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Moore KH, Ognenovska S, Chua XY, Chen Z, Hicks C, El-Assaad F, te West N, El-Omar E. Change in microbiota profile after vaginal estriol cream in postmenopausal women with stress incontinence. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1302819. [PMID: 38505551 PMCID: PMC10948564 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1302819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaginal estrogen is a treatment for genitourinary symptoms of menopause (GSM), which comprises vaginal atrophy and urinary dysfunction, including incontinence. Previous studies show that estrogen therapy promotes lactobacilli abundance and is associated with reduced GSM symptoms, including reduction of stress incontinence. However, detailed longitudinal studies that characterize how the microbiome changes in response to estrogen are scarce. We aimed to compare the vaginal microbiota of postmenopausal women, before and 12 weeks after vaginal estrogen cream. Methods A total of 44 paired samples from 22 postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy and stress incontinence were collected pre-vaginal estrogens and were compared to 12 weeks post-vaginal estrogen. Microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and biodiversity was investigated by comparing the alpha- and beta-diversity and potential markers were identified using differential abundance analysis. Results Vaginal estrogen treatment was associated with a reduction in vaginal pH and corresponded with a significant reduction in alpha diversity of the microbiota. Healthy vaginal community state type was associated with lower mean pH 4.89 (SD = 0.6), in contrast to dysbiotic state which had a higher mean pH 6.4 (SD = 0.74). Women with lactobacilli dominant community pre-treatment, showed stable microbiota and minimal change in their pH. Women with lactobacilli deficient microbiome pre-treatment improved markedly (p = 0.004) with decrease in pH -1.31 and change to heathier community state types. Conclusion In postmenopausal women with stress incontinence, vaginal estrogen promotes Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium growth and lowers vaginal pH. Maximum response is seen in those with a dysbiotic vaginal microbiota pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H. Moore
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Ognenovska
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin-Yi Chua
- University of New South Wales Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhuoran Chen
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chloe Hicks
- University of New South Wales Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatima El-Assaad
- University of New South Wales Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nevine te West
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emad El-Omar
- University of New South Wales Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Srinivasan S, Austin MN, Fiedler TL, Strenk SM, Agnew KJ, Gowda GAN, Raftery D, Beamer MA, Achilles SL, Wiesenfeld HC, Fredricks DN, Hillier SL. Amygdalobacter indicium gen. nov., sp. nov., and Amygdalobacter nucleatus sp. nov., gen. nov.: novel bacteria from the family Oscillospiraceae isolated from the female genital tract. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:006017. [PMID: 37787404 PMCID: PMC11318147 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Four obligately anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria representing one novel genus and two novel species were isolated from the female genital tract. Both novel species, designated UPII 610-JT and KA00274T, and an additional isolate of each species were characterized utilizing biochemical, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses. All strains were non-motile and non-spore forming, asaccharolytic, non-cellulolytic and indole-negative coccobacilli. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis for UPII 610-JT and KA00274T and additional isolates revealed C16 : 0, C18 : 0, C18:1ω9c and C18:2ω6,9c to be the major fatty acids for both species. UPII 610-JT had a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.4 % to an uncultured clone sequence (AY724740) designated as Bacterial Vaginosis Associated Bacterium 2 (BVAB2). KA00274T had a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.5 % to UPII 610-JT. Whole genomic DNA mol% G+C content was 42.2 and 39.3 % for UPII 610-JT and KA00274T, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicate these isolates represent a novel genus and two novel species within the Oscillospiraceae family. We propose the names Amygdalobacter indicium gen. nov., sp. nov., for UPII 610-JT representing the type strain of this species (=DSM 112989T, =ATCC TSD-274T) and Amygdalobacter nucleatus gen. nov., sp. nov., for KA00274T representing the type strain of this species (=DSM 112988T, =ATCC TSD-275T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Srinivasan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tina L. Fiedler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan M. Strenk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathy J. Agnew
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G. A. Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center and Mitochondrial and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center and Mitochondrial and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - May A. Beamer
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sharon L. Achilles
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Harold C. Wiesenfeld
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - David N. Fredricks
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon L. Hillier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh PA, USA
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3
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Vanstokstraeten R, Callewaert E, Blotwijk S, Rombauts E, Crombé F, Emmerechts K, Soetens O, Vandoorslaer K, De Geyter D, Allonsius C, Vander Donck L, Blockeel C, Wybo I, Piérard D, Demuyser T, Mackens S. Comparing Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiota Using Culturomics: Proof of Concept. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5947. [PMID: 36983020 PMCID: PMC10055768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that microorganisms can colonize a non-pathological endometrium. However, in a clinical setting, endometrial samples are always collected by passing through the vaginal-cervical route. As such, the vaginal and cervical microbiomes can easily cross-contaminate endometrial samples, resulting in a biased representation of the endometrial microbiome. This makes it difficult to demonstrate that the endometrial microbiome is not merely a reflection of contamination originating from sampling. Therefore, we investigated to what extent the endometrial microbiome corresponds to that of the vagina, applying culturomics on paired vaginal and endometrial samples. Culturomics could give novel insights into the microbiome of the female genital tract, as it overcomes sequencing-related bias. Ten subfertile women undergoing diagnostic hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were included. An additional vaginal swab was taken from each participant right before hysteroscopy. Both endometrial biopsies and vaginal swabs were analyzed using our previously described WASPLab-assisted culturomics protocol. In total, 101 bacterial and two fungal species were identified among these 10 patients. Fifty-six species were found in endometrial biopsies and 90 were found in vaginal swabs. On average, 28 % of species were found in both the endometrial biopsy and vaginal swab of a given patient. Of the 56 species found in the endometrial biopsies, 13 were not found in the vaginal swabs. Of the 90 species found in vaginal swabs, 47 were not found in the endometrium. Our culturomics-based approach sheds a different light on the current understanding of the endometrial microbiome. The data suggest the potential existence of a unique endometrial microbiome that is not merely a presentation of cross-contamination derived from sampling. However, we cannot exclude cross-contamination completely. In addition, we observe that the microbiome of the vagina is richer in species than that of the endometrium, which contradicts the current sequence-based literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vanstokstraeten
