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Muresanu C, Somasundaram SG, Neganova ME, Bovina EV, Vissarionov SV, Ofodile ONFC, Fisenko VP, Bragin V, Minyaeva NN, Chubarev VN, Klochkov SG, Tarasov VV, Mikhaleva LM, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. Updated Understanding of the Degenerative Disc Diseases - Causes Versus Effects - Treatments, Studies and Hypothesis. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:464-477. [PMID: 33093808 PMCID: PMC7536794 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200407082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this review we survey medical treatments and research strategies, and we discuss why they have failed to cure degenerative disc diseases or even slow down the degenerative process. Objective We seek to stimulate discussion with respect to changing the medical paradigm associated with treatments and research applied to degenerative disc diseases. Method Proposal We summarize a Biological Transformation therapy for curing chronic inflammations and degenerative disc diseases, as was previously described in the book Biological Transformations controlled by the Mind Volume 1. Preliminary Studies A single-patient case study is presented that documents complete recovery from an advanced lumbar bilateral discopathy and long-term hypertrophic chronic rhinitis by application of the method proposed. Conclusion Biological transformations controlled by the mind can be applied by men and women in order to improve their quality of life and cure degenerative disc diseases and chronic inflammations illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Muresanu
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Siva G Somasundaram
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Elena V Bovina
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Sergey V Vissarionov
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Okom N F C Ofodile
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Vladimir P Fisenko
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Valentin Bragin
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Nina N Minyaeva
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Cecil E Kirkland
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- 1Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA; 3Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; 4Department of Spinal Pathology and Neurosurgery, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Street Parkovskya 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196603, Russia; 5Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charite, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, AG: Theuring, Hessische Strasse 2-4, D-10115Berlin, Germany, 6Obie-Medical Corporate International LTD., Academic Section, 28 Oranye Street (American Quarters), Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria; 7I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; 8Stress Relief and Memory Training Center, 3101 Ocean Pkwy, Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; 9National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia; 10Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russia; 11GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
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Oh M, Kim SA, Yoo HJ. Higher Lactate Level and Lactate-to-Pyruvate Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:314-322. [PMID: 32921643 PMCID: PMC7492845 DOI: 10.5607/en20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, previous studies of biomarkers associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD have revealed inconsistent results. The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical markers associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in subjects with ASD and their unaffected family members. Lactate and pyruvate levels, as well as the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, were examined in the peripheral blood of probands with ASD (Affected Group, AG) and their unaffected family members (biological parents and unaffected siblings, Unaffected Group, UG). Lactate ≥22 mg/dl, pyruvate ≥1.4 mg/dl, and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio >25 were defined as abnormal. The clinical variables were compared between subjects with higher (>25) and lower (≤25) lactate-to-pyruvate ratios within the AG. The AG (n=59) had a significantly higher lactate and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio than the UG (n=136). The frequency of subjects with abnormally high lactate levels and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was significantly higher in the AG (lactate 31.0% vs. 9.5%, ratio 25.9% vs. 7.3%, p<0.01). The relationship between lactate level and the repetitive behavior domain of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised was statistically significant. These results suggest that biochemical markers related to mitochondrial dysfunction, especially higher lactate levels and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, might be associated with the pathophysiology of ASD. Further larger studies using unrelated individuals are needed to control for the possible effects of age and sex on chemical biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miae Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Soon Ae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejon 34824, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Balsa E, Soustek MS, Thomas A, Cogliati S, García-Poyatos C, Martín-García E, Jedrychowski M, Gygi SP, Enriquez JA, Puigserver P. ER and Nutrient Stress Promote Assembly of Respiratory Chain Supercomplexes through the PERK-eIF2α Axis. Mol Cell 2019; 74:877-890.e6. [PMID: 31023583 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response are energetically challenging under nutrient stress conditions. However, the regulatory mechanisms that control the energetic demand under nutrient and ER stress are largely unknown. Here we show that ER stress and glucose deprivation stimulate mitochondrial bioenergetics and formation of respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) through protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK). Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of PERK suppresses nutrient and ER stress-mediated increases in SC levels and reduces oxidative phosphorylation-dependent ATP production. Conversely, PERK activation augments respiratory SCs. The PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 axis increases supercomplex assembly factor 1 (SCAF1 or COX7A2L), promoting SCs and enhanced mitochondrial respiration. PERK activation is sufficient to rescue bioenergetic defects caused by complex I missense mutations derived from mitochondrial disease patients. These studies have identified an energetic communication between ER and mitochondria, with implications in cell survival and diseases associated with mitochondrial failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Balsa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghan S Soustek
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ajith Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Cogliati
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Martín-García
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Jedrychowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steve P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - José Antonio Enriquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIBERFES, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Dobler R, Dowling DK, Morrow EH, Reinhardt K. A systematic review and meta-analysis reveals pervasive effects of germline mitochondrial replacement on components of health. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 24:519-534. [PMID: 29757366 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial replacement, a form of nuclear transfer, has been proposed as a germline therapy to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial replacement therapy has been licensed for clinical application in the UK, and already carried out in other countries, but little is known about negative or unintended effects on the health of offspring born using this technique. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Studies in invertebrate models have used techniques that achieve mitochondrial replacement to create offspring with novel combinations of mitochondrial and nuclear genotype. These have demonstrated that the creation of novel mitochondrial-nuclear interactions can lead to alterations in offspring characteristics, such as development rates, fertility and longevity. However, it is currently unclear whether such interactions could similarly affect the outcomes of vertebrate biomedical studies, which have sought to assess the efficacy of the replacement therapy. SEARCH METHODS This systematic review addresses whether the effects of mitochondrial replacement on offspring characteristics differ in magnitude between biological (conducted on invertebrate models, with an ecological or evolutionary focus) and biomedical studies (conducted on vertebrate models, with a clinical focus). Studies were selected based on a key-word search in 'Web of Science', complemented by backward searches of reviews on the topic of mitochondrial-nuclear (mito-nuclear) interactions. In total, 43 of the resulting 116 publications identified in the search contained reliable data to estimate effect sizes of mitochondrial replacement. We found no evidence of publication bias when examining effect-size estimates across sample sizes. OUTCOMES Mitochondrial replacement consistently altered the phenotype, with significant effects at several levels of organismal performance and health, including gene expression, anatomy, metabolism and life-history. Biomedical and biological studies, while differing in the methods used to achieve mitochondrial replacement, showed only marginally significant differences in effect-size estimates (-0.233 [CI: -0.495 to -0.011]), with larger effect-size estimates in biomedical studies (0.697 [CI: 0.450-0.956]) than biological studies (0.462 [CI: 0.287-0.688]). Humans showed stronger effects than other species. Effects of mitochondrial replacement were also stronger in species with a higher basal metabolic rate. Based on our results, we conducted the first formal risk analysis of mitochondrial replacement, and conservatively estimate negative effects in at least one in every 130 resulting offspring born to the therapy. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that mitochondrial replacement may routinely affect offspring characteristics across a wide array of animal species, and that such effects are likely to extend to humans. Studies in invertebrate models have confirmed mito-nuclear interactions as the underpinning cause of organismal effects following mitochondrial replacement. This therefore suggests that mito-nuclear interactions are also likely to be contributing to effects seen in biomedical studies, on vertebrate models, whose effect sizes exceeded those of biological studies. Our results advocate the use of safeguards that could offset any negative effects (defining any unintended effect as being negative) mediated by mito-nuclear interactions following mitochondrial replacement in humans, such as mitochondrial genetic matching between donor and recipient. Our results also suggest that further research into the molecular nature of mito-nuclear interactions would be beneficial in refining the clinical application of mitochondrial replacement, and in establishing what degree of variation between donor and patient mitochondrial DNA haplotypes is acceptable to ensure 'haplotype matching'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Dobler
