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Nonarath HJT, Simpson SL, Slobodianuk TL, Collery RF, Dinculescu A, Link BA. The USH3A causative gene clarin1 functions in Müller glia to maintain retinal photoreceptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582878. [PMID: 38464015 PMCID: PMC10925332 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in CLRN1 cause Usher syndrome type IIIA (USH3A), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hearing and vision loss, and often accompanied by vestibular balance issues. The identity of the cell types responsible for the pathology and mechanisms leading to vision loss in USH3A remains elusive. To address this, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to delete a large region in the coding and untranslated (UTR) region of zebrafish clrn1. Retina of clrn1 mutant larvae exhibited sensitivity to cell stress, along with age-dependent loss of function and degeneration in the photoreceptor layer. Investigation revealed disorganization in the outer retina in clrn1 mutants, including actin-based structures of the Müller glia and photoreceptor cells. To assess cell-specific contributions to USH3A pathology, we specifically re-expressed clrn1 in either Müller glia or photoreceptor cells. Müller glia re-expression of clrn1 prevented the elevated cell death observed in larval clrn1 mutant zebrafish exposed to high-intensity light. Notably, the degree of phenotypic rescue correlated with the level of Clrn1 re-expression. Surprisingly, high levels of Clrn1 expression enhanced cell death in both wild-type and clrn1 mutant animals. However, rod- or cone-specific Clrn1 re-expression did not rescue the extent of cell death. Taken together, our findings underscore three crucial insights. First, clrn1 mutant zebrafish exhibit key pathological features of USH3A; second, Clrn1 within Müller glia plays a pivotal role in photoreceptor maintenance, with its expression requiring controlled regulation; third, the reliance of photoreceptors on Müller glia suggests a structural support mechanism, possibly through direct interactions between Müller glia and photoreceptors mediated in part by Clrn1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. T. Nonarath
- Department Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Samantha L. Simpson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Tricia L. Slobodianuk
- Department Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Ross F. Collery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Astra Dinculescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Brian A. Link
- Department Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Cuzzuol BR, Apolonio JS, da Silva Júnior RT, de Carvalho LS, Santos LKDS, Malheiro LH, Silva Luz M, Calmon MS, Crivellaro HDL, Lemos FFB, Freire de Melo F. Usher syndrome: Genetic diagnosis and current therapeutic approaches. World J Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 11:1-17. [DOI: 10.5319/wjo.v11.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Usher Syndrome (USH) is the most common deaf-blind syndrome, affecting approximately 1 in 6000 people in the deaf population. This genetic condition is characterized by a combination of hearing loss (HL), retinitis pigmentosa, and, in some cases, vestibular areflexia. Among the subtypes of USH, USH type 1 is considered the most severe form, presenting profound bilateral congenital deafness, vestibular areflexia, and early onset RP. USH type 2 is the most common form, exhibiting congenital moderate to severe HL for low frequencies and severe to profound HL for high frequencies. Conversely, type 3 is the rarest, initially manifesting mild symptoms during childhood that become more prominent in the first decades of life. The dual impact of USH on both visual and auditory senses significantly impairs patients’ quality of life, restricting their daily activities and interactions with society. To date, 9 genes have been confirmed so far for USH: MYO7A, USH1C, CDH23, PCDH15, USH1G, USH2A, ADGRV1, WHRN and CLRN1. These genes are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and encode proteins expressed in the inner ear and retina, leading to functional loss. Although non-genetic methods can assist in patient triage and disease extension evaluation, genetic and molecular tests play a pivotal role in providing genetic counseling, enabling appropriate gene therapy, and facilitating timely cochlear implantation (CI). The CRISPR/Cas9 system and viral-based gene replacement therapy have recently emerged as highly promising techniques for treating USH. Regarding drug therapy, PTC-124 and Nb54 have been identified as promising drug interventions for genetic HL in USH. Simultaneously, CI has proven to be critical in the restoration of hearing. This review aims to summarize the genetic and molecular diagnosis of USH and highlight the importance of early diagnosis in guiding appropriate treatment strategies and improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Sousa de Carvalho
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luana Kauany de Sá Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Hasimoto Malheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Calmon
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Henrique de Lima Crivellaro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Paplou VG, Schubert NMA, van Tuinen M, Vijayakumar S, Pyott SJ. Functional, Morphological and Molecular Changes Reveal the Mechanisms Associated with Age-Related Vestibular Loss. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1429. [PMID: 37759828 PMCID: PMC10526133 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related loss of vestibular function and hearing are common disorders that arise from the loss of function of the inner ear and significantly decrease quality of life. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood and difficult to investigate in humans. Therefore, our study examined young (1.5-month-old) and old (24-month-old) C57BL/6 mice, utilizing physiological, histological, and transcriptomic methods. Vestibular sensory-evoked potentials revealed that older mice had reduced wave I amplitudes and delayed wave I latencies, indicating reduced vestibular function. Immunofluorescence and image analysis revealed that older mice exhibited a significant decline in type I sensory hair cell density, particularly in hair cells connected to dimorphic vestibular afferents. An analysis of gene expression in the isolated vestibule revealed the upregulation of immune-related genes and the downregulation of genes associated with ossification and nervous system development. A comparison with the isolated cochlear sensorineural structures showed similar changes in genes related to immune response, chondrocyte differentiation, and myelin formation. These findings suggest that age-related vestibular hypofunction is linked to diminished peripheral vestibular responses, likely due to the loss of a specific subpopulation of hair cells and calyceal afferents. The upregulation of immune- and inflammation-related genes implies that inflammation contributes to these functional and structural changes. Furthermore, the comparison of gene expression between the vestibule and cochlea indicates both shared and distinct mechanisms contributing to age-related vestibular and hearing impairments. Further research is necessary to understand the mechanistic connection between inflammation and age-related balance and hearing disorders and to translate these findings into clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Georgia Paplou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (V.G.P.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.v.T.)
| | - Nick M. A. Schubert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (V.G.P.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.v.T.)
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Tuinen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (V.G.P.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.v.T.)
| | - Sarath Vijayakumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Sonja J. Pyott
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (V.G.P.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.v.T.)
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jung J, Müller U. Mechanoelectrical transduction-related genetic forms of hearing loss. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 32:100632. [PMID: 36936795 PMCID: PMC10022594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2023.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hair cells of the mammalian cochlea are specialized mechanosensory cells that convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals to initiate the neuronal responses that lead to the perception of sound. The mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) machinery of cochlear hair cells is a multimeric protein complex that consists of the pore forming subunits of the MET channel and several essential accessory subunits that are crucial to regulate channel function and render the channel mechanically sensitive. Mutations have been discovered in the genes that encode all known components of the MET machinery. These mutations cause hearing loss with or without vestibular dysfunction. Some mutations also affect other tissues such as the retina. In this brief review, we will summarize gene mutations that affect the MET machinery of hair cells and how the study of the affected genes has illuminated our understanding of the physiological role of the encoded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsei Jung
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulrich Müller
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Das A, Imanishi Y. Drug Discovery Strategies for Inherited Retinal Degenerations. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1338. [PMID: 36138817 PMCID: PMC9495580 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration is a group of blinding disorders afflicting more than 1 in 4000 worldwide. These disorders frequently cause the death of photoreceptor cells or retinal ganglion cells. In a subset of these disorders, photoreceptor cell death is a secondary consequence of retinal pigment epithelial cell dysfunction or degeneration. This manuscript reviews current efforts in identifying targets and developing small molecule-based therapies for these devastating neuronal degenerations, for which no cures exist. Photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells are metabolically demanding owing to their unique structures and functional properties. Modulations of metabolic pathways, which are disrupted in most inherited retinal degenerations, serve as promising therapeutic strategies. In monogenic disorders, great insights were previously obtained regarding targets associated with the defective pathways, including phototransduction, visual cycle, and mitophagy. In addition to these target-based drug discoveries, we will discuss how phenotypic screening can be harnessed to discover beneficial molecules without prior knowledge of their mechanisms of action. Because of major anatomical and biological differences, it has frequently been challenging to model human inherited retinal degeneration conditions using small animals such as rodents. Recent advances in stem cell-based techniques are opening new avenues to obtain pure populations of human retinal ganglion cells and retinal organoids with photoreceptor cells. We will discuss concurrent ideas of utilizing stem-cell-based disease models for drug discovery and preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arupratan Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Imanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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6