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Callewaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Entity of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanne Blotwijk
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Research Group (BISI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eleni Rombauts
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Crombé
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristof Emmerechts
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Oriane Soetens
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristof Vandoorslaer
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah De Geyter
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Allonsius
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp (UA), 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leonore Vander Donck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp (UA), 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blockeel
- Brussels IVF, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Wybo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- AIMS Lab, Center for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shari Mackens
- Brussels IVF, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Rosca AS, Castro J, França Â, Vaneechoutte M, Cerca N. Gardnerella Vaginalis Dominates Multi-Species Biofilms in both Pre-Conditioned and Competitive In Vitro Biofilm Formation Models. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:1278-1287. [PMID: 34741647 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common bacterial vaginal infections worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, BV etiology is still unknown. Nevertheless, a hallmark of BV is the presence of a highly structured polymicrobial biofilm on the vaginal epithelium, formed primarily by Gardnerella spp. and other anaerobic species, of which co-colonization with Fannyhessea vaginae is considered an important diagnostic marker. We previously developed an in vitro biofilm model wherein Gardnerella was first allowed to establish an early biofilm that served as a scaffold for other species to adhere to. To better understand ecological interactions between BV-associated bacteria, we compared triple-species biofilms formed using two distinct models: a pre-conditioned (wherein Gardnerella vaginalis formed the early biofilm) model and a competitive (wherein all three bacteria were co-incubated together) model. Interestingly, synergistic growth interactions were more significant in the competitive model. Furthermore, the biofilm structure and species-specific distribution, as assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and using peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization method, revealed two very different triple-species morphotypes, suggesting that different interactions occur in the different models. Interestingly, independent of the model or triple-species consortium tested, we observed that G. vaginalis represented most of the biofilm bacterial composition, further highlighting the relevance of this taxon in BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliona S Rosca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research (LBR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joana Castro
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ângela França
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mario Vaneechoutte
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research (LBR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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5
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Lithgow KV, Buchholz VCH, Ku E, Konschuh S, D'Aubeterre A, Sycuro LK. Protease activities of vaginal Porphyromonas species disrupt coagulation and extracellular matrix in the cervicovaginal niche. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35190575 PMCID: PMC8861167 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Porphyromonas uenonis are common inhabitants of the vaginal microbiome, but their presence has been linked to adverse health outcomes for women, including bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth. However, little is known about the pathogenesis mechanisms of these bacteria. The related oral opportunistic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is comparatively well-studied and known to secrete numerous extracellular matrix-targeting proteases. Among these are the gingipain family of cysteine proteases that drive periodontal disease progression and hematogenic transmission to the placenta. In this study, we demonstrate that vaginal Porphyromonas species secrete broad-acting proteases capable of freely diffusing within the cervicovaginal niche. These proteases degrade collagens that are enriched within the cervix (type I) and chorioamniotic membranes (type IV), as well as fibrinogen, which inhibits clot formation. Bioinformatic queries confirmed the absence of gingipain orthologs and identified five serine, cysteine, and metalloprotease candidates in each species. Inhibition assays revealed that each species' proteolytic activity can be partially attributed to a secreted metalloprotease with broad substrate specificity that is distantly related to the P. gingivalis endopeptidase PepO. This characterization of virulence activities in vaginal Porphyromonas species highlights their potential to alter the homeostasis of reproductive tissues and harm human pregnancy through clotting disruption, fetal membrane weakening, and premature cervical remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Lithgow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vienna C H Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Ku
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shaelen Konschuh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ana D'Aubeterre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Laura K Sycuro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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6
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McKenzie R, Maarsingh JD, Łaniewski P, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Immunometabolic Analysis of Mobiluncus mulieris and Eggerthella sp. Reveals Novel Insights Into Their Pathogenic Contributions to the Hallmarks of Bacterial Vaginosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:759697. [PMID: 35004344 PMCID: PMC8733642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cervicovaginal microbiome plays an important role in protecting women from dysbiosis and infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms. In healthy reproductive-age women the cervicovaginal microbiome is predominantly colonized by protective Lactobacillus spp. The loss of these protective bacteria leads to colonization of the cervicovaginal microenvironment by pathogenic microorganisms resulting in dysbiosis and bacterial vaginosis (BV). Mobiluncus mulieris and Eggerthella sp. are two of the many anaerobes that can contribute to BV, a condition associated with multiple adverse obstetric and gynecological outcomes. M. mulieris has been linked to high Nugent scores (relating to BV morphotypes) and preterm birth (PTB), whilst some bacterial members of the Eggerthellaceae family are highly prevalent in BV, and identified in ~85-95% of cases. The functional impact of M. mulieris and Eggerthella sp. in BV is still poorly understood. To determine the individual immunometabolic contributions of Eggerthella sp. and M. mulieris within the cervicovaginal microenvironment, we utilized our well-characterized human three-dimensional (3-D) cervical epithelial cell model in combination with multiplex immunoassays and global untargeted metabolomics approaches to identify key immune mediators and metabolites related to M. mulieris and Eggerthella sp. infections. We found that infection with M. mulieris significantly elevated multiple proinflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and MCP-1) and altered metabolites related to energy metabolism (nicotinamide and succinate) and oxidative stress (cysteinylglycine, cysteinylglycine disulfide and 2-hydroxygluatrate). Eggerthella sp. infection significantly elevated multiple sphingolipids and glycerolipids related to epithelial barrier function, and biogenic amines (putrescine and cadaverine) associated with elevated vaginal pH, vaginal amine odor and vaginal discharge. Our study elucidated that M. mulieris elevated multiple proinflammatory markers relating to PTB and STI acquisition, as well as altered energy metabolism and oxidative stress, whilst Eggerthella sp. upregulated multiple biogenic amines associated with the clinical diagnostic criteria of BV. Future studies are needed to evaluate how these bacteria interact with other BV-associated bacteria within the cervicovaginal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross McKenzie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Maarsingh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Paweł Łaniewski
