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Lee JJ, Oh JS, Ham JH, Lee DH, Lee I, Sohn YH, Kim JS, Lee PH. Association of body mass index and the depletion of nigrostriatal dopamine in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 38:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Abdelkader NA, Montasser IF, Bioumy EE, Saad WE. Impact of anthropometric measures and serum leptin on severity of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28:691-8. [PMID: 25168182 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the impact of obesity, determined by different anthropometric measures, on clinical and endoscopic severity of GERD and the relation between serum leptin and clinical and endoscopic severity of GERD in Egyptian patients. The study was carried out at Ain Shams University Hospitals and Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt. A total of 60 patients with clinically and endoscopically evident gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were enrolled in this study as well as 20 healthy subjects matched for age and gender serving as the control group. Patients were divided according to their body mass index (BMI) into two groups: group 1 (n = 30): overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25 and/or waist-to-height ratio [WHtR] ≥ 0.5) and group 2 (n = 30): normal weight (BMI ≥ 18 to < 25 and/or WHtR ≥ 0.4 to < 0.5). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, anthropometric measures, and symptom severity score questionnaire were done for all patients. Serum leptin hormone was assessed for patients and control groups.The evidence revealed statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of different anthropometric measures (P < 0.00) except the height (P < 0.9), abdominal fat depot equations (P < 0.00), endoscopic findings according to Los Angeles classification (P < 0.001), symptom severity score (P < 0.00), and serum leptin hormone (43.96 ± 23.50 in group 1 vs. 7.5133 ± 8.18294 in group 2 and 6.98 ± 5.90 in the control group) (P = 0.00). Obesity in general and central (abdominal) obesity specifically has significant impact on clinical and endoscopic severity of GERD. Increased leptin hormone level is associated with clinical and endoscopic severity of GERD. Future trial on larger number of patients is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Abdelkader
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I F Montasser
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E E Bioumy
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - W E Saad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Sperrin M, Marshall AD, Higgins V, Renehan AG, Buchan IE. Body mass index relates weight to height differently in women and older adults: serial cross-sectional surveys in England (1992-2011). J Public Health (Oxf) 2015; 38:607-613. [PMID: 26036702 PMCID: PMC5072155 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body mass index (BMI) tends to be higher among shorter adults, especially women. The dependence of BMI–height correlation on age and calendar time may inform us about temporal determinants of BMI. Methods Series of cross-sectional surveys: Health Survey for England, 1992–2011. We study the Benn Index, which is the coefficient in a regression of log(weight) on log(height). This is adjusted for age, gender and calendar time, allowing for non-linear terms and interactions. Results By height quartile, mean BMI decreased with increasing height, more so in women than in men (P < 0.001). The decrease in mean BMI in the tallest compared with the shortest height quartile was 0.77 in men (95% CI 0.69, 0.86) and 1.98 in women (95% CI 1.89, 2.08). Regression analysis of log(weight) on log(height) revealed that the inverse association between BMI and height was more pronounced in older adults and stronger in women than in men, with little change over calendar time. Conclusions Unlike early childhood, where taller children tend to have higher BMI, adults, especially women and older people, show an inverse BMI–height association. BMI is a heterogeneous measure of weight-for-height; height may be an important and complex determinant of BMI trajectory over the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sperrin
- Health eResearch Centre, Farr Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alan D Marshall
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Vanessa Higgins
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew G Renehan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Iain E Buchan
- Health eResearch Centre, Farr Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Emmett PM, Jones LR. Diet and growth in infancy: relationship to socioeconomic background and to health and development in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:483-506. [PMID: 24947274 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the relationship between diet and growth in infancy and socioeconomic background, all publications from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) covering breastfeeding, diet and growth in infancy, and the associations of these factors with socioeconomic background and later health and developmental outcomes were reviewed. Diet was assessed by parent-completed food records and parent-completed food frequency questionnaires covering infant feeding practices. Infancy growth was monitored through routine screening and by standardized measurements. Indicators of socioeconomic background were obtained by parent-completed questionnaires. Childhood outcomes were measured by standardized procedures. Rapid early weight gain was associated with later obesity. Longer breastfeeding duration was associated with lower body fat, but not lower body mass index, and with higher IQ in mid-childhood. Breastfed infants were better at regulating their energy intake than bottle-fed infants. In bottle-fed infants, energy intake at 4 months was associated with greater weight gain up to 5 years of age. Feeding cow's milk as a main drink in infancy was associated with anemia and high salt intake. Maternal education was a strong determinant of dietary differences: low education was associated with never breastfeeding and not following feeding guidelines. ALSPAC has provided unique insights into the relationship between diet and growth in infancy and later developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Emmett
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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5
