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Houlihan KL, Keoseyan PP, Juba AN, Margaryan T, Voss ME, Babaoghli AM, Norris JM, Adrian GJ, Tovmasyan A, Buhlman LM. Folic Acid Improves Parkin-Null Drosophila Phenotypes and Transiently Reduces Vulnerable Dopaminergic Neuron Mitochondrial Hydrogen Peroxide Levels and Glutathione Redox Equilibrium. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102068. [PMID: 36290790 PMCID: PMC9598960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function parkin mutations cause oxidative stress and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Several consequences of parkin mutations have been described; to what degree they contribute to selective neurodegeneration remains unclear. Specific factors initiating excessive reactive oxygen species production, inefficient antioxidant capacity, or a combination are elusive. Identifying key oxidative stress contributors could inform targeted therapy. The absence of Drosophila parkin causes selective degeneration of a dopaminergic neuron cluster that is functionally homologous to the substantia nigra. By comparing observations in these to similar non-degenerating neurons, we may begin to understand mechanisms by which parkin loss of function causes selective degeneration. Using mitochondrially targeted redox-sensitive GFP2 fused with redox enzymes, we observed a sustained increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide levels in vulnerable dopaminergic neurons of parkin-null flies. Only transient increases in hydrogen peroxide were observed in similar but non-degenerating neurons. Glutathione redox equilibrium is preferentially dysregulated in vulnerable neuron mitochondria. To shed light on whether dysregulated glutathione redox equilibrium primarily contributes to oxidative stress, we supplemented food with folic acid, which can increase cysteine and glutathione levels. Folic acid improved survival, climbing, and transiently decreased hydrogen peroxide and glutathione redox equilibrium but did not mitigate whole-brain oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Houlihan
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Petros P. Keoseyan
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Amber N. Juba
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Tigran Margaryan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Max E. Voss
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | | | - Justin M. Norris
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Greg J. Adrian
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Lori M. Buhlman
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-623-752-3668
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2
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Pant C, Chakrabarti M, Mendonza JJ, Ganganna B, Pabbaraja S, Pal Bhadra M. Aza-Flavanone Diminishes Parkinsonism in the Drosophila melanogaster Parkin Mutant. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4380-4392. [PMID: 34763419 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease, induced by slow and progressive death of the dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the midbrain region called substantia nigra (SNc) leading to difficulty in locomotion. At present, very few potential therapeutic drugs are available for treatment, necessitating an urgent need for development. In the current study, the parkin transgenic Drosophila melanogaster model that induces selective loss in dopaminergic neurons and impairment of locomotory functions has been used to see the effect of the aza-flavanone molecule. D. melanogaster serves as an amazing in vivo model making valuable contribution in the development of promising treatment strategies. Our in-silico study showed spontaneous binding of this molecule to the D2 receptor making it a potential dopamine agonist. PARKIN protein is well conserved, and it has been reported that Drosophila PARKIN is 42% identical to human PARKIN. Interestingly, this molecule enhances the motor coordination and survivability rate of the transgenic flies along with an increase in expression of the master regulator of Dopamine synthesis, that is, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in the substantia nigra region of the fly brain. Moreover, it plays a significant effect on mitochondrial health and biogenesis via modulation of a conserved mitochondrial protein PHB2. Therefore, this molecule could lead to the development of an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitrakshi Pant
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Moumita Chakrabarti
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jolly Janette Mendonza
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bogonda Ganganna
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Hassan A, Huang Q, Xu H, Wu J, Mehmood N. Silencing of the phosphofructokinase gene impairs glycolysis and causes abnormal locomotion in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:57-70. [PMID: 33068440 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, but its linkage with locomotion in termites is not well understood, despite the demonstrated involvement of this gene in the locomotion of different animals. Here, we investigated the effect of the pfk gene on locomotion in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder through RNA interference and the use of an Ethovision XT tracking system. The knockdown of pfk resulted in significantly decreased expression of the pfk gene in different castes of termites. The pfk-silenced workers displayed higher levels of glucose but lower levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and decreased activity of the PFK enzyme. Furthermore, abnormal locomotion (decreased distance travelled, velocity and acceleration but increased turn angle, angular velocity and meander) was observed in different castes of pfk-silenced termites. We found caste-specific locomotion among workers, soldiers and dealates. Additionally, soldiers and dealates showed higher velocity in the inner zone than in the wall zone, which is considered an effective behaviour to avoid predation. These findings reveal the close linkage between the pfk gene and locomotion in termites, which helps us to better understand the regulatory mechanism and caste specificity of social behaviours in social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hassan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Xu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Wu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - N Mehmood
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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4
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Wang JQ, Zhu S, Wang Y, Wang F, An C, Jiang D, Gao L, Tu Y, Zhu X, Wang Y, Liu H, Gong J, Sun Z, Wang X, Liu L, Yang K, Guo C, Tang TS. Miro2 supplies a platform for Parkin translocation to damaged mitochondria. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:730-747. [PMID: 36659543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is an important process in selective removal of damaged mitochondria, in which translocation of Parkin to damaged mitochondria is recognized as an initiation step. At present, how the damaged mitochondria are selectively recognized and targeted by Parkin is not fully understood. Here we show that Miro2, an outer mitochondrial membrane protein, undergoes demultimerization from a tetramer to a monomer and alteration in mitochondrial localization upon CCCP treatment, suggesting a CCCP-induced realignment of Miro2. The realignment of Miro2 is tightly regulated by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation at Ser325/Ser430 and by Ca2+ binding to EF2 domain, which are both essential for the subsequent Parkin translocation. Interestingly, ablation of Miro2 in mouse causes delayed reticulocyte maturation, lactic acidosis and cardiac disorders. Furthermore, several Miro2 mutations found in the congenital lactic acidosis patients also disable its realignment and Parkin translocation. These findings reveal an important role of Miro2 to mediate Parkin translocation by sensing both depolarization and Ca2+ release from damaged mitochondria to ensure the accuracy of mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Foresight and Evaluation Research, Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development, Beijing 100038, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fengli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chaoqiang An
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lijie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuefei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juanjuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongshuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Leimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Keyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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5