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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7
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Manzanares-Leal GL, Coronel-Martínez J, Rodríguez-Morales M, Bustamante-Montes LP, Sandoval-Trujillo H, Ramírez-Durán N. Changes in the diversity of local cervical bacteria in women with cervical cancer receiving antineoplastic treatment. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 26:56. [PMID: 34729064 PMCID: PMC8506239 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_757_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Some studies show changes in the microbiota in people undergoing antineoplastic treatment. Currently, there is not enough evidence of this effect in the treatment of cervical cancer (CC). The objective was to determine changes in the diversity of local cervical bacteria in women with CC receiving chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and brachytherapy. Materials and Methods A descriptive, longitudinal, and prospective study was conducted in 68 women with locally advanced CC with a treatment plan based on the administration of chemotherapy, external beam radiotherapy, and brachytherapy. Cervical-vaginal fluid samples were taken during antineoplastic treatment. The samples were used to isolate bacterial strains. The bacteria were identified at the molecular level by comparing sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Results The bacteria identified belonged to three phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Nine genera and 25 species of bacteria were identified. The most frequent species were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium amycolatum, and Enterococcus faecalis. There were statistically significant differences when comparing bacterial diversity found in the different stages of treatment (≤0.05). Bacterial diversity decreased as antineoplastic treatment progressed and increased at the end of therapy. Conclusion Antineoplastic treatments generate changes in the diversity of local cervical bacterial communities of women with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauddy Lizeth Manzanares-Leal
- Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Rodríguez-Morales
- Clinical Research Division, National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Horacio Sandoval-Trujillo
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ninfa Ramírez-Durán
- Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
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8
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Abou Chacra L, Fenollar F. Exploring the global vaginal microbiome and its impact on human health. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105172. [PMID: 34500016 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Around the world, more than 175,000,000 women are diagnosed every year with gynaecological disease, in many cases contributing to high morbidity and mortality. For this reason, knowledge of the composition of the vaginal microbiome and its variations represents a real health challenge, as this is key to improving therapeutic management. This review traces the history of the poorly known vaginal microbiome and focuses on the latest findings concerning this ecosystem. Studies in the past decade have targeted complex bacterial communities within the vagina. However, due to the development of technology and the emergence of next generation sequencing (NGS), the exact definition of the vaginal microbiome has changed and can no longer be linked solely to the presence of bacteria. In order to reach a global view of the vaginal microbiome, it is essential to take into account all microorganisms that the vagina harbours, including fungi, viruses, archaea, and candidate phyla radiation. Although these communities represent only a minimal percentage of the vaginal microbiome, they may act as modifiers of its basic physiology and may play a key role in the maintenance of microbial communities, as well as metabolic and immune functions. Studies of the complex interactions between these different microorganisms have recently begun and are not yet fully understood. Results to date indicate that these microbial communities together constitute the first line of defence against infections. On the other hand, the slightest disturbance in this microbiome may lead to disease. For this reason, enhanced knowledge of these associations is critical to better identify predispositions to certain illnesses, which may open new therapeutic avenues. Currently however, only the tip of the iceberg is understood and current research on this ecosystem is revolutionising our knowledge and understanding of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Abou Chacra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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9
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Theis KR, Florova V, Romero R, Borisov AB, Winters AD, Galaz J, Gomez-Lopez N. Sneathia: an emerging pathogen in female reproductive disease and adverse perinatal outcomes. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:517-542. [PMID: 33823747 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1905606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sneathia is an emerging pathogen implicated in adverse reproductive and perinatal outcomes. Although scarce, recent data suggest that vaginally residing Sneathia becomes pathogenic following its ascension into the upper urogenital tract, amniotic fluid, placenta, and foetal membranes. The role of Sneathia in women's health and disease is generally underappreciated because the cultivation of these bacteria is limited by their complex nutritional requirements, slow growth patterns, and anaerobic nature. For this reason, molecular methods are typically required for the detection and differential diagnosis of Sneathia infections. Here, we review the laboratory methods used for the diagnosis of Sneathia infections, the molecular mechanisms underlying its virulence, and its sensitivity to antibiotics. We further review the evidence of Sneathia's contributions to the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis, chorioamnionitis, preterm prelabour rupture of membranes, spontaneous preterm labour, stillbirth, maternal and neonatal sepsis, HIV infection, and cervical cancer. Collectively, growing evidence indicates that Sneathia represents an important yet underappreciated pathogen affecting the development and progression of several adverse clinical conditions diagnosed in pregnant women and their neonates, as well as in non-pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Theis
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Violetta Florova
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrei B Borisov
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrew D Winters
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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10