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Maudoux A, Vitry S, El-Amraoui A. Vestibular Deficits in Deafness: Clinical Presentation, Animal Modeling, and Treatment Solutions. Front Neurol 2022; 13:816534. [PMID: 35444606 PMCID: PMC9013928 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.816534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear is responsible for both hearing and balance. These functions are dependent on the correct functioning of mechanosensitive hair cells, which convert sound- and motion-induced stimuli into electrical signals conveyed to the brain. During evolution of the inner ear, the major changes occurred in the hearing organ, whereas the structure of the vestibular organs remained constant in all vertebrates over the same period. Vestibular deficits are highly prevalent in humans, due to multiple intersecting causes: genetics, environmental factors, ototoxic drugs, infections and aging. Studies of deafness genes associated with balance deficits and their corresponding animal models have shed light on the development and function of these two sensory systems. Bilateral vestibular deficits often impair individual postural control, gaze stabilization, locomotion and spatial orientation. The resulting dizziness, vertigo, and/or falls (frequent in elderly populations) greatly affect patient quality of life. In the absence of treatment, prosthetic devices, such as vestibular implants, providing information about the direction, amplitude and velocity of body movements, are being developed and have given promising results in animal models and humans. Novel methods and techniques have led to major progress in gene therapies targeting the inner ear (gene supplementation and gene editing), 3D inner ear organoids and reprograming protocols for generating hair cell-like cells. These rapid advances in multiscale approaches covering basic research, clinical diagnostics and therapies are fostering interdisciplinary research to develop personalized treatments for vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Maudoux
- Unit Progressive Sensory Disorders, Pathophysiology and Therapy, Institut Pasteur, Institut de l'Audition, Université de Paris, INSERM-UMRS1120, Paris, France.,Center for Balance Evaluation in Children (EFEE), Otolaryngology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Vitry
- Unit Progressive Sensory Disorders, Pathophysiology and Therapy, Institut Pasteur, Institut de l'Audition, Université de Paris, INSERM-UMRS1120, Paris, France
| | - Aziz El-Amraoui
- Unit Progressive Sensory Disorders, Pathophysiology and Therapy, Institut Pasteur, Institut de l'Audition, Université de Paris, INSERM-UMRS1120, Paris, France
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7
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Kim GS, Wang T, Sayyid ZN, Fuhriman J, Jones SM, Cheng AG. Repair of surviving hair cells in the damaged mouse utricle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116973119. [PMID: 35380897 PMCID: PMC9169652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116973119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells (HCs) in the utricle are mechanoreceptors required to detect linear acceleration. After damage, the mammalian utricle partially restores the HC population and organ function, although regenerated HCs are primarily type II and immature. Whether native, surviving HCs can repair and contribute to this recovery is unclear. Here, we generated the Pou4f3DTR/+; Atoh1CreERTM/+; Rosa26RtdTomato/+ mouse to fate map HCs prior to ablation. After HC ablation, vestibular evoked potentials were abolished in all animals, with ∼57% later recovering responses. Relative to nonrecovery mice, recovery animals harbored more Atoh1-tdTomato+ surviving HCs. In both groups, surviving HCs displayed markers of both type I and type II subtypes and afferent synapses, despite distorted lamination and morphology. Surviving type II HCs remained innervated in both groups, whereas surviving type I HCs first lacked and later regained calyces in the recovery, but not the nonrecovery, group. Finally, surviving HCs initially displayed immature and subsequently mature-appearing bundles in the recovery group. These results demonstrate that surviving HCs are capable of self-repair and may contribute to the recovery of vestibular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Zahra N. Sayyid
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jessica Fuhriman
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sherri M. Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Alan G. Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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8
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Smirnov VM, Nassisi M, Mohand-Saïd S, Bonnet C, Aubois A, Devisme C, Dib T, Zeitz C, Loundon N, Marlin S, Petit C, Bodaghi B, Sahel JA, Audo I. Retinal Phenotype of Patients with CLRN1-Associated Usher 3A Syndrome in French Light4Deaf Cohort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:25. [PMID: 35481838 PMCID: PMC9055553 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.4.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Biallelic variants in CLRN1 are responsible for Usher syndrome 3A and non-syndromic rod–cone dystrophy (RCD). Retinal findings in Usher syndrome 3A have not been well defined. We report the detailed phenotypic description of RCD associated with CLRN1 variants in a prospective cohort. Methods Patients were clinically investigated at the National Reference Center for rare ocular diseases at the Quinze-Vingts Hospital, Paris, France. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) tests, Goldmann perimetry, full-field electroretinography (ffERG), retinal photography, near-infrared reflectance, short-wavelength and near-infrared autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed for all patients. Results Four patients from four unrelated families were recruited. Mean follow-up was 11 years for three patients, and only baseline data were available for one subject. Median BCVA at baseline was 0.2 logMAR (range, 0.3–0). ffERG responses were undetectable in all subjects. The III4e isopter of the Goldmann visual field was constricted to 10°. The retinal phenotype was consistent in all patients: small whitish granular atrophic areas were organized in a network pattern around the macula and in the midperiphery. OCT showed intraretinal microcysts in all patients. Upon follow-up, all patients experienced a progressive BCVA loss and further visual field constriction. Four distinct pathogenic variants were identified in our patients: two missense (c.144T>G, p.(Asn48Lys) and c.368C>A, p.(Ala123Asp)) and two frameshift variants (c.176del, p.(Gly59Valfs*13) and c.230dup, p.(Ala78Serfs*52)). Conclusions RCD in Usher 3A syndrome has some distinctive features. It is a severe photoreceptor dystrophy with whitish granular posterior pole appearance and cystic maculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily M Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Marco Nassisi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Saddek Mohand-Saïd
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Crystel Bonnet
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1120, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institut de l'Audition, Paris, France
| | - Anne Aubois
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Céline Devisme
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Thilissa Dib
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Natalie Loundon
- Otorhinolaryngologie Pédiatrique, APHP Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des Surdités Génétiques, Service de Génétique, APHP Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Marlin
- Centre de référence des Surdités Génétiques, Service de Génétique, APHP Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Christine Petit
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1120, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institut de l'Audition, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Académie des Sciences-Institut de France, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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The genetic and phenotypic landscapes of Usher syndrome: from disease mechanisms to a new classification. Hum Genet 2022; 141:709-735. [PMID: 35353227 PMCID: PMC9034986 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common cause of deaf–blindness in humans, with a prevalence of about 1/10,000 (~ 400,000 people worldwide). Cochlear implants are currently used to reduce the burden of hearing loss in severe-to-profoundly deaf patients, but many promising treatments including gene, cell, and drug therapies to restore the native function of the inner ear and retinal sensory cells are under investigation. The traditional clinical classification of Usher syndrome defines three major subtypes—USH1, 2 and 3—according to hearing loss severity and onset, the presence or absence of vestibular dysfunction, and age at onset of retinitis pigmentosa. Pathogenic variants of nine USH genes have been initially reported: MYO7A, USH1C, PCDH15, CDH23, and USH1G for USH1, USH2A, ADGRV1, and WHRN for USH2, and CLRN1 for USH3. Based on the co-occurrence of hearing and vision deficits, the list of USH genes has been extended to few other genes, but with limited supporting information. A consensus on combined criteria for Usher syndrome is crucial for the development of accurate diagnosis and to improve patient management. In recent years, a wealth of information has been obtained concerning the properties of the Usher proteins, related molecular networks, potential genotype–phenotype correlations, and the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the impairment or loss of hearing, balance and vision. The advent of precision medicine calls for a clear and more precise diagnosis of Usher syndrome, exploiting all the existing data to develop a combined clinical/genetic/network/functional classification for Usher syndrome.
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Usher syndrome IIIA: a review of the disorder and preclinical research advances in therapeutic approaches. Hum Genet 2022; 141:759-783. [PMID: 35320418 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, progressive pigmentary retinopathy, and vestibular dysfunction. The degree and onset of hearing loss vary among subtypes I, II, and III, while blindness often occurs in the second to fourth decades of life. Usher type III (USH3), characterized by postlingual progressive sensorineural hearing loss, varying levels of vestibular dysfunction, and varying degrees of visual impairment, typically manifests in the first to second decades of life. While USH3 is rare, it is highly prevalent in certain populations. RP61, USH3, and USH3A symbolize the same disorder, with the latter symbol used more frequently in recent literature. This review focuses on the clinical features, epidemiology, molecular genetics, treatment, and research advances for sensory deficits in USH3A.
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11
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Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common genetic condition responsible for combined loss of hearing and vision. Balance disorders and bilateral vestibular areflexia are also observed in some cases. The syndrome was first described by Albrecht von Graefe in 1858, but later named by Charles Usher, who presented a large number of cases with hearing loss and retinopathy in 1914. USH has been grouped into three main clinical types: 1, 2, and 3, which are caused by mutations in different genes and are further divided into different subtypes. To date, nine causative genes have been identified and confirmed as responsible for the syndrome when mutated: MYO7A, USH1C, CDH23, PCDH15, and USH1G (SANS) for Usher type 1; USH2A, ADGRV1, and WHRN for Usher type 2; CLRN1 for Usher type 3. USH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Digenic, bi-allelic, and polygenic forms have also been reported, in addition to dominant or nonsyndromic forms of genetic mutations. This narrative review reports the causative forms, diagnosis, prognosis, epidemiology, rehabilitation, research, and new treatments of USH.