- Applied Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden, Germany
| | - Damian K Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Edward H Morrow
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Applied Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Tranah GJ, Maglione JE, Yaffe K, Katzman SM, Manini TM, Kritchevsky S, Newman AB, Harris TB, Cummings SR. Mitochondrial DNA m.13514G>A heteroplasmy is associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:1319-1326. [PMID: 29984425 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy is a mixture of normal and mutated mtDNA molecules in a cell. High levels of heteroplasmy at several mtDNA sites in complex I lead to inherited neurological neurologic diseases and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. Here, we test the hypothesis that mtDNA heteroplasmy at these complex I sites is associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly. METHODS We examined platelet mtDNA heteroplasmy for associations with depressive symptoms among 137 participants over age 70 from the community-based Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-point version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10). Complete mtDNA sequencing was performed and heteroplasmy derived for 5 mtDNA sites associated with neurologic mitochondrial diseases and tested for associations with depressive symptoms. RESULTS Of 5 candidate complex I mtDNA mutations examined for effects on depressive symptoms, increased heteroplasmy at m.13514A>G, ND5, was significantly associated with higher CES-D score (P = .01). A statistically significant interaction between m.13514A > G heteroplasmy and sex was detected (P = .04); in sex-stratified analyses, the impact of m.13514A>G heteroplasmy was stronger in male (P = .003) than in female (P = .98) participants. Men in highest tertile of mtDNA heteroplasmy exhibited significantly higher (P = .0001) mean ± SE CES-D 10 scores, 5.37 ± 0.58, when compared with those in the middle, 2.13 ± 0.52, and lowest tertiles, 2.47 ± 0.58. No associations between the 4 other candidate sites and depressive symptoms were observed. CONCLUSIONS Increased mtDNA heteroplasmy at m.13514A>G is associated with depressive symptoms in older men. Heteroplasmy may represent a novel biological risk factor for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne E Maglione
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- University of California, San Francisco, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Todd M Manini
- University of Florida, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Sticht Center on Aging, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Tranah GJ, Katzman SM, Lauterjung K, Yaffe K, Manini TM, Kritchevsky S, Newman AB, Harris TB, Cummings SR. Mitochondrial DNA m.3243A > G heteroplasmy affects multiple aging phenotypes and risk of mortality. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11887. [PMID: 30089816 PMCID: PMC6082898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria contain many copies of a circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), which has been observed as a mixture of normal and mutated states known as heteroplasmy. Elevated heteroplasmy at a single mtDNA site, m.3243A > G, leads to neurologic, sensory, movement, metabolic, and cardiopulmonary impairments. We measured leukocyte mtDNA m.3243A > G heteroplasmy in 789 elderly men and women from the bi-racial, population-based Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study to identify associations with age-related functioning and mortality. Mutation burden for the m.3243A > G ranged from 0–19% and elevated heteroplasmy was associated with reduced strength, cognitive, metabolic, and cardiovascular functioning. Risk of all-cause, dementia and stroke mortality was significantly elevated for participants in the highest tertiles of m.3243A > G heteroplasmy. These results indicate that the accumulation of a rare genetic disease mutation, m.3243A > G, manifests as several aging outcomes and that some diseases of aging may be attributed to the accumulation of mtDNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
| | | | - Kevin Lauterjung
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Todd M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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7
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Sampson VB, Vetter NS, Zhang W, Patil PU, Mason RW, George E, Gorlick R, Kolb EA. Integrating mechanisms of response and resistance against the tubulin binding agent Eribulin in preclinical models of osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86594-86607. [PMID: 27863409 PMCID: PMC5349938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequently occurring bone cancer in children and adolescents. Unfortunately, treatment failures are common. Eribulin is a synthetic microtubule inhibitor that has demonstrated activity in preclinical osteosarcoma models. The effects of eribulin were evaluated in two human osteosarcoma cell lines as well as in eribulin-sensitive and -resistant osteosarcoma xenograft tumors of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) by characterizing cell viability, microtubule destabilization, mitotic arrest and mechanism of cell death. Eribulin demonstrated cytotoxic activity in vitro, through promotion of microtubule dynamic instability, arrest of cells in the G2/M phase, mitotic catastrophe and cell death. The microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin-1 (STMN1) was coimmunoprecipitated with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 indicating that these cytoplasmic complexes can protect cells from the microtubule destabilizing effect of eribulin. Increased tumoral expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and TUBB3 were also associated with lower drug sensitivity. In summary, eribulin successfully blocked cells in G2/M phase but interfered with mitochondria activity to inhibit proteins involved in apoptosis. Understanding the complex and inter-related mechanisms involved in the overall drug response to eribulin may help in the design of therapeutic strategies that enhance drug activity and improve benefits of eribulin in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Sampson
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Nancy S Vetter
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics - Hematology and Oncology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pratima U Patil
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Erika George
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Department of Pediatrics - Hematology and Oncology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Edward A Kolb
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
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8
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Gammage PA, Minczuk M. Enhanced Manipulation of Human Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy In Vitro Using Tunable mtZFN Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1867:43-56. [PMID: 30155814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8799-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a platform capable of mtDNA heteroplasmy manipulation, mitochondrially targeted zinc-finger nuclease (mtZFN) technology holds significant potential for the future of mitochondrial genome engineering, in both laboratory and clinic. Recent work highlights the importance of finely controlled mtZFN levels in mitochondria, permitting far greater mtDNA heteroplasmy modification efficiencies than observed in early applications. An initial approach, differential fluorescence-activated cell sorting (dFACS), allowing selection of transfected cells expressing various levels of mtZFN, demonstrated improved heteroplasmy modification. A further, key optimization has been the use of an engineered hammerhead ribozyme as a means for dynamic regulation of mtZFN expression, which has allowed the development of a unique isogenic cellular model of mitochondrial dysfunction arising from mutations in mtDNA, known as mTUNE. Protocols detailing these transformative optimizations are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam A Gammage
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michal Minczuk
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Mitochondrial DNA density homeostasis accounts for a threshold effect in a cybrid model of a human mitochondrial disease. Biochem J 2017; 474:4019-4034. [PMID: 29079678 PMCID: PMC5705840 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in a wide array of devastating diseases, but the heterogeneity and complexity of the symptoms of these diseases challenges theoretical understanding of their causation. With the explosion of omics data, we have the unprecedented opportunity to gain deep understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction. This goal raises the outstanding need to make these complex datasets interpretable. Quantitative modelling allows us to translate such datasets into intuition and suggest rational biomedical treatments. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, we use a recently published large-scale dataset and develop a descriptive and predictive mathematical model of progressive increase in mutant load of the MELAS 3243A>G mtDNA mutation. The experimentally observed behaviour is surprisingly rich, but we find that our simple, biophysically motivated model intuitively accounts for this heterogeneity and yields a wealth of biological predictions. Our findings suggest that cells attempt to maintain wild-type mtDNA density through cell volume reduction, and thus power demand reduction, until a minimum cell volume is reached. Thereafter, cells toggle from demand reduction to supply increase, up-regulating energy production pathways. Our analysis provides further evidence for the physiological significance of mtDNA density and emphasizes the need for performing single-cell volume measurements jointly with mtDNA quantification. We propose novel experiments to verify the hypotheses made here to further develop our understanding of the threshold effect and connect with rational choices for mtDNA disease therapies.