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Srinivasan S, Beamer MA, Fiedler TL, Austin MN, Sizova MV, Strenk SM, Agnew KJ, Gowda GAN, Raftery D, Epstein SS, Fredricks DN, Hillier SL. Megasphaera lornae sp. nov., Megasphaera hutchinsoni sp. nov., and Megasphaera vaginalis sp. nov.: novel bacteria isolated from the female genital tract. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33616513 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Six strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria representing three novel species were isolated from the female reproductive tract. The proposed type strains for each species were designated UPII 199-6T, KA00182T and BV3C16-1T. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the bacterial isolates were members of the genus Megasphaera. UPII 199-6T and KA00182T had 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 99.9 % with 16S rRNA clone sequences previously amplified from the human vagina designated as Megasphaera type 1 and Megasphaera type 2, members of the human vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis, preterm birth and HIV acquisition. UPII 199-6T exhibited sequence identities ranging from 92.9 to 93.6 % with validly named Megasphaera isolates and KA00182T had 16S rRNA gene sequence identities ranging from 92.6-94.2 %. BV3C16-1T was most closely related to Megasphaera cerevisiae with a 16S rRNA gene sequence identity of 95.4 %. Cells were coccoid or diplococcoid, non-motile and did not form spores. Genital tract isolates metabolized organic acids but were asaccharolytic. The isolates also metabolized amino acids. The DNA G+C content for the genome sequences of UPII 199-6T, KA00182T and BV3C16-1T were 46.4, 38.9 and 49.8 mol%, respectively. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity between the genital tract isolates and other validly named Megasphaera species suggest that each isolate type represents a new species. The major fatty acid methyl esters include the following: C12 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 0 dimethyl acetal (DMA) and summed feature 5 (C15 : 0 DMA and/or C14 : 0 3-OH) in UPII 199-6T; C16 : 0 and C16 : 1 cis 9 in KA00182T; C12 : 0; C14 : 0 3-OH; and summed feature 5 in BV3C16-1T. The isolates produced butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate but there were specific differences including production of formate and propionate. Together, these data indicate that UPII 199-6T, KA00182T and BV3C16-1T represent novel species within the genus Megasphaera. We propose the following names: Megasphaera lornae sp. nov. for UPII 199-6T representing the type strain of this species (=DSM 111201T=ATCC TSD-205T), Megasphaera hutchinsoni sp. nov. for KA00182T representing the type strain of this species (=DSM 111202T=ATCC TSD-206T) and Megasphaera vaginalis sp. nov. for BV3C16-1T representing the type strain of this species (=DSM 111203T=ATCC TSD-207T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Srinivasan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - May A Beamer
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tina L Fiedler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Maria V Sizova
- Present address: Evelo Biosciences, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan M Strenk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathy J Agnew
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G A Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center and Mitochondrial and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Northwest Metabolomics Research Center and Mitochondrial and Metabolism Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Slava S Epstein
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David N Fredricks
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon L Hillier
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Xiaoming W, Jing L, Yuchen P, Huili L, Miao Z, Jing S. Characteristics of the vaginal microbiomes in prepubertal girls with and without vulvovaginitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1253-1261. [PMID: 33452946 PMCID: PMC8139898 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on the characteristics of the vaginal microbiomes in prepubertal girls with and without vulvovaginitis. We collected 24 vaginal samples and 16 fecal samples from 10 girls aged 3–9 years with vulvovaginitis and 16 healthy girls of the same age. The samples were divided into three groups: fecal swabs from healthy controls (HF), vaginal swabs from healthy controls (HVS), and vaginal swabs from girls with vulvovaginitis (VVS). Sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene was performed with the NovaSeq PE250 platform to reveal the vaginal microbial community structure in healthy prepubertal girls and vulvovaginitis-associated microbiota. The intestinal microbiomes of healthy children were also analyzed for comparison. This study revealed that the healthy vaginal tract in prepubertal girls was dominated by Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Ezakiella, and Peptoniphilus species, with a high diversity of microbiota. The vulvovaginitis-associated microbiota were dominated by Streptococcus, Prevotella, Haemophilus, and Granulicatella, with lower diversity than that in healthy girls. Furthermore, the compositions of the vaginal and intestinal microbiomes were completely different. ANOSIM, MRPP, Adonis, and AMOVA were used to analyze the beta diversity, and the results showed that there were significant differences in the microbial communities among the three groups. Lactobacillus deficiency and high bacterial diversity were characteristics of the vaginal microbiome in healthy prepubertal girls; this is inconsistent with that in reproductive-age women. The vulvovaginitis-associated vaginal microbiota differed dramatically from normal microbiota, and the main causative agents were not fecal in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Xiaoming
- Department of Pediatric Gynecology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Liu Jing
- Department of Pediatric Gynecology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Pan Yuchen
- Department of Pediatric Gynecology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Liu Huili
- Department of Pediatric Gynecology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhang Miao
- Department of Pediatric Gynecology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Shu Jing
- Department of Pediatric Gynecology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
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12
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Panikov NS. True and Illusory Benefits of Modeling: Comment on "Genome-Scale Metabolic Network Reconstruction and In Silico Analysis of Hexanoic Acid Producing Megasphaera elsdenii. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 539". Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111742. [PMID: 33172047 PMCID: PMC7694653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Mitchell CM, Srinivasan S, Ma N, Reed SD, Wu MC, Hoffman NG, Valint DJ, Proll S, Fiedler TL, Agnew KJ, Guthrie KA, Fredricks DN. Bacterial Communities Associated With Abnormal Nugent Score in Postmenopausal Versus Premenopausal Women. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:2048-2052. [PMID: 33107562 PMCID: PMC8350750 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nugent score is the reference standard for bacterial vaginosis (BV) diagnosis but has not been validated in postmenopausal women. We compared relative abundances from 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of vaginal microbiota with Nugent score in cohorts of premenopausal (n = 220) and postmenopausal (n = 144) women. In premenopausal women, 33 taxa were significantly correlated with Nugent score, including the classic BV-associated taxa Gardnerella, Atopobium, Sneathia, Megasphaera, and Prevotella. In postmenopausal women, 11 taxa were significantly associated with Nugent score, including Prevotella but no other BV-associated genera. High Nugent scores should not be used to infer BV in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mitchell
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Correspondence: Caroline M. Mitchell, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114 ()
| | - Sujatha Srinivasan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nanxun Ma
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan D Reed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael C Wu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noah G Hoffman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel J Valint
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sean Proll
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tina L Fiedler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kathy J Agnew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine A Guthrie
