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Wu J, Liu X, Reeser JAW, Trimboli AJ, Pécot T, Sizemore GM, Naidu SK, Fernandez SA, Yu L, Hallett M, Park M, Leone GW, Hildreth BE, Ostrowski MC. Stromal p53 Regulates Breast Cancer Development, the Immune Landscape, and Survival in an Oncogene-Specific Manner. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1233-1246. [PMID: 35533313 PMCID: PMC9357052 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution of tumor cells and adjacent stromal elements is a key feature during tumor progression; however, the precise regulatory mechanisms during this process remain unknown. Here, we show stromal p53 loss enhances oncogenic KrasG12D, but not ErbB2, driven tumorigenesis in murine mammary epithelia. Stroma-specific p53 deletion increases both epithelial and fibroblast proliferation in mammary glands bearing the KrasG12D oncogene in epithelia, while concurrently increasing DNA damage and/or DNA replication stress and decreasing apoptosis in the tumor cells proper. Normal epithelia was not affected by stromal p53 deletion. Tumors with p53-null stroma had a significant decrease in total, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells; however, there was a significant increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells, total macrophages, and M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages, with no impact on angiogenesis or connective tissue deposition. Stroma-specific p53 deletion reprogrammed gene expression in both fibroblasts and adjacent epithelium, with p53 targets and chemokine receptors/chemokine signaling pathways in fibroblasts and DNA replication, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis in epithelia being the most significantly impacted biological processes. A gene cluster in p53-deficient mouse fibroblasts was negatively associated with patient survival when compared with two independent datasets. In summary, stroma-specific p53 loss promotes mammary tumorigenesis in an oncogene-specific manner, influences the tumor immune landscape, and ultimately impacts patient survival. IMPLICATIONS Expression of the p53 tumor suppressor in breast cancer tumor stroma regulates tumorigenesis in an oncogene-specific manner, influences the tumor immune landscape, and ultimately impacts patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Department of Radiation Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Julie A. Wallace Reeser
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Anthony J. Trimboli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Thierry Pécot
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Biosit – UMS CNRS 3480, Inserm 018, University of Rennes 1, France
| | - Gina M. Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Shan K. Naidu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Soledad A. Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael Hallett
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC,Department of Biochemistry and Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC
| | - Gustavo W. Leone
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI,Co-Corresponding Authors: Michael C. Ostrowski, Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathon Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, , Phone: 843-792-5012; Blake E. Hildreth III, Shelby Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, , Phone: 205-934-8697, Gustavo Leone, Clinical Cancer Center, Froedtert Hospital Campus, 8800 W. Doyne Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , Phone: 414-335-1000
| | - Blake E. Hildreth
- Department of Pathology and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,Co-Corresponding Authors: Michael C. Ostrowski, Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathon Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, , Phone: 843-792-5012; Blake E. Hildreth III, Shelby Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, , Phone: 205-934-8697, Gustavo Leone, Clinical Cancer Center, Froedtert Hospital Campus, 8800 W. Doyne Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , Phone: 414-335-1000
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Co-Corresponding Authors: Michael C. Ostrowski, Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathon Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, , Phone: 843-792-5012; Blake E. Hildreth III, Shelby Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, , Phone: 205-934-8697, Gustavo Leone, Clinical Cancer Center, Froedtert Hospital Campus, 8800 W. Doyne Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , Phone: 414-335-1000
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Sima LE, Matei D, Condello S. The Outside-In Journey of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111779. [PMID: 35681474 PMCID: PMC9179582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a member of the transglutaminase family that catalyzes Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinks and hydrolyzes guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP). The conformation and functions of TG2 are regulated by Ca2+ and GTP levels; the TG2 enzymatically active open conformation is modulated by high Ca2+ concentrations, while high intracellular GTP promotes the closed conformation, with inhibition of the TG-ase activity. TG2’s unique characteristics and its ubiquitous distribution in the intracellular compartment, coupled with its secretion in the extracellular matrix, contribute to modulate the functions of the protein. Its aberrant expression has been observed in several cancer types where it was linked to metastatic progression, resistance to chemotherapy, stemness, and worse clinical outcomes. The N-terminal domain of TG2 binds to the 42 kDa gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin with high affinity, facilitating the formation of a complex with β-integrins, essential for cellular adhesion to the matrix. This mechanism allows TG2 to interact with key matrix proteins and to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness. Here, we highlight the current knowledge on TG2 involvement in cancer, focusing on its roles translating extracellular cues into activation of oncogenic programs. Improved understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic strategies targeting this multi-functional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Elena Sima
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Salvatore Condello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tsai MJ, Chang WA, Chuang CH, Wu KL, Cheng CH, Sheu CC, Hsu YL, Hung JY. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Pathway and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010120. [PMID: 35008546 PMCID: PMC8745400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, despite many advances being made in recent decades. Changes in the tumor microenvironment, including dysregulated immunity, may contribute to carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) pathway is involved in several signal pathways, having various functions in different tissues. We summarized major findings of studies about the roles of the CysLT pathway in cancer. Many in vitro studies suggested the roles of CysLTs in cell survival/proliferation via CysLT1 receptor (CysLT1R). CysLT1R antagonism decreased cell vitality and induced cell death in several types of cancer cells, such as colorectal, urological, breast, lung and neurological malignancies. CysLTs were also associated with multidrug resistance of cancer, and CysLT1R antagonism might reverse chemoresistance. Some animal studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of CysLT1R antagonist in inhibiting tumorigenesis and progression of some cancer types, particularly colorectal cancer and lung cancer. The expression of CysLT1R was shown in various cancer tissues, particularly colorectal cancer and urological malignancies, and higher expression was associated with a poorer prognosis. The chemo-preventive effects of CysLT1R antagonists were demonstrated in two large retrospective cohort studies. In summary, the roles of the CysLT pathway in cancer have been delineated, whereas further studies are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Li Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hung Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chau-Chyun Sheu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 5651)
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Chandra Jena B, Sarkar S, Rout L, Mandal M. The transformation of cancer-associated fibroblasts: Current perspectives on the role of TGF-β in CAF mediated tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:222-232. [PMID: 34363903 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the Transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) has been significantly considered as an effective and ubiquitous mediator of cell growth. The cytokine, TGF-β is being increasingly recognized as the most potent inducer of cancer cell initiation, differentiation, migration as well as progression through both the SMAD-dependent and independent pathways. There is growing evidence that supports the role of secretory cytokine TGF-β as a crucial mediator of tumor-stroma crosstalk. Contextually, the CAFs are the prominent component of tumor stroma that helps in tumor progression and onset of chemoresistance. The interplay between the CAFs and the tumor cells through the paracrine signals is facilitated by cytokine TGF-β to induce the malignant progression. Here in this review, we have dissected the most recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β induced CAF activation, their multiple origins, and most importantly their role in conferring chemoresistance. Considering the pivotal role of TGF-β in tumor perogression and associated stemness, it is one the proven clinical targets We have also included the clinical trials going on, targeting the TGF-β and CAFs crosstalk with the tumor cells. Ultimately, we have underscored some of the outstanding issues that must be deciphered with utmost importance to unravel the successful strategies of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddik Sarkar
- CSIR-Indian Institue of Chemical Biology, Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Lipsa Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha'O'Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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Neophytou CM, Panagi M, Stylianopoulos T, Papageorgis P. The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092053. [PMID: 33922795 PMCID: PMC8122975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis, the process by which cancer cells escape primary tumor site and colonize distant organs, is responsible for most cancer-related deaths. The tumor microenvironment (TME), comprises different cell types, including immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, as well as structural elements, such as collagen and hyaluronan that constitute the extracellular matrix (ECM). Intratumoral interactions between the cellular and structural components of the TME regulate the aggressiveness, and dissemination of malignant cells and promote immune evasion. At the secondary site, the TME also facilitates escape from dormancy to enhance metastatic tumor outgrowth. Moreover, the ECM applies mechanical forces on tumors that contribute to hypoxia and cancer cell invasiveness whereas also hinders drug delivery and efficacy in both primary and metastatic sites. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the role of the TME in cancer progression and discuss ongoing efforts to remodel the TME to stop metastasis in its tracks. Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) regulates essential tumor survival and promotion functions. Interactions between the cellular and structural components of the TME allow cancer cells to become invasive and disseminate from the primary site to distant locations, through a complex and multistep metastatic cascade. Tumor-associated M2-type macrophages have growth-promoting and immunosuppressive functions; mesenchymal cells mass produce exosomes that increase the migratory ability of cancer cells; cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) reorganize the surrounding matrix creating migration-guiding tracks for cancer cells. In addition, the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) exerts determinant roles in disease progression and cancer cell migration and regulates therapeutic responses. The hypoxic conditions generated at the primary tumor force cancer cells to genetically and/or epigenetically adapt in order to survive and metastasize. In the circulation, cancer cells encounter platelets, immune cells, and cytokines in the blood microenvironment that facilitate their survival and transit. This review discusses the roles of different cellular and structural tumor components in regulating the metastatic process, targeting approaches using small molecule inhibitors, nanoparticles, manipulated exosomes, and miRNAs to inhibit tumor invasion as well as current and future strategies to remodel the TME and enhance treatment efficacy to block the detrimental process of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M. Neophytou
- European University Research Center, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus;
- Tumor Microenvironment, Metastasis and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
| | - Myrofora Panagi
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (M.P.); (T.S.)