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10
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Morrow EH, Camus MF. Mitonuclear epistasis and mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrion 2017; 35:119-122. [PMID: 28603048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Morrow
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
| | - M Florencia Camus
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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11
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Human mitochondrial ribosomes can switch their structural RNA composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12198-12201. [PMID: 27729525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609338113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent developments in cryo-EM have revolutionized our access to previously refractory structures. In particular, such studies of mammalian mitoribosomes have confirmed the absence of any 5S rRNA species and revealed the unexpected presence of a mitochondrially encoded tRNA (mt-tRNA) that usurps this position. Although the cryo-EM structures resolved the conundrum of whether mammalian mitoribosomes contain a 5S rRNA, they introduced a new dilemma: Why do human and porcine mitoribosomes integrate contrasting mt-tRNAs? Human mitoribosomes have been shown to integrate mt-tRNAVal compared with the porcine use of mt-tRNAPhe We have explored this observation further. Our studies examine whether a range of mt-tRNAs are used by different mammals, or whether the mt-tRNA selection is strictly limited to only these two species of the 22 tRNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA); whether there is tissue-specific variation within a single organism; and what happens to the human mitoribosome when levels of the mt-tRNAVal are depleted. Our data demonstrate that only mt-tRNAVal or mt-tRNAPhe are found in the mitoribosomes of five different mammals, each mammal favors the same mt-tRNA in all tissue types, and strikingly, when steady-state levels of mt-tRNAVal are reduced, human mitoribosome biogenesis displays an adaptive response by switching to the incorporation of mt-tRNAPhe to generate translationally competent machinery.
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12
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Abstract
The molecular basis of migraine is still not completely understood. An impairment of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism might play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease, by influencing neuronal information processing. Biochemical assays of platelets and muscle biopsies performed in migraine sufferers have shown a decreased activity of the respiratory chain enzymes. Studies with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) have demonstrated an impairment of the brain oxidative energy metabolism both during and between migraine attacks. However, molecular genetic studies have not detected specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in patients with migraine, although other studies suggest that particular genetic markers (i.e. neutral polymorphisms or secondary mtDNA mutations) might be present in some migraine sufferers. Further studies are still needed to clarify if migraine is associated with unidentified mutations on the mtDNA or on nuclear genes that code mitochondrial proteins. In this paper, we review morphological, biochemical, imaging and genetic studies which bear on the hypothesis that migraine may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction at least in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sparaco
- Department of Neurology and Headache Centre, Hospital G. Rummo Benevento, Benevento, Italy.
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13
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Enhanced tumorigenicity by mitochondrial DNA mild mutations. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13628-43. [PMID: 25909222 PMCID: PMC4537038 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how mitochondria are involved in malignant transformation we have generated a collection of transmitochondrial cybrid cell lines on the same nuclear background (143B) but with mutant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants with different degrees of pathogenicity. These include the severe mutation in the tRNALys gene, m.8363G>A, and the three milder yet prevalent Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) mutations in the MT-ND1 (m.3460G>A), MT-ND4 (m.11778G>A) and MT-ND6 (m.14484T>C) mitochondrial genes. We found that 143B ρ0 cells devoid of mtDNA and cybrids harboring wild type mtDNA or that causing severe mitochondrial dysfunction do not produce tumors when injected in nude mice. By contrast cybrids containing mild mutant mtDNAs exhibit different tumorigenic capacities, depending on OXPHOS dysfunction. The differences in tumorigenicity correlate with an enhanced resistance to apoptosis and high levels of NOX expression. However, the final capacity of the different cybrid cell lines to generate tumors is most likely a consequence of a complex array of pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic factors associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results demonstrate the essential role of mtDNA in tumorigenesis and explain the numerous and varied mtDNA mutations found in human tumors, most of which give rise to mild mitochondrial dysfunction.
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14
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Johnson J, Lee W, Frazier AE, Vaghjiani V, Laskowski A, Rodriguez AL, Cagnone GL, McKenzie M, White SJ, Nisbet DR, Thorburn DR, St. John JC. Deletion of the Complex I Subunit NDUFS4 Adversely Modulates Cellular Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:239-50. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Johnson
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - William Lee
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vijesh Vaghjiani
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adrienne Laskowski
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Gael L. Cagnone
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Matthew McKenzie
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stefan J. White
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin C. St. John
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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15
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Cruz-Bermúdez A, Vicente-Blanco RJ, Hernández-Sierra R, Montero M, Alvarez J, González Manrique M, Blázquez A, Martín MA, Ayuso C, Garesse R, Fernández-Moreno MA. Functional Characterization of Three Concomitant MtDNA LHON Mutations Shows No Synergistic Effect on Mitochondrial Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146816. [PMID: 26784702 PMCID: PMC4718627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of more than one non-severe pathogenic mutation in the same mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule is very rare. Moreover, it is unclear whether their co-occurrence results in an additive impact on mitochondrial function relative to single mutation effects. Here we describe the first example of a mtDNA molecule harboring three Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)-associated mutations (m.11778G>A, m.14484T>C, m.11253T>C) and the analysis of its genetic, biochemical and molecular characterization in transmitochondrial cells (cybrids). Extensive characterization of cybrid cell lines harboring either the 3 mutations or the single classic m.11778G>A and m.14484T>C mutations revealed no differences in mitochondrial function, demonstrating the absence of a synergistic effect in this model system. These molecular results are in agreement with the ophthalmological characteristics found in the triple mutant patient, which were similar to those carrying single mtDNA LHON mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cruz-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro J. Vicente-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosana Hernández-Sierra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Montero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Alvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Blázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Garesse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (RG); (MAF-M)
| | - Miguel A. Fernández-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain, and Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (RG); (MAF-M)
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16
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Tranah GJ, Yaffe K, Katzman SM, Lam ET, Pawlikowska L, Kwok PY, Schork NJ, Manini TM, Kritchevsky S, Thomas F, Newman AB, Harris TB, Coleman AL, Gorin MB, Helzner EP, Rowbotham MC, Browner WS, Cummings SR. Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy Associations With Neurosensory and Mobility Function in Elderly Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:1418-24. [PMID: 26328603 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy is a mixture of normal and mutated mtDNA molecules in a cell. High levels of heteroplasmy at specific mtDNA sites lead to inherited mitochondrial diseases with neurological, sensory, and movement impairments. Here we test the hypothesis that heteroplasmy levels in elderly adults are associated with impaired function resembling mild forms of mitochondrial disease. METHODS We examined platelet mtDNA heteroplasmy at 20 disease-causing sites for associations with neurosensory and mobility function among 137 participants from the community-based Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. RESULTS Elevated mtDNA heteroplasmy at four mtDNA sites in complex I and tRNA genes was nominally associated with reduced cognition, vision, hearing, and mobility: m.10158T>C with Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score (p = .009); m.11778G>A with contrast sensitivity (p = .02); m.7445A>G with high-frequency hearing (p = .047); and m.5703G>A with 400 m walking speed (p = .007). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that increased mtDNA heteroplasmy at disease-causing sites is associated with neurosensory and mobility function in older persons. We propose the novel use of mtDNA heteroplasmy as a simple, noninvasive predictor of age-related neurologic, sensory, and movement impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco.