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David N Fredricks
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Florova V, Romero R, Tarca AL, Galaz J, Motomura K, Ahmad MM, Hsu CD, Hsu R, Tong A, Ravel J, Theis KR, Gomez-Lopez N. Vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in a cohort of primarily African-American women who ultimately underwent spontaneous preterm birth or delivered at term. Cytokine 2020; 137:155316. [PMID: 33032107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that alterations in the vaginal microbiome allow for the assessment of the risk for spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the associations between the local immune response and the vaginal microbiome are still poorly understood. Herein, we characterize the vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in women who ultimately underwent PTB and in those who delivered at term. METHODS Vaginal fluid samples from 52 pregnant women (of whom 18 underwent PTB and 34 delivered at term) were collected between 10 and 32 weeks of gestation in a case-control study. Concentrations of 33 immune mediators were determined using sensitive and specific immunoassays. The previously published 16S rRNA gene sequence and bacterial phylotype data of these subjects were utilized in this study. Linear mixed effects models were utilized to test associations between vaginal immune mediator concentrations and bacterial phylotype relative abundances. RESULTS 1) In the overall study population, vaginal concentrations of CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, SLP1 and VEGF negatively correlated with non-Lactobacillus, Community State Type IV (CST IV) members of the vaginal microbiome; 2) CXCL10, in particular, negatively correlated with 15 bacterial phylotypes, most of which are typical members of CST IV, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Megasphaera spp., and Atopobium vaginae; 3) Gemella spp., also members of CST IV, negatively correlated with vaginal concentrations of VEGF, CCL2, CCL3, SLPI, and CXCL10; 4) when comparing PTB cases to term controls, five soluble immune mediators (CCL26, CCL22, CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-16), especially CCL26, were negatively correlated with five typical members of CST IV: Sneathia sanguinegens, Parvimonas micra, Veillonellaceae, BVAB2, and Gemella spp.; and 5) Sneathia sanguinegens had stronger negative associations with all five soluble immune mediators (CCL26, CCL22, CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-16) in PTB cases than in term controls. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions revealed that specific soluble immune mediators, mainly CXCL10, negatively correlated with typical members of CST IV of the vaginal microbiome. Sneathia sanguinegens, in particular, had stronger negative associations with different immune mediators, including CXCL10 and CCL26, in women who ultimately underwent PTB compared to those who delivered at term. These findings provide insight into the vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Florova
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Madison M Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Richard Hsu
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anna Tong
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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15
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Rosca AS, Castro J, Cerca N. Evaluation of different culture media to support in vitro growth and biofilm formation of bacterial vaginosis-associated anaerobes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9917. [PMID: 32974104 PMCID: PMC7487148 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common vaginal infections worldwide. It is associated with the presence of a dense polymicrobial biofilm on the vaginal epithelium, formed mainly by Gardnerella species. The biofilm also contains other anaerobic species, but little is known about their role in BV development. Aim To evaluate the influence of different culture media on the planktonic and biofilm growth of six cultivable anaerobes frequently associated with BV, namely Gardnerella sp., Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus iners, Mobiluncus curtisii, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Prevotella bivia. Methods A total of nine different culture media compositions, including commercially available and chemically defined media simulating genital tract secretions, were tested in this study. Planktonic cultures and biofilms were grown under anaerobic conditions (10% carbon dioxide, 10% helium and 80% nitrogen). Planktonic growth was assessed by optical density measurements, and biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining. Results Significant planktonic growth was observed for Gardnerella sp., A. vaginae and L. iners in New York City III broth, with or without ascorbic acid supplementation. Biofilm quantification showed high in vitro biofilm growth for Gardnerella sp., P. anaerobius and P. bivia in almost all culture media excluding Brucella broth. Contrary, only New York City III broth was able to promote biofilm formation for A. vaginae, L. iners and M. curtisii. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that New York City III broth relative to the other tested media is the most conducive for future studies addressing polymicrobial biofilms development as this culture medium allowed the formation of significant levels of single-species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliona S Rosca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Castro
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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16
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Moosa Y, Kwon D, de Oliveira T, Wong EB. Determinants of Vaginal Microbiota Composition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:467. [PMID: 32984081 PMCID: PMC7492712 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the composition of a woman's vaginal microbiota significantly influences her sexual and reproductive health, including her risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Efforts to modulate the vaginal microbiota using antibiotic or probiotic therapy have shown limited lasting or reliable success. To explore the natural dynamics and causal pathways responsible for heterogeneity of vaginal microbiota composition we review the existing literature on its determinants, from the perspective of microorganism- and host-related factors. We then discuss how molecular approaches can be harnessed to advance our understanding of individual and population-level vaginal microbiota composition patterns. Work has been done to investigate determinants of microbial composition patterns in other body niches, but very little in the female genital tract so far. There is an urgent need to better understand vaginal microbiota composition patterns, across the lifespan, outside of the context of sexual health clinics, and in Sub-Saharan African women in whom vaginal microbiota composition may be a risk factor for HIV acquisition. More work is needed to clarify causal relationships between clinical symptoms, host genetic, host behavior, and molecular vaginal microbiota profiles. These insights will lay the groundwork for novel and targeted interventional approaches to improve women's sexual and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Moosa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research and Innovation Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Douglas Kwon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research and Innovation Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily B. Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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O'Neill IJ, Sanchez Gallardo R, Saldova R, Murphy EF, Cotter PD, McAuliffe FM, van Sinderen D. Maternal and infant factors that shape neonatal gut colonization by bacteria. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:651-664. [PMID: 32552141 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1784725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early life is a critical developmental window coinciding with the establishment of a community of neonatal gut microbes which are vitally important for immune development. The composition of this microbial community is affected by multiple factors. AREAS COVERED The effect of pre-pregnancy and pregnancy maternal health, maternal nutrition, pregnancy disorders such as gestational diabetes, maternal antibiotic usage, delivery mode, infant feeding, and infant antibiotic usage on gut microbial composition are outlined along with the potential impact of associated microbiota differences on infant health. EXPERT OPINION Recent developments in understanding what shapes our microbiota indicates that the greatest impact on infant gut microbiota composition during the first year of life is seen with the mode of delivery, infant diet, and infant antibiotic usage. Current data is insufficient to fully establish the role of apparently less important factors such as maternal health on microbiota development although their impact is likely smaller. Technological advances will allow for improved understanding of underlying mechanisms by which specific microbes impact on infant health, which in time will enable full appreciation of the role of the gut microbiota in early life development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J O'Neill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland , Cork, Ireland
| | - Rocio Sanchez Gallardo
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland , Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland , Cork, Ireland
| | - Radka Saldova
- The National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research, and Training (NIBRT) , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen F Murphy
- Alimentary Health Group, Cork Airport Business Park , Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland , Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre , Cork, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland , Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland , Cork, Ireland
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18
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Komesu YM, Dinwiddie DL, Richter HE, Lukacz ES, Sung VW, Siddiqui NY, Zyczynski HM, Ridgeway B, Rogers RG, Arya LA, Mazloomdoost D, Levy J, Carper B, Gantz MG. Defining the relationship between vaginal and urinary microbiomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 222:154.e1-154.e10. [PMID: 31421123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the vaginal and urinary microbiomes have been increasingly well-characterized in health and disease, few have described the relationship between these neighboring environments. Elucidating this relationship has implications for understanding how manipulation of the vaginal microbiome may affect the urinary microbiome and treatment of common urinary conditions. OBJECTIVE To describe the relationship between urinary and vaginal microbiomes using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We hypothesized that the composition of the urinary and vaginal microbiomes would be significantly associated, with similarities in predominant taxa. STUDY DESIGN This multicenter study collected vaginal swabs and catheterized urine samples from 186 women with mixed urinary incontinence enrolled in a parent study and 84 similarly aged controls. Investigators decided a priori that if vaginal and/or urinary microbiomes differed between continent and incontinent women, the groups would be analyzed separately; if similar, samples from continent and incontinent women would be pooled and analyzed together. A central laboratory sequenced variable regions 1-3 (v1-3) and characterized bacteria to the genus level. Operational taxonomic unit abundance was described for paired vaginal and urine samples. Pearson's correlation characterized the relationship between individual operational taxonomic units of paired samples. Canonical correlation analysis evaluated the association between clinical variables (including mixed urinary incontinence and control status) and vaginal and urinary operational taxonomic units, using the Canonical correlation analysis function in the Vegan package (R version 3.5). Linear discriminant analysis effect size was used to find taxa that discriminated between vaginal and urinary samples. RESULTS Urinary and vaginal samples were collected from 212 women (mean age 53±11 years) and results from 197 paired samples were available for analysis. As operational taxonomic units in mixed urinary incontinence and control samples were related in canonical correlation analysis and since taxa did not discriminate between mixed urinary incontinence or controls in either vagina or urine, mixed urinary incontinence and control samples were pooled for further analysis. Canonical correlation analysis of vaginal and urinary samples indicated that that 60 of the 100 most abundant operational taxonomic units in the samples largely overlapped. Lactobacillus was the most abundant genus in both urine and vagina (contributing on average 53% to an individual's urine sample and 64% to an individual's vaginal sample) (Pearson correlation r=0.53). Although less abundant than Lactobacillus, other bacteria with high Pearson correlation coefficients also commonly found in vagina and urine included: Gardnerella (r=0.70), Prevotella (r=0.64), and Ureaplasma (r=0.50). Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis identified Tepidimonas and Flavobacterium as bacteria that distinguished the urinary environment for both mixed urinary incontinence and controls as these bacteria were absent in the vagina (Tepidimonas effect size 2.38, P<.001, Flavobacterium effect size 2.15, P<.001). Although Lactobacillus was the most abundant bacteria in both urine and vagina, it was more abundant in the vagina (linear discriminant analysis effect size effect size 2.72, P<.001). CONCLUSION Significant associations between vaginal and urinary microbiomes were demonstrated, with Lactobacillus being predominant in both urine and vagina. Abundance of other bacteria also correlated highly between the vagina and urine. This inter-relatedness has implications for studying manipulation of the urogenital microbiome in treating conditions such as urgency urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections.
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Sexual practices have a significant impact on the vaginal microbiota of women who have sex with women. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19749. [PMID: 31874964 PMCID: PMC6930205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Women-who-have-sex-with-women (WSW) are at increased risk of bacterial vaginosis (BV). We investigated the impact of practices and past BV on the vaginal microbiota within a two-year longitudinal cohort of Australian WSW. Self-collected vaginal swabs were used to characterise the vaginal microbiota using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing. Hierarchical clustering defined community state types (CSTs). Bacterial diversity was calculated using the Shannon diversity index and instability of the vaginal microbiota was assessed by change of CST and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Sex with a new partner increased the bacterial diversity (adjusted-coefficient = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.21,0.60, p < 0.001) and instability of the vaginal microbiota, in terms of both change of CST (adjusted-odds-ratio = 2.65, 95%CI: 1.34,5.22, p = 0.005) and increased Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (adjusted-coefficient = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.11,0.31, p < 0.001). Women reporting sex with a new partner were more likely than women reporting no new partner to have a vaginal microbiota characterised by Gardnerella vaginalis (adjusted-relative-risk-ratio[aRRR] = 3.45, 95%CI: 1.42,8.41, p = 0.006) or anaerobic BV-associated bacteria (aRRR = 3.62, 95%CI: 1.43,9.14, p = 0.007) relative to a Lactobacillus crispatus dominated microbiota. Sex with a new partner altered the vaginal microbiota of WSW by increasing the diversity and abundance of BV-associated bacteria. These findings highlight the influence of practices on the development of a non-optimal vaginal microbiota and provide microbiological support for the sexual exchange of bacteria between women.