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Liu J, Akseer N, Faught BE, Cairney J, Hay J. Use of leg length to height ratio to assess the risk of childhood overweight and obesity: results from a longitudinal cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 2012; 22:120-5. [PMID: 22226032 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether leg-length to height ratio (LLHR) measured in children can be used to assess overweight and obese status 3 years later. METHODS A total of 1166 children from South Ontario, Canada, were assessed in grade five and again in grade eight were included in this analysis. On the basis of LLHR gender-specific quartile cutoffs in grade five, children were categorized into four groups (Q1[low]-Q4). Gender and age specific cutoffs of body mass index were used to categorize children as overweight/obese or normal weight in grade eight. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the overweight/obesity risk association with LLHR. RESULTS In comparing those in Q1 of LLHR, we found the odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence interval) of overweight/obese for those in the Q2-Q4 were 0.60 (0.29-1.21), 0.43 (0.21-0.89), and 0.32 (0.15-0.70) for boys and 0.77 (0.36-1.64), 0.60 (0.28-1.29), and 0.27 (0.12-0.62) for girls, respectively. The overweight/obesity risk association with LLHR remains after removing those who were considered overweight/obese at grade five. CONCLUSIONS LLHR is associated with risk of childhood overweight/obesity. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of LLHR on development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Said-Mohamed R, Allirot X, Sobgui M, Pasquet P. Determinants of overweight associated with stunting in preschool children of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 36:146-61. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460802660526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Pierce MB, Leon DA. Age at menarche and adult BMI in the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:733-9. [PMID: 16210700 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/82.4.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined whether the inverse association of age at menarche with adult body mass index (BMI) is due to the tendency of BMI to track between childhood and adult life, with childhood BMI playing a causal role in determining age at menarche. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate whether the association of younger age at menarche with a high BMI and increased likelihood of obesity in middle age is due to confounding with early childhood BMI. DESIGN In a historical cohort of 3743 Scottish females born between 1950 and 1955, height and weight were measured in early childhood, and age at menarche and height and weight in middle age were obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS The age-adjusted change in mean adult BMI per additional year of age at menarche was -0.64 (95% CI: -0.78, -0.50). Adjustment for childhood BMI measured between 4 and 6 y reduced this value to -0.57 (-0.71, -0.43). Adjustment for childhood and adult social class, parity, smoking, and alcohol intake had little effect. The odds ratio for being obese compared with not being obese in adulthood was 0.82 (0.76, 0.86) per 1-y increase in age at menarche and was unchanged by adjustment for childhood BMI and other covariates. CONCLUSIONS The inverse association of age at menarche with BMI and obesity in middle age is not explained by confounding by early childhood BMI. Instead, age at menarche may simply be a proxy marker for the pace of sexual maturation, which itself leads to differences in adiposity (and BMI) in the peripubertal period that track into adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Pierce
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Lemos-Santos MGF, Valente JG, Gonçalves-Silva RMV, Sichieri R. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of serum concentration of lipids in Brazilian men. Nutrition 2005; 20:857-62. [PMID: 15474872 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unknown whether waist circumference can predict a lipid profile beyond that predicted by body fatness alone, after adjustment for important confounding variables such as smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity. The purpose of this non-clinical, healthy-subject study was to test this hypothesis. METHODS Data refer to 416 men, ages 20 to 58 y with a body mass index between 18.5 and 29.9 kg/m(2), who were blood donors living in a Brazilian city. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity were evaluated by interview; body fat was measured by electrical bioimpedance, and weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured by trained anthropometrists. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to quantify the association between measurements of fat distribution (waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio) and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerols independently of measurements of fatness and potentially confounding factors. RESULTS Waist circumference was strongly correlated with percentage of body fat (r = 0.90), whereas waist-to-hip ratio was less correlated (r = 0.55). After adjustment for age, percentage of body fat, smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity, waist circumference was not significantly related to the ratio of total cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas the waist-to-hip ratio was strongly associated among the youngest subjects (beta = 3.51, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Although several studies have analyzed the association between serum lipids with anthropometric markers, few, including the present one, support waist circumference as a good predictor of lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G F Lemos-Santos
- Departament of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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9
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Clarkin PF. Methodological issues in the anthropometric assessment of Hmong children in the United States. Am J Hum Biol 2005; 17:787-95. [PMID: 16254896 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of the body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) in assessing overweight/obesity may be diminished in populations of short stature. In a sample (n = 79) of Hmong refugee children in the United States, of age 4-11 years, median z scores for height, BMI, and the triceps skinfold were -1.04z, +0.53z, and +0.18z, respectively. Further, 41.7% of children were above the NHANES 85th percentile for BMI-for-age, categorizing them as overweight/obese. Assessment of obesity by other established criteria for children, such as the triceps skinfold and body fat percentage, produced significantly lower estimates than did BMI. This is consistent with patterns found in other stunted populations, suggesting that BMI be employed in conjunction with other methods when assessing overweight/obesity in these groups. Finally, although stunting and overweight/obesity were both common in this study, at the individual level height z scores were positively correlated to z scores of various measures of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Clarkin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts--Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125-3393, USA.