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco and the San Francisco VA Medical Center
| | | | | | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- J. Craig Venter Institute and the University of California, San Diego
| | - Todd M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anne L Coleman
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth P Helzner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | | | - Warren S Browner
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco
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Morrow EH, Reinhardt K, Wolff JN, Dowling DK. Risks inherent to mitochondrial replacement. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:541-4. [PMID: 25807984 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Morrow
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonci N Wolff
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Damian K Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Progressive increase in mtDNA 3243A>G heteroplasmy causes abrupt transcriptional reprogramming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4033-42. [PMID: 25192935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414028111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in the intracellular percentage of normal and mutant mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) (heteroplasmy) can be associated with phenotypic heterogeneity in mtDNA diseases. Individuals that inherit the common disease-causing mtDNA tRNA(Leu(UUR)) 3243A>G mutation and harbor ∼10-30% 3243G mutant mtDNAs manifest diabetes and occasionally autism; individuals with ∼50-90% mutant mtDNAs manifest encephalomyopathies; and individuals with ∼90-100% mutant mtDNAs face perinatal lethality. To determine the basis of these abrupt phenotypic changes, we generated somatic cell cybrids harboring increasing levels of the 3243G mutant and analyzed the associated cellular phenotypes and nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mtDNA transcriptional profiles by RNA sequencing. Small increases in mutant mtDNAs caused relatively modest defects in oxidative capacity but resulted in sharp transitions in cellular phenotype and gene expression. Cybrids harboring 20-30% 3243G mtDNAs had reduced mtDNA mRNA levels, rounded mitochondria, and small cell size. Cybrids with 50-90% 3243G mtDNAs manifest induction of glycolytic genes, mitochondrial elongation, increased mtDNA mRNA levels, and alterations in expression of signal transduction, epigenomic regulatory, and neurodegenerative disease-associated genes. Finally, cybrids with 100% 3243G experienced reduced mtDNA transcripts, rounded mitochondria, and concomitant changes in nuclear gene expression. Thus, striking phase changes occurred in nDNA and mtDNA gene expression in response to the modest changes of the mtDNA 3243G mutant levels. Hence, a major factor in the phenotypic variation in heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations is the limited number of states that the nucleus can acquire in response to progressive changes in mitochondrial retrograde signaling.
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Cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines as a practical model for mitochondriopathies. Redox Biol 2014; 2:619-31. [PMID: 25460729 PMCID: PMC4297942 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines can incorporate human subject mitochondria and perpetuate its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded components. Since the nuclear background of different cybrid lines can be kept constant, this technique allows investigators to study the influence of mtDNA on cell function. Prior use of cybrids has elucidated the contribution of mtDNA to a variety of biochemical parameters, including electron transport chain activities, bioenergetic fluxes, and free radical production. While the interpretation of data generated from cybrid cell lines has technical limitations, cybrids have contributed valuable insight into the relationship between mtDNA and phenotype alterations. This review discusses the creation of the cybrid technique and subsequent data obtained from cybrid applications. The cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) model can be used to determine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contributions to phenotypic alterations. Cybrids are used to study mitochondriopathies such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. mtDNA heteroplasmy threshold and nuclear DNA-mtDNA compatibility can be determined using cybrid models.
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Napoli E, Wong S, Giulivi C. Evidence of reactive oxygen species-mediated damage to mitochondrial DNA in children with typical autism. Mol Autism 2013; 4:2. [PMID: 23347615 PMCID: PMC3570390 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is particularly susceptible to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although elevated ROS production and elevated biomarkers of oxidative stress have been found in tissues from children with autism spectrum disorders, evidence for damage to mtDNA is lacking. Findings mtDNA deletions were evaluated in peripheral blood monocytic cells (PBMC) isolated from 2–5 year old children with full autism (AU; n = 67), and typically developing children (TD; n = 46) and their parents enrolled in the CHildhood Autism Risk from Genes and Environment study (CHARGE) at University of California Davis. Sequence variants were evaluated in mtDNA segments from AU and TD children (n = 10; each) and their mothers representing 31.2% coverage of the entire human mitochondrial genome. Increased mtDNA damage in AU children was evidenced by (i) higher frequency of mtDNA deletions (2-fold), (ii) higher number of GC→AT transitions (2.4-fold), being GC preferred sites for oxidative damage, and (iii) higher frequency of G,C,T→A transitions (1.6-fold) suggesting a higher incidence of polymerase gamma incorporating mainly A at bypassed apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, probably originated from oxidative stress. The last two outcomes were identical to their mothers suggesting the inheritance of a template consistent with increased oxidative damage, whereas the frequency of mtDNA deletions in AU children was similar to that of their fathers. Conclusions These results suggest that a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors, taking place during perinatal periods, results in a mtDNA template in children with autism similar to that expected for older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, 1120 Haring Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Iglesias E, Llobet L, Pacheu-Grau D, Gómez-Durán A, Ruiz-Pesini E. Cybrids for Mitochondrial DNA Pharmacogenomics. Drug Dev Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wenz T, Wang X, Marini M, Moraes CT. A metabolic shift induced by a PPAR panagonist markedly reduces the effects of pathogenic mitochondrial tRNA mutations. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2317-25. [PMID: 21129152 PMCID: PMC3361135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA-encoded tRNA genes are associated with many human diseases. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by synthetic agonists stimulates oxidative metabolism, induces an increase in mitochondrial mass and partially compensates for oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) defects caused by single OXPHOS enzyme deficiencies in vitro and in vivo. Here, we analysed whether treatment with the PPAR panagonist bezafibrate in cybrids homoplasmic for different mitochondrial tRNA mutations could ameliorate the OXPHOS defect. We found that bezafibrate treatment increased mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial tRNA steady state levels and enhanced mitochondrial protein synthesis. This improvement resulted in increased OXPHOS activity and finally in enhanced mitochondrial ATP generating capacity. PPAR panagonists are known to increase the expression of PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Accordingly, we found that clones of a line harbouring a mutated mitochondrial tRNA gene mutation selected for the ability to grow in a medium selective for OXPHOS function had a 3-fold increase in PGC-1α expression, an increase that was similar to the one observed after bezafibrate treatment. These findings show that increasing mitochondrial mass and thereby boosting residual OXPHOS capacity can be beneficial to an important class of mitochondrial defects reinforcing the potential therapeutic use of approaches stimulating mitochondrial proliferation for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Wenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Giulivi C, Zhang YF, Omanska-Klusek A, Ross-Inta C, Wong S, Hertz-Picciotto I, Tassone F, Pessah IN. Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism. JAMA 2010; 304:2389-96. [PMID: 21119085 PMCID: PMC3915058 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Impaired mitochondrial function may influence processes highly dependent on energy, such as neurodevelopment, and contribute to autism. No studies have evaluated mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) abnormalities in a well-defined population of children with autism. OBJECTIVE To evaluate mitochondrial defects in children with autism. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Observational study using data collected from patients aged 2 to 5 years who were a subset of children participating in the Childhood Autism Risk From Genes and Environment study in California, which is a population-based, case-control investigation with confirmed autism cases and age-matched, genetically unrelated, typically developing controls, that was launched in 2003 and is still ongoing. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA abnormalities were evaluated in lymphocytes from 10 children with autism and 10 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Oxidative phosphorylation capacity, mtDNA copy number and deletions, mitochondrial rate of hydrogen peroxide production, and plasma lactate and pyruvate. RESULTS The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase activity (normalized to citrate synthase activity) in lymphocytic mitochondria from children with autism was significantly lower compared with controls (mean, 4.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.8-6.0] vs 12 [95% CI, 8-16], respectively; P = .001). The majority of children with autism (6 of 10) had complex I activity below control range values. Higher plasma pyruvate levels were found in children with autism compared with controls (0.23 mM [95% CI, 0.15-0.31 mM] vs 0.08 mM [95% CI, 0.04-0.12 mM], respectively; P = .02). Eight of 10 cases had higher pyruvate levels but only 2 cases had higher lactate levels compared with controls. These results were consistent with the lower pyruvate dehydrogenase activity observed in children with autism compared with controls (1.0 [95% CI, 0.6-1.4] nmol × [min × mg protein](-1) vs 2.3 [95% CI, 1.7-2.9] nmol × [min × mg protein](-1), respectively; P = .01). Children with autism had higher mitochondrial rates of hydrogen peroxide production compared with controls (0.34 [95% CI, 0.26-0.42] nmol × [min × mg of protein](-1) vs 0.16 [95% CI, 0.12-0.20] nmol × [min × mg protein](-1) by complex III; P = .02). Mitochondrial DNA overreplication was found in 5 cases (mean ratio of mtDNA to nuclear DNA: 239 [95% CI, 217-239] vs 179 [95% CI, 165-193] in controls; P = 10(-4)). Deletions at the segment of cytochrome b were observed in 2 cases (ratio of cytochrome b to ND1: 0.80 [95% CI, 0.68-0.92] vs 0.99 [95% CI, 0.93-1.05] for controls; P = .01). CONCLUSION In this exploratory study, children with autism were more likely to have mitochondrial dysfunction, mtDNA overreplication, and mtDNA deletions than typically developing children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Giulivi
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences, One Shields Avenue, 1120 Haring Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Gómez-Durán A, Pacheu-Grau D, López-Gallardo E, Díez-Sánchez C, Montoya J, López-Pérez MJ, Ruiz-Pesini E. Unmasking the causes of multifactorial disorders: OXPHOS differences between mitochondrial haplogroups. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3343-53. [PMID: 20566709 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epidemiologic studies have associated human mitochondrial haplogroups to rare mitochondrial diseases like Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy or to more common age-linked disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, cellular, biochemical and molecular-genetic evidence that is able to explain these associations is very scarce. The etiology of multifactorial diseases is very difficult to sort out because such diseases are due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors that individually only contribute in small part to the development of the illness. Thus, the haplogroup-defining mutations might behave as susceptibility factors, but they could have only a small effect on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function. Moreover, these effects would be highly dependent on the 'context' in which the genetic variant is acting. To homogenize this 'context' for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, a cellular approach is available that involves the use of what is known as 'cybrids'. By using this model, we demonstrate that mtDNA and mtRNA levels, mitochondrial protein synthesis, cytochrome oxidase activity and amount, normalized oxygen consumption, mitochondrial inner membrane potential and growth capacity are different in cybrids from the haplogroup H when compared with those of the haplogroup Uk. Thus, these inherited basal differences in OXPHOS capacity can help to explain why some individuals more quickly reach the bioenergetic threshold below which tissue symptoms appear and progress toward multifactorial disorders. Hence, some population genetic variants in mtDNA contribute to the genetic component of complex disorders. The existence of mtDNA-based OXPHOS differences opens possibilities for the existence of a new field, mitochondrial pharmacogenomics. New sequence accession nos: HM103354-HM103363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gómez-Durán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro de INvestigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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20 years of human mtDNA pathologic point mutations: Carefully reading the pathogenicity criteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:476-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fornuskova D, Brantova O, Tesarova M, Stiburek L, Honzik T, Wenchich L, Tietzeova E, Hansikova H, Zeman J. The impact of mitochondrial tRNA mutations on the amount of ATP synthase differs in the brain compared to other tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:317-25. [PMID: 18319067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of point mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes on the amount and stability of respiratory chain complexes and ATP synthase (OXPHOS) has been broadly characterized in cultured skin fibroblasts, skeletal muscle samples, and mitochondrial cybrids. However, less is known about how these mutations affect other tissues, especially the brain. We have compared OXPHOS protein deficiency patterns in skeletal muscle mitochondria of patients with Leigh (8363G>A), MERRF (8344A>G), and MELAS (3243A>G) syndromes. Both mutations that affect mt-tRNA(Lys) (8363G>A, 8344A>G) resulted in severe combined deficiency of complexes I and IV, compared to an isolated severe defect of complex I in the 3243A>G sample (mt-tRNA(LeuUUR). Furthermore, we compared obtained patterns with those found in the heart, frontal cortex, and liver of 8363G>A and 3243A>G patients. In the frontal cortex mitochondria of both patients, the patterns of OXPHOS deficiencies differed substantially from those observed in other tissues, and this difference was particularly striking for ATP synthase. Surprisingly, in the frontal cortex of the 3243A>G patient, whose ATP synthase level was below the detection limit, the assembly of complex IV, as inferred from 2D-PAGE immunoblotting, appeared to be hindered by some factor other than the availability of mtDNA-encoded subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fornuskova
- Department of Pediatrics and Center of Applied Genomics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08, Czech Republic
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Swerdlow RH. Mitochondria in cybrids containing mtDNA from persons with mitochondriopathies. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3416-28. [PMID: 17243174 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) technique allows investigators to express selected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences against fixed nuclear DNA (nDNA) backgrounds. Cybrids have been used to study the effects of known mtDNA mutations on mitochondrial biochemistry, mtDNA-nDNA inter-species compatibility, and mtDNA integrity in persons without mtDNA mutations defined previously. This review discusses events leading up to creation of the cybrid technique, as well as data obtained via application of the cybrid strategies listed above. Although interpreting cybrid data requires awareness of technique limitations, valuable insights into mtDNA genotype-functional phenotype relationships are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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28
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Battersby BJ, Shoubridge EA. Reactive oxygen species and the segregation of mtDNA sequence variants. Nat Genet 2008; 39:571-2; author reply 572. [PMID: 17460678 DOI: 10.1038/ng0507-571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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30
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Reply to “Reactive oxygen species and the segregation of mtDNA sequence variants”. Nat Genet 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0507-572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Srivastava S, Barrett JN, Moraes CT. PGC-1alpha/beta upregulation is associated with improved oxidative phosphorylation in cells harboring nonsense mtDNA mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:993-1005. [PMID: 17341490 PMCID: PMC2652746 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the functional effects of nonsense mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in the COXI and ND5 genes in a colorectal tumor cell line. Surprisingly, these cells had an efficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); however, when mitochondria from these cells were transferred to an osteosarcoma nuclear background (osteosarcoma cybrids), the rate of respiration markedly declined suggesting that the phenotypic expression of the mtDNA mutations was prevented by the colorectal tumor nuclear background. We found that there was a significant increase in the steady-state levels of PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta transcriptional coactivators in these cells and a parallel increase in the steady-state levels of several mitochondrial proteins. Accordingly, adenoviral-mediated overexpression of PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta in the osteosarcoma cybrids stimulated mitochondrial respiration suggesting that an upregulation of PGC-1alpha/beta coactivators can partially rescue an OXPHOS defect. In conclusion, upregulation of PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta in the colorectal tumor cells can be part of an adaptation mechanism to help overcome the severe consequences of mtDNA mutations on OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - John N. Barrett