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Gilbert NM, Lewis WG, Li G, Sojka DK, Lubin JB, Lewis AL. Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia Trigger Distinct and Overlapping Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1099-1108. [PMID: 30715405 PMCID: PMC6736442 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common imbalance of the vaginal microbiota characterized by overgrowth of diverse Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gram-negative anaerobes. Women with BV are at increased risk of secondary reproductive tract infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, which specific bacteria cause clinical features of BV is unclear. METHODS We previously demonstrated that Gardnerella vaginalis could elicit many BV features in mice. In this study, we established a BV model in which we coinfected mice with G. vaginalis and another species commonly found in women with BV: Prevotella bivia. RESULTS This coinfection model recapitulates several aspects of human BV, including vaginal sialidase activity (a diagnostic BV feature independently associated with adverse outcomes), epithelial exfoliation, and ascending infection. It is notable that G. vaginalis facilitated uterine infection by P. bivia. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our model provides a framework for advancing our understanding of the role of individual or combinations of BV-associated bacteria in BV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Gilbert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center or Reproductive Health Sciences, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Warren G Lewis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Guocai Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Yangzhou University College of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dorothy K Sojka
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jean Bernard Lubin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Amanda L Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Onywera H, Williamson AL, Mbulawa ZZA, Coetzee D, Meiring TL. Factors associated with the composition and diversity of the cervical microbiota of reproductive-age Black South African women: a retrospective cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7488. [PMID: 31435492 PMCID: PMC6698374 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus spp. are common bacteria in the cervical and vaginal microbiota (CVM) and are thought to represent a “healthy” cervicovaginal state. Several studies have found an independent association between ethnicity/race and cervical and vaginal microbiota (CVM) composition. Women of sub-Saharan African descent appear to be significantly more likely to have non-Lactobacillus-dominated CVM compared to women of European descent. The factors contributing to these differences remain to be fully elucidated. The CVM of Black South African women and factors influencing their CVM remain understudied. In this study, we characterized the cervical microbiota of reproductive-age South African women and assessed the associations of these microbiota with participants’ metadata. Methods The cervical microbiota from cervical DNA of 62 reproductive-age women were profiled by Ion Torrent sequencing the V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and analyzed with the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME), UPARSE, and metagenomeSeq tools. Associations between cervical microbiota and participants’ metadata were assessed using GraphPad Prism, R packages and an in-house script. Results The cervical microbiota clustered into three distinct community state types (CSTs): Lactobacillus iners-dominated cervical microbiota (CST I (38.7%, 24/62)), unclassified Lactobacillus-dominated cervical microbiota (CST II (4.8%, 3/62)), and diverse cervical microbiota (CST III (56.5%, 35/62)) with an array of heterogeneous bacteria, predominantly the bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated Gardnerella, Prevotella, Sneathia, and Shuttleworthia. CST III was associated with BV (p = 0.001). Women in CST I were more likely to be on hormonal contraception, especially progestin-based, compared to women in CST III (odds ratio: 5.2 (95% CI [1.6–17.2]); p = 0.005). Women on hormonal contraception had a significantly lower alpha (Shannon indices: 0.9 (0.2–1.9) versus 2.3 (0.6–2.3); p = 0.025) and beta (permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) pseudo-F statistic =4.31, p = 0.019) diversity compared to non-users. There was no significant difference in the alpha (Shannon indices: 1.0 (0.3–2.2) versus 1.9 (0.3–2.2); p = 0.483) and beta (PERMANOVA pseudo-F statistic = 0.89, p = 0.373) diversity in women with versus without human papillomavirus infection. Conclusions The majority of Black women in our study had non-Lactobacillus-dominated cervical microbiota. Additional studies are needed to examine whether such microbiota represent abnormal, intermediate or variant states of health. Lastly, the association of hormonal contraception with L. iners dominance requires further in-depth research to confirm this association, determine its biological mechanism and whether it has a beneficial effect on the cervicovaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Onywera
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Zizipho Z A Mbulawa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Center for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, University of Cape Town, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - David Coetzee
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Tracy L Meiring
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8121. [PMID: 31148560 PMCID: PMC6544633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus species are the predominant vaginal microbiota found in healthy women of reproductive age and help to prevent pathogen infection by producing lactic acid, H2O2 and anti-microbial compounds. Identification of novel vaginal Lactobacillus isolates that exhibit efficient colonisation and secrete anti-Candida factors is a promising strategy to prevent vulvovaginal candidiasis. The azole antifungal agents used to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis elicit adverse effects such as allergic responses and exhibit drug interactions. Candida strains with resistance to antifungal treatments are often reported. In this study, we isolated Lactobacillus species from healthy Korean women and investigated their antifungal effects against C. albicans in vitro and in vivo. Lactobacillus conditioned supernatant (LCS) of L. crispatus and L. fermentum inhibited C. albicans growth in vitro. A Lactobacillus-derived compound, which was not affected by proteolytic enzyme digestion and heat inactivation, inhibited growth and hyphal induction of C. albicans after adjustment to neutral pH. Combination treatment with neutral LCSs of L. crispatus and L. fermentum effectively inhibited propagation of C. albicans in a murine in vivo model of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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23
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Diop K, Dufour JC, Levasseur A, Fenollar F. Exhaustive repertoire of human vaginal microbiota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Theis KR, Romero R, Winters AD, Greenberg JM, Gomez-Lopez N, Alhousseini A, Bieda J, Maymon E, Pacora P, Fettweis JM, Buck GA, Jefferson KK, Strauss JF, Erez O, Hassan SS. Does the human placenta delivered at term have a microbiota? Results of cultivation, quantitative real-time PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metagenomics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 220:267.e1-267.e39. [PMID: 30832984 PMCID: PMC6733039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human placenta has been traditionally viewed as sterile, and microbial invasion of this organ has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Yet, recent studies that utilized sequencing techniques reported that the human placenta at term contains a unique microbiota. These conclusions are largely based on the results derived from the sequencing of placental samples. However, such an approach carries the risk of capturing background-contaminating DNA (from DNA extraction kits, polymerase chain reaction reagents, and laboratory environments) when low microbial biomass samples are studied. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the human placenta delivered at term in patients without labor who undergo cesarean delivery harbors a resident microbiota ("the assemblage of microorganisms present in a defined niche or environment"). STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included placentas from 29 women who had a cesarean delivery without labor at term. The study also included technical controls to account for potential background-contaminating DNA, inclusive in DNA extraction kits, polymerase chain reaction reagents, and laboratory environments. Bacterial profiles of placental tissues and background technical controls were characterized and compared with the use of bacterial culture, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and metagenomic surveys. RESULTS (1) Twenty-eight of 29 placental tissues had a negative culture for microorganisms. The microorganisms retrieved by culture from the remaining sample were likely contaminants because corresponding 16S ribosomal RNA genes were not detected in the same sample. (2) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction did not indicate greater abundances of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes in placental tissues than in technical controls. Therefore, there was no evidence of the presence of microorganisms above background contamination from reagents in the placentas. (3) 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing did not reveal consistent differences in the composition or structure of bacterial profiles between placental samples and background technical controls. (4) Most of the bacterial sequences obtained from metagenomic surveys of placental tissues were from cyanobacteria, aquatic bacteria, or plant pathogens, which are microbes unlikely to populate the human placenta. Coprobacillus, which constituted 30.5% of the bacterial sequences obtained through metagenomic sequencing of placental samples, was not identified in any of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene surveys of these samples. These observations cast doubt as to whether this organism is really present in the placenta of patients at term not in labor. CONCLUSION With the use of multiple modes of microbiologic inquiry, a resident microbiota could not be identified in human placentas delivered at term from women without labor. A consistently significant difference in the abundance and/or presence of a microbiota between placental tissue and background technical controls could not be found. All cultures of placental tissue, except 1, did not yield bacteria. Incorporating technical controls for potential sources of background-contaminating DNA for studies of low microbial biomass samples, such as the placenta, is necessary to derive reliable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Theis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI.