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10
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Power C, Li L, Manor O, Davey Smith G. Combination of low birth weight and high adult body mass index: at what age is it established and what are its determinants? J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 57:969-73. [PMID: 14652264 PMCID: PMC1732340 DOI: 10.1136/jech.57.12.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate growth trajectories and predictive factors for those with low birth weight and high adult BMI. DESIGN Birth cohort study. SETTING England, Scotland, and Wales. PARTICIPANTS All born 3-9 March, 1958. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES People at "high risk" of adult disease were defined as having a combination of lower birth weight (in the lowest third of the distribution) and high BMI (in the highest third of the distribution at age 33). RESULTS 284 of 3462 men and 338 of 3555 women were identified as "high risk". This group was shorter than other cohort members at age 7, on average by 1.2 cm (boys) and 1.8 cm (girls), with a deficit of about 3 cm in adult height. The "high risk" group had a similar mean weight to other subjects at age 7, but were heavier thereafter through to age 23. BMI was increased at all ages in the "high risk" group. Independent predictors include paternal BMI, maternal height and smoking in pregnancy, and social class. For each SD increase in father's BMI the odds of low birth weight/high BMI increased by about 20%. For maternal height, a 1 cm increase reduced the odds of low birth weight/high BMI by about 5%. Increased ORs for "high risk" were found for those with manual social origins (1.61 for men; 1.49 for women) and for maternal smoking in pregnancy (1.79 and 2.27 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Maternal short stature, low social class, and smoking during pregnancy influence the development of "high risk" for adult chronic disease. The causes of high risk therefore seem to reside in utero and even earlier, in the mother's lifetime, with adverse conditions having a detrimental affect and favourable conditions protecting against high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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11
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Anderson PM, Butcher KF, Levine PB. Maternal employment and overweight children. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2003; 22:477-504. [PMID: 12683963 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-6296(03)00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper seeks to determine whether a causal relationship exists between maternal employment and childhood weight problems. We use matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and employ econometric techniques to control for observable and unobservable differences across individuals and families that may influence both children's weight and their mothers' work patterns. Our results indicate that a child is more likely to be overweight if his/her mother worked more hours per week over the child's life. Analyses by subgroups show that it is higher socioeconomic status mothers whose work intensity is particularly deleterious for their children's overweight status.