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carlos T. Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Tel: +1 3052435858; Fax: +1 3052433914;
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Khan SM, Smigrodzki RM, Swerdlow RH. Cell and animal models of mtDNA biology: progress and prospects. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C658-69. [PMID: 16899549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00224.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed an evolving understanding of the mitochondrial genome's (mtDNA) role in basic biology and disease. From the recognition that mutations in mtDNA can be responsible for human disease to recent efforts showing that mtDNA mutations accumulate over time and may be responsible for some phenotypes of aging, the field of mitochondrial genetics has greatly benefited from the creation of cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. In this review, we critically discuss the past two decades of efforts and insights gained from cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. We attempt to reconcile the varied and at times contradictory findings by highlighting the various methodologies employed and using human mtDNA disease as a guide to better understanding of cell and animal mtDNA models. We end with a discussion of scientific and therapeutic challenges and prospects for the future of mtDNA transfection and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaharyar M Khan
- Gencia Corp., 706 B Forrest St., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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D'Aurelio M, Gajewski CD, Lenaz G, Manfredi G. Respiratory chain supercomplexes set the threshold for respiration defects in human mtDNA mutant cybrids. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2157-69. [PMID: 16740593 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause heterogeneous disorders in humans. MtDNA exists in multiple copies per cell, and mutations need to accumulate beyond a critical threshold to cause disease, because coexisting wild-type mtDNA can complement the genetic defect. A better understanding of the molecular determinants of functional complementation among mtDNA molecules could help us shedding some light on the mechanisms modulating the phenotypic expression of mtDNA mutations in mitochondrial diseases. We studied mtDNA complementation in human cells by fusing two cell lines, one containing a homoplasmic mutation in a subunit of respiratory chain complex IV, COX I, and the other a distinct homoplasmic mutation in a subunit of complex III, cytochrome b. Upon cell fusion, respiration is recovered in hybrids cells, indicating that mitochondria fuse and exchange genetic and protein materials. Mitochondrial functional complementation occurs frequently, but with variable efficiency. We have investigated by native gel electrophoresis the molecular organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in complementing hybrid cells. We show that the recovery of mitochondrial respiration correlates with the presence of supramolecular structures (supercomplexes) containing complexes I, III and IV. We suggest that critical amounts of complexes III or IV are required in order for supercomplexes to form and provide mitochondrial functional complementation. From these findings, supercomplex assembly emerges as a necessary step for respiration, and its defect sets the threshold for respiratory impairment in mtDNA mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena D'Aurelio
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Deng JH, Li Y, Park JS, Wu J, Hu P, Lechleiter J, Bai Y. Nuclear suppression of mitochondrial defects in cells without the ND6 subunit. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1077-86. [PMID: 16428459 PMCID: PMC1347011 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.3.1077-1086.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we characterized a mouse cell line, 4A, carrying a mitochondrial DNA mutation in the subunit for respiratory complex I, NADH dehydrogenase, in the ND6 gene. This mutation abolished the complex I assembly and disrupted the respiratory function of complex I. We now report here that a galactose-resistant clone, 4AR, was isolated from the cells carrying the ND6 mutation. 4AR still contained the homoplasmic mutation, and apparently there was no ND6 protein synthesis, whereas the assembly of other complex I subunits into complex I was recovered. Furthermore, the respiratory activity and mitochondrial membrane potential were fully recovered. To investigate the genetic origin of this compensation, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 4AR was transferred to a new nuclear background. The transmitochondrial lines failed to grow in galactose medium. We further transferred mtDNA with a nonsense mutation at the ND5 gene to the 4AR nuclear background, and a suppression for mitochondrial deficiency was observed. Our results suggest that change(s) in the expression of a certain nucleus-encoded factor(s) can compensate for the absence of the ND6 or ND5 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Deng
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Youfen Li
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Jeong Soon Park
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Peiqing Hu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - James Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229. Phone: (210) 567-0561. Fax: (210) 567-3803. E-mail:
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Ješina P, Tesařová M, Fornůsková D, Vojtíšková A, Pecina P, Kaplanová V, Hansíková H, Zeman J, Houštěk J. Diminished synthesis of subunit a (ATP6) and altered function of ATP synthase and cytochrome c oxidase due to the mtDNA 2 bp microdeletion of TA at positions 9205 and 9206. Biochem J 2005; 383:561-71. [PMID: 15265003 PMCID: PMC1133750 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of mitochondrial ATPase (F1F(o)-ATP synthase) due to missense mutations in ATP6 [mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)-encoded subunit a] is a frequent cause of severe mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. We have investigated a rare mtDNA mutation, i.e. a 2 bp deletion of TA at positions 9205 and 9206 (9205DeltaTA), which affects the STOP codon of the ATP6 gene and the cleavage site between the RNAs for ATP6 and COX3 (cytochrome c oxidase 3). The mutation was present at increasing load in a three-generation family (in blood: 16%/82%/>98%). In the affected boy with severe encephalopathy, a homoplasmic mutation was present in blood, fibroblasts and muscle. The fibroblasts from the patient showed normal aurovertin-sensitive ATPase hydrolytic activity, a 70% decrease in ATP synthesis and an 85% decrease in COX activity. ADP-stimulated respiration and the ADP-induced decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential at state 4 were decreased by 50%. The content of subunit a was decreased 10-fold compared with other ATPase subunits, and [35S]-methionine labelling showed a 9-fold decrease in subunit a biosynthesis. The content of COX subunits 1, 4 and 6c was decreased by 30-60%. Northern Blot and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis further demonstrated that the primary ATP6--COX3 transcript is cleaved to the ATP6 and COX3 mRNAs 2-3-fold less efficiently. Structural studies by Blue-Native and two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed an altered pattern of COX assembly and instability of the ATPase complex, which dissociated into subcomplexes. The results indicate that the 9205DeltaTA mutation prevents the synthesis of ATPase subunit a, and causes the formation of incomplete ATPase complexes that are capable of ATP hydrolysis but not ATP synthesis. The mutation also affects the biogenesis of COX, which is present in a decreased amount in cells from affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ješina
- *Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology and Centre for Integrated Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Tesařová
- †Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Fornůsková
- †Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Vojtíšková
- *Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology and Centre for Integrated Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pecina
- *Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology and Centre for Integrated Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vilma Kaplanová
- *Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology and Centre for Integrated Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansíková
- †Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Zeman
- †Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houštěk
- *Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology and Centre for Integrated Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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36