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (M.P.); (T.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Papageorgis
- European University Research Center, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus;
- Tumor Microenvironment, Metastasis and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-713158
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Del Re M, Crucitta S, Lorenzini G, De Angelis C, Diodati L, Cavallero D, Bargagna I, Cinacchi P, Fratini B, Salvadori B, Ghilli M, Roncella M, Fontana A, Danesi R, Cucchiara F. PI3K mutations detected in liquid biopsy are associated to reduced sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer patients. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105241. [PMID: 33049397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PI3K pathway hyperactivation due to PIK3CA mutations contributes to endocrine resistance, and PIK3CA is one of the most frequently mutated genes in breast cancer (BC), occurring approximately 40 % of HR+, HER2- advanced BC (ABC). Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) have changed the treatment landscape of HR+, HER2- ABC. Putative mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6i have been identified, but limited data are available on PI3K deregulation. The present study evaluates the impact of PIK3CA mutations on CDK4/6i plus hormone therapy and evaluates potential characteristics that may suggest for a PI3K screening in patients with ABC. METHODS ABC patients were enrolled, and 12 mL of blood were collected in EDTA tubes at baseline prior to CDK4/6i plus hormone therapy. Plasma was separated and circulating free DNA (cfDNA) was extracted. PIK3CA mutation analysis was performed on a ddPCR. Selected and analyzed mutations included: p.C420R, p.E542 K, p.E545A, p.E545D, p.E545G, p.E545K, p.Q546E, p.Q546R, p.H1047L, p.H1047R, p.H1047Y. Statistical analysis were performed to investigate the predictive power of such mutations and any association with clinical factors. RESULTS Thirty patients were enrolled. PIK3CA mutation status at baseline was independently associated with shorter median PFS (7.44 vs 12.9 months, p = 0.01) in subject receiving CDK4/6i plus hormone therapy. PIK3CA mutations were found to be associated to Ki67 expression in primary lesions (p = 0.006). Moreover, the probability to find a PI3K mutation improved considering also the therapeutic management in previous lines of treatment (McFadden's R2 = 0.415, p = 0.004; AUC of the ROC curve = 0.914). CONCLUSION The findings of this pilot study suggest that the presence of a PI3K mutation in liquid biopsy correlates with a worse PFS in patients with ABC receiving CDK4/6i, and that liquid biopsy is a useful tool to suggests a better tailored pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lorenzini
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia De Angelis
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Diodati
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Diletta Cavallero
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Bargagna
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Cinacchi
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fratini
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Salvadori
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ghilli
- Unit of Breast Surgery, Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Roncella
- Unit of Breast Surgery, Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Fontana
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Cucchiara
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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Windarti I, Harahap WA, Nindrea RD, Yerizel E, Rustamadji P. The Prognostic Significance of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Loss in Breast Cancer. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3716-3720. [PMID: 32010404 PMCID: PMC6986515 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aims to determine the prognostic significance of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss in breast cancer. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis study. Sample of this study were research articles that evaluated PTEN loss and prognosis in breast cancer patients. We searched for relevant studies published in PubMed and Proquest from January 2010 to July 2018. We reviewed studies that examined the association between immunohistochemical expression of PTEN and breast cancer prognosis using meta-analysis methods. Pooled risk ratios (RR) were calculated using fixed and random-effect models. Data were processed using Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3). RESULTS There were 7 studies conducted a systematic review then continued to evaluate the association of PTEN loss and breast cancer prognosis by meta-analysis. There was a significant association of PTEN loss with poor prognosis of breast cancer (RR = 0.76 [95% CI 0.59-0.98 p <0.07), and there was not any significant publication bias for studies included. CONCLUSION This study confirmed PTEN loss is an important independent factor for breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indri Windarti
- Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Wirsma Arif Harahap
- Department of Surgical, Oncology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Dr M Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Ricvan Dana Nindrea
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Eti Yerizel
- Department of Biomolecular and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Primariadewi Rustamadji
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Indonesia University, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Thies KA, Lefler JE, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. PTEN in the Stroma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036111. [PMID: 31427286 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding the functions of Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in tumor cells, only recently have tumor cell-non-autonomous PTEN actions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) been appreciated. While it is accepted that the TME actively communicates with cancer cells to influence disease progression, our understanding of the genes and pathways responsible is still evolving. Given that inactivation of PTEN in the stroma is correlated with worse outcomes in human cancers, determining the unique functions and mechanisms of PTEN regulation in various TME cell compartments is essential. In this review, the evidence for PTEN function in different TME cell compartments, the mechanisms governing PTEN inactivation, and the downstream pathways regulated by PTEN that are critical for intracellular communication, are covered. The potential clinical implications of these findings as well as the future directions for the study of stromal PTEN are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Thies
- Department of Radiation Oncology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Julia E Lefler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Abstract
Cancers are not composed merely of cancer cells alone; instead, they are complex 'ecosystems' comprising many different cell types and noncellular factors. The tumour stroma is a critical component of the tumour microenvironment, where it has crucial roles in tumour initiation, progression, and metastasis. Most anticancer therapies target cancer cells specifically, but the tumour stroma can promote the resistance of cancer cells to such therapies, eventually resulting in fatal disease. Therefore, novel treatment strategies should combine anticancer and antistromal agents. Herein, we provide an overview of the advances in understanding the complex cancer cell-tumour stroma interactions and discuss how this knowledge can result in more effective therapeutic strategies, which might ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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10
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Christodoulou I, Goulielmaki M, Devetzi M, Panagiotidis M, Koliakos G, Zoumpourlis V. Mesenchymal stem cells in preclinical cancer cytotherapy: a systematic review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:336. [PMID: 30526687 PMCID: PMC6286545 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) comprise a heterogeneous population of rapidly proliferating cells that can be isolated from adult (e.g., bone marrow, adipose tissue) as well as fetal (e.g., umbilical cord) tissues (termed bone marrow (BM)-, adipose tissue (AT)-, and umbilical cord (UC)-MSC, respectively) and are capable of differentiation into a wide range of non-hematopoietic cell types. An additional, unique attribute of MSC is their ability to home to tumor sites and to interact with the local supportive microenvironment which rapidly conceptualized into MSC-based experimental cancer cytotherapy at the turn of the century. Towards this purpose, both naïve (unmodified) and genetically modified MSC (GM-MSC; used as delivery vehicles for the controlled expression and release of antitumorigenic molecules) have been employed using well-established in vitro and in vivo cancer models, albeit with variable success. The first approach is hampered by contradictory findings regarding the effects of naïve MSC of different origins on tumor growth and metastasis, largely attributed to inherent biological heterogeneity of MSC as well as experimental discrepancies. In the second case, although the anti-cancer effect of GM-MSC is markedly improved over that of naïve cells, it is yet apparent that some protocols are more efficient against some types of cancer than others. Regardless, in order to maximize therapeutic consistency and efficacy, a deeper understanding of the complex interaction between MSC and the tumor microenvironment is required, as well as examination of the role of key experimental parameters in shaping the final cytotherapy outcome. This systematic review represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first thorough evaluation of the impact of experimental anti-cancer therapies based on MSC of human origin (with special focus on human BM-/AT-/UC-MSC). Importantly, we dissect the commonalities and differences as well as address the shortcomings of work accumulated over the last two decades and discuss how this information can serve as a guide map for optimal experimental design implementation ultimately aiding the effective transition into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Christodoulou
- Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Konstantinou 48 Av., 116 35, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Konstantinou 48 Av., 116 35, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Devetzi
- Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Konstantinou 48 Av., 116 35, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Konstantinou 48 Av., 116 35, Athens, Greece.