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Lewandowski D, Sander CL, Tworak A, Gao F, Xu Q, Skowronska-Krawczyk D. Dynamic lipid turnover in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium throughout life. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101037. [PMID: 34971765 PMCID: PMC10361839 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor interphase is renewed each day in a stunning display of cellular interdependence. While photoreceptors use photosensitive pigments to convert light into electrical signals, the RPE supports photoreceptors in their function by phagocytizing shed photoreceptor tips, regulating the blood retina barrier, and modulating inflammatory responses, as well as regenerating the 11-cis-retinal chromophore via the classical visual cycle. These processes involve multiple protein complexes, tightly regulated ligand-receptors interactions, and a plethora of lipids and protein-lipids interactions. The role of lipids in maintaining a healthy interplay between the RPE and photoreceptors has not been fully delineated. In recent years, novel technologies have resulted in major advancements in understanding several facets of this interplay, including the involvement of lipids in phagocytosis and phagolysosome function, nutrient recycling, and the metabolic dependence between the two cell types. In this review, we aim to integrate the complex role of lipids in photoreceptor and RPE function, emphasizing the dynamic exchange between the cells as well as discuss how these processes are affected in aging and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lewandowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Sander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qianlan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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13
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Liu W, Johansson Å, Rask-Andersen H, Rask-Andersen M. A combined genome-wide association and molecular study of age-related hearing loss in H. sapiens. BMC Med 2021; 19:302. [PMID: 34847940 PMCID: PMC8638543 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most common sensory deficiencies. However, the molecular contribution to age-related hearing loss is not fully elucidated. METHODS We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for hearing loss-related traits in the UK Biobank (N = 362,396) and selected a high confidence set of ten hearing-associated gene products for staining in human cochlear samples: EYA4, LMX1A, PTK2/FAK, UBE3B, MMP2, SYNJ2, GRM5, TRIOBP, LMO-7, and NOX4. RESULTS All proteins were found to be expressed in human cochlear structures. Our findings illustrate cochlear structures that mediate mechano-electric transduction of auditory stimuli, neuronal conductance, and neuronal plasticity to be involved in age-related hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest common genetic variation to influence structural resilience to damage as well as cochlear recovery after trauma, which protect against accumulated damage to cochlear structures and the development of hearing loss over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mathias Rask-Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Zárybnický T, Heikkinen A, Kangas SM, Karikoski M, Martínez-Nieto GA, Salo MH, Uusimaa J, Vuolteenaho R, Hinttala R, Sipilä P, Kuure S. Modeling Rare Human Disorders in Mice: The Finnish Disease Heritage. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113158. [PMID: 34831381 PMCID: PMC8621025 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of genes in animal models has evidently and comprehensively improved our knowledge on proteins and signaling pathways in human physiology and pathology. In this review, we discuss almost 40 monogenic rare diseases that are enriched in the Finnish population and defined as the Finnish disease heritage (FDH). We will highlight how gene-modified mouse models have greatly facilitated the understanding of the pathological manifestations of these diseases and how some of the diseases still lack proper models. We urge the establishment of subsequent international consortiums to cooperatively plan and carry out future human disease modeling strategies. Detailed information on disease mechanisms brings along broader understanding of the molecular pathways they act along both parallel and transverse to the proteins affected in rare diseases, therefore also aiding understanding of common disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Zárybnický
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Anne Heikkinen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.H.); (S.M.K.); (M.H.S.); (R.V.)
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Salla M. Kangas
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.H.); (S.M.K.); (M.H.S.); (R.V.)
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marika Karikoski
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (M.K.); (G.A.M.-N.)
| | - Guillermo Antonio Martínez-Nieto
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (M.K.); (G.A.M.-N.)
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling (TCDM), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Miia H. Salo
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.H.); (S.M.K.); (M.H.S.); (R.V.)
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Reetta Vuolteenaho
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.H.); (S.M.K.); (M.H.S.); (R.V.)
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (A.H.); (S.M.K.); (M.H.S.); (R.V.)
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (M.K.); (G.A.M.-N.)
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling (TCDM), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.S.); (S.K.)
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Dinculescu A, Link BA, Saperstein DA. Retinal Gene Therapy for Usher Syndrome: Current Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:109-124. [PMID: 34584048 PMCID: PMC8478317 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Fuster-García C, García-Bohórquez B, Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Aller E, Jaijo T, Millán JM, García-García G. Usher Syndrome: Genetics of a Human Ciliopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136723. [PMID: 34201633 PMCID: PMC8268283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive syndromic ciliopathy characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and, sometimes, vestibular dysfunction. There are three clinical types depending on the severity and age of onset of the symptoms; in addition, ten genes are reported to be causative of USH, and six more related to the disease. These genes encode proteins of a diverse nature, which interact and form a dynamic protein network called the “Usher interactome”. In the organ of Corti, the USH proteins are essential for the correct development and maintenance of the structure and cohesion of the stereocilia. In the retina, the USH protein network is principally located in the periciliary region of the photoreceptors, and plays an important role in the maintenance of the periciliary structure and the trafficking of molecules between the inner and the outer segments of photoreceptors. Even though some genes are clearly involved in the syndrome, others are controversial. Moreover, expression of some USH genes has been detected in other tissues, which could explain their involvement in additional mild comorbidities. In this paper, we review the genetics of Usher syndrome and the spectrum of mutations in USH genes. The aim is to identify possible mutation associations with the disease and provide an updated genotype–phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fuster-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén García-Bohórquez
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Aller
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Millán
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Gema García-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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de Joya EM, Colbert BM, Tang PC, Lam BL, Yang J, Blanton SH, Dykxhoorn DM, Liu X. Usher Syndrome in the Inner Ear: Etiologies and Advances in Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3910. [PMID: 33920085 PMCID: PMC8068832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder with ~466 million people worldwide affected, representing about 5% of the population. A substantial portion of hearing loss is genetic. Hearing loss can either be non-syndromic, if hearing loss is the only clinical manifestation, or syndromic, if the hearing loss is accompanied by a collage of other clinical manifestations. Usher syndrome is a syndromic form of genetic hearing loss that is accompanied by impaired vision associated with retinitis pigmentosa and, in many cases, vestibular dysfunction. It is the most common cause of deaf-blindness. Currently cochlear implantation or hearing aids are the only treatments for Usher-related hearing loss. However, gene therapy has shown promise in treating Usher-related retinitis pigmentosa. Here we review how the etiologies of Usher-related hearing loss make it a good candidate for gene therapy and discuss how various forms of gene therapy could be applied to Usher-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. de Joya
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.M.J.); (B.M.C.); (P.-C.T.); (S.H.B.)
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Brett M. Colbert
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.M.J.); (B.M.C.); (P.-C.T.); (S.H.B.)
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Pei-Ciao Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.M.J.); (B.M.C.); (P.-C.T.); (S.H.B.)
| | - Byron L. Lam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Jun Yang
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
| | - Susan H. Blanton
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.M.J.); (B.M.C.); (P.-C.T.); (S.H.B.)
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Derek M. Dykxhoorn
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.M.J.); (B.M.C.); (P.-C.T.); (S.H.B.)
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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18
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Whatley M, Francis A, Ng ZY, Khoh XE, Atlas MD, Dilley RJ, Wong EYM. Usher Syndrome: Genetics and Molecular Links of Hearing Loss and Directions for Therapy. Front Genet 2020; 11:565216. [PMID: 33193648 PMCID: PMC7642844 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.565216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive (AR) disorder that permanently and severely affects the senses of hearing, vision, and balance. Three clinically distinct types of USH have been identified, decreasing in severity from Type 1 to 3, with symptoms of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and vestibular dysfunction. There are currently nine confirmed and two suspected USH-causative genes, and a further three candidate loci have been mapped. The proteins encoded by these genes form complexes that play critical roles in the development and maintenance of cellular structures within the inner ear and retina, which have minimal capacity for repair or regeneration. In the cochlea, stereocilia are located on the apical surface of inner ear hair cells (HC) and are responsible for transducing mechanical stimuli from sound pressure waves into chemical signals. These signals are then detected by the auditory nerve fibers, transmitted to the brain and interpreted as sound. Disease-causing mutations in USH genes can destabilize the tip links that bind the stereocilia to each other, and cause defects in protein trafficking and stereocilia bundle morphology, thereby inhibiting mechanosensory transduction. This review summarizes the current knowledge on Usher syndrome with a particular emphasis on mutations in USH genes, USH protein structures, and functional analyses in animal models. Currently, there is no cure for USH. However, the genetic therapies that are rapidly developing will benefit from this compilation of detailed genetic information to identify the most effective strategies for restoring functional USH proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Whatley
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Abbie Francis
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Emergency Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Zi Ying Ng
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Xin Ee Khoh
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marcus D. Atlas
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ear Sciences Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Dilley
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ear Sciences Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elaine Y. M. Wong
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ear Sciences Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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19