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12
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Kuga S, Njelekela M, Noguchi T, Kanda T, Yamori M, Sato T, Miki T, Ikeda K, Nara Y, Mtabaji J. Prevalence of overweight and hypertension in Tanzania: Special emphasis on resting energy expenditure and leptin. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002. [PMID: 29537675 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.29.s4.4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. In the present study we investigated the difference in the distribution of selected cardiovascular disease risk factors among three middle-aged Tanzanian populations with different lifestyles. 2. The prevalence of hypertension and overweight was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Plasma leptin concentration was also highest in urban areas. Based on these results, we speculated that overweight in the urban population may be partly due to adiposity. 3. Resting energy expenditure was lower in urban areas than in other areas for both genders. These findings suggest that the high prevalence of overweight in the urban population may be partly due to low physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kuga
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marina Njelekela
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Takanori Noguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tomo Kanda
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Masashi Yamori
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Toshiaki Sato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tomohiro Miki
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Katsumi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Yasuo Nara
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jacob Mtabaji
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,Division of Clinical Bio-regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Masuda Red Cross General Hospital, Shimane,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan andMuhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
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Freedman DS, Khan LK, Mei Z, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Relation of childhood height to obesity among adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study . Pediatrics 2002; 109:E23. [PMID: 11826233 DOI: 10.1542/peds.109.2.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a previous study of the role of various predictors of adult obesity, we found that relatively tall children had a higher body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) in early adulthood. In this study, the objective was to determine whether childhood height is related to adult adiposity and whether the association is independent of childhood levels of BMI and triceps skinfold thickness. METHODS The longitudinal relations of childhood height to relative weight and skinfold (sum of subscapular and triceps) thicknesses in adulthood were examined in a larger sample (N = 1055) of 2- to 8-year-olds who were followed for an average of 18 years. RESULTS Compared with children whose heights were below the gender- and age-specific median, a child with a height-for-age above the 95th percentile (P) was approximately 2.5 times as likely to have a BMI > or =30 kg/m2 and approximately 5 times as likely to have a skinfold sum >90th P in adulthood. Although height and adiposity were associated (r = 0.29) among children, the observed longitudinal relations persisted after controlling for BMI and the triceps skinfold thickness in childhood. For example, among children with the same BMI, each 10-cm difference in height was associated with differences in adulthood of 0.9 kg/m2 for BMI and 4 mm for the skinfold sum. CONCLUSIONS Although these results need to be confirmed in other studies, it is possible that information on childhood height could be used to identify more accurately children who are likely to be obese in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Freedman
- Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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14
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Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O. Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2001; 323:1331-5. [PMID: 11739217 PMCID: PMC60670 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7325.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of birth weight on body mass index at different stages of later life; whether this relation persists after accounting for potential confounding factors; and the role of indicators of fetal growth (birth weight relative to parental size) and childhood growth. DESIGN Longitudinal study of the 1958 British birth cohort. SETTING England, Scotland, and Wales. PARTICIPANTS All singletons born 3-9 March 1958 (10 683 participants with data available at age 33). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index at ages 7, 11, 16, 23, and 33 years. RESULTS The relation between birth weight and body mass index was positive and weak, becoming more J shaped with increasing age. When adjustments were made for maternal weight, there was no relation between birth weight and body mass index at age 33. Indicators of poor fetal growth based on the mother's body size were not predictive, but the risk of adult obesity was higher among participants who had grown to a greater proportion of their eventual adult height by age 7. In men only, the effect of childhood growth was strongest in those with lower birth weights and, to a lesser extent, those born to lighter mothers. CONCLUSIONS Maternal weight (or body mass index) largely explains the association between birth weight and adult body mass index, and it may be a more important risk factor for obesity in the child than birth weight. Birth weight and maternal weight seem to modify the effect of childhood linear growth on adult obesity in men. Intergenerational associations between the mother's and her offspring's body mass index seem to underlie the well documented association between birth weight and body mass index. Other measures of fetal growth are needed for a fuller understanding of the role of the intrauterine environment in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Parsons
- Department of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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15
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Gulliford MC, Mahabir D, Rocke B, Chinn S, Rona R. Overweight, obesity and skinfold thicknesses of children of African or Indian descent in Trinidad and Tobago. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30:989-98. [PMID: 11689509 DOI: 10.1093/ije/30.5.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate distribution of body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous fat in children of African or Indian subcontinent descent living in Trinidad and Tobago. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out in a nationally representative sample of 66 government schools. Measurements were made of children's heights, weights, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses. Data were analysed by sex and ethnic group and comparison was made with international standards for overweight and obesity and with British (1990) reference curves for BMI. RESULTS Data were analysed for 5688/6731 (85%) eligible children including 1934 Afro-Trinidadian, 1689 Indo-Trinidadian, and 1794 of mixed ethnicity. Afro-Trinidadian and mixed children were taller, but Indo-Trinidadian children were shorter than reference. Values for BMI were lower than reference: mean standard deviation score (SDS), (95% confidence interval) Afro-Trinidadian -0.34 (-0.39 to -0.28), Indo-Trinidadian -1.32 (-1.39 to -1.25), mixed -0.67 (-0.74 to -0.61). Overall 486 (8.5%, 7.8 to 9.3%) of children were overweight and 138 (2.4%, 2.0 to 2.9%) were obese. Triceps skinfold thickness values were lower than reference (-0.45, -0.48 to -0.42 SDS) but subscapular skinfold thicknesses were higher (0.45, 0.43 to 0.47 SDS). Higher BMI were associated with higher BMI in the child's parents, higher reported birthweight, older age of the child's mother, smaller family size, and with higher maternal educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS Overweight was prevalent and distribution of subcutaneous fat was central. Work is needed to determine whether these findings are associated with adult patterns of fat distribution and metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gulliford
- Department of Public Health Sciences, King's College London, Capital House, 42 Weston St, London SE1 3QD, UK.