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Dalla Vecchia E, Mortimer N, Palladino VS, Kittel-Schneider S, Lesch KP, Reif A, Schenck A, Norton WH. Cross-species models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: lessons from CNTNAP2, ADGRL3, and PARK2. Psychiatr Genet 2019; 29:1-17. [PMID: 30376466 PMCID: PMC7654943 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal and cellular models are essential tools for all areas of biological research including neuroscience. Model systems can also be used to investigate the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we provide a summary of animal and cellular models for three genes linked to ADHD and ASD in human patients - CNTNAP2, ADGRL3, and PARK2. We also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each model system. By bringing together behavioral and neurobiological data, we demonstrate how a cross-species approach can provide integrated insights into gene function and the pathogenesis of ADHD and ASD. The knowledge gained from transgenic models will be essential to discover and validate new treatment targets for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Dalla Vecchia
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Niall Mortimer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Centre of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Viola S. Palladino
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Centre of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - William H.J. Norton
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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6
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Videira PAQ, Castro-Caldas M. Linking Glycation and Glycosylation With Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:381. [PMID: 29930494 PMCID: PMC5999786 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting about 6.3 million people worldwide. PD is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting into severe motor symptoms. The cellular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic cell death in PD are still not fully understood, but mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic PD cases. Aberrant post-translational modifications, namely glycation and glycosylation, together with age-dependent insufficient endogenous scavengers and quality control systems, lead to cellular overload of dysfunctional proteins. Such injuries accumulate with time and may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and exacerbated inflammatory responses, culminating in neuronal cell death. Here, we will discuss how PD-linked protein mutations, aging, impaired quality control mechanisms and sugar metabolism lead to up-regulated abnormal post-translational modifications in proteins. Abnormal glycation and glycosylation seem to be more common than previously thought in PD and may underlie mitochondria-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in a feed-forward mechanism. Moreover, the stress-induced post-translational modifications that directly affect parkin and/or its substrates, deeply impairing its ability to regulate mitochondrial dynamics or to suppress inflammation will also be discussed. Together, these represent still unexplored deleterious mechanisms implicated in neurodegeneration in PD, which may be used for a more in-depth knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms, or as biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Q Videira
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Margarida Castro-Caldas
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Tran HH, Dang SNA, Nguyen TT, Huynh AM, Dao LM, Kamei K, Yamaguchi M, Dang TTP. Drosophila Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase Knockdown Model of Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4468. [PMID: 29535397 PMCID: PMC5849740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22804-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Many factors have been shown to contribute to its pathogenesis including genetic and environmental factors. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. We herein modeled the study of UCHL1 in Drosophila melanogaster and investigated its functions in PD. The specific knockdown of the Drosophila ortholog of UCHL1 (dUCH) in dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons) led to the underdevelopment and/or degeneration of these neurons, specifically in DL1 DA neuron cluster in the larval brain lobe and PPM2, PPM3, PPL2ab, and VUM DA neuron clusters in the adult brain. These defects were followed by a shortage of dopamine in the brain, which subsequently resulted in locomotor dysfunction. The degeneration of DA neurons in dUCH knockdown adult brain, which occurred progressively and severely during the course of aging, mimics the epidemiology of PD. DA neuron and locomotor defects were rescued when dUCH knockdown flies were treated with vitamin C, a well-known antioxidant. These results suggest that dUCH knockdown fly is a promising model for studying the pathogenesis and epidemiology of PD as well as the screening of potential antioxidants for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep H Tran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Suong N A Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thanh T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Anh M Huynh
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Linh M Dao
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thao T P Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam.
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8
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Marelja Z, Leimkühler S, Missirlis F. Iron Sulfur and Molybdenum Cofactor Enzymes Regulate the Drosophila Life Cycle by Controlling Cell Metabolism. Front Physiol 2018; 9:50. [PMID: 29491838 PMCID: PMC5817353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) are present at enzyme sites, where the active metal facilitates electron transfer. Such enzyme systems are soluble in the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol and nucleus, or embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but virtually absent from the cell secretory pathway. They are of ancient evolutionary origin supporting respiration, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the biosynthesis of steroids, heme, catabolism of purines, hydroxylation of xenobiotics, and cellular sulfur metabolism. Here, Fe-S cluster and Moco biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster is reviewed and the multiple biochemical and physiological functions of known Fe-S and Moco enzymes are described. We show that RNA interference of Mocs3 disrupts Moco biosynthesis and the circadian clock. Fe-S-dependent mitochondrial respiration is discussed in the context of germ line and somatic development, stem cell differentiation and aging. The subcellular compartmentalization of the Fe-S and Moco assembly machinery components and their connections to iron sensing mechanisms and intermediary metabolism are emphasized. A biochemically active Fe-S core complex of heterologously expressed fly Nfs1, Isd11, IscU, and human frataxin is presented. Based on the recent demonstration that copper displaces the Fe-S cluster of yeast and human ferredoxin, an explanation for why high dietary copper leads to cytoplasmic iron deficiency in flies is proposed. Another proposal that exosomes contribute to the transport of xanthine dehydrogenase from peripheral tissues to the eye pigment cells is put forward, where the Vps16a subunit of the HOPS complex may have a specialized role in concentrating this enzyme within pigment granules. Finally, we formulate a hypothesis that (i) mitochondrial superoxide mobilizes iron from the Fe-S clusters in aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase; (ii) increased iron transiently displaces manganese on superoxide dismutase, which may function as a mitochondrial iron sensor since it is inactivated by iron; (iii) with the Krebs cycle thus disrupted, citrate is exported to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis, while succinyl-CoA and the iron are used for heme biosynthesis; (iv) as iron is used for heme biosynthesis its concentration in the matrix drops allowing for manganese to reactivate superoxide dismutase and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis to reestablish the Krebs cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Marelja
- Imagine Institute, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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9