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Sayyid ZN, Wang T, Chen L, Jones SM, Cheng AG. Atoh1 Directs Regeneration and Functional Recovery of the Mature Mouse Vestibular System. Cell Rep 2020; 28:312-324.e4. [PMID: 31291569 PMCID: PMC6659123 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Utricular hair cells (HCs) are mechanoreceptors required for vestibular function. After damage, regeneration of mammalian utricular HCs is limited and regenerated HCs appear immature. Thus, loss of vestibular function is presumed irreversible. Here, we found partial HC replacement and functional recovery in the mature mouse utricle, both enhanced by overexpressing the transcription factor Atoh1. Following damage, long-term fate mapping revealed that support cells non-mitotically and modestly regenerated HCs displaying no or immature bundles. By contrast, Atoh1 overexpression stimulated proliferation and widespread regeneration of HCs exhibiting elongated bundles, patent mechanotransduction channels, and synaptic connections. Finally, although damage without Atoh1 overexpression failed to initiate or sustain a spontaneous functional recovery, Atoh1 overexpression significantly enhanced both the degree and percentage of animals exhibiting sustained functional recovery. Therefore, the mature, damaged utricle has an Atoh1-responsive regenerative program leading to functional recovery, underscoring the potential of a reprogramming approach to sensory regeneration. The mature mouse utricle, which detects linear acceleration, displays limited regeneration, but whether function returns is unknown. Sayyid et al. show that regenerated hair cells appear and mature over months, resulting in a limited, unsustained functional recovery. Atoh1 overexpression enhances regeneration and leads to a sustained recovery of vestibular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra N Sayyid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leon Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sherri M Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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20
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Panagiotopoulos AL, Karguth N, Pavlou M, Böhm S, Gasparoni G, Walter J, Graf A, Blum H, Biel M, Riedmayr LM, Becirovic E. Antisense Oligonucleotide- and CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Rescue of mRNA Splicing for a Deep Intronic CLRN1 Mutation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:1050-1061. [PMID: 32841912 PMCID: PMC7452116 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CLRN1 cause Usher syndrome (USH) type III (USH3A), a disease characterized by progressive hearing impairment, retinitis pigmentosa, and vestibular dysfunction. Due to the lack of appropriate disease models, no efficient therapy for retinitis pigmentosa in USH patients exists so far. In addition, given the yet undefined functional role and expression of the different CLRN1 splice isoforms in the retina, non-causative therapies such as gene supplementation are unsuitable at this stage. In this study, we focused on the recently identified deep intronic c.254-649T>G CLRN1 splicing mutation and aimed to establish two causative treatment approaches: CRISPR-Cas9-mediated excision of the mutated intronic region and antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-mediated correction of mRNA splicing. The therapeutic potential of these approaches was validated in different cell types transiently or stably expressing CLRN1 minigenes. Both approaches led to substantial correction of the splice defect. Surprisingly, however, no synergistic effect was detected when combining both methods. Finally, the injection of naked AONs into mice expressing the mutant CLRN1 minigene in the retina also led to a significant splice rescue. We propose that both AONs and CRISPR-Cas9 are suitable strategies to initiate advanced preclinical studies for treatment of USH3A patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Karguth
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Pavlou
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sybille Böhm
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Riedmayr
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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21
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Askew C, Chien WW. Adeno-associated virus gene replacement for recessive inner ear dysfunction: Progress and challenges. Hear Res 2020; 394:107947. [PMID: 32247629 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 3 in 1000 children in the US under 4 years of age are affected by hearing loss. Currently, cochlear implants represent the only line of treatment for patients with severe to profound hearing loss, and there are no targeted drug or biological based therapies available. Gene replacement is a promising therapeutic approach for hereditary hearing loss, where viral vectors are used to deliver functional cDNA to "replace" defective genes in dysfunctional cells in the inner ear. Proof-of-concept studies have successfully used this approach to improve auditory function in mouse models of hereditary hearing loss, and human clinical trials are on the immediate horizon. The success of this method is ultimately determined by the underlying biology of the defective gene and design of the treatment strategy, relying on intervention before degeneration of the sensory structures occurs. A challenge will be the delivery of a corrective gene to the proper target within the therapeutic window of opportunity, which may be unique for each specific defective gene. Although rescue of pre-lingual forms of recessive deafness have been explored in animal models thus far, future identification of genes with post-lingual onset that are amenable to gene replacement holds even greater promise for treatment, since the therapeutic window is likely open for a much longer period of time. This review summarizes the current state of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene replacement therapy for recessive hereditary hearing loss and discusses potential challenges and opportunities for translating inner ear gene replacement therapy for patients with hereditary hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Askew
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wade W Chien
- Inner Ear Gene Therapy Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Matsunaga T. Clinical genetics, practice, and research of deafblindness: From uncollected experiences to the national registry in Japan. Auris Nasus Larynx 2020; 48:185-193. [PMID: 32859446 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deafblindness is a condition of combined vision and hearing loss that is extremely rare in children and young adults, as well as being a highly heterogeneous condition, with over 70 specific etiologies. Due to these features, sporadic clinical experiences have not been collated, which has hampered medical progress. Genetics plays a major role in the pathogenesis of deafblindness in children and young adults, with more than 50 hereditary syndromes and disorders associated with the condition, including CHARGE, Usher, Down, Stickler, and Dandy-Walker syndromes, which are the most common. Clinical diagnosis of deafblindness is often difficult, and a significant proportion of patients are undiagnosed. No curative therapy is currently available for the majority of patients with hereditary deafblindness; however, experimental studies using animal models have shown promising results by targeting specific genes that cause vision or hearing loss. In Japan, the Rare Disease Data Registry of Japan (RADDAR-J) has been established as a national registry of rare and intractable diseases. Diseases of deafblindness have been elected as a disease category in RADDAR-J. Currently, clinical and genomic data are being collected and analyzed using this system, with the aim of generating an overview of deafblindness to improve medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Matsunaga
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan; Division of Hearing and Balance Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Japan; Medical Genetics Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Japan.
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23
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Fetal gene therapy and pharmacotherapy to treat congenital hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Hear Res 2020; 394:107931. [PMID: 32173115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Disabling hearing loss is expected to affect over 900 million people worldwide by 2050. The World Health Organization estimates that the annual economic impact of hearing loss globally is US$ 750 billion. The inability to hear may complicate effective interpersonal communication and negatively impact personal and professional relationships. Recent advances in the genetic diagnosis of inner ear disease have keenly focused attention on strategies to restore hearing and balance in individuals with defined gene mutations. Mouse models of human hearing loss serve as the primary approach to test gene therapies and pharmacotherapies. The goal of this review is to articulate the rationale for fetal gene therapy and pharmacotherapy to treat congenital hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. The differential onset of hearing in mice and humans suggests that a prenatal window of therapeutic efficacy in humans may be optimal to restore sensory function. Mouse studies demonstrating the utility of early fetal intervention in the inner ear show promise. We focus on the modulation of gene expression through two strategies that have successfully treated deafness in animal models and have had clinical success for other conditions in humans: gene replacement and antisense oligonucleotide-mediated modulation of gene expression. The recent establishment of effective therapies targeting the juvenile and adult mouse provide informative counterexamples where intervention in the maturing and fully functional mouse inner ear may be effective. Distillation of the current literature leads to the conclusion that novel therapeutic strategies to treat genetic deafness and imbalance will soon translate to clinical trials.
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24
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Géléoc GGS, El-Amraoui A. Disease mechanisms and gene therapy for Usher syndrome. Hear Res 2020; 394:107932. [PMID: 32199721 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is a major cause of deaf-blindness in humans, affecting ∼400 000 patients worldwide. Three clinical subtypes, USH1-3, have been defined, with 10 USH genes identified so far. In recent years, in addition to identification of new Usher genes and diagnostic tools, major progress has been made in understanding the role of Usher proteins and how they cooperate through interaction networks to ensure proper development, architecture and function of the stereociliary bundle at the apex of sensory hair cells in the inner ear. Several Usher mouse models of known human Usher genes have been characterized. These mice faithfully reproduce the auditory phenotype associated with Usher syndrome and the vestibular phenotype associated with some mutations in USH genes, particularly USH1. Interestingly, very few mouse models of Usher syndrome recapitulate the retinal phenotype associated with the disease in human. Usher patients can benefit from hearing aids or cochlear implants, which partially alleviate auditory sensory deprivation. However, there are currently no biological treatments available for auditory or visual dysfunction in Usher patients. Development of novel therapies for Usher syndrome has sprouted over the past decade, building on recent progress in gene transfer and new gene editing tools. Promising success demonstrating recovery of hearing and balance functions have been obtained via distinct therapeutic strategies in animal models. Clinical translation to Usher patients, however, calls for further improvements and concerted efforts to overcome the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaelle G S Géléoc
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3, Blackfan circle, Center for Life Science, 03001, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Aziz El-Amraoui
- Unit Progressive Sensory Disorders, Institut Pasteur, INSERM-UMRS1120, Sorbonne Université, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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25
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Abu-Ameerh M, Mohammad H, Dardas Z, Barham R, Ali D, Bijawi M, Tawalbeh M, Amr S, Hatmal MM, Al-Bdour M, Awidi A, Azab B. Extending the spectrum of CLRN1- and ABCA4-associated inherited retinal dystrophies caused by novel and recurrent variants using exome sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1123. [PMID: 31968401 PMCID: PMC7057102 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are characterized by extreme genetic and clinical heterogeneity. There are many genes that are known to cause IRD which makes the identification of the underlying genetic causes quite challenging. And in view of the emergence of therapeutic options, it is essential to combine molecular and clinical data to correctly diagnose IRD patients. In this study, we aimed to identify the disease‐causing variants (DCVs) in four consanguineous Jordanian families with IRDs and describe genotype–phenotype correlations. Methods Exome sequencing (ES) was employed on the proband patients of each family, followed by segregation analysis of candidate variants in affected and unaffected family members by Sanger sequencing. Simulation analysis was done on one novel CLRN1 variant to characterize its effect on mRNA processing. Clinical evaluation included history, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Results We identified two novel variants in CLRN1 [(c.433+1G>A) and (c.323T>C, p.Leu108Pro)], and two recurrent variants in ABCA4 [(c.1648G>A, p.Gly550Arg) and (c.5460+1G>A)]. Two families with the same DCV were found to have different phenotypes and another family was shown to have sector RP. Moreover, simulation analysis for the CLRN1 splice donor variant (c.433+1G>A) showed that the variant might affect mRNA processing resulting in the formation of an abnormal receptor. Also, a family that was previously diagnosed with nonsyndromic RP was found to have Usher syndrome based on their genetic assessment and audiometry. Conclusion Our findings extend the spectrum of CLRN1‐ and ABCA4‐associated IRDs and describe new phenotypes for these genes. We also highlighted the importance of combining molecular and clinical data to correctly diagnose IRDs and the utility of simulation analysis to predict the effect of splice donor variants on protein formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abu-Ameerh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Zain Dardas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Raghda Barham
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dema Ali
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maysa Bijawi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamed Tawalbeh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sami Amr
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ma'mon M Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Muawyah Al-Bdour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdalla Awidi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Medicine and Hematology, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Belal Azab
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Human and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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26
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Xu L, Bolch SN, Santiago CP, Dyka FM, Akil O, Lobanova ES, Wang Y, Martemyanov KA, Hauswirth WW, Smith WC, Handa JT, Blackshaw S, Ash JD, Dinculescu A. Clarin-1 expression in adult mouse and human retina highlights a role of Müller glia in Usher syndrome. J Pathol 2019; 250:195-204. [PMID: 31625146 PMCID: PMC7003947 DOI: 10.1002/path.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Usher syndrome type 3 (USH3) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutations in the gene clarin‐1 (CLRN1), leading to combined progressive hearing loss and retinal degeneration. The cellular distribution of CLRN1 in the retina remains uncertain, either because its expression levels are low or because its epitopes are masked. Indeed, in the adult mouse retina, Clrn1 mRNA is developmentally downregulated, detectable only by RT‐PCR. In this study we used the highly sensitive RNAscope in situ hybridization assay and single‐cell RNA‐sequencing techniques to investigate the distribution of Clrn1 and CLRN1 in mouse and human retina, respectively. We found that Clrn1 transcripts in mouse tissue are localized to the inner retina during postnatal development and in adult stages. The pattern of Clrn1 mRNA cellular expression is similar in both mouse and human adult retina, with CLRN1 transcripts being localized in Müller glia, and not photoreceptors. We generated a novel knock‐in mouse with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope‐tagged CLRN1 and showed that CLRN1 is expressed continuously at the protein level in the retina. Following enzymatic deglycosylation and immunoblotting analysis, we detected a single CLRN1‐specific protein band in homogenates of mouse and human retina, consistent in size with the main CLRN1 isoform. Taken together, our results implicate Müller glia in USH3 pathology, placing this cell type to the center of future mechanistic and therapeutic studies to prevent vision loss in this disease. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan N Bolch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Clayton P Santiago
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank M Dyka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Omar Akil
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | | | - W Clay Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James T Handa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John D Ash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Astra Dinculescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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27
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Dunbar LA, Patni P, Aguilar C, Mburu P, Corns L, Wells HRR, Delmaghani S, Parker A, Johnson S, Williams D, Esapa CT, Simon MM, Chessum L, Newton S, Dorning J, Jeyarajan P, Morse S, Lelli A, Codner GF, Peineau T, Gopal SR, Alagramam KN, Hertzano R, Dulon D, Wells S, Williams FM, Petit C, Dawson SJ, Brown SDM, Marcotti W, El‐Amraoui A, Bowl MR. Clarin-2 is essential for hearing by maintaining stereocilia integrity and function. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10288. [PMID: 31448880 PMCID: PMC6728604 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing relies on mechanically gated ion channels present in the actin-rich stereocilia bundles at the apical surface of cochlear hair cells. Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the formation and maintenance of the sound-receptive structure is limited. Utilizing a large-scale forward genetic screen in mice, genome mapping and gene complementation tests, we identified Clrn2 as a new deafness gene. The Clrn2clarinet/clarinet mice (p.Trp4* mutation) exhibit a progressive, early-onset hearing loss, with no overt retinal deficits. Utilizing data from the UK Biobank study, we could show that CLRN2 is involved in human non-syndromic progressive hearing loss. Our in-depth morphological, molecular and functional investigations establish that while it is not required for initial formation of cochlear sensory hair cell stereocilia bundles, clarin-2 is critical for maintaining normal bundle integrity and functioning. In the differentiating hair bundles, lack of clarin-2 leads to loss of mechano-electrical transduction, followed by selective progressive loss of the transducing stereocilia. Together, our findings demonstrate a key role for clarin-2 in mammalian hearing, providing insights into the interplay between mechano-electrical transduction and stereocilia maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Dunbar
- Mammalian Genetics UnitMRC Harwell InstituteHarwellUK
| | - Pranav Patni
- Déficits Sensoriels ProgressifsInstitut PasteurINSERM UMR‐S 1120Sorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | | | | | - Laura Corns
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Helena RR Wells
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sedigheh Delmaghani
- Déficits Sensoriels ProgressifsInstitut PasteurINSERM UMR‐S 1120Sorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | - Andrew Parker
- Mammalian Genetics UnitMRC Harwell InstituteHarwellUK
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Morse
- Mammalian Genetics UnitMRC Harwell InstituteHarwellUK
| | - Andrea Lelli
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'AuditionInstitut PasteurINSERM UMR‐S 1120Collège de FranceSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | | | - Thibault Peineau
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie de la Synapse AuditiveUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Suhasini R Gopal
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Kumar N Alagramam
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Ronna Hertzano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute for Genome SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Didier Dulon
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie de la Synapse AuditiveUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon CentreMRC Harwell InstituteHarwellUK
| | - Frances M Williams
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christine Petit
- Génétique et Physiologie de l'AuditionInstitut PasteurINSERM UMR‐S 1120Collège de FranceSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | | | | | - Walter Marcotti
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Aziz El‐Amraoui
- Déficits Sensoriels ProgressifsInstitut PasteurINSERM UMR‐S 1120Sorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
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28
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Unconventional secretory pathway activation restores hair cell mechanotransduction in an USH3A model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11000-11009. [PMID: 31097578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817500116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic variant c.144T>G (p.N48K) in the clarin1 gene (CLRN1) results in progressive loss of vision and hearing in Usher syndrome IIIA (USH3A) patients. CLRN1 is predicted to be an essential protein in hair bundles, the mechanosensory structure of hair cells critical for hearing and balance. When expressed in animal models, CLRN1 localizes to the hair bundle, whereas glycosylation-deficient CLRN1N48K aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum, with only a fraction reaching the bundle. We hypothesized that the small amount of CLRN1N48K that reaches the hair bundle does so via an unconventional secretory pathway and that activation of this pathway could be therapeutic. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we find that clarin1 knockout (clrn1 KO/KO ) zebrafish that express the CLRN1 c.144T>G pathogenic variant display progressive hair cell dysfunction, and that CLRN1N48K is trafficked to the hair bundle via the GRASP55 cargo-dependent unconventional secretory pathway (GCUSP). On expression of GRASP55 mRNA, or on exposure to the drug artemisinin (which activates GCUSP), the localization of CLRN1N48K to the hair bundles was enhanced. Artemisinin treatment also effectively restored hair cell mechanotransduction and attenuated progressive hair cell dysfunction in clrn1 KO/KO larvae that express CLRN1 c.144T>G , highlighting the potential of artemisinin to prevent sensory loss in CLRN1 c.144T>G patients.
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29
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OHC-TRECK: A Novel System Using a Mouse Model for Investigation of the Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Outer Hair Cell Death in the Inner Ear. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5285. [PMID: 30918314 PMCID: PMC6437180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer hair cells (OHCs) are responsible for the amplification of sound, and the death of these cells leads to hearing loss. Although the mechanisms for sound amplification and OHC death have been well investigated, the effects on the cochlea after OHC death are poorly understood. To study the consequences of OHC death, we established an OHC knockout system using a novel mouse model, Prestin-hDTR, which uses the prestin promoter to express the human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor gene (hDTR). Administration of DT to adult Prestin-hDTR mice results in the depletion of almost all OHCs without significant damage to other cochlear and vestibular cells, suggesting that this system is an effective tool for the analysis of how other cells in the cochlea and vestibula are affected after OHC death. To evaluate the changes in the cochlea after OHC death, we performed differential gene expression analysis between the untreated and DT-treated groups of wild-type and Prestin-hDTR mice. This analysis revealed that genes associated with inflammatory/immune responses were significantly upregulated. Moreover, we found that several genes linked to hearing loss were strongly downregulated by OHC death. Together, these results suggest that this OHC knockout system is a useful tool to identify biomarkers associated with OHC death.
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30
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György B, Meijer EJ, Ivanchenko MV, Tenneson K, Emond F, Hanlon KS, Indzhykulian AA, Volak A, Karavitaki KD, Tamvakologos PI, Vezina M, Berezovskii VK, Born RT, O'Brien M, Lafond JF, Arsenijevic Y, Kenna MA, Maguire CA, Corey DP. Gene Transfer with AAV9-PHP.B Rescues Hearing in a Mouse Model of Usher Syndrome 3A and Transduces Hair Cells in a Non-human Primate. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:1-13. [PMID: 30581889 PMCID: PMC6297893 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hearing loss often results from mutation of genes expressed by cochlear hair cells. Gene addition using AAV vectors has shown some efficacy in mouse models, but clinical application requires two additional advances. First, new AAV capsids must mediate efficient transgene expression in both inner and outer hair cells of the cochlea. Second, to have the best chance of clinical translation, these new vectors must also transduce hair cells in non-human primates. Here, we show that an AAV9 capsid variant, PHP.B, produces efficient transgene expression of a GFP reporter in both inner and outer hair cells of neonatal mice. We show also that AAV9-PHP.B mediates almost complete transduction of inner and outer HCs in a non-human primate. In a mouse model of Usher syndrome type 3A deafness (gene CLRN1), we use AAV9-PHP.B encoding Clrn1 to partially rescue hearing. Thus, we have identified a vector with promise for clinical treatment of hereditary hearing disorders, and we demonstrate, for the first time, viral transduction of the inner ear of a primate with an AAV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence György
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elise J Meijer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Killian S Hanlon
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Artur A Indzhykulian
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Adrienn Volak
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Vezina
- Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, QC, Canada
| | | | - Richard T Born
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Yvan Arsenijevic
- Unit of Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margaret A Kenna
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Casey A Maguire
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - David P Corey
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Wang L, Kempton JB, Brigande JV. Gene Therapy in Mouse Models of Deafness and Balance Dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:300. [PMID: 30210291 PMCID: PMC6123355 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies to restore hearing and balance in mouse models of inner ear disease aim to rescue sensory function by gene replacement, augmentation, knock down or knock out. Modalities to achieve therapeutic effects have utilized virus-mediated transfer of wild type genes and small interfering ribonucleic acids; systemic and focal administration of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and designer small molecules; and lipid-mediated transfer of Cas 9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. This work has established that gene or drug administration to the structurally and functionally immature, early neonatal mouse inner ear prior to hearing onset is a prerequisite for the most robust therapeutic responses. These observations may have significant implications for translating mouse inner ear gene therapies to patients. The human fetus hears by gestational week 19, suggesting that a corollary window of therapeutic efficacy closes early in the second trimester of pregnancy. We hypothesize that fetal therapeutics deployed prior to hearing onset may be the most effective approach to preemptively manage genetic mutations that cause deafness and vestibular dysfunction. We assert that gene therapy studies in higher vertebrate model systems with fetal hearing onset and a comparable acoustic range and sensitivity to that of humans are an essential step to safely and effectively translate murine gene therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - J Beth Kempton
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John V Brigande
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Dulon D, Papal S, Patni P, Cortese M, Vincent PF, Tertrais M, Emptoz A, Tlili A, Bouleau Y, Michel V, Delmaghani S, Aghaie A, Pepermans E, Alegria-Prevot O, Akil O, Lustig L, Avan P, Safieddine S, Petit C, El-Amraoui A. Clarin-1 gene transfer rescues auditory synaptopathy in model of Usher syndrome. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3382-3401. [PMID: 29985171 DOI: 10.1172/jci94351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarin-1, a tetraspan-like membrane protein defective in Usher syndrome type IIIA (USH3A), is essential for hair bundle morphogenesis in auditory hair cells. We report a new synaptic role for clarin-1 in mouse auditory hair cells elucidated by characterization of Clrn1 total (Clrn1ex4-/-) and postnatal hair cell-specific conditional (Clrn1ex4fl/fl Myo15-Cre+/-) knockout mice. Clrn1ex4-/- mice were profoundly deaf, whereas Clrn1ex4fl/fl Myo15-Cre+/- mice displayed progressive increases in hearing thresholds, with, initially, normal otoacoustic emissions and hair bundle morphology. Inner hair cell (IHC) patch-clamp recordings for the 2 mutant mice revealed defective exocytosis and a disorganization of synaptic F-actin and CaV1.3 Ca2+ channels, indicative of a synaptopathy. Postsynaptic defects were also observed, with an abnormally broad distribution of AMPA receptors associated with a loss of afferent dendrites and defective electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses. Protein-protein interaction assays revealed interactions between clarin-1 and the synaptic CaV1.3 Ca2+ channel complex via the Cavβ2 auxiliary subunit and the PDZ domain-containing protein harmonin (defective in Usher syndrome type IC). Cochlear gene therapy in vivo, through adeno-associated virus-mediated Clrn1 transfer into hair cells, prevented the synaptic defects and durably improved hearing in Clrn1ex4fl/fl Myo15-Cre+/- mice. Our results identify clarin-1 as a key organizer of IHC ribbon synapses, and suggest new treatment possibilities for USH3A patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Dulon
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie de la Synapse Auditive, Bordeaux Neurocampus, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samantha Papal
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Pranav Patni
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Cortese
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Fy Vincent
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie de la Synapse Auditive, Bordeaux Neurocampus, Bordeaux, France
| | - Margot Tertrais
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie de la Synapse Auditive, Bordeaux Neurocampus, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Emptoz
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Abdelaziz Tlili
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Yohan Bouleau
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie de la Synapse Auditive, Bordeaux Neurocampus, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Sedigheh Delmaghani
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Alain Aghaie
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Elise Pepermans
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Olinda Alegria-Prevot
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Omar Akil
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lawrence Lustig
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Avan
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Sensorielle, Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne; Biophysique Médicale, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Saaid Safieddine
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Christine Petit
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Aziz El-Amraoui
- UMRS 1120, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
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33
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Modeling and Preventing Progressive Hearing Loss in Usher Syndrome III. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13480. [PMID: 29044151 PMCID: PMC5647385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome type III (USH3) characterized by progressive loss of vision and hearing is caused by mutations in the clarin-1 gene (CLRN1). Clrn1 knockout (KO) mice develop hair cell defects by postnatal day 2 (P2) and are deaf by P21-P25. Early onset profound hearing loss in KO mice and lack of information about the cochlear cell type that requires Clrn1 expression pose challenges to therapeutic investigation. We generated KO mice harboring a transgene, TgAC1, consisting of Clrn1-UTR (Clrn1 cDNA including its 5′ and 3′ UTR) under the control of regulatory elements (Atoh1 3′ enhancer/β-globin basal promoter) to direct expression of Clrn1 in hair cells during development and down regulate it postnatally. The KO-TgAC1 mice displayed delayed onset progressive hearing loss associated with deterioration of the hair bundle structure, leading to the hypothesis that hair cell expression of Clrn1 is essential for postnatal preservation of hair cell structure and hearing. Consistent with that hypothesis, perinatal transfection of hair cells in KO-TgAC1 mice with a single injection of AAV-Clrn1-UTR vector showed correlative preservation of the hair bundle structure and hearing through adult life. Further, the efficacy of AAV-Clrn1 vector was significantly attenuated, revealing the potential importance of UTR in gene therapy.
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Broadgate S, Yu J, Downes SM, Halford S. Unravelling the genetics of inherited retinal dystrophies: Past, present and future. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:53-96. [PMID: 28363849 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the genes underlying monogenic diseases has been of interest to clinicians and scientists for many years. Using inherited retinal dystrophies as an example of monogenic disease we describe the history of molecular genetic techniques that have been pivotal in the discovery of disease causing genes. The methods that were developed in the 1970's and 80's are still in use today but have been refined and improved. These techniques enabled the concept of the Human Genome Project to be envisaged and ultimately realised. When the successful conclusion of the project was announced in 2003 many new tools and, as importantly, many collaborations had been developed that facilitated a rapid identification of disease genes. In the post-human genome project era advances in computing power and the clever use of the properties of DNA replication has allowed the development of next-generation sequencing technologies. These methods have revolutionised the identification of disease genes because for the first time there is no need to define the position of the gene in the genome. The use of next generation sequencing in a diagnostic setting has allowed many more patients with an inherited retinal dystrophy to obtain a molecular diagnosis for their disease. The identification of novel genes that have a role in the development or maintenance of retinal function is opening up avenues of research which will lead to the development of new pharmacological and gene therapy approaches. Neither of which can be used unless the defective gene and protein is known. The continued development of sequencing technologies also holds great promise for the advent of truly personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jing Yu
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Susan M Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Laser-capture micro dissection combined with next-generation sequencing analysis of cell type-specific deafness gene expression in the mouse cochlea. Hear Res 2017; 348:87-97. [PMID: 28263850 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cochlear implantation (CI), which directly stimulates the cochlear nerves, is the most effective and widely used medical intervention for patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. The etiology of the hearing loss is speculated to have a major influence of CI outcomes, particularly in cases resulting from mutations in genes preferentially expressed in the spiral ganglion region. To elucidate precise gene expression levels in each part of the cochlea, we performed laser-capture micro dissection in combination with next-generation sequencing analysis and determined the expression levels of all known deafness-associated genes in the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion, lateral wall, and spiral limbs. The results were generally consistent with previous reports based on immunocytochemistry or in situ hybridization. As a notable result, the genes associated with many kinds of syndromic hearing loss (such as Clpp, Hars2, Hsd17b4, Lars2 for Perrault syndrome, Polr1c and Polr1d for Treacher Collins syndrome, Ndp for Norrie Disease, Kal for Kallmann syndrome, Edn3 and Snai2 for Waardenburg Syndrome, Col4a3 for Alport syndrome, Sema3e for CHARGE syndrome, Col9a1 for Sticker syndrome, Cdh23, Cib2, Clrn1, Pcdh15, Ush1c, Ush2a, Whrn for Usher syndrome and Wfs1 for Wolfram syndrome) showed higher levels of expression in the spiral ganglion than in other parts of the cochlea. This dataset will provide a base for more detailed analysis in order to clarify gene functions in the cochlea as well as predict CI outcomes based on gene expression data.
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36
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Jin Y, Ren N, Li S, Fu X, Sun X, Men Y, Xu Z, Zhang J, Xie Y, Xia M, Gao J. Deletion of Brg1 causes abnormal hair cell planer polarity, hair cell anchorage, and scar formation in mouse cochlea. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27124. [PMID: 27255603 PMCID: PMC4891731 DOI: 10.1038/srep27124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cells (HCs) are mechanosensors that play crucial roles in perceiving sound, acceleration, and fluid motion. The precise architecture of the auditory epithelium and its repair after HC loss is indispensable to the function of organ of Corti (OC). In this study, we showed that Brg1 was highly expressed in auditory HCs. Specific deletion of Brg1 in postnatal HCs resulted in rapid HC degeneration and profound deafness in mice. Further experiments showed that cell-intrinsic polarity of HCs was abolished, docking of outer hair cells (OHCs) by Deiter’s cells (DCs) failed, and scar formation in the reticular lamina was deficient. We demonstrated that Brg1 ablation disrupted the Gαi/Insc/LGN and aPKC asymmetric distributions, without overt effects on the core planer cell polarity (PCP) pathway. We also demonstrated that Brg1-deficient HCs underwent apoptosis, and that leakage in the reticular lamina caused by deficient scar formation shifted the mode of OHC death from apoptosis to necrosis. Together, these data demonstrated a requirement for Brg1 activity in HC development and suggested a role for Brg1 in the proper cellular structure formation of HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Jin
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Naixia Ren
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuqin Men
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yue Xie
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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37
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Alagramam KN, Gopal SR, Geng R, Chen DHC, Nemet I, Lee R, Tian G, Miyagi M, Malagu KF, Lock CJ, Esmieu WRK, Owens AP, Lindsay NA, Ouwehand K, Albertus F, Fischer DF, Bürli RW, MacLeod AM, Harte WE, Palczewski K, Imanishi Y. A small molecule mitigates hearing loss in a mouse model of Usher syndrome III. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:444-51. [PMID: 27110679 PMCID: PMC4871731 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome type III (USH3), characterized by progressive deafness, variable balance disorder and blindness, is caused by destabilizing mutations in the gene encoding the clarin-1 (CLRN1) protein. Here we report a new strategy to mitigate hearing loss associated with a common USH3 mutation CLRN1(N48K) that involves cell-based high-throughput screening of small molecules capable of stabilizing CLRN1(N48K), followed by a secondary screening to eliminate general proteasome inhibitors, and finally an iterative process to optimize structure-activity relationships. This resulted in the identification of BioFocus 844 (BF844). To test the efficacy of BF844, we developed a mouse model that mimicked the progressive hearing loss associated with USH3. BF844 effectively attenuated progressive hearing loss and prevented deafness in this model. Because the CLRN1(N48K) mutation causes both hearing and vision loss, BF844 could in principle prevent both sensory deficiencies in patients with USH3. Moreover, the strategy described here could help identify drugs for other protein-destabilizing monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar N Alagramam
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Suhasini R Gopal
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruishuang Geng
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel H-C Chen
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ina Nemet
- Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Guilian Tian
- Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Karine F Malagu
- BioFocus, a Charles River company, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Christopher J Lock
- BioFocus, a Charles River company, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - William R K Esmieu
- BioFocus, a Charles River company, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Andrew P Owens
- BioFocus, a Charles River company, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Nicola A Lindsay
- BioFocus, a Charles River company, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | | | | | | | - Roland W Bürli
- BioFocus, a Charles River company, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Angus M MacLeod
- BioFocus, a Charles River company, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - William E Harte
- Office of Translation and Innovation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Imanishi
- Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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38
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Soh YQ, Peh GSL, Mehta JS. Translational issues for human corneal endothelial tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2425-2442. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiang Soh
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group; Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre; Singapore
| | - Gary S. L. Peh
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group; Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore
- Ophthalmology Academic Clinical Programme; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore
| | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group; Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre; Singapore
- Ophthalmology Academic Clinical Programme; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore
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39
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Dinculescu A, Stupay RM, Deng WT, Dyka FM, Min SH, Boye SL, Chiodo VA, Abrahan CE, Zhu P, Li Q, Strettoi E, Novelli E, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Wolfrum U, Smith WC, Hauswirth WW. AAV-Mediated Clarin-1 Expression in the Mouse Retina: Implications for USH3A Gene Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148874. [PMID: 26881841 PMCID: PMC4755610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome type III (USH3A) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in clarin-1 (CLRN1) gene, leading to progressive retinal degeneration and sensorineural deafness. Efforts to develop therapies for preventing photoreceptor cell loss are hampered by the lack of a retinal phenotype in the existing USH3 mouse models and by conflicting reports regarding the endogenous retinal localization of clarin-1, a transmembrane protein of unknown function. In this study, we used an AAV-based approach to express CLRN1 in the mouse retina in order to determine the pattern of its subcellular localization in different cell types. We found that all major classes of retinal cells express AAV-delivered CLRN1 driven by the ubiquitous, constitutive small chicken β-actin promoter, which has important implications for the design of future USH3 gene therapy studies. Within photoreceptor cells, AAV-expressed CLRN1 is mainly localized at the inner segment region and outer plexiform layer, similar to the endogenous expression of other usher proteins. Subretinal delivery using a full strength viral titer led to significant loss of retinal function as evidenced by ERG analysis, suggesting that there is a critical limit for CLRN1 expression in photoreceptor cells. Taken together, these results suggest that CLRN1 expression is potentially supported by a variety of retinal cells, and the right combination of AAV vector dose, promoter, and delivery method needs to be selected to develop safe therapies for USH3 disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astra Dinculescu
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel M. Stupay
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Wen-Tao Deng
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Dyka
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Seok-Hong Min
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Sanford L. Boye
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Vince A. Chiodo
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Carolina E. Abrahan
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhu
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - W. Clay Smith
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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40
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Zebrafish Models for the Mechanosensory Hair Cell Dysfunction in Usher Syndrome 3 Reveal That Clarin-1 Is an Essential Hair Bundle Protein. J Neurosci 2015; 35:10188-201. [PMID: 26180195 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1096-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Usher syndrome type III (USH3) is characterized by progressive loss of hearing and vision, and varying degrees of vestibular dysfunction. It is caused by mutations that affect the human clarin-1 protein (hCLRN1), a member of the tetraspanin protein family. The missense mutation CLRN1(N48K), which affects a conserved N-glycosylation site in hCLRN1, is a common causative USH3 mutation among Ashkenazi Jews. The affected individuals hear at birth but lose that function over time. Here, we developed an animal model system using zebrafish transgenesis and gene targeting to provide an explanation for this phenotype. Immunolabeling demonstrated that Clrn1 localized to the hair cell bundles (hair bundles). The clrn1 mutants generated by zinc finger nucleases displayed aberrant hair bundle morphology with diminished function. Two transgenic zebrafish that express either hCLRN1 or hCLRN1(N48K) in hair cells were produced to examine the subcellular localization patterns of wild-type and mutant human proteins. hCLRN1 localized to the hair bundles similarly to zebrafish Clrn1; in contrast, hCLRN1(N48K) largely mislocalized to the cell body with a small amount reaching the hair bundle. We propose that this small amount of hCLRN1(N48K) in the hair bundle provides clarin-1-mediated function during the early stages of life; however, the presence of hCLRN1(N48K) in the hair bundle diminishes over time because of intracellular degradation of the mutant protein, leading to progressive loss of hair bundle integrity and hair cell function. These findings and genetic tools provide an understanding and path forward to identify therapies to mitigate hearing loss linked to the CLRN1 mutation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mutations in the clarin-1 gene affect eye and ear function in humans. Individuals with the CLRN1(N48K) mutation are born able to hear but lose that function over time. Here, we develop an animal model system using zebrafish transgenesis and gene targeting to provide an explanation for this phenotype. This approach illuminates the role of clarin-1 and the molecular mechanism linked to the CLRN1(N48K) mutation in sensory hair cells of the inner ear. Additionally, the investigation provided an in vivo model to guide future drug discovery to rescue the hCLRN1(N48K) in hair cells.
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41
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Electrophysiological Detection of Intracochlear Scalar Changing Perimodiolar Cochlear Implant Electrodes. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:1166-71. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Toms M, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Webster A, Moosajee M. Usher syndrome: a review of the clinical phenotype, genes and therapeutic strategies. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1033403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nishio SY, Hattori M, Moteki H, Tsukada K, Miyagawa M, Naito T, Yoshimura H, Iwasa YI, Mori K, Shima Y, Sakuma N, Usami SI. Gene expression profiles of the cochlea and vestibular endorgans: localization and function of genes causing deafness. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 124 Suppl 1:6S-48S. [PMID: 25814645 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415575549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to elucidate the gene expression profiles of the causative genes as well as the localization of the encoded proteins involved in hereditary hearing loss. METHODS Relevant articles (as of September 2014) were searched in PubMed databases, and the gene symbols of the genes reported to be associated with deafness were located on the Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage using localization, expression, and distribution as keywords. RESULTS Our review of the literature allowed us to systematize the gene expression profiles for genetic deafness in the inner ear, clarifying the unique functions and specific expression patterns of these genes in the cochlea and vestibular endorgans. CONCLUSIONS The coordinated actions of various encoded molecules are essential for the normal development and maintenance of auditory and vestibular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Nishio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hattori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Moteki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Keita Tsukada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Miyagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takehiko Naito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hidekane Yoshimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoh-Ichiro Iwasa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakuma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Yoshimura H, Oshikawa C, Nakayama J, Moteki H, Usami SI. Identification of a novel CLRN1 gene mutation in Usher syndrome type 3: two case reports. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 124 Suppl 1:94S-9S. [PMID: 25743179 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415574069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the CLRN1 gene mutation analysis in Japanese patients who were diagnosed with Usher syndrome type 3 (USH3) on the basis of clinical findings. METHODS Genetic analysis using massively parallel DNA sequencing (MPS) was conducted to search for 9 causative USH genes in 2 USH3 patients. RESULTS We identified the novel pathogenic mutation in the CLRN1 gene in 2 patients. The missense mutation was confirmed by functional prediction software and segregation analysis. Both patients were diagnosed as having USH3 caused by the CLRN1 gene mutation. CONCLUSION This is the first report of USH3 with a CLRN1 gene mutation in Asian populations. Validating the presence of clinical findings is imperative for properly differentiating among USH subtypes. In addition, mutation screening using MPS enables the identification of causative mutations in USH. The clinical diagnosis of this phenotypically variable disease can then be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekane Yoshimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Chie Oshikawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University School of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Moteki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Science, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Science, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Mathur P, Yang J. Usher syndrome: Hearing loss, retinal degeneration and associated abnormalities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:406-20. [PMID: 25481835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH), clinically and genetically heterogeneous, is the leading genetic cause of combined hearing and vision loss. USH is classified into three types, based on the hearing and vestibular symptoms observed in patients. Sixteen loci have been reported to be involved in the occurrence of USH and atypical USH. Among them, twelve have been identified as causative genes and one as a modifier gene. Studies on the proteins encoded by these USH genes suggest that USH proteins interact among one another and function in multiprotein complexes in vivo. Although their exact functions remain enigmatic in the retina, USH proteins are required for the development, maintenance and function of hair bundles, which are the primary mechanosensitive structure of inner ear hair cells. Despite the unavailability of a cure, progress has been made to develop effective treatments for this disease. In this review, we focus on the most recent discoveries in the field with an emphasis on USH genes, protein complexes and functions in various tissues as well as progress toward therapeutic development for USH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Mathur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Ogun O, Zallocchi M. Clarin-1 acts as a modulator of mechanotransduction activity and presynaptic ribbon assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:375-91. [PMID: 25365995 PMCID: PMC4226736 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clarin-1 is a four-transmembrane protein expressed by hair cells and photoreceptors. Mutations in its corresponding gene are associated with Usher syndrome type 3, characterized by late-onset and progressive hearing and vision loss in humans. Mice carrying mutations in the clarin-1 gene have hair bundle dysmorphology and a delay in synapse maturation. In this paper, we examined the expression and function of clarin-1 in zebrafish hair cells. We observed protein expression as early as 1 d postfertilization. Knockdown of clarin-1 resulted in inhibition of FM1-43 incorporation, shortening of the kinocilia, and mislocalization of ribeye b clusters. These phenotypes were fully prevented by co-injection with clarin-1 transcript, requiring its C-terminal tail. We also observed an in vivo interaction between clarin-1 and Pcdh15a. Altogether, our results suggest that clarin-1 is functionally important for mechanotransduction channel activity and for proper localization of synaptic components, establishing a critical role for clarin-1 at the apical and basal poles of hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi Ogun
- Sensory Neuroscience Department, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE 68131
| | - Marisa Zallocchi
- Sensory Neuroscience Department, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE 68131
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Ganot P, Zoccola D, Tambutté E, Voolstra CR, Aranda M, Allemand D, Tambutté S. Structural molecular components of septate junctions in cnidarians point to the origin of epithelial junctions in eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:44-62. [PMID: 25246700 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Septate junctions (SJs) insure barrier properties and control paracellular diffusion of solutes across epithelia in invertebrates. However, the origin and evolution of their molecular constituents in Metazoa have not been firmly established. Here, we investigated the genomes of early branching metazoan representatives to reconstruct the phylogeny of the molecular components of SJs. Although Claudins and SJ cytoplasmic adaptor components appeared successively throughout metazoan evolution, the structural components of SJs arose at the time of Placozoa/Cnidaria/Bilateria radiation. We also show that in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata, the structural SJ component Neurexin IV colocalizes with the cortical actin network at the apical border of the cells, at the place of SJs. We propose a model for SJ components in Cnidaria. Moreover, our study reveals an unanticipated diversity of SJ structural component variants in cnidarians. This diversity correlates with gene-specific expression in calcifying and noncalcifying tissues, suggesting specific paracellular pathways across the cell layers of these diploblastic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ganot
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denis Allemand
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
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The retinal phenotype of Usher syndrome: pathophysiological insights from animal models. C R Biol 2014; 337:167-77. [PMID: 24702843 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Usher syndrome (USH) is the most prevalent cause of inherited deaf-blindness. Three clinical subtypes, USH1-3, have been defined, and ten USH genes identified. The hearing impairment due to USH gene defects has been shown to result from improper organisation of the hair bundle, the sound receptive structure of sensory hair cells. In contrast, the cellular basis of the visual defect is less well understood as this phenotype is absent in almost all the USH mouse models that faithfully mimic the human hearing impairment. Structural and molecular interspecies discrepancies regarding photoreceptor calyceal processes and the association with the distribution of USH1 proteins have recently been unravelled, and have led to the conclusion that a defect in the USH1 protein complex-mediated connection between the photoreceptor outer segment and the surrounding calyceal processes (in both rods and cones), and the inner segment (in rods only), probably causes the USH1 retinal dystrophy in humans.
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Jones SM, Jones TA. Genetics of peripheral vestibular dysfunction: lessons from mutant mouse strains. J Am Acad Audiol 2014; 25:289-301. [PMID: 25032973 PMCID: PMC4310552 DOI: 10.3766/jaaa.25.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable amount of research has been published about genetic hearing impairment. Fifty to sixty percent of hearing loss is thought to have a genetic cause. Genes may also play a significant role in acquired hearing loss due to aging, noise exposure, or ototoxic medications. Between 1995 and 2012, over 100 causative genes have been identified for syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of hereditary hearing loss. Mouse models have been extremely valuable in facilitating the discovery of hearing loss genes and in understanding inner ear pathology due to genetic mutations or elucidating fundamental mechanisms of inner ear development. PURPOSE Whereas much is being learned about hereditary hearing loss and the genetics of cochlear disorders, relatively little is known about the role genes may play in peripheral vestibular impairment. Here we review the literature with regard to genetics of vestibular dysfunction and discuss what we have learned from studies using mutant mouse models and direct measures of peripheral vestibular neural function. RESULTS Several genes are considered that when mutated lead to varying degrees of inner ear vestibular dysfunction due to deficits in otoconia, stereocilia, hair cells, or neurons. Behavior often does not reveal the inner ear deficit. Many of the examples presented are also known to cause human disorders. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge regarding the roles of particular genes in the operation of the vestibular sensory apparatus is growing, and it is clear that gene products co-expressed in the cochlea and vestibule may play different roles in the respective end organs. The discovery of new genes mediating critical inner ear vestibular function carries the promise of new strategies in diagnosing, treating, and managing patients as well as predicting the course and level of morbidity in human vestibular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri M Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Timothy A Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Phillips JB, Västinsalo H, Wegner J, Clément A, Sankila EM, Westerfield M. The cone-dominant retina and the inner ear of zebrafish express the ortholog of CLRN1, the causative gene of human Usher syndrome type 3A. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:473-81. [PMID: 24045267 PMCID: PMC3888827 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Clarin-1 (CLRN1) is the causative gene in Usher syndrome type 3A, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive vision and hearing loss. CLRN1 encodes Clarin-1, a glycoprotein with homology to the tetraspanin family of proteins. Previous cell culture studies suggest that Clarin-1 localizes to the plasma membrane and interacts with the cytoskeleton. Mouse models demonstrate a role for the protein in mechanosensory hair bundle integrity, but the function of Clarin-1 in hearing remains unclear. Even less is known of its role in vision, because the Clrn1 knockout mouse does not exhibit a retinal phenotype and expression studies in murine retinas have provided conflicting results. Here, we describe cloning and expression analysis of the zebrafish clrn1 gene, and report protein localization of Clarin-1 in auditory and visual cells from embryonic through adult stages. We detect clrn1 transcripts as early as 24h post-fertilization, and expression is maintained through adulthood. In situ hybridization experiments show clrn1 transcripts enriched in mechanosensory hair cells and supporting cells of the inner ear and lateral line organ, photoreceptors, and cells of the inner retina. In mechanosensory hair cells, Clarin-1 is polarized to the apical cell body and the synapses. In the retina, Clarin-1 localizes to lateral cell contacts between photoreceptors and is associated with the outer limiting membrane and subapical processes emanating from Müller glial cells. We also find Clarin-1 protein in the outer plexiform, inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the retina. Given the importance of Clarin-1 function in the human retina, it is imperative to find an animal model with a comparable requirement. Our data provide a foundation for exploring the role of Clarin-1 in retinal cell function and survival in a diurnal, cone-dominant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Phillips
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
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