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16
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Le Stunff C, Fallin D, Bougnères P. Paternal transmission of the very common class I INS VNTR alleles predisposes to childhood obesity. Nat Genet 2001; 29:96-9. [PMID: 11528401 DOI: 10.1038/ng707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To identify some of the genetic factors that contribute to obesity in children of Central European and North African descent, we studied the parental transmission of alleles at the insulin locus to offspring with early-onset obesity. A variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism upstream of the insulin gene (INS) is associated with variations in the expression of INS and the nearby gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). We found an excess of paternal transmission of class I VNTR alleles to obese children: children who inherited a class I allele from their father (but not those inheriting it from their mother) had a relative risk of early-onset obesity of 1.8. Due to the frequency of class I alleles in this population, this risk concerns 65-70% of all infants. These results suggest that increased in utero expression of paternal INS or IGF2 due to the class I INS VNTR allele may predispose offspring to postnatal fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Le Stunff
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hôpital St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
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Freedman DS, Kettel Khan L, Serdula MK, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. BMI rebound, childhood height and obesity among adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:543-9. [PMID: 11319660 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Revised: 11/09/2000] [Accepted: 11/20/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The beginning of the post-infancy rise in the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) has been termed the adiposity rebound, and several studies have found that an early rebound increases the risk for overweight in adulthood. We examined whether this relation is independent of childhood BMI levels. DESIGN A longitudinal study of 105 subjects who examined at ages 5, 6, 7, 8 and 19-23 y. RESULTS Subjects with an age at the BMI rebound (age(min)) of < or =5 y were, on average, 4-5 kg/m2 heavier in early adulthood than were subjects whose age(min) was > or =7 y. Age(min), however, was also correlated with childhood BMI levels (r approximately -0.5), and we found that age(min) provided no additional information on adult overweight if the BMI level at age 7 y (or 8 y) was known. In contrast, childhood height, which was also correlated with age(min) (r=-0.47), was independently related to adult BMI. Among relatively heavy (BMI=16.0 kg/m2) 5-y-olds, a child with a height of 120 cm was estimated to be 1.2 kg/m2 heavier in adulthood than would a 104 cm tall child. CONCLUSIONS Although an early BMI rebound was related to higher levels of relative weight in adulthood, this association was not independent of childhood BMI levels. The relation of childhood height to adult BMI needs to confirmed in other cohorts, but it is possible that childhood height may help identify children who are likely to become overweight adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Freedman
- Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Mulligan J, Voss LD. Identifying very fat and very thin children: test of criterion standards for screening test. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 319:1103-4. [PMID: 10531099 PMCID: PMC28260 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7217.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mulligan
- University Child Health, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD.
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Potvin L, Desrosiers S, Trifonopoulos M, Leduc N, Rivard M, Macaulay AC, Paradis G. Anthropometric characteristics of Mohawk children aged 6 to 11 years: a population perspective. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1999; 99:955-61. [PMID: 10450311 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have concluded that Native North American children have higher proportions of overweight and obesity than children from the general North American population. This study presents anthropometric data on a representative sample of children from the Mohawk Nation that can be used for comparison with other Native American populations. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study comparing distributions of anthropometric characteristics of Mohawk children to the corresponding age and gender data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Weight, height, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, and waist and hip circumferences were measured in 527 children. SUBJECTS/SETTING All children in grades 1 to 6 (aged 6 to 11 years) in the 3 elementary schools of 2 Mohawk communities in Canada, for whom parental consent was obtained, were enrolled in the present study. There were no exclusion criteria. With a participation rate of 83%, the 527 children enrolled in this study represent an unbiased sample of the population from 2 Mohawk territories. RESULTS Compared with children studied in NHANES II, Mohawk children were similar in height and triceps skinfolds but were generally heavier, had thicker subscapular skinfolds, and had greater waist and hip circumferences. These differences were greater in older children. Mohawk children who had extreme-high weight values compared with their population means were heavier than their NHANES II counterparts. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that, on average, Mohawk children seem to be slightly heavier than children in NHANES II. Except for those with extreme overweight values, Mohawk children show less variation of weight and body mass index than children in NHANES II. Finally, overweight Mohawk children seem to be more likely to carry their excess body fat truncally, compared with overweight children from NHANES II. Health practitioners working with Native American populations should be careful when assessing childhood obesity. Simple comparisons of weight or body mass index with NHANES standards may lead to inappropriate risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Potvin