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Opperman KJ, Mulcahy B, Giles AC, Risley MG, Birnbaum RL, Tulgren ED, Dawson-Scully K, Zhen M, Grill B. The HECT Family Ubiquitin Ligase EEL-1 Regulates Neuronal Function and Development. Cell Rep 2018; 19:822-835. [PMID: 28445732 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic changes in the HECT ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 are associated with intellectual disability, but it remains unknown whether HUWE1 functions in post-mitotic neurons to affect circuit function. Using genetics, pharmacology, and electrophysiology, we show that EEL-1, the HUWE1 ortholog in C. elegans, preferentially regulates GABAergic presynaptic transmission. Decreasing or increasing EEL-1 function alters GABAergic transmission and the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the worm motor circuit, which leads to impaired locomotion and increased sensitivity to electroshock. Furthermore, multiple mutations associated with intellectual disability impair EEL-1 function. Although synaptic transmission defects did not result from abnormal synapse formation, sensitizing genetic backgrounds revealed that EEL-1 functions in the same pathway as the RING family ubiquitin ligase RPM-1 to regulate synapse formation and axon termination. These findings from a simple model circuit provide insight into the molecular mechanisms required to obtain E/I balance and could have implications for the link between HUWE1 and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Opperman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ben Mulcahy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andrew C Giles
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Monica G Risley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Rayna L Birnbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Erik D Tulgren
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Mei Zhen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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10
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Mortiboys H, Macdonald R, Payne T, Sassani M, Jenkins T, Bandmann O. Translational approaches to restoring mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:776-792. [PMID: 29178330 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence of a key role for mitochondrial dysfunction in both sporadic and all forms of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, none of the clinical trials carried out with putative mitochondrial rescue agents have been successful. Firm establishment of a wet biomarker or a reliable readout from imaging studies detecting mitochondrial dysfunction and reflecting disease progression is also awaited. We will provide an overview of our current knowledge about mitochondrial dysfunction in PD and related drug screens. We will also summarise previously undertaken mitochondrial wet biomarker studies and relevant imaging studies with particular focus on 31P-MRI spectroscopy. We will conclude with an overview of clinical trials which tested putative mitochondrial rescue agents in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Mortiboys
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Ruby Macdonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Payne
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Matilde Sassani
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Jenkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, UK
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11
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Foster ML, Bartnikas TB, Maresca-Fichter HC, Mercadante C, Dash M, Miller C, Dorman DC. Neonatal C57BL/6J and parkin mice respond differently following developmental manganese exposure: Result of a high dose pilot study. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:291-299. [PMID: 29020610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that childhood exposure to neurotoxicants may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) or other neurodegenerative disease in adults. Some recessive forms of PD have been linked to loss-of-function mutations in the Park2 gene that encodes for parkin. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate whether responses to neonatal manganese (Mn) exposure differ in mice with a Park2 gene defect (parkin mice) when compared with a wildtype strain (C57BL/6J). Neonatal parkin and C57BL/6J littermates were randomly assigned to 0, 11, or 25mg Mn/kg-day dose groups with oral exposures occurring from postnatal day (PND) 1 through PND 28. Motor activity was measured on PND 19-22 and 29-32. Tissue Mn concentrations were measured in liver, femur, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, and striatum on PND 29. Hepatic and frontal cortex gene expression of Slc11a2, Slc40a1, Slc30a10, Hamp (liver only), and Park2 were also measured on PND 29. Some strain differences were seen. As expected, decreased hepatic and frontal cortex Park2 expression was seen in the parkin mice when compared with C57BL/6J mice. Untreated parkin mice also had higher liver and femur Mn concentrations when compared with the C57BL/6J mice. Exposure to≥11mg Mn/kg-day was associated with increased brain Mn concentrations in all mice, no strain difference was observed. Manganese exposure in C57Bl6, but not parkin mice, was associated with a negative correlation between striatal Mn concentration and motor activity. Manganese exposure was not associated with changes in frontal cortex gene expression. Decreased hepatic Slc30a10, Slc40a1, and Hamp expression were seen in PND 29 C57BL/6J mice given 25mg Mn/kg-day. In contrast, Mn exposure was only associated with decreased Hamp expression in the parkin mice. Our results suggest that the Parkin gene defect did not increase the susceptibility of neonatal mice to adverse health effects associated with high-dose Mn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Foster
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Thomas B Bartnikas
- Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 70 Ship St., Rm. 522, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Hailey C Maresca-Fichter
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Courtney Mercadante
- Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 70 Ship St., Rm. 522, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Miriam Dash
- Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 70 Ship St., Rm. 522, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Chelsea Miller
- Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 70 Ship St., Rm. 522, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - David C Dorman
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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12
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Hipkiss AR. On the Relationship between Energy Metabolism, Proteostasis, Aging and Parkinson's Disease: Possible Causative Role of Methylglyoxal and Alleviative Potential of Carnosine. Aging Dis 2017; 8:334-345. [PMID: 28580188 PMCID: PMC5440112 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research shows that energy metabolism can strongly influence proteostasis and thereby affect onset of aging and related disease such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Changes in glycolytic and proteolytic activities (influenced by diet and development) are suggested to synergistically create a self-reinforcing deleterious cycle via enhanced formation of triose phosphates (dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and their decomposition product methylglyoxal (MG). It is proposed that triose phosphates and/or MG contribute to the development of PD and its attendant pathophysiological symptoms. MG can induce many of the macromolecular modifications (e.g. protein glycation) which characterise the aged-phenotype. MG can also react with dopamine to generate a salsolinol-like product, 1-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinaline (ADTIQ), which accumulates in the Parkinson's disease (PD) brain and whose effects on mitochondria, analogous to MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), closely resemble changes associated with PD. MG can directly damage the intracellular proteolytic apparatus and modify proteins into non-degradable (cross-linked) forms. It is suggested that increased endogenous MG formation may result from either, or both, enhanced glycolytic activity and decreased proteolytic activity and contribute to the macromolecular changes associated with PD. Carnosine, a naturally-occurring dipeptide, may ameliorate MG-induced effects due, in part, to its carbonyl-scavenging activity. The possibility that ingestion of highly glycated proteins could also contribute to age-related brain dysfunction is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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13