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11
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Tupurani MA, Padala C, Puranam K, Galimudi RK, Kupsal K, Shyamala N, Gantala S, Kummari R, Chinta SK, Hanumanth SR. Association of CYBA gene (-930 A/G and 242 C/T) polymorphisms with oxidative stress in breast cancer: a case-control study. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5509. [PMID: 30310735 PMCID: PMC6174867 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress (OS) is a key characteristic feature in cancer initiation and progression. Among multiple cancers, NADPH oxidase (NOX) dependent free radical production is implicated in oxidative stress. P22phox, a subunit of NADPH oxidase encoded by the CYBA gene has functional polymorphisms associated with various complex diseases. The present study was aimed to examine the importance and association of the functional polymorphisms of CYBA gene (-930 A/G and 242 C/T) with the oxidative stress in breast cancer (BC) development and progression. Materials and Methods We have performed a case-control study on 300 breast cancer patients and 300 healthy individuals as controls to examine the role of CYBA gene -930 A/G and 242 C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using As-PCR and PCR-RFLP assays and its association with OS as measured by plasma MDA levels. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plots were generated using Haploviewtool and Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was applied to assess high-order interactions between the SNPs. The Insilco analysis has been performed to predict the effect of SNPs on the gene regulation using online tools. Results We have found that genotype frequencies of CYBA gene -930 A/G and 242C/T polymorphism were significantly different between controls and BC patients (p < 0.05). The haplotype combination -930G/242C and -930G/242T were associated with 1.44 & 1.56 folds increased risk for breast cancer respectively. Further, the MDA levels were higher in the patients carrying -930G/242C and -930G/242T haplotype (p < 0.001). Our results have been substantiated by Insilco analysis. Conclusion Results of the present study suggest that GG genotype of -930 A/G polymorphism, -930G/242C and -930G/242T haplotypes of CYBA gene polymorphisms have shown association with higher MDA levels in breast cancer patients, signify that elevated oxidative stress might aid in increased risk for breast cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini A Tupurani
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chiranjeevi Padala
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kaushik Puranam
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh K Galimudi
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Keerthi Kupsal
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nivas Shyamala
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srilatha Gantala
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramanjaneyulu Kummari
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjeeva K Chinta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MNJ Institute of Oncology Regional Cancer Center, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Surekha R Hanumanth
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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12
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Comen EA, Bowman RL, Kleppe M. Underlying Causes and Therapeutic Targeting of the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 29946544 PMCID: PMC6005853 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the link between chronic inflammation and cancer has long been speculated. Only more recently, pre-clinical and epidemiologic data as well as clinical evidence all point to the role of the tumor microenvironment as inextricably connected to the neoplastic process. The tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex mix of vasculature, inflammatory cells, and stromal cells is the essential "soil" helping to modulate tumor potential. Increasingly, evidence suggests that chronic inflammation modifies the tumor microenvironment, via a host of mechanisms, including the production of cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Inflammation can be triggered by a variety of different pressures, such as carcinogen exposure, immune dysfunction, dietary habits, and obesity, as well as genetic alterations leading to oncogene activation or loss of tumor suppressors. In this review, we examine the concept of the tumor microenvironment as related to both extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli that promote chronic inflammation and in turn tumorigenesis. Understanding the common pathways inherent in an inflammatory response and the tumor microenvironment may shed light on new therapies for both primary and metastatic disease. The concept of personalized medicine has pushed the field of oncology to drill down on the genetic changes of a cancer, in the hopes of identifying individually targeted agents. Given the complexities of the tumor microenvironment, it is clear that effective oncologic therapies will necessitate targeting not only the cancer cells, but their dynamic relationship to the tumor microenvironment as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Comen
- Breast Cancer Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert L. Bowman
- Center for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Kleppe
- Center for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Du H, Che G. Genetic alterations and epigenetic alterations of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:3-12. [PMID: 28123515 PMCID: PMC5245074 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one major type of component identified in the tumor microenvironment. Studies have focused on the genetic and epigenetic status of CAFs, since they are critical in tumor progression and differ phenotypically and functionally from normal fibroblasts. The present review summarizes the recent achievements in understanding the gene profiles of CAFs and pays special attention to their possible epigenetic alterations. A total of 7 possible genetic alterations and epigenetic changes in CAFs are discussed, including gene differential expression, karyotype analysis, gene copy number variation, loss of heterozygosis, allelic imbalance, microsatellite instability, post-transcriptional control and DNA methylation. These genetic and epigenetic characteristics are hypothesized to provide a deep understanding of CAFs and a perspective on their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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14
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Chakraborty S, Ghosh S, Banerjee B, Santra A, Adhikary A, Misra AK, Sen PC. Phemindole, a Synthetic Di-indole Derivative Maneuvers the Store Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) to Induce Potent Anti-Carcinogenic Activity in Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:114. [PMID: 27199756 PMCID: PMC4854895 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), is a specific subtype of epithelial breast tumors that are immuno-histochemically negative for the protein expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PR) and lack over expression/gene amplification of HER2. This subtype of breast cancers is highly metastatic, shows poor prognosis and hence represents an important clinical challenge to researchers worldwide. Thus alternative approaches of drug development for TNBC have gained utmost importance in the present times. Dietary indole and its derivatives have gained prominence as anti-cancer agents and new therapeutic approaches are being developed to target them against TNBC. But a major drawback with 3, 3′di Indolyl methane (DIM) is their poor bioavailability and high effective concentration against TNBC. However, the Aryl methyl ring substituted analogs of DIM display interesting anti-cancer activity in breast cancer cells. In the current study we report the synthesis of a novel synthetic aryl methyl ring substituted analog of DIM, named as Phemindole as an effective anti-tumor agent against TNBC cells. Furthermore, we enumerated that Phemindole caused reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in MDAMB-231 cells. Furthermore, Phemindole mediated Store Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) retardation favored inactivation of STIM1 and henceforth activated ER stress to induce apoptosis in TNBC cells. Simultaneously, Phemindole was also found to restrict the in vitro cell migration through its anti mitotic property and pFAK regulation. Studies extended to ex ovo and in vivo mice models further validated the efficacy of Phemindole. Thus our results cumulatively propose Phemindole as a new chemotherapeutic regime which might be effective to target the deadly aspects of the TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abhishek Santra
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute Kolkata, India
| | - Arghya Adhikary
- Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta Kolkata, India
| | - Anup K Misra
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute Kolkata, India
| | - Parimal C Sen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute Kolkata, India
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15