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Anitori R, Manning K, Quan F, Weleber RG, Buist NRM, Shoubridge EA, Kennaway NG. Contrasting phenotypes in three patients with novel mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes. Mol Genet Metab 2005; 84:176-88. [PMID: 15670724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied three patients, each harboring a novel mutation at a highly conserved position in a different mitochondrial tRNA gene. The mutation in patient 1 (T5543C) was associated with isolated mitochondrial myopathy, and occurred in the anticodon loop of tRNA(Trp). In patient 2, with mitochondrial myopathy and marked retinopathy, the mutation (G14710A) resulted in an anticodon swap (Glu to Lys) in tRNA(Glu). Patient 3, who manifested mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and moderate retinal dysfunction, harbored a mutation (C3287A) in the TpsiC loop of tRNA(Leu(UUR)). The mutations were heteroplasmic in muscle in all cases, and sporadic in two cases. PCR-RFLP analysis in all patients showed much higher amounts of mutated mtDNA in affected tissue (muscle) than unaffected tissue (blood), and significantly higher levels of mutated mtDNA in cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative muscle fibers than in COX-positive fibers, confirming the pathogenicity of these mutations. The mutation was also detected in single hair roots from all three patients, indicating that each mutation must have arisen early in embryonic development or in maternal germ cells. This suggests that individual hair root analyses may reflect a wider tissue distribution of mutated mtDNA than is clinically apparent, and might be useful in predicting prognosis and, perhaps, the risk of transmitting the mutation to offspring. Our data suggest a correlation between clinical phenotype and distribution of mutated mtDNA in muscle versus hair roots. Furthermore, the high threshold for phenotypic expression in single muscle fibers (92-96%) suggests that therapies may only need to increase the percentage of wild-type mtDNA by a small amount to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Anitori
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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37
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Moraes CT, Atencio DP, Oca-Cossio J, Diaz F. Techniques and pitfalls in the detection of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. J Mol Diagn 2004; 5:197-208. [PMID: 14573777 PMCID: PMC1907336 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are now recognized as major contributors to human pathologies and possibly to normal aging. A large number of rearrangements and point mutations in protein coding and tRNA genes have been identified in patients with mitochondrial disorders. In this review, we discuss genotype-phenotype correlations in mitochondrial diseases and common techniques used to identify pathogenic mtDNA mutations in human tissues. Although most of these approaches employ standard molecular biology tools, the co-existence of wild-type and mutated mtDNA (mtDNA heteroplasmy) in diseased tissues complicates both the detection and accurate determination of the size of the mutated fractions. To address these problems, novel approaches were developed and are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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38
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Perucca-Lostanlen D, Taylor RW, Narbonne H, Mousson de Camaret B, Hayes CM, Saunieres A, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Turnbull DM, Vialettes B, Desnuelle C. Molecular and functional effects of the T14709C point mutation in the mitochondrial DNA of a patient with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1588:210-6. [PMID: 12393175 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A heteroplasmic T to C transition at nucleotide position 14709 in the mitochondrial tRNA glutamic acid (tRNA(Glu)) gene has previously been associated with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD). To investigate the pathogenic mechanism of the T14709C mutation, we have constructed transmitochondrial cell lines by transferring fibroblasts mitochondria from a patient with the mutation into human cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (rho degrees cells). Clonal cybrid cell lines were obtained containing various levels of the heteroplasmic mutation, or exclusively mutated or wild-type mtDNA. Measurement of respiratory chain enzymatic activities failed to detect a difference between the homoplasmic mutant and homoplasmic wild-type cybrid cell lines. However, a subtle decrease in the steady-state levels of tRNA(Glu) transcripts in some mutant clones. Our studies suggest that the T14709C mutation is insufficient to lead impairment of mitochondrial function in homoplasmic osteosarcoma cybrid clones, and that we cannot exclude that the T14709C mutation affects mitochondrial function by a yet unidentified mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perucca-Lostanlen
- UMR 6549 CNRS/UNSA, Faculté de Médecine, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 02, France.
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39
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Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Fernández-Silva P, Enríquez JA. The thankless task of playing genetics with mammalian mitochondrial DNA: a 30-year review. Mitochondrion 2002; 2:3-25. [PMID: 16120305 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7249(02)00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2002] [Revised: 05/22/2002] [Accepted: 06/05/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The advances obtained through the genetic tools available in yeast for studying the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) biogenesis and in particular the role of the mtDNA encoded genes, strongly contrast with the very limited benefits that similar approaches have generated for the study of mammalian mtDNA. Here we review the use of the genetic manipulation in mammalian mtDNA, its difficulty and the main types of mutants accumulated in the past 30 years and the information derived from them. We also point out the need for a substantial improvement in this field in order to obtain new tools for functional genetic studies and for the generation of animal models of mtDNA-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
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40
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Máximo V, Soares P, Lima J, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simões M. Mitochondrial DNA somatic mutations (point mutations and large deletions) and mitochondrial DNA variants in human thyroid pathology: a study with emphasis on Hürthle cell tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1857-65. [PMID: 12000737 PMCID: PMC1850872 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to progress in the understanding of the relationship of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations and thyroid tumorigenesis, we studied the mtDNA in 79 benign and malignant tumors (43 Hürthle and 36 non-Hürthle cell neoplasms) and respective normal parenchyma. The mtDNA common deletion (CD) was evaluated by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction. Somatic point mutations and sequence variants of mtDNA were searched for in 66 tumors (59 patients) and adjacent parenchyma by direct sequencing of 70% of the mitochondrial genome (including all of the 13 OXPHOS system genes). We detected 57 somatic mutations, mostly transitions, in 34 tumors and 253 sequence variants in 59 patients. Follicular and papillary carcinomas carried a significantly higher prevalence of non-silent point mutations of complex I genes than adenomas. We also detected a significantly higher prevalence of complex I and complex IV sequence variants in the normal parenchyma adjacent to the malignant tumors. Every Hürthle cell tumor displayed a relatively high percentage (up to 16%) of mtDNA CD independently of the lesion's histotype. The percentage of deleted mtDNA molecules was significantly higher in tumors with D-loop mutations than in mtDNA stable tumors. Sequence variants of the ATPase 6 gene, one of the complex V genes thought to play a role in mtDNA maintenance and integrity in yeast, were significantly more prevalent in patients with Hürthle cell tumors than in patients with non-Hürthle cell neoplasms. We conclude that mtDNA variants and mtDNA somatic mutations of complex I and complex IV genes seem to be involved in thyroid tumorigenesis. Germline polymorphisms of the ATPase 6 gene are associated with the occurrence of mtDNA CD, the hallmark of Hürthle cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemar Máximo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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41
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Tsao CY, Mendell JR, Bartholomew D. High mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation (<90%) without typical features of Leigh's and NARP syndromes. J Child Neurol 2001; 16:533-5. [PMID: 11453454 DOI: 10.1177/088307380101600716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome and maternally inherited Leigh's syndrome have been associated with T8993G point mutations in the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase 6 gene. Typically, NARP syndrome is characterized by developmental delay, seizures, dementia, retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, sensory neuropathy, and proximal weakness. Usually, there is a correlation between the percentage of mutated mitochondrial DNA and clinical severity, and when mutated mitochondrial DNA is > 90%, it is often seen with Leigh's syndrome. We now report a family with mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation in eight living members, five with mutant mitochondrial DNA >90% and one with 20% mutant mitochondrial DNA. However, their clinical features include variable combinations of seizures, behavior problems, learning disability, mental retardation, sensorineural deafness, cerebellar ataxia, and proximal muscle weakness. No retinitis pigmentosa was found in all eight living members, including a 56-year-old grandmother. Only one dead female relative was diagnosed with Leigh's syndrome on the neuropathologic examination at age 22 years, when she died of an accident. High mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation is not always associated with typical features of Leigh's and NARP syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43205, USA.