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Sakamoto S, Miyara M, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Mild MPP + exposure-induced glucose starvation enhances autophagosome synthesis and impairs its degradation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46668. [PMID: 28443637 PMCID: PMC5405408 DOI: 10.1038/srep46668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, mainly characterised by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. MPP+ has been widely used as a PD-related neurotoxin, and their reports suggested the several hypotheses for neuronal cell death. However, most of these hypotheses come from the studies about the acute MPP+ exposure. We previously revealed that mild MPP+ exposure (10 and 200 μM), which induces gradual cell death, impairs autophagosome degradation at 48 h. In the present study, we further investigated the specific events of mild MPP+ exposure and revealed that mild MPP+ exposure causes the cell death through glucose starvation, but not acute toxic model (2.5 and 5 mM). At 36 h after mild MPP+ exposure, autophagosome synthesis was enhanced owing to glucose starvation and continued to enhance until 48 h, despite impaired autophagosome degradation. Inhibition of autophagosome synthesis reduced mild MPP+-induced cell death. In conclusion, we clarified that glucose starvation-enhanced autophagosome synthesis occurs at an earlier stage than impaired autophagosome degradation and is important in mild MPP+ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Miyara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.,Global Career Design Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8514, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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14
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Brooks DS, Vishal K, Kawakami J, Bouyain S, Geisbrecht ER. Optimization of wrMTrck to monitor Drosophila larval locomotor activity. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93-94:11-17. [PMID: 27430166 PMCID: PMC5722213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and low-cost method of examining larval movement in Drosophila melanogaster is needed to study how mutations and/or alterations in the muscular, neural, and olfactory systems affect locomotor behavior. Here, we describe the implementation of wrMTrck, a freely available ImageJ plugin originally developed for examining multiple behavioral parameters in the nematode C. elegans. Our optimized method is rapid, reproducible and does not require automated microscope setups or the purchase of proprietary software. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we analyzed the velocity and crawling paths of two Drosophila mutants that affect muscle structure and/or function. Additionally, we show that this approach is useful for tracking the behavior of adult insects, including Tribolium castaneum and Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Kumar Vishal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Jessica Kawakami
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Samuel Bouyain
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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15
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Bland ML. Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production from Radiolabeled Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404635 PMCID: PMC4993251 DOI: 10.3791/54045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The power of Drosophila genetics is increasingly being applied to questions of hormone signaling and metabolism and to the development of models of human disease in this organism. Sensitive methods for measurements of parameters such as metabolic rates are needed to drive the understanding of physiology and disease in small animals such as the fruit fly. The method described here assesses fuel oxidation in small numbers of adult flies fed food containing trace amounts of 14C-labeled substrates such as glucose or fatty acid. After the feeding period and any additional experimental manipulations, flies are transferred to short tubes capped with mesh, which are then placed in glass vials containing KOH-saturated filter paper that traps exhaled, radiolabeled CO2 generated from oxidation of radiolabeled substrates as potassium bicarbonate, KHCO3. This radiolabeled bicarbonate is measured by scintillation counting. This is a quantitative, reproducible, and simple approach for the study of fuel oxidation. The use of radiolabeled glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids allows determination of the contribution of these different fuel sources to energy metabolism under different conditions such as feeding and fasting and in different genetic backgrounds. This complements other approaches used to measure in vivo energy metabolism and should further the understanding of metabolic regulation.
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16
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Wang ZH, Clark C, Geisbrecht ER. Drosophila clueless is involved in Parkin-dependent mitophagy by promoting VCP-mediated Marf degradation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1946-1964. [PMID: 26931463 PMCID: PMC5062585 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) requires valosin-containing protein (VCP)-dependent Mitofusin/Marf degradation to prevent damaged organelles from fusing with the healthy mitochondrial pool, facilitating mitochondrial clearance by autophagy. Drosophila clueless (clu) was found to interact genetically with PINK1 and parkin to regulate mitochondrial clustering in germ cells. However, whether Clu acts in MQC has not been investigated. Here, we show that overexpression of Drosophila Clu complements PINK1, but not parkin, mutant muscles. Loss of clu leads to the recruitment of Parkin, VCP/p97, p62/Ref(2)P and Atg8a to depolarized swollen mitochondria. However, clearance of damaged mitochondria is impeded. This paradox is resolved by the findings that excessive mitochondrial fission or inhibition of fusion alleviates mitochondrial defects and impaired mitophagy caused by clu depletion. Furthermore, Clu is upstream of and binds to VCP in vivo and promotes VCP-dependent Marf degradation in vitro Marf accumulates in whole muscle lysates of clu-deficient flies and is destabilized upon Clu overexpression. Thus, Clu is essential for mitochondrial homeostasis and functions in concert with Parkin and VCP for Marf degradation to promote damaged mitochondrial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Heng Wang
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and
| | - Cheryl Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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17
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Zhang HT, Mi L, Wang T, Yuan L, Li XH, Dong LS, Zhao P, Fu JL, Yao BY, Zhou ZC. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy play a protective role in manganese induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:212-219. [PMID: 27091500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) as an environmental risk factor of Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered to cause manganism. Mitophagy is thought to play a key role in elimination the injured mitochondria. The goal of this paper was to explore whether the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is activated and its role in Mn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. Here, we investigated effects of MnCl2 on ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP/ΔΨm) and apoptosis by FACS and examined PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy by western-blotting and the co-localization of mitochondria and acidic lysosomes. Further, we explore the role of mitophagy in Mn-induced apoptosis by inhibition the mitophagy by knockdown Parkin level. Results show that MnCl2 dose-dependently caused ΔΨm decrease, ROS generation and apoptosis of dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, Mn could induce mitophagy and PINK1/Parkin-mediated pathway was activated in SH-SY5Y cells. Transient transfection of Parkin siRNA knockdown the expressing level of parkin inhibited Mn-induced mitophagy and aggravated apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Mn may induce PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which may exert significant neuro-protective effect against Mn-induced dopaminergic neuronal cells apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue-Hui Li
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-Sha Dong
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan-Ling Fu
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bi-Yun Yao
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zong-Can Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Duncan OF, Bateman JM. Mitochondrial retrograde signaling in the Drosophila nervous system and beyond. Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:19-24. [PMID: 27064199 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1174353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Cells respond to changes in the functional state of mitochondria via retrograde signaling pathways from the mitochondria to the nucleus, but little is known about retrograde signaling in the nervous system. We have recently shown that inhibition of retrograde signaling reduces the impact of neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction. We performed a study designed to characterize the mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway in the Drosophila nervous system. Using several different models we found that neuronal specific mitochondrial dysfunction results in defects in synapse development and neuronal function. Moreover, we identified the Drosophila hypoxia inducible factor α (HIFα) ortholog Sima as a key neuronal transcriptional regulator. Knock-down of sima restores function in several Drosophila models of mitochondrial dysfunction, including models of human disease. Here we discuss these findings and speculate on the potential benefits of inhibition of retrograde signaling. We also describe how our results relate to other studies of mitochondrial retrograde signaling and the potential therapeutic applications of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia F Duncan