- University of Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Schroeder DG, Martorell R. Fatness and body mass index from birth to young adulthood in a rural Guatemalan population. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:137S-44S. [PMID: 10419417 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/70.1.137s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI; wt in kg/ht2 in m) has been proposed as a simple and valid measure for monitoring fatness. Using data from a 25-y longitudinal study of rural Guatemalans, we found that, as children, this population was stunted (mean height-for-age z = -2.6) and had low triceps skinfold thicknesses ( approximately 10% of reference medians), yet had mean BMIs above US reference medians. As young adults, mean BMIs were at the 50th and 20th percentiles for women and men, respectively. BMIs between ages 1 and 5 y were moderately correlated (r = 0.2-0.3) with those in young adulthood. BMI was correlated with subscapular (r = 0.5-0.8) and triceps (r = 0.2-0.7) skinfold thicknesses at all ages and with predicted percentage body fat in adolescence (r = 0.65) and adulthood (r = 0.8). Fatness was highly centralized, with ratios of subscapular to triceps skinfold thicknesses at the 50th-90th percentiles of reference medians at all ages. BMI was a poor indicator of central fat; the correlation between BMI and waist-to-hip ratio in 14-17-y-old males was -0.21). In stunted populations in developing countries, BMI alone should be interpreted with caution. In stunted children, BMIs may be high despite small extremity skinfold thicknesses; BMI alone may overestimate the prevalence of fatness in these children. In adults, measures in addition to BMI may be required to identify centralized adiposity in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Schroeder
- Rollins School of Public Health and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Guernelli J, Wainapel SF, Pack S, Miranda-Lama E. Morbidly obese patients with pulmonary disease--a retrospective study of four cases: a brief report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 78:60-5. [PMID: 9923431 DOI: 10.1097/00002060-199901000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Morbid obesity is a common chronic condition that predisposes affected individuals to a decrease in functional status. The purpose of this case series is to highlight the benefit of institutional rehabilitation for this subgroup of patients. A 6-mo retrospective review of 117 consecutive admissions to the rehabilitation unit of a municipal hospital center was conducted. A total of four patients (3.4%) met the criteria for morbid obesity. We present the brief case histories of these four subjects. All showed significant functional improvement and were able to return home after a mean length of stay of 61 days. They each required specialized rehabilitation intervention and specialized equipment such as extra large beds and oversize walkers. All four subjects had obstructive pulmonary disease, accounting for their initial hospital admission. This study demonstrates that inpatient rehabilitation improves functional status in morbidly obese patients. Further research regarding physiatric intervention in the morbidly obese patient is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guernelli
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of the Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Jedrychowski W, Maugeri U, Flak E, Mroz E, Bianchi I. Predisposition to acute respiratory infections among overweight preadolescent children: an epidemiologic study in Poland. Public Health 1998; 112:189-95. [PMID: 9629027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ph.1900438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional field health survey has as its subjects 1129 preadolescent children resident in Krakow. Trained health visitors interviewed the mothers at the children's schools or at the parents' homes in order to gather standardized information regarding the families' social background and the families' and children's respiratory health and episodes of respiratory infections. Predisposition to respiratory infections in children has been defined as frequent spells (3 or more) of acute respiratory infections experienced by a given child over the 12 months preceding the interview. Clinical examination of children consisted of anthropometric measurements and spirometric testing. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were used for calculation of the body mass index (kg/m2). A child whose BMI was 20 or higher was defined as overweight (90th percentile). Susceptibility to acute respiratory infections was related significantly to body mass index. The children with BMI > or = 20 experienced twice as high a risk for acute respiratory infections than children with low BMI (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.13-3.59). Out of other potential factors possibly involved in the occurrence of respiratory infections only the presence of chronic respiratory symptoms (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.64-3.59), allergy (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.34-2.66), and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.05-2.25) increased the susceptibility of children to acute respiratory infections. Central heating in the household was shown to have a protective effect (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43-1.00) when compared with children from households where coal or gas was used for home heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jedrychowski
- College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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