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42
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Wang J, Silva JP, Gustafsson CM, Rustin P, Larsson NG. Increased in vivo apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4038-43. [PMID: 11259653 PMCID: PMC31175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061038798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have attempted to determine whether loss of mtDNA and respiratory chain function result in apoptosis in vivo. Apoptosis was studied in embryos with homozygous disruption of the mitochondrial transcription factor A gene (Tfam) and tissue-specific Tfam knockout animals with severe respiratory chain deficiency in the heart. We found massive apoptosis in Tfam knockout embryos at embryonic day (E) 9.5 and increased apoptosis in the heart of the tissue-specific Tfam knockouts. Furthermore, mtDNA-less (rho(0)) cell lines were susceptible to apoptosis induced by different stimuli in vitro. The data presented here provide in vivo evidence that respiratory chain deficiency predisposes cells to apoptosis, contrary to previous assumptions based on in vitro studies of cultured cells. These results suggest that increased apoptosis is a pathogenic event in human mtDNA mutation disorders. The finding that respiratory chain deficiency is associated with increased in vivo apoptosis may have important therapeutic implications for human disease. Respiratory chain deficiency and cell loss and/or apoptosis have been associated with neurodegeneration, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and aging. Furthermore, chemotherapy and radiation treatment of cancer are intended to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. It would therefore be of interest to determine whether manipulation of respiratory chain function can be used to inhibit or enhance apoptosis in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, L8: 02, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Silvestri G, Rana M, Odoardi F, Modoni A, Paris E, Papacci M, Tonali P, Servidei S. Single-fiber PCR in MELAS(3243) patients: correlations between intratissue distribution and phenotypic expression of the mtDNA(A3243G) genotype. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 94:201-6. [PMID: 10995506 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000918)94:3<201::aid-ajmg5>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We performed morphological, biochemical, and genetic studies, including single-fiber PCR (sf PCR), on muscle biopsies obtained from a mother and daughter with MELAS syndrome due to the A3243G transition of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The severity of muscle involvement appeared quite distinct, in spite of the fact that both patients segregated similar mutant mtDNA levels on total muscle DNA. The daughter did not show any clinical muscle involvement: muscle biopsy revealed many ragged red fibers (RRFs) mostly positive for cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity. In contrast, her mother had developed a generalized myopathy without progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), morphologically characterized by many COX-negative RRFs. Single-muscle fiber PCR demonstrated in both patients significantly higher percentages of wild-type mtDNA in normal fibers (daughter: 23.25 +/- 15.22; mother: 43.13 +/- 26.11) than in COX-positive RRFs (daughter: 11.25 +/- 5.22, P < 0.005; mother: 9.12 +/- 5.9, P < 0.001) and in COX-negative RRFs (daughter: 8.9 +/- 4.2, P < 0.001 mother: 4.8 +/- 2.8, P < 0.001). Wild-type mtDNA levels resulted higher also in COX-positive vs. COX-negative RRFs (daughter: P < 0.05; mother: P < 0.001). Our data confirm a direct correlation between A3243G levels and impairment of COX function at the single-muscle fiber level. Moreover, the evidence of a clinical myopathy in the patient with higher amounts of COX-negative RRFs bolsters the concept that a differential distribution of mutant mtDNAs at the cellular level may have effects on the clinical involvement of individual tissues. However, the occurrence of a similar morphological and biochemical muscle phenotype also in PEO(3243) patients suggests that other genetic factors involved in the interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, rather than the stochastic distribution of mtDNA genomes during embryogenesis, are primarily implicated in determining the various clinical expressions of the A3243G of mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Silvestri
- Neurological Institute, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Li H, Wang J, Wilhelmsson H, Hansson A, Thoren P, Duffy J, Rustin P, Larsson NG. Genetic modification of survival in tissue-specific knockout mice with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3467-72. [PMID: 10737799 PMCID: PMC16263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a mouse model that reproduces important pathophysiological features of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation diseases. The gene for mouse mitochondrial transcription factor A, Tfam (also called mtTFA), a nucleus-encoded key regulator of mtDNA expression, was targeted with loxP sites (Tfam(loxP)) and disrupted in vivo by transgenic expression of cre-recombinase from the muscle creatinine kinase (Ckmm) promoter. This promoter is active from embryonic day 13, and the knockouts had normal respiratory chain function in the heart at birth and developed mitochondrial cardiomyopathy postnatally. In this paper, we describe a heart-knockout strain obtained by mating Tfam(loxP) mice to animals expressing cre-recombinase from the alpha-myosin heavy chain (Myhca) promoter. This promoter is active from embryonic day 8, and the knockouts had onset of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy during embryogenesis. The age of onset of cardiac respiratory chain dysfunction can thus be controlled by temporal regulation of cre-recombinase expression. Further characterization demonstrated that approximately 75% of the knockouts died in the neonatal period, whereas, surprisingly, approximately 25% survived for several months before dying from dilated cardiomyopathy with atrioventricular heart conduction blocks. Modifying gene(s) affect the life span of the knockouts, because approximately 95% of the knockout offspring from an intercross of the longer-living knockouts survived the neonatal period. Thus, the tissue-specific knockouts we describe here not only reproduce important pathophysiological features of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy but also provide a powerful system by which to identify modifying genes of potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMM L8:02, Karolinska Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Dey R, Moraes CT. Lack of oxidative phosphorylation and low mitochondrial membrane potential decrease susceptibility to apoptosis and do not modulate the protective effect of Bcl-x(L) in osteosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7087-94. [PMID: 10702275 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.10.7087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the role of low mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and the lack of oxidative phosphorylation in apoptosis by assessing the susceptibility of osteosarcoma cell lines with and without mitochondrial DNA to staurosporine-induced death. Our cells without mitochondrial DNA had low DeltaPsim and no functional oxidative phosphorylation. Contrary to our expectation, these cells were more resistant to staurosporine-induced death than were the parental cells. This reduced susceptibility was associated with decreased activation of caspase 3 but not with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore or cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Apoptosis in both cell lines was associated with an increase in DeltaPsim. Bcl-x(L) could protect both cell types against caspase 3 activation and apoptosis by a mechanism that does not appear to be mediated by mitochondrial function or modulation of DeltaPsim. Nevertheless, we found that Bcl-x(L) expression can stimulate cell respiration in cells with mitochondrial DNA. Our results showed that the lack of functional oxidative phosphorylation and/or low mitochondrial membrane potential are associated with an antiapoptotic effect, possibly contributing to the development of some types of cancer. It also reinforces a model in which Bcl-x(L) can exert an antiapoptotic effect by stimulating oxidative phosphorylation and/or inhibiting caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dey
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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46
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Moraes CT, Kenyon L, Hao H. Mechanisms of human mitochondrial DNA maintenance: the determining role of primary sequence and length over function. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:3345-56. [PMID: 10512871 PMCID: PMC25601 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.10.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is performed by nuclear-coded factors, very little is known about the mechanisms controlling this process. We attempted to introduce nonhuman ape mtDNA into human cells harboring either no mtDNA or mutated mtDNAs (partial deletion and tRNA gene point mutation). Unexpectedly, only cells containing no mtDNA could be repopulated with nonhuman ape mtDNA. Cells containing a defective human mtDNA did not incorporate or maintain ape mtDNA and therefore died under selection for oxidative phosphorylation function. On the other hand, foreign human mtDNA was readily incorporated and maintained in these cells. The suicidal preference for self-mtDNA showed that functional parameters associated with oxidative phosphorylation are less relevant to mtDNA maintenance and copy number control than recognition of mtDNA self-determinants. Non-self-mtDNA could not be maintained into cells with mtDNA even if no selection for oxidative phosphorylation was applied. The repopulation kinetics of several mtDNA forms after severe depletion by ethidium bromide treatment showed that replication and maintenance of mtDNA in human cells are highly dependent on molecular features, because partially deleted mtDNA molecules repopulated cells significantly faster than full-length mtDNA. Taken together, our results suggest that mtDNA copy number may be controlled by competition for limiting levels of trans-acting factors that recognize primarily mtDNA molecular features. In agreement with this hypothesis, marked variations in mtDNA levels did not affect the transcription of nuclear-coded factors involved in mtDNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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