- a Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus , London , UK
| | - Joseph M Bateman
- a Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus , London , UK
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19
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Mensah LB, Davison C, Fan SJ, Morris JF, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C. Fine-Tuning of PI3K/AKT Signalling by the Tumour Suppressor PTEN Is Required for Maintenance of Flight Muscle Function and Mitochondrial Integrity in Ageing Adult Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143818. [PMID: 26599788 PMCID: PMC4658134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS), acting primarily through the PI3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT kinase signalling cassette, plays key evolutionarily conserved regulatory roles in nutrient homeostasis, growth, ageing and longevity. The dysfunction of this pathway has been linked to several age-related human diseases including cancer, Type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it remains unclear whether minor defects in IIS can independently induce the age-dependent functional decline in cells that accompany some of these diseases or whether IIS alters the sensitivity to other aberrant signalling. We identified a novel hypomorphic allele of PI3K’s direct antagonist, Phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10 (Pten), in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Adults carrying combinations of this allele, Pten5, combined with strong loss-of-function Pten mutations exhibit subtle or no increase in mass, but are highly susceptible to a wide range of stresses. They also exhibit dramatic upregulation of the oxidative stress response gene, GstD1, and a progressive loss of motor function that ultimately leads to defects in climbing and flight ability. The latter phenotype is associated with mitochondrial disruption in indirect flight muscles, although overall muscle structure appears to be maintained. We show that the phenotype is partially rescued by muscle-specific expression of the Bcl-2 homologue Buffy, which in flies, maintains mitochondrial integrity, modulates energy homeostasis and suppresses cell death. The flightless phenotype is also suppressed by mutations in downstream IIS signalling components, including those in the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, suggesting that elevated IIS is responsible for functional decline in flight muscle. Our data demonstrate that IIS levels must be precisely regulated by Pten in adults to maintain the function of the highly metabolically active indirect flight muscles, offering a new system to study the in vivo roles of IIS in the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and adult ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence B. Mensah
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Davison
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Shih-Jung Fan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Morris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah C. I. Goberdhan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Neurophysiology of Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:381281. [PMID: 25960916 PMCID: PMC4414211 DOI: 10.1155/2015/381281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We provide an insight into the role Drosophila has played in elucidating neurophysiological perturbations associated with Parkinson's disease- (PD-) related genes. Synaptic signalling deficits are observed in motor, central, and sensory systems. Given the neurological impact of disease causing mutations within these same genes in humans the phenotypes observed in fly are of significant interest. As such we observe four unique opportunities provided by fly nervous system models of Parkinson's disease. Firstly, Drosophila models are instrumental in exploring the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, with several PD-related mutations eliciting related phenotypes including sensitivity to energy supply and vesicular deformities. These are leading to the identification of plausible cellular mechanisms, which may be specific to (dopaminergic) neurons and synapses rather than general cellular phenotypes. Secondly, models show noncell autonomous signalling within the nervous system, offering the opportunity to develop our understanding of the way pathogenic signalling propagates, resembling Braak's scheme of spreading pathology in PD. Thirdly, the models link physiological deficits to changes in synaptic structure. While the structure-function relationship is complex, the genetic tractability of Drosophila offers the chance to separate fundamental changes from downstream consequences. Finally, the strong neuronal phenotypes permit relevant first in vivo drug testing.
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21
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22
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Valadas JS, Vos M, Verstreken P. Therapeutic strategies in Parkinson's disease: what we have learned from animal models. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1338:16-37. [PMID: 25515068 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, as well as in other brain areas. The currently available dopamine replacement therapy provides merely symptomatic benefit and is ineffective because habituation and side effects arise relatively quickly. Studying the genetic forms of PD in animal models provides novel insight that allows targeting of specific aspects of this heterogenic disease more specifically. Among others, two important cellular deficits are associated with PD; these deficits relate to (1) synaptic transmission and vesicle trafficking, and (2) mitochondrial function, relating respectively to the dominant and recessive mutations in PD-causing genes. With increased knowledge of PD, the possibility of identifying an efficient, long-lasting treatment is becoming more conceivable, but this can only be done with an increased knowledge of the specific affected cellular mechanisms. This review discusses how discoveries in animal models of PD have clarified the therapeutic potential of pathways disrupted in PD, with a specific focus on synaptic transmission, vesicle trafficking, and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Valadas
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease; Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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A rise in NAD precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) after injury promotes axon degeneration. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:731-42. [PMID: 25323584 PMCID: PMC4392071 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD metabolism regulates diverse biological processes, including ageing, circadian rhythm and axon survival. Axons depend on the activity of the central enzyme in NAD biosynthesis, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2), for their maintenance and degenerate rapidly when this activity is lost. However, whether axon survival is regulated by the supply of NAD or by another action of this enzyme remains unclear. Here we show that the nucleotide precursor of NAD, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), accumulates after nerve injury and promotes axon degeneration. Inhibitors of NMN-synthesising enzyme NAMPT confer robust morphological and functional protection of injured axons and synapses despite lowering NAD. Exogenous NMN abolishes this protection, suggesting that NMN accumulation within axons after NMNAT2 degradation could promote degeneration. Ectopic expression of NMN deamidase, a bacterial NMN-scavenging enzyme, prolongs survival of injured axons, providing genetic evidence to support such a mechanism. NMN rises prior to degeneration and both the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 and the axon protective protein WldS prevent this rise. These data indicate that the mechanism by which NMNAT and the related WldS protein promote axon survival is by limiting NMN accumulation. They indicate a novel physiological function for NMN in mammals and reveal an unexpected link between new strategies for cancer chemotherapy and the treatment of axonopathies.
