denmark and TSH levels decreased from 10 mU/l to under 7 mU/l between 2001 and 2015. As (the primarily unspecific) symptoms and quality of life are not altered by thyroxine replacement in studies on subclinical hypothyroidism and elderly patients are more susceptible to side effects, thyroid hormone substitution should generally not be started at TSH levels <10 mU/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Iwen
- Medizinische Klinik I, Experimentelle und Klinische Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland.
| | - G Brabant
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Großbritannien
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Arosio B, Ferri E, Casati M, Mari D, Vitale G, Cesari M. The Frailty Index in centenarians and their offspring. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1685-1688. [PMID: 31359370 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frailty has been indicated as a way for capturing biological aging of the individual and Frailty Index (FI) may serve for this purpose. This study designed the FI in a cohort of centenarians, their offspring and control subjects sex- and age-matched with offspring. The FI mean value was 0.47 (SD 0.13) in centenarians, 0.15 (SD 0.12) in their offspring, and 0.22 (SD 0.14) in controls (p < 0.001). The difference between offspring and controls was statistically significant (p = 0.003). The correlation between FI and age was significant in offspring (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), close to significance in controls (r = 0.25, p = 0.08) and not significant in centenarians. Our study confirms that FI is a marker of biological age useful to discriminate different degrees of frailty even at extremely advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - E Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - M Casati
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - D Mari
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - G Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche di Neuroendocrinologia Geriatrica ed Oncologica, Cusano Milanino, MI, Italy
| | - M Cesari
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
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Gu Y, Meng G, Wu H, Zhang Q, Liu L, Bao X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Sun S, Wang X, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. Thyroid Function as a Predictor of Handgrip Strength Among Middle-Aged and Older Euthyroid Adults: The TCLSIH Cohort Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 20:1236-1241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
The age-related resistance to thyroid hormones (THs) explains the paucity of symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism in older adults and may partly explain the myriad of symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism in biochemically euthyroid older people. This review considers the available data on the mechanisms underlying TH resistance with aging and compares these physiologic changes with the changes observed in congenital TH resistance syndromes. Aging is associated with alterations in TH economy along with a host of changes in the responsiveness of various tissues to THs. The age-related resistance to THs can be attributed to decreased TH transport to tissues, decreased nuclear receptor occupancy, decreased activation of thyroxine to triiodothyronine, and alterations in TH responsive gene expression. Although an increase in serum TH levels is expected in syndromes of TH resistance, unchanged serum TH levels in the euthyroid elderly is the result of increased sensitivity to TH negative feedback with increased suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone, decreased thyroidal sensitivity to thyroid-stimulating hormone, and decreased TH production and secretion. The current clinical evidence suggests that the age-related TH resistance is mostly an adaptive response of the aging organism. It is tempting to speculate that similar changes can occur prematurely in a group of younger people who present with signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism despite normal serum thyroid function tests.
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Ferri E, Casati M, Cesari M, Vitale G, Arosio B. Vitamin D in physiological and pathological aging: Lesson from centenarians. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:273-282. [PMID: 31654261 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that exerts a pleiotropic action on a wide spectrum of tissues, apparatuses and systems. Thus, vitamin D has assumed an increasingly dominant role as a key determinant of biological mechanisms and specific clinical conditions. Older people frequently present vitamin D deficiency, a status potentially influencing several mechanisms responsible for different age-related diseases. Centenarians symbolize the ideal model for investigating the peculiar traits of longevity, as they have reached an age close to the estimated limit of the human lifespan. Interestingly, despite the profound heterogeneity of centenarians in terms of health status, all these people share the same condition of severe vitamin D deficiency, suggesting that they may have implemented a number of adaptive strategies to cope with the age-related physiological derangement of vitamin D metabolism. The lesson deriving from centenarians' experience suggests that: i) severe vitamin D deficiency does not preclude the possibility of reaching extreme longevity, ii) strategies to prevent hypovitaminosis D may be useful to slow down the processes of "fragilization" occurring in aged people, iii) beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation need to be confirmed regarding longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Casati
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche di Neuroendocrinologia Geriatrica ed Oncologica, Milan, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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Teo YV, Capri M, Morsiani C, Pizza G, Faria AMC, Franceschi C, Neretti N. Cell-free DNA as a biomarker of aging. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12890. [PMID: 30575273 PMCID: PMC6351822 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is present in the circulating plasma and other body fluids and is known to originate mainly from apoptotic cells. Here, we provide the first in vivo evidence of global and local chromatin changes in human aging by analyzing cfDNA from the blood of individuals of different age groups. Our results show that nucleosome signals inferred from cfDNA are consistent with the redistribution of heterochromatin observed in cellular senescence and aging in other model systems. In addition, we detected a relative cfDNA loss at several genomic locations, such as transcription start and termination sites, 5'UTR of L1HS retrotransposons and dimeric AluY elements with age. Our results also revealed age and deteriorating health status correlate with increased enrichment of signals from cells in different tissues. In conclusion, our results show that the sequencing of circulating cfDNA from human blood plasma can be used as a noninvasive methodology to study age-associated changes to the epigenome in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Voan Teo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Miriam Capri
- CIG Interdepartmental Centre "Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Morsiani
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Pizza
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Nicola Neretti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Vitale G, Pellegrino G, Vollery M, Hofland LJ. ROLE of IGF-1 System in the Modulation of Longevity: Controversies and New Insights From a Centenarians' Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:27. [PMID: 30774624 PMCID: PMC6367275 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aging is currently defined as a physiological decline of biological functions in the body with a continual adaptation to internal and external damaging. The endocrine system plays a major role in orchestrating cellular interactions, metabolism, growth, and aging. Several in vivo studies from worms to mice showed that downregulated activity of the GH/IGF-1/insulin pathway could be beneficial for the extension of human life span, whereas results are contradictory in humans. In the present review, we discuss the potential role of the IGF-1 system in modulation of longevity, hypothesizing that the endocrine and metabolic adaptation observed in centenarians and in mammals during caloric restriction may be a physiological strategy for extending lifespan through a slower cell growing/metabolism, a better physiologic reserve capacity, a shift of cellular metabolism from cell proliferation to repair activities and a decrease in accumulation of senescent cells. Therefore, understanding of the link between IGF-1/insulin system and longevity may have future clinical applications in promoting healthy aging and in Rehabilitation Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche di Neuroendocrinologia Geriatrica ed Oncologica, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Vitale
| | - Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Leo J. Hofland
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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