| | - Roberto Romero
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
| | - Andrew D Winters
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jonathan M Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Ali Alhousseini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Janine Bieda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Eli Maymon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Percy Pacora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Jennifer M Fettweis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Gregory A Buck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Center for Microbiome Engineering and Data Analysis, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Kimberly K Jefferson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Offer Erez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Maternity Department "D" and Obstetrical Day Care Center, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
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Diop K, Diop A, Michelle C, Richez M, Rathored J, Bretelle F, Fournier PE, Fenollar F. Description of three new Peptoniphilus species cultured in the vaginal fluid of a woman diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis: Peptoniphilus pacaensis sp. nov., Peptoniphilus raoultii sp. nov., and Peptoniphilus vaginalis sp. nov. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00661. [PMID: 29931836 PMCID: PMC6436483 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three previously unidentified Gram‐positive anaerobic coccoid bacteria, strains KhD‐2T, KHD4T, and Kh‐D5T, isolated from a vaginal swab, were characterized using the taxonogenomics concept. The phylogenic analysis, phenotypic characteristics, and genotypic data presented in this report attest that these three bacteria are distinct from previously known bacterial species with standing in nomenclature and represent three new Peptoniphilus species. Strain KhD‐2T is most closely related to Peptoniphilus sp. DNF00840 and Peptoniphilus harei (99.7% and 98.2% identity, respectively); strain KHD4T to Peptoniphilus lacrimalis (96%) and strain Kh‐D5T to Peptoniphilus coxii (97.2%). Strains KhD‐2T, KHD4T, and Kh‐D5TDNA G+C contents are, respectively, 34.23%, 31.87%, and 49.38%; their major fatty acid was C16:0 (41.6%, 32.0%, and 36.4%, respectively). We propose that strains KhD‐2T (=CSUR P0125 = DSM 101742), KHD4T (=CSUR P0110 = CECT 9308), and Kh‐D5T (=CSUR P2271 = DSM 101839) be the type strains of the new species for which the names Peptoniphilus vaginalis sp. nov., Peptoniphilus raoultii sp. nov., and Peptoniphilu pacaensis sp. nov., are proposed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoudia Diop
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Awa Diop
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Michelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Richez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jaishriram Rathored
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Bretelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gynépole, Hôpital Nord, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Janulaitiene M, Paliulyte V, Grinceviciene S, Zakareviciene J, Vladisauskiene A, Marcinkute A, Pleckaityte M. Prevalence and distribution of Gardnerella vaginalis subgroups in women with and without bacterial vaginosis. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:394. [PMID: 28583109 PMCID: PMC5460423 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the leading causes of vaginal complaints among women of childbearing age. The role of Gardnerella vaginalis remains controversial due to its presence in healthy and BV-type vaginal microflora. The phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of G. vaginalis suggested the existence of strain variants linked with different health conditions. We sought to analyze prevalence and distribution of G. vaginalis subgroups (clades) in BV-positive (n = 29), partial BV (n = 27), and BV-negative (n = 53) vaginal samples from Lithuanian women. METHODS Vaginal samples were characterized by Amsel criteria and the Nugent method. Bacterial signatures characteristic of BV and concomitant infections were identified by culture and PCR. Using singleplex PCR assays, G. vaginalis subgroups were identified in 109 noncultured vaginal specimens by targeting clade-specific genes. Isolated G. vaginalis clinical strains were subtyped and the presence of the sialidase coding gene was detected by PCR. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism statistical software. RESULTS G. vaginalis was found in 87% of women without BV. Clade 4 was most frequently detected (79.4%), followed by clade 1 (63.7%), clade 2 (42.2%), and clade 3 (15.7%). Multi-clade G. vaginalis communities showed a positive association with Nugent score (NS) ≥ 4 (OR 3.64; 95% CI 1.48-8.91; p = 0.005). Clade 1 and clade 2 were statistically significantly more common in samples with NS 7-10 (OR 4.69; 95% CI 1.38-15.88; p = 0.01 and OR 6.26; 95% CI 2.20-17.81; p ≤ 0.001, respectively). Clade 3 and clade 4 showed no association with high NS (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.26-3.04; p = 1.00 and OR 1.31; 95% CI 0.39-4.41; p = 0.767, respectively). The gene coding for sialidase was detected in all isolates of clade 1 and clade 2, but not in clade 4 isolates. CONCLUSIONS We showed an association between the microbial state of vaginal microflora and specific subgroups of G. vaginalis, the distribution of which may determine the clinical manifestation of BV. The frequent detection of clade 4 in the BV-negative samples might be due its lack of the gene coding for sialidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Janulaitiene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- National Public Health Surveillance Laboratory, Zolyno g. 36