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24
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Wenqiang C, Lonskaya I, Hebron ML, Ibrahim Z, Olszewski RT, Neale JH, Moussa CEH. Parkin-mediated reduction of nuclear and soluble TDP-43 reverses behavioral decline in symptomatic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4960-9. [PMID: 24847002 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transactivation DNA-binding protein (TDP)-43 binds to thousands of mRNAs, but the functional outcomes of this binding remain largely unknown. TDP-43 binds to Park2 mRNA, which expresses the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. We previously demonstrated that parkin ubiquitinates TDP-43 and facilitates its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Here we used brain penetrant tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including nilotinib and bosutinib and showed that they reduce the level of nuclear TDP-43, abrogate its effects on neuronal loss, and reverse cognitive and motor decline. Nilotinib decreased soluble and insoluble TDP-43, while bosutinib did not affect the insoluble level. Parkin knockout mice exhibited high levels of endogenous TDP-43, while nilotinib and bosutinib did not alter TDP-43, underscoring an indispensable role for parkin in TDP-43 sub-cellular localization. These data demonstrate a novel functional relationship between parkin and TDP-43 and provide evidence that TKIs are potential therapeutic candidates for TDP-43 pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wenqiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China Department of Neuroscience
| | - Irina Lonskaya
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Michaeline L Hebron
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zainab Ibrahim
- School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | | | | | - Charbel E-H Moussa
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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25
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Drew BG, Ribas V, Le JA, Henstridge DC, Phun J, Zhou Z, Soleymani T, Daraei P, Sitz D, Vergnes L, Wanagat J, Reue K, Febbraio MA, Hevener AL. HSP72 is a mitochondrial stress sensor critical for Parkin action, oxidative metabolism, and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2014; 63:1488-505. [PMID: 24379352 PMCID: PMC3994950 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased heat shock protein (HSP) 72 expression in skeletal muscle prevents obesity and glucose intolerance in mice, although the underlying mechanisms of this observation are largely unresolved. Herein we show that HSP72 is a critical regulator of stress-induced mitochondrial triage signaling since Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase known to regulate mitophagy, was unable to ubiquitinate and control its own protein expression or that of its central target mitofusin (Mfn) in the absence of HSP72. In wild-type cells, we show that HSP72 rapidly translocates to depolarized mitochondria prior to Parkin recruitment and immunoprecipitates with both Parkin and Mfn2 only after specific mitochondrial insult. In HSP72 knockout mice, impaired Parkin action was associated with retention of enlarged, dysmorphic mitochondria and paralleled by reduced muscle respiratory capacity, lipid accumulation, and muscle insulin resistance. Reduced oxygen consumption and impaired insulin action were recapitulated in Parkin-null myotubes, confirming a role for the HSP72-Parkin axis in the regulation of muscle insulin sensitivity. These data suggest that strategies to maintain HSP72 may provide therapeutic benefit to enhance mitochondrial quality and insulin action to ameliorate complications associated with metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Drew
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vicente Ribas
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jamie A. Le
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jennifer Phun
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhenqi Zhou
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Teo Soleymani
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pedram Daraei
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel Sitz
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan Wanagat
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Karen Reue
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark A. Febbraio
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea L. Hevener
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Corresponding author: Andrea L. Hevener,
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26
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Afsari F, Christensen KV, Smith GP, Hentzer M, Nippe OM, Elliott CJH, Wade AR. Abnormal visual gain control in a Parkinson's disease model. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4465-78. [PMID: 24718285 PMCID: PMC4119403 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been revolutionized by the discovery of disease-causing genetic mutations. The most common of these is the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 kinase gene, which leads to increased kinase activity. However, the link between increased kinase activity and PD is unclear. Previously, we showed that dopaminergic expression of the human LRRK2-G2019S transgene in flies led to an activity-dependent loss of vision in older animals and we hypothesized that this may have been preceded by a failure to regulate neuronal activity correctly in younger animals. To test this hypothesis, we used a sensitive measure of visual function based on frequency-tagged steady-state visually evoked potentials. Spectral analysis allowed us to identify signals from multiple levels of the fly visual system and wild-type visual response curves were qualitatively similar to those from human cortex. Dopaminergic expression of hLRRK2-G2019S increased contrast sensitivity throughout the retinal network. To test whether this was due to increased kinase activity, we fed Drosophila with kinase inhibitors targeted at LRRK2. Contrast sensitivity in both day 1 and day 14 flies was normalized by a novel LRRK2 kinase inhibitor ‘BMPPB-32’. Biochemical and cellular assays suggested that BMPPB-32 would be a more specific kinase inhibitor than LRRK2-IN-1. We confirmed this in vivo, finding that dLRRK− null flies show large off-target effects with LRRK2-IN-1 but not BMPPB-32. Our data link the increased Kinase activity of the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation to neuronal dysfunction and demonstrate the power of the Drosophila visual system in assaying the neurological effects of genetic diseases and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth V Christensen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Garrick Paul Smith
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Hentzer
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Alex R Wade
- Department of Psychology, University of York, YO1 5DD York, UK
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27
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Weitkunat M, Schnorrer F. A guide to study Drosophila muscle biology. Methods 2014; 68:2-14. [PMID: 24625467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and molecular composition of muscle tissue is evolutionarily conserved. Drosophila is a powerful in vivo model system to investigate muscle morphogenesis and function. Here, we provide a short and comprehensive overview of the important developmental steps to build Drosophila body muscle in embryos, larvae and pupae. We describe key methods, including muscle histology, live imaging and genetics, to study these steps at various developmental stages and include simple behavioural assays to assess muscle function in larvae and adults. We list valuable antibodies and fly strains that can be used for these different methods. This overview should guide the reader to choose the best marker or the appropriate method to obtain high quality muscle morphogenesis data in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Weitkunat
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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28
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Diabetes and risk of Parkinson's disease: an updated meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85781. [PMID: 24465703 PMCID: PMC3897520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether diabetes increases the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still inconclusive. The objective of this updated meta-analysis is to synthesize evidence from case-control studies that evaluated the association between diabetes and the risk of PD. METHODS Seven databases were searched to identify case-control studies that evaluated the association between diabetes and PD. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa scale. All data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.1 software. Subgroup analyses were also adopted, according to stratification on gender, geographic location, source of the control group, smoking, anti-diabetes drug prescription and duration of DM. RESULTS Fourteen studies fulfilled inclusion criteria for meta-analysis, yielding a total of 21395 PD patients and 84579 control subjects. Individuals with diabetes were found to have a negative association with future PD (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.58-0.98) in spite of significant heterogeneity. In subgroup analyses, the negative correlation was still found in studies from North America, non-PD control groups from general population, never smoking individuals, and DM ascertainment based on questionnaire or self-report. Stratification of gender and DM duration showed no significant association. No association was also found in European and Asian individuals, hospital-based controls, ever smoking subjects, DM assessment by medical record or physician diagnosis, and insulin prescription for DM. CONCLUSION Evidence from case-control studies suggested that diabetic individuals may have a decreased incidence of PD despite significant heterogeneity. More researches are warranted to clarify an understanding of the association between diabetes and risk of PD.