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Bianchi-Frias D, Basom R, Delrow JJ, Coleman IM, Dakhova O, Qu X, Fang M, Franco OE, Ericson NG, Bielas JH, Hayward SW, True L, Morrissey C, Brown L, Bhowmick NA, Rowley D, Ittmann M, Nelson PS. Cells Comprising the Prostate Cancer Microenvironment Lack Recurrent Clonal Somatic Genomic Aberrations. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:374-84. [PMID: 26753621 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostate cancer-associated stroma (CAS) plays an active role in malignant transformation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Molecular analyses of CAS have demonstrated significant changes in gene expression; however, conflicting evidence exists on whether genomic alterations in benign cells comprising the tumor microenvironment (TME) underlie gene expression changes and oncogenic phenotypes. This study evaluates the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA integrity of prostate carcinoma cells, CAS, matched benign epithelium and benign epithelium-associated stroma by whole-genome copy-number analyses, targeted sequencing of TP53, and FISH. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of CAS revealed a copy-neutral diploid genome with only rare and small somatic copy-number aberrations (SCNA). In contrast, several expected recurrent SCNAs were evident in the adjacent prostate carcinoma cells, including gains at 3q, 7p, and 8q, and losses at 8p and 10q. No somatic TP53 mutations were observed in CAS. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from carcinoma cells and stroma identified 23 somatic mtDNA mutations in neoplastic epithelial cells, but only one mutation in stroma. Finally, genomic analyses identified no SCNAs, LOH, or copy-neutral LOH in cultured cancer-associated fibroblasts, which are known to promote prostate cancer progression in vivo IMPLICATIONS The gene expression changes observed in prostate cancer-adjacent stroma and the attendant contribution of the stroma to the development and progression of prostate cancer are not due to frequent or recurrent genomic alterations in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Bianchi-Frias
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey J Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Qu
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Min Fang
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Omar E Franco
- Departments of Urologic Surgery and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nolan G Ericson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jason H Bielas
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Departments of Urologic Surgery and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lawrence True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisha Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Rowley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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16
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Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (or LCM) allows for isolation of cells from specific tissue compartments, which can then be followed by DNA, RNA, and/or protein isolation and downstream characterization. Unlike other methods for cell isolation, LCM can be directed towards cells situated in specific anatomical contexts, and is therefore of significant value when investigating the tumor microenvironment, where localization is often key to function. Here, we present a summary of ways in which LCM can be utilized, as well as protocols for the isolation of tumor and tumor-associated stromal elements from frozen breast cancer samples, with a focus on preparation of samples for RNA characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Bertos
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts are not formed from cancer cells by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in nu/nu mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:463-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Depner S, Lederle W, Gutschalk C, Linde N, Zajonz A, Mueller MM. Cell type specific interleukin-6 induced responses in tumor keratinocytes and stromal fibroblasts are essential for invasive growth. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:551-62. [PMID: 23165423 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the major inflammatory interleukins that has been linked to cancer progression. In our model for human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), IL-6 expression is strongly upregulated upon progression from benign tumors to highly malignant, metastasizing SCCs. We now demonstrate that IL-6 promotes malignant and invasive tumor growth in human skin SCCs by inducing cell type specific cytokine profiles in tumor keratinocytes and stromal fibroblasts, activating the latter towards a tumor associated fibroblast (TAF) phenotype. In three-dimensional organotypic cocultures in vitro invasive growth of IL-6 overexpressing tumor keratinocytes, is associated with increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2, and clearly depends on IL-6 activated fibroblasts. IL-6-induced secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in tumor keratinocytes and of hepatocyte growth factor in fibroblasts is crucial for regulating expression and activation of MMP-2. This functional role of IL-6 is confirmed in vivo. Here MMP-14 and MMP-2 expression occur exclusively in surface transplants of IL-6 overexpressing keratinocytes and fibroblasts are identified as important source of MMP-2. Our data indicate that tumor keratinocytes derived IL-6 activates stromal fibroblasts towards a TAF phenotype, promoting tumor invasion via enhanced expression and activation of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Depner
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69221 Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Panet-Raymond V, Truong PT, Watson PH. Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence after breast-conserving therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:1229-38. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Holliday C, Rummel S, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Ellsworth DL, Ellsworth RE. Genomic instability in the breast microenvironment? A critical evaluation of the evidence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:667-78. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Rivenbark AG, O'Connor SM, Coleman WB. Molecular and cellular heterogeneity in breast cancer: challenges for personalized medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1113-1124. [PMID: 23993780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is noted for disparate clinical behaviors and patient outcomes, despite common histopathological features at diagnosis. Molecular pathogenesis studies suggest that breast cancer is a collection of diseases with variable molecular underpinnings that modulate therapeutic responses, disease-free intervals, and long-term survival. Traditional therapeutic strategies for individual patients are guided by the expression status of the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Although such methods for clinical classification have utility in selection of targeted therapies, short-term patient responses and long-term survival remain difficult to predict. Molecular signatures of breast cancer based on complex gene expression patterns have utility in prediction of long-term patient outcomes, but are not yet used for guiding therapy. Examination of the correspondence between these methods for breast cancer classification reveals a lack of agreement affecting a significant percentage of cases. To realize true personalized breast cancer therapy, a more complete analysis and evaluation of the molecular characteristics of the disease in the individual patient is required, together with an understanding of the contributions of specific genetic and epigenetic alterations (and their combinations) to management of the patient. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of breast cancer, the impact of this heterogeneity on practical breast cancer classification, and the challenges for personalized breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Rivenbark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Translational Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Siobhan M O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Translational Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William B Coleman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Translational Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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22
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide signalling molecules interact with a plethora of effector proteins to regulate cell proliferation and survival, vesicular trafficking, metabolism, actin dynamics and many other cellular functions. The generation of specific phosphoinositide species is achieved by the activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases, which phosphorylate and dephosphorylate, respectively, the inositol headgroup of phosphoinositide molecules. The phosphoinositide phosphatases can be classified as 3-, 4- and 5-phosphatases based on their specificity for dephosphorylating phosphates from specific positions on the inositol head group. The SAC phosphatases show less specificity for the position of the phosphate on the inositol ring. The phosphoinositide phosphatases regulate PI3K/Akt signalling, insulin signalling, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Mouse knockout models of several of the phosphoinositide phosphatases have revealed significant physiological roles for these enzymes, including the regulation of embryonic development, fertility, neurological function, the immune system and insulin sensitivity. Importantly, several phosphoinositide phosphatases have been directly associated with a range of human diseases. Genetic mutations in the 5-phosphatase INPP5E are causative of the ciliopathy syndromes Joubert and MORM, and mutations in the 5-phosphatase OCRL result in Lowe's syndrome and Dent 2 disease. Additionally, polymorphisms in the 5-phosphatase SHIP2 confer diabetes susceptibility in specific populations, whereas reduced protein expression of SHIP1 is reported in several human leukaemias. The 4-phosphatase, INPP4B, has recently been identified as a tumour suppressor in human breast and prostate cancer. Mutations in one SAC phosphatase, SAC3/FIG4, results in the degenerative neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Indeed, an understanding of the precise functions of phosphoinositide phosphatases is not only important in the context of normal human physiology, but to reveal the mechanisms by which these enzyme families are implicated in an increasing repertoire of human diseases.
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Infante T, Cesario E, Gallo M, Fazioli F, De Chiara A, Tutucci C, Apice G, de Nigris F. Ex vivo behaviour of human bone tumor endothelial cells. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:404-17. [PMID: 24216983 PMCID: PMC3730325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperation between endothelial cells and bone in bone remodelling is well established. In contrast, bone microvasculature supporting the growth of primary tumors and metastasis is poorly understood. Several antiangiogenic agents have recently been undergoing trials, although an extensive body of clinical data and experimental research have proved that angiogenic pathways differ in each tumor type and stage. Here, for the first time, we characterize at the molecular and functional level tumor endothelial cells from human bone sarcomas at different stages of disease and with different histotypes. We selected a CD31+ subpopulation from biopsies that displayed the capability to grow as adherent cell lines without vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our findings show the existence in human primary bone sarcomas of highly proliferative endothelial cells expressing CD31, CD44, CD105, CD146 and CD90 markers. These cells are committed to develop capillary-like structures and colony formation units, and to produce nitric oxide. We believe that a better understanding of tumor vasculature could be a valid tool for the design of an efficacious antiangiogenic therapy as adjuvant treatment of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Infante
- SDN-Foundation, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, IRCCS, 80143 Naples, Italy.
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24
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Lee ST, Gong SP, Yum KE, Lee EJ, Lee CH, Choi JH, Kim DY, Han H, Kim KS, Hysolli E, Ahn JY, Park IH, Han JY, Jeong JW, Lim JM. Transformation of somatic cells into stem cell-like cells under a stromal niche. FASEB J 2013; 27:2644-56. [PMID: 23580613 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-223065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To study the genomic plasticity of somatic cells without ectopic genetic manipulation, we cultured mouse fibroblasts with ovarian cells, embryonic fibroblasts of different strains, and parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Of 41 trials, cell aggregation resembling nascent ESC colony from inner cell mass was detected in 9 cases (22%), and 6 cases (67%) yielded fibroblast-derived colonies with ESC morphology. Cells used in coculture provided the critical (P=0.0061) inducing factor for the aggregation. These colony-forming fibroblasts (CFFs) showed similar characteristics to those in ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), including pluripotency gene expression, in vitro differentiation, and teratoma formation. Furthermore, CFFs produced somatic chimera, although none showed germline chimerism. CFFs had a tetraploid-like karyotype, and their imprinting patterns differed from parthenogenetic ESCs, thereby confirming their nongermline transmissibility. We observed dysregulation of cell cycle-related proteins, as well as both homologous and heterologous recombination of genomic single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CFFs. Our observations provide information on somatic cell plasticity, resulting in stemness or tumorigenesis, regardless of colony-forming cell progenitors in the fibroblast population. The plasticity of somatic genomes under environmental influences, as well as acquisition of pluripotency by cell fusion, is also implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Verma M, Khoury MJ, Ioannidis JPA. Opportunities and challenges for selected emerging technologies in cancer epidemiology: mitochondrial, epigenomic, metabolomic, and telomerase profiling. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:189-200. [PMID: 23242141 PMCID: PMC3565041 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in the last decade in new methods for biologic measurements using sophisticated technologies that go beyond the established genome, proteome, and gene expression platforms. These methods and technologies create opportunities to enhance cancer epidemiologic studies. In this article, we describe several emerging technologies and evaluate their potential in epidemiologic studies. We review the background, assays, methods, and challenges and offer examples of the use of mitochondrial DNA and copy number assessments, epigenomic profiling (including methylation, histone modification, miRNAs, and chromatin condensation), metabolite profiling (metabolomics), and telomere measurements. We map the volume of literature referring to each one of these measurement tools and the extent to which efforts have been made at knowledge integration (e.g., systematic reviews and meta-analyses). We also clarify strengths and weaknesses of the existing platforms and the range of type of samples that can be tested with each of them. These measurement tools can be used in identifying at-risk populations and providing novel markers of survival and treatment response. Rigorous analytic and validation standards, transparent availability of massive data, and integration in large-scale evidence are essential in fulfilling the potential of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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ER-activating ability of breast cancer stromal fibroblasts is regulated independently of alteration of TP53 and PTEN tumor suppressor genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:259-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang J, Valianou M, Simmons H, Robinson MK, Lee HO, Mullins SR, Marasco WA, Adams GP, Weiner LM, Cheng JD. Identification of inhibitory scFv antibodies targeting fibroblast activation protein utilizing phage display functional screens. FASEB J 2012; 27:581-9. [PMID: 23104982 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease selectively expressed on tumor stromal fibroblasts in epithelial carcinomas and is important in cancer growth, adhesion, and metastases. As FAP enzymatic activity is a potent therapeutic target, we aimed to identify inhibitory antibodies. Using a competitive inhibition strategy, we used phage display techniques to identify 53 single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) after three rounds of panning against FAP. These scFvs were expressed and characterized for binding to FAP by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. Functional assessment of these antibodies yielded an inhibitory scFv antibody, named E3, which could attenuate 35% of FAP cleavage of the fluorescent substrate Ala-Pro-7-amido-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin compared with nonfunctional scFv control. Furthermore, a mutant E3 scFv was identified by yeast affinity maturation. It had higher affinity (4-fold) and enhanced inhibitory effect on FAP enzyme activity (3-fold) than E3. The application of both inhibitory anti-FAP scFvs significantly affected the formation of 3-dimensional FAP-positive cell matrix, as demonstrated by reducing the fibronectin fiber orientation from 41.18% (negative antibody control) to 34.06% (E3) and 36.15% (mutant E3), respectively. Thus, we have identified and affinity-maturated the first scFv antibody capable of inhibiting FAP function. This scFv antibody has the potential to disrupt the role of FAP in tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
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Hindriksen S, Bijlsma MF. Cancer Stem Cells, EMT, and Developmental Pathway Activation in Pancreatic Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:989-1035. [PMID: 24213498 PMCID: PMC3712732 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a disease with remarkably poor patient survival rates. The frequent presence of metastases and profound chemoresistance pose a severe problem for the treatment of these tumors. Moreover, cross-talk between the tumor and the local micro-environment contributes to tumorigenicity, metastasis and chemoresistance. Compared to bulk tumor cells, cancer stem cells (CSC) have reduced sensitivity to chemotherapy. CSC are tumor cells with stem-like features that possess the ability to self-renew, but can also give rise to more differentiated progeny. CSC can be identified based on increased in vitro spheroid- or colony formation, enhanced in vivo tumor initiating potential, or expression of cell surface markers. Since CSC are thought to be required for the maintenance of a tumor cell population, these cells could possibly serve as a therapeutic target. There appears to be a causal relationship between CSC and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic tumors. The occurrence of EMT in pancreatic cancer cells is often accompanied by re-activation of developmental pathways, such as the Hedgehog, WNT, NOTCH, and Nodal/Activin pathways. Therapeutics based on CSC markers, EMT, developmental pathways, or tumor micro-environment could potentially be used to target pancreatic CSC. This may lead to a reduction of tumor growth, metastatic events, and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Hindriksen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Salem AF, Howell A, Sartini M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Downregulation of stromal BRCA1 drives breast cancer tumor growth via upregulation of HIF-1α, autophagy and ketone body production. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4167-73. [PMID: 23047605 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies have mechanistically demonstrated that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) produce energy-rich metabolites that functionally support the growth of cancer cells. Also, several authors have demonstrated that DNA instability in the tumor stroma greatly contributes to carcinogenesis. To further test this hypothesis, we stably knocked-down BRCA1 expression in human hTERT-immortalized fibroblasts (shBRCA1) using an shRNA lentiviral approach. As expected, shBRCA1 fibroblasts displayed an elevated growth rate. Using immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis, shBRCA1 fibroblasts demonstrated an increase in markers of autophagy and mitophagy. Most notably, shBRCA1 fibroblasts also displayed an elevation of HIF-1α expression. In accordance with these findings, shBRCA1 fibroblasts showed a 5.5-fold increase in ketone body production; ketone bodies function as high-energy mitochondrial fuels. This is consistent with the onset of mitochondrial dysfunction in BRCA1-deficient fibroblasts. Conversely, after 48 h of co-culturing shBRCA1 fibroblasts with a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 cell), mitochondrial activity was enhanced in these epithelial cancer cells. Interestingly, our preclinical studies using xenografts demonstrated that shBRCA1 fibroblasts induced an ~2.2-fold increase in tumor growth when co-injected with MDA-MB-231 cells into nude mice. We conclude that a BRCA1 deficiency in the tumor stroma metabolically promotes cancer progression, via ketone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Salem
- The Jefferson Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Molecular genetic evidence supporting the neoplastic nature of fibrous stroma in testicular teratoma. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1432-8. [PMID: 22684226 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Testicular teratoma typically consists of heterogeneous mixtures of diverse epithelial and stromal components. The biological nature and genetic characteristics of the fibrous stroma of testicular teratomas have not been thoroughly investigated. Chromosome 12p abnormalities are the hallmark genetic alterations of germ cell tumors. We studied chromosome 12p abnormalities in the fibrous stroma and other components of pure testicular teratomas from 32 patients using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Overall, 72% (23/32) of pure testicular teratomas had chromosome 12p abnormalities. Isochromosome 12p or 12p overrepresentation independent of isochromosome 12p was detected in the fibrous stroma in 53% (17/32) and 41% (13/32) of cases, respectively. Among the 17 cases positive for isochromosome 12p, 8 (47%) also had 12p overrepresentation. In 31% (10/32) cases, the fibrous stroma showed neither 12p overrepresentation nor isochromosome 12p. Isochromosome 12p and 12p overrepresentation were identified, respectively, in the gastrointestinal-type epithelium of 14/23 (61%) and 15/23 (65%) cases; in the respiratory-type epithelium of 41% (7/17) and 41% (7/17) cases; in the squamous epithelium of 62% (8/13) and 54% (7/13) cases; and in the cartilage of 63% (5/8) and 38% (3/8) cases. Concordant chromosomal 12p abnormalities were observed between the fibrous stroma and epithelial elements of testicular teratomas. Our results indicate that the fibrous stroma of testicular teratomas frequently has genetic abnormalities similar to those of the epithelial components. Concordant chromosome 12p alterations between the fibrous stroma and epithelial elements provide further evidence that both epithelial and fibrous components of teratoma are derived from a common progenitor.
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Artacho-Cordón A, Artacho-Cordón F, Ríos-Arrabal S, Calvente I, Núñez MI. Tumor microenvironment and breast cancer progression: a complex scenario. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:14-24. [PMID: 22336584 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.1.18869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that the development and progression of a tumor toward the malignant phenotype is highly dependent on interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Different components of the tumor microenvironment may have stimulatory or inhibitory effects on tumor progression by regulating the gene expression repertoire in tumor cells and stromal cells. This review analyzes novel research findings on breast cancer progression, discussing acquisition of the metastatic phenotype in breast disease in relation to different aspects of cross-talk among components of the tumor microenvironment. Knowledge of the interaction of all of these factors would contribute to elucidating the mechanisms that disrupt regulatory/signaling cascades and downstream effects in breast cancer.
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McGuire TF, Sajithlal GB, Lu J, Nicholls RD, Prochownik EV. In vivo evolution of tumor-derived endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37138. [PMID: 22623986 PMCID: PMC3356387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of a malignant tumor beyond a certain, limited size requires that it first develop an independent blood supply. In addition to providing metabolic support, this neovasculature also allows tumor cells to access the systemic circulation, thus facilitating metastatic dissemination. The neovasculature may originate either from normal blood vessels in close physical proximity to the tumor and/or from the recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial cell (EC) precursors. Recent studies have shown that human tumor vasculature ECs may also arise directly from tumor cells themselves and that the two populations have highly similar or identical karyotypes. We now show that, during the course of serial in vivo passage, these tumor-derived ECs (TDECs) progressively acquire more pronounced EC-like properties. These include higher-level expression of EC-specific genes and proteins, a greater capacity for EC-like behavior in vitro, and a markedly enhanced propensity to incorporate into the tumor vasculature. In addition, both vessel density and size are significantly increased in neoplasms derived from mixtures of tumor cells and serially passaged TDECs. A comparison of early- and late-passage TDECs using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism profiling showed the latter cells to have apparently evolved by a process of clonal expansion of a population with a distinct pattern of interstitial chromosomal gains and losses affecting a relatively small number of genes. The majority of these have established roles in vascular development, tumor suppression or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These studies provide direct evidence that TDECs have a strong evolutionary capacity as a result of their inherent genomic instability. Consequently such cells might be capable of escaping anti-angiogenic cancer therapies by generating resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence F. McGuire
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gangadharan B. Sajithlal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jie Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Nicholls
- Birth Defect Laboratories, Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward V. Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ashida S, Orloff MS, Bebek G, Zhang L, Zheng P, Peehl DM, Eng C. Integrated Analysis Reveals Critical Genomic Regions in Prostate Tumor Microenvironment Associated with Clinicopathologic Phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1578-87. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bebek G, Orloff M, Eng C. Microenvironmental genomic alterations reveal signaling networks for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Bioinforma 2011; 1:21. [PMID: 21884569 PMCID: PMC3170587 DOI: 10.1186/2043-9113-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive cancer with low survival rates. Loss-of-heterozygosity/allelic imbalance (LOH/AI) analysis has been widely used to identify genomic alterations in solid tumors and the tumor microenvironment (stroma). We hypothesize that these identified alterations can point to signaling networks functioning in HNSCC epithelial-tumor and surrounding stroma (tumor microenvironment). Results Under the assumption that genes in proximity to identified LOH/AI regions are correlated with the tumorigenic phenotype, we mined publicly available biological information to identify pathway segments (signaling proteins connected to each other in a network) and identify the role of tumor microenvironment in HNSCC. Across both neoplastic epithelial cells and the surrounding stromal cells, genetic alterations in HNSCC were successfully identified, and 75 markers were observed to have significantly different LOH/AI frequencies in these compartments (p < 0.026). We applied a network identification approach to the genes in proximity to these 75 markers in cancer epithelium and stroma in order to identify biological networks that can describe functional associations amongst these marker-associated genes. Conclusions We verified the involvement of T-cell receptor signaling pathways in HNSCC as well as associated oncogenes such as LCK and PLCB1, and tumor suppressors such as STAT5A, PTPN6, PARK2. We identified expression levels of genes within significant LOH/AI regions specific to stroma networks that correlate with better outcome in radiation therapy. By integrating various levels of high-throughput data, we were able to precisely focus on specific proteins and genes that are germane to HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkan Bebek
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50 Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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35
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Skandalis SS, Labropoulou VT, Ravazoula P, Likaki-Karatza E, Dobra K, Kalofonos HP, Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD. Versican but not decorin accumulation is related to malignancy in mammographically detected high density and malignant-appearing microcalcifications in non-palpable breast carcinomas. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:314. [PMID: 21791066 PMCID: PMC3199864 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammographic density (MD) and malignant-appearing microcalcifications (MAMCs) represent the earliest mammographic findings of non-palpable breast carcinomas. Matrix proteoglycans versican and decorin are frequently over-expressed in various malignancies and are differently involved in the progression of cancer. In the present study, we have evaluated the expression of versican and decorin in non-palpable breast carcinomas and their association with high risk mammographic findings and tumor characteristics. Methods Three hundred and ten patients with non-palpable suspicious breast lesions, detected during screening mammography, were studied. Histological examination was carried out and the expression of decorin, versican, estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR) and c-erbB2 (HER-2/neu) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Histological examination showed 83 out of 310 (26.8%) carcinomas of various subtypes. Immunohistochemistry was carried out in 62/83 carcinomas. Decorin was accumulated in breast tissues with MD and MAMCs independently of the presence of malignancy. In contrast, versican was significantly increased only in carcinomas with MAMCs (median ± SE: 42.0 ± 9.1) and MD (22.5 ± 10.1) as compared to normal breast tissue with MAMCs (14.0 ± 5.8), MD (11.0 ± 4.4) and normal breast tissue without mammographic findings (10.0 ± 2.0). Elevated levels of versican were correlated with higher tumor grade and invasiveness in carcinomas with MD and MAMCs, whereas increased amounts of decorin were associated with in situ carcinomas in MAMCs. Stromal deposition of both proteoglycans was related to higher expression of ERα and PR in tumor cells only in MAMCs. Conclusions The specific accumulation of versican in breast tissue with high MD and MAMCs only in the presence of malignant transformation and its association with the aggressiveness of the tumor suggests its possible use as molecular marker in non-palpable breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
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Baloglu H, Yigit N. Stromal cells do not share KRAS mutations that the epithelial component harbors in colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2011; 308:118-21. [PMID: 21624768 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia and stroma are the main components of carcinomas that have impact on carcinogenesis. Many of the genetic changes harboring in the epithelia may possibly be seen in stromal cells during neoplastic transformation. We intended to investigate weather KRAS mutations are shared by the stromal cells in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Forty cases with KRAS mutation were studied. Glandular/epithelial and the stromal components of each primary tumor were collected and KRAS mutation analysis was performed. None of the cases revealed KRAS mutations in stromal integral. We concluded that stromal cells in colorectal carcinoma do not share KRAS mutations that the epithelial component harbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Baloglu
- GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Pathology, Turkey.
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Takahashi Y, Kuwabara H, Yoneda M, Isogai Z, Tanigawa N, Shibayama Y. Versican G1 and G3 domains are upregulated and latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein-4 is downregulated in breast cancer stroma. Breast Cancer 2011; 19:46-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-011-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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38
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Estrogen receptor-alpha promoter methylation in sporadic basal-like breast cancer of Chinese women. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:713-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Wallace JA, Li F, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. Pten in the breast tumor microenvironment: modeling tumor-stroma coevolution. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1203-7. [PMID: 21303970 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid human tumors and their surrounding microenvironment are hypothesized to coevolve in a manner that promotes tumor growth, invasiveness, and spread. Mouse models of cancer have focused on genetic changes in the epithelial tumor cells and therefore have not robustly tested this hypothesis. We have recently developed a murine breast cancer model that ablates the PTEN tumor suppressor pathway in stromal fibroblasts. Remarkably, the model resembles human breast tumors both at morphologic and molecular levels. We propose that such models reflect subtypes of tumor-stromal coevolution relevant to human breast cancer, and will therefore be useful in defining the mechanisms that underpin tumor-stroma cross-talk. Additionally, these models should also aid in molecularly classifying human breast tumors on the basis of both the microenvironment subtypes they contain as well as on the tumor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wallace
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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40
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Kekeeva TV, Popova OP, Shegai PV, Zavalishina LE, Andreeva YY, Zaletaev DV, Nemtsova MV. Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in tumor-associated stromal cells and tumor epithelium of prostate cancer. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Campbell I, Qiu W, Haviv I. Genetic changes in tumour microenvironments. J Pathol 2011; 223:450-8. [PMID: 21294119 DOI: 10.1002/path.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have established that carcinoma-associated fibroblasts differ phenotypically from fibroblasts associated with normal tissue but the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. Since carcinoma-associated fibroblasts can be propagated in vitro for extended periods and still maintain their cancer-promoting phenotype, some investigators have proposed that they might have acquired somatic genetic alterations analogous to those observed in malignant epithelium. Early molecular genetic studies appeared to validate this hypothesis by demonstrating remarkably high frequencies of clonal somatic genetic alterations in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, including loss of heterozygosity, gene amplification, and point mutations in tumour suppressor genes such as TP53 and PTEN. The initial excitement of these paradigm-changing studies overshadowed concerns that there may have been a more mundane explanation for these observations. In addition to the fact that the data would necessarily invoke an unlikely scenario of the simultaneous generation of two symbiotic malignancies, subsequent molecular genetic studies found no evidence of frequent genomic aberrations. One striking common trait of those studies reporting frequent clonal somatic alterations in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts is the use of tissues and techniques which are well known to be highly prone to generating artefacts such as limiting and poor quality DNA followed by highly multiplexed PCR-based analyses. It is now clear that clonal somatic mutations are not the biological basis of the cancer-promoting attributes of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Campbell
- VBCRC Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sajithlal GB, McGuire TF, Lu J, Beer-Stolz D, Prochownik EV. Endothelial-like cells derived directly from human tumor xenografts. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2268-78. [PMID: 20162569 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) harboring various genomic abnormalities have been described in human cancers although their origins remain obscure. We generated 4 human cancer cell lines tagged with multiple markers, grew them as xenografts, and characterized their TAECs. Depending on their tumor of origin, 5-40% of TAECs reproducibly expressed all tags. Tagged TAECs (tTAECS) were morphologically, immunologically and functionally similar, although not identical, to normal endothelial cells (ECs) and contained only human chromosomes. tTAECs underwent a senescent-like proliferative arrest after several in vitro passages, but could be immortalized by telomerase, thus allowing us to show that the retention of the EC phenotype was of long-term duration. In contrast, nonimmortalized tTAECs could be propagated in vivo where they incorporated into the tumor neo-vasculature. Although consistent with previous reports that some tumor cells may undergo "vasculogenic mimicry" (VM), the tumor-derived endothelial-like cells described here appear distinctly different. Moreover, their properties and behaviors are more durable than expected for cells undergoing VM, are not the result of fusions between ECs and tumor cells, and are cell autonomous. These findings could have significant implications for therapies that target tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadharan B Sajithlal
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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Allen M, Louise Jones J. Jekyll and Hyde: the role of the microenvironment on the progression of cancer. J Pathol 2010; 223:162-76. [PMID: 21125673 DOI: 10.1002/path.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the host microenvironment undergoes extensive change during the evolution and progression of cancer. This involves the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which, through release of growth factors and cytokines, lead to enhanced angiogenesis, increased tumour growth and invasion. It has also been demonstrated that CAFs may modulate the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, which has therapeutic implications. The altered fibroblast phenotype also contributes to the development of an altered extracellular matrix (ECM), with synthesis of ECM isoforms rarely found in normal tissues, including tenascin-C isoforms and the fibronectin EDA isoform. There is also emerging evidence of how the tensile strength of the tumour-associated ECM may be modified and lead to altered signalling in tumour cells. The hypoxic environment of the tumour stimulates angiogenesis and also impacts on other aspects of cell signalling, including the c-met pathway and lysyl oxidase-mediated signalling, which can directly promote tumour cell invasion. The inflammatory infiltrate associated with many solid tumours also modulates tumour function, having both anti- and pro-tumour effects. All of these components of the microenvironment provide potential targets for therapeutic attack, with a number of molecules already in clinical trials. It is also becoming evident that characterizing the tumour microenvironment can provide important prognostic and predictive information about tumours, independent of the tumour cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Allen
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Gilbert PM, Mouw JK, Unger MA, Lakins JN, Gbegnon MK, Clemmer VB, Benezra M, Licht JD, Boudreau NJ, Tsai KKC, Welm AL, Feldman MD, Weber BL, Weaver VM. HOXA9 regulates BRCA1 expression to modulate human breast tumor phenotype. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1535-50. [PMID: 20389018 DOI: 10.1172/jci39534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1) expression is often reduced in sporadic breast tumors, even in the absence of BRCA1 genetic modifications, but the molecular basis for this is unknown. In this study, we identified homeobox A9 (HOXA9) as a gene frequently downregulated in human breast cancers and tumor cell lines and noted that reduced HOXA9 transcript levels associated with tumor aggression, metastasis, and patient mortality. Experiments revealed that loss of HOXA9 promoted mammary epithelial cell growth and survival and perturbed tissue morphogenesis. Restoring HOXA9 expression repressed growth and survival and inhibited the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells in culture and in a xenograft mouse model. Molecular studies showed that HOXA9 restricted breast tumor behavior by directly modulating the expression of BRCA1. Indeed, ectopic expression of wild-type BRCA1 phenocopied the tumor suppressor function of HOXA9, and reducing BRCA1 levels or function inhibited the antitumor activity of HOXA9. Consistently, HOXA9 expression correlated with BRCA1 in clinical specimens and with tumor aggression in patients lacking estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor expression in their breast tissue. These findings indicate that HOXA9 restricts breast tumor aggression by modulating expression of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1, which we believe provides an explanation for the loss of BRCA1 expression in sporadic breast tumors in the absence of BRCA1 genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penney M Gilbert
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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45
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Michels KB. The promises and challenges of epigenetic epidemiology. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:297-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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LaCerte C, Xie H, Aboueissa AM, Wise JP. Particulate depleted uranium is cytotoxic and clastogenic to human lung epithelial cells. Mutat Res 2010; 697:33-7. [PMID: 20172046 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) is commonly used in military applications and consequently exposure to soldiers and non-combatants is potentially frequent and widespread. DU is suspected to be a carcinogen, potentially affecting the bronchial cells of the lung. Few studies have considered DU in human bronchial cells. Accordingly, we determined the cytotoxicity and clastogenicity of particulate DU in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEP2D cells). DU-induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cells, and was not clastogenic after 24h but induced chromosomal aberrations after 48h. These data indicate that if DU is a human bronchial carcinogen, it is likely acting through a mechanism that involves DNA breaks after longer exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne LaCerte
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., PO Box 9300, Portland
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47
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Xing F, Saidou J, Watabe K. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor microenvironment. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2010; 15:166-79. [PMID: 20036813 DOI: 10.2741/3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is one of the most crucial components of the tumor microenvironment which promotes the growth and invasion of cancer cells by various mechanisms. CAFs demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity due to their various origins; however, many distinct morphological features and physiological functions of CAFs have been identified. It is becoming clear that the crosstalk between the cancer cells and the CAFs plays a key role in the progression of cancer, and understanding this mutual relationship would eventually enable us to treat cancer patients by targeting CAFs. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings on the role of CAFs in tumorigenesis and metastasis as well as potential therapeutic implication of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, 751 N Rutledge St. PO Box 19626, Springfield, IL 627794-9626, USA
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48
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Genetic Alterations in Normal and Malignant Breast Tissue. Breast Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-314-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Preinvasive breast cancer accounts for approximately one-third of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases in the United States and constitutes a spectrum of neoplastic lesions with varying degrees of differentiation and clinical behavior. High-throughput genetic, epigenetic, and gene-expression analyses have enhanced our understanding of the relationship of these early neoplastic lesions to normal breast tissue, and they strongly suggest that preinvasive breast cancer develops and evolves along two distinct molecular genetic and biological pathways that correlate with tumor grade. Although unique epigenetic and gene-expression changes are not observed in the tumor epithelial compartment during the transition from preinvasive to invasive disease, distinct molecular alterations are observed in the tumor-stromal and myoepithelial cells. This suggests that the stromal and myoepithelial microenvironment of preinvasive breast cancer actively participates in the transition from preinvasive to invasive disease. An improved understanding of the transition from preinvasive to invasive breast cancer will pave the way for novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Sgroi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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50
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Rozenchan PB, Carraro DM, Brentani H, de Carvalho Mota LD, Bastos EP, e Ferreira EN, Torres CH, Katayama MLH, Roela RA, Lyra EC, Soares FA, Folgueira MAAK, Góes JCGS, Brentani MM. Reciprocal changes in gene expression profiles of cocultured breast epithelial cells and primary fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2767-77. [PMID: 19530251 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of epithelial-stroma interaction in normal breast development and tumor progression has been recognized. To identify genes that were regulated by these reciprocal interactions, we cocultured a nonmalignant (MCF10A) and a breast cancer derived (MDA-MB231) basal cell lines, with fibroblasts isolated from breast benign-disease adjacent tissues (NAF) or with carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF), in a transwell system. Gene expression profiles of each coculture pair were compared with the correspondent monocultures, using a customized microarray. Contrariwise to large alterations in epithelial cells genomic profiles, fibroblasts were less affected. In MDA-MB231 highly represented genes downregulated by CAF derived factors coded for proteins important for the specificity of vectorial transport between ER and golgi, possibly affecting cell polarity whereas the response of MCF10A comprised an induction of genes coding for stress responsive proteins, representing a prosurvival effect. While NAF downregulated genes encoding proteins associated to glycolipid and fatty acid biosynthesis in MDA-MB231, potentially affecting membrane biogenesis, in MCF10A, genes critical for growth control and adhesion were altered. NAFs responded to coculture with MDA-MB231 by a decrease in the expression of genes induced by TGFbeta1 and associated to motility. However, there was little change in NAFs gene expression profile influenced by MCF10A. CAFs responded to the presence of both epithelial cells inducing genes implicated in cell proliferation. Our data indicate that interactions between breast fibroblasts and basal epithelial cells resulted in alterations in the genomic profiles of both cell types which may help to clarify some aspects of this heterotypic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bortman Rozenchan
- Disciplina de Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Sala 4112, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-903, Brazil
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