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29
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Zhu JY, Vereshchagina N, Sreekumar V, Burbulla LF, Costa AC, Daub KJ, Woitalla D, Martins LM, Krüger R, Rasse TM. Knockdown of Hsc70-5/mortalin induces loss of synaptic mitochondria in a Drosophila Parkinson's disease model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83714. [PMID: 24386261 PMCID: PMC3875477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortalin is an essential component of the molecular machinery that imports nuclear-encoded proteins into mitochondria, assists in their folding, and protects against damage upon accumulation of dysfunctional, unfolded proteins in aging mitochondria. Mortalin dysfunction associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) increases the vulnerability of cultured cells to proteolytic stress and leads to changes in mitochondrial function and morphology. To date, Drosophila melanogaster has been successfully used to investigate pathogenesis following the loss of several other PD-associated genes. We generated the first loss-of-Hsc70-5/mortalin-function Drosophila model. The reduction of Mortalin expression recapitulates some of the defects observed in the existing Drosophila PD-models, which include reduced ATP levels, abnormal wing posture, shortened life span, and reduced spontaneous locomotor and climbing ability. Dopaminergic neurons seem to be more sensitive to the loss of mortalin than other neuronal sub-types and non-neuronal tissues. The loss of synaptic mitochondria is an early pathological change that might cause later degenerative events. It precedes both behavioral abnormalities and structural changes at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of mortalin-knockdown larvae that exhibit increased mitochondrial fragmentation. Autophagy is concomitantly up-regulated, suggesting that mitochondria are degraded via mitophagy. Ex vivo data from human fibroblasts identifies increased mitophagy as an early pathological change that precedes apoptosis. Given the specificity of the observed defects, we are confident that the loss-of-mortalin model presented in this study will be useful for further dissection of the complex network of pathways that underlie the development of mitochondrial parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-yi Zhu
- Junior Research Group Synaptic Plasticity, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Vereshchagina
- Junior Research Group Synaptic Plasticity, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vrinda Sreekumar
- Junior Research Group Synaptic Plasticity, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena F. Burbulla
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana C. Costa
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina J. Daub
- Junior Research Group Synaptic Plasticity, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Woitalla
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - L. Miguel Martins
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rejko Krüger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (TMR); (RK)
| | - Tobias M. Rasse
- Junior Research Group Synaptic Plasticity, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (TMR); (RK)
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30
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Hennis MR, Seamans KW, Marvin MA, Casey BH, Goldberg MS. Behavioral and neurotransmitter abnormalities in mice deficient for Parkin, DJ-1 and superoxide dismutase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84894. [PMID: 24386432 PMCID: PMC3873453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum and release dopamine. The cause of PD remains uncertain, however, evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Although most cases of PD are sporadic, 5-10% of cases are caused by inherited mutations. Loss-of-function mutations in Parkin and DJ-1 were the first to be linked to recessively inherited Parkinsonism. Surprisingly, mice bearing similar loss-of-function mutations in Parkin and DJ-1 do not show age-dependent loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons or depletion of dopamine in the striatum. Although the normal cellular functions of Parkin and DJ-1 are not fully understood, we hypothesized that loss-of-function mutations in Parkin and DJ-1 render cells more sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, we crossed mice deficient for Parkin and DJ-1 with mice deficient for the mitochondrial antioxidant protein Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) or the cytosolic antioxidant protein Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Aged Parkin-/-DJ-1-/- and Mn-superoxide dismutase triple deficient mice have enhanced performance on the rotorod behavior test. Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase triple deficient mice have elevated levels of dopamine in the striatum in the absence of nigral cell loss. Our studies demonstrate that on a Parkin/DJ-1 null background, mice that are also deficient for major antioxidant proteins do not have progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons but have behavioral and striatal dopamine abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R. Hennis
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katherine W. Seamans
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marian A. Marvin
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bradford H. Casey
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Goldberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Hebron M, Chen W, Miessau MJ, Lonskaya I, Moussa CEH. Parkin reverses TDP-43-induced cell death and failure of amino acid homeostasis. J Neurochem 2013; 129:350-61. [PMID: 24298989 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. Parkin promotes specific ubiquitination and affects the localization of transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), which controls the translation of thousands of mRNAs. Here we tested the effects of lentiviral Parkin and TDP-43 expression on amino acid metabolism in the rat motor cortex using high frequency ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. TDP-43 expression increased glutamate levels, decreased the levels of other amino acids, including glutamine, aspartate, leucine and isoleucine, and impaired mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. TDP-43 induced lactate accumulation and altered the balance between excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters. Parkin restored amino acid levels, neurotransmitter balance and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, rescuing neurons from TDP-43-induced apoptotic death. Furthermore, TDP-43 expression led to an increase in 4E-BP levels, perhaps altering translational control and deregulating amino acid synthesis; while Parkin reversed the effects of TDP-43 on the 4E-BP signaling pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that Parkin may affect TDP-43 localization and mitigate its effects on 4E-BP signaling and loss of amino acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaeline Hebron
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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32
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Hipkiss AR. Aging risk factors and Parkinson's disease: contrasting roles of common dietary constituents. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1469-72. [PMID: 24388766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a Parkinson's disease (PD) risk factor. It is suggested here that certain dietary components may either contribute to or ameliorate PD risk. There is evidence, which indicates that excessive carbohydrate (glucose or fructose) catabolism is a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, one consequence is increased production of methylglyoxal (MG). However, other dietary components (carnosine and certain plant extracts) not only scavenge MG but can also influence some of the biochemical events (signal transduction, stress protein synthesis, glycation, and toxin generation) associated with PD pathology. As double blind, placebo-controlled carnosine supplementation studies have revealed beneficial outcomes in humans, it is suggested that MG scavengers such as carnosine be further explored for their therapeutic potential toward PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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33
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Wong JC, Visanji NP, Dabek MK, Laposa RR, Hazrati LN. Dendritic spine density is altered in a mouse model of Cockayne syndrome. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:437-40. [PMID: 23039087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Wong
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Surprising behavioral and neurochemical enhancements in mice with combined mutations linked to Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:113-23. [PMID: 24075852 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder behind Alzheimer's disease. There are currently no therapies proven to halt or slow the progressive neuronal cell loss in PD. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular causes of PD is needed to develop disease-modifying therapies. PD is an age-dependent disease that causes the progressive death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons results in locomotor symptoms such as slowness of movement, tremor, rigidity and postural instability. Abnormalities in other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, may also be involved in both the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Most cases of PD are sporadic but many families show a Mendelian pattern of inherited Parkinsonism and causative mutations have been identified in genes such as Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1, alpha-synuclein and leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Although the definitive causes of idiopathic PD remain uncertain, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) is reduced in PD brains and has been shown to be a key determinant of vulnerability to dopaminergic neuron loss in PD animal models. Furthermore, Gpx1 activity decreases with age in human substantia nigra but not rodent substantia nigra. Therefore, we crossed mice deficient for both Parkin and DJ-1 with mice deficient for Gpx1 to test the hypothesis that loss-of-function mutations in Parkin and DJ-1 cause PD by increasing vulnerability to Gpx1 deficiency. Surprisingly, mice lacking Parkin, DJ-1 and Gpx1 have increased striatal dopamine levels in the absence of nigral cell loss compared to wild type, Gpx1(-/-), and Parkin(-/-)DJ-1(-/-) mutant mice. Additionally, Parkin(-/-)DJ-1(-/-) mice exhibit improved rotarod performance and have increased serotonin in the striatum and hippocampus. Stereological analysis indicated that the increased serotonin levels were not due to increased serotonergic projections. The results of our behavioral, neurochemical and immunohistochemical analyses reveal that PD-linked mutations in Parkin and DJ-1 cause dysregulation of neurotransmitter systems beyond the nigrostriatal dopaminergic circuit and that loss-of-function mutations in Parkin and DJ-1 lead to adaptive changes in dopamine and serotonin especially in the context of Gpx1 deficiency.
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35
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Hindle S, Afsari F, Stark M, Middleton CA, Evans GJ, Sweeney ST, Elliott CJ. Dopaminergic expression of the Parkinsonian gene LRRK2-G2019S leads to non-autonomous visual neurodegeneration, accelerated by increased neural demands for energy. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2129-40. [PMID: 23396536 PMCID: PMC3652415 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with loss of dopaminergic signalling, and affects not just movement, but also vision. As both mammalian and fly visual systems contain dopaminergic neurons, we investigated the effect of LRRK2 mutations (the most common cause of inherited PD) on Drosophila electroretinograms (ERGs). We reveal progressive loss of photoreceptor function in flies expressing LRRK2-G2019S in dopaminergic neurons. The photoreceptors showed elevated autophagy, apoptosis and mitochondrial disorganization. Head sections confirmed extensive neurodegeneration throughout the visual system, including regions not directly innervated by dopaminergic neurons. Other PD-related mutations did not affect photoreceptor function, and no loss of vision was seen with kinase-dead transgenics. Manipulations of the level of Drosophila dLRRK suggest G2019S is acting as a gain-of-function, rather than dominant negative mutation. Increasing activity of the visual system, or of just the dopaminergic neurons, accelerated the G2019S-induced deterioration of vision. The fly visual system provides an excellent, tractable model of a non-autonomous deficit reminiscent of that seen in PD, and suggests that increased energy demand may contribute to the mechanism by which LRRK2-G2019S causes neurodegeneration.
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36
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Bartolome F, Wu HC, Burchell VS, Preza E, Wray S, Mahoney CJ, Fox NC, Calvo A, Canosa A, Moglia C, Mandrioli J, Chiò A, Orrell RW, Houlden H, Hardy J, Abramov AY, Plun-Favreau H. Pathogenic VCP mutations induce mitochondrial uncoupling and reduced ATP levels. Neuron 2013; 78:57-64. [PMID: 23498975 PMCID: PMC3843114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is a highly expressed member of the type II AAA+ ATPase family. VCP mutations are the cause of inclusion body myopathy, Paget's disease of the bone, and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) and they account for 1%-2% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Using fibroblasts from patients carrying three independent pathogenic mutations in the VCP gene, we show that VCP deficiency causes profound mitochondrial uncoupling leading to decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption. This mitochondrial uncoupling results in a significant reduction of cellular ATP production. Decreased ATP levels in VCP-deficient cells lower their energy capacity, making them more vulnerable to high energy-demanding processes such as ischemia. Our findings propose a mechanism by which pathogenic VCP mutations lead to cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/deficiency
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle Proteins/deficiency
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Family Health
- Female
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Frontotemporal Dementia/genetics
- Frontotemporal Dementia/metabolism
- Frontotemporal Dementia/pathology
- Humans
- Lipid Peroxidation/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Magnesium/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/pathology
- Mutation/genetics
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/genetics
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/metabolism
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/pathology
- NAD/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Osteitis Deformans/genetics
- Osteitis Deformans/metabolism
- Osteitis Deformans/pathology
- Oxygen Consumption/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Transfection
- Valosin Containing Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolome
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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37
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Shared dysregulated pathways lead to Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:176-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Hipkiss AR, Cartwright SP, Bromley C, Gross SR, Bill RM. Carnosine: can understanding its actions on energy metabolism and protein homeostasis inform its therapeutic potential? Chem Cent J 2013; 7:38. [PMID: 23442334 PMCID: PMC3602167 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) has contrasting but beneficial effects on cellular activity. It delays cellular senescence and rejuvenates cultured senescent mammalian cells. However, it also inhibits the growth of cultured tumour cells. Based on studies in several organisms, we speculate that carnosine exerts these apparently opposing actions by affecting energy metabolism and/or protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Specific effects on energy metabolism include the dipeptide's influence on cellular ATP concentrations. Carnosine's ability to reduce the formation of altered proteins (typically adducts of methylglyoxal) and enhance proteolysis of aberrant polypeptides is indicative of its influence on proteostasis. Furthermore these dual actions might provide a rationale for the use of carnosine in the treatment or prevention of diverse age-related conditions where energy metabolism or proteostasis are compromised. These include cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and the complications of type-2 diabetes (nephropathy, cataracts, stroke and pain), which might all benefit from knowledge of carnosine's mode of action on human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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Katzemich A, Kreisköther N, Alexandrovich A, Elliott C, Schöck F, Leonard K, Sparrow J, Bullard B. The function of the M-line protein obscurin in controlling the symmetry of the sarcomere in the flight muscle of Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3367-79. [PMID: 22467859 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obscurin (also known as Unc-89 in Drosophila) is a large modular protein in the M-line of Drosophila muscles. Drosophila obscurin is similar to the nematode protein UNC-89. Four isoforms are found in the muscles of adult flies: two in the indirect flight muscle (IFM) and two in other muscles. A fifth isoform is found in the larva. The larger IFM isoform has all the domains that were predicted from the gene sequence. Obscurin is in the M-line throughout development of the embryo, larva and pupa. Using P-element mutant flies and RNAi knockdown flies, we have investigated the effect of decreased obscurin expression on the structure of the sarcomere. Embryos, larvae and pupae developed normally. In the pupa, however, the IFM was affected. Although the Z-disc was normal, the H-zone was misaligned. Adults were unable to fly and the structure of the IFM was irregular: M-lines were missing and H-zones misplaced or absent. Isolated thick filaments were asymmetrical, with bare zones that were shifted away from the middle of the filaments. In the sarcomere, the length and polarity of thin filaments depends on the symmetry of adjacent thick filaments; shifted bare zones resulted in abnormally long or short thin filaments. We conclude that obscurin in the IFM is necessary for the development of a symmetrical sarcomere in Drosophila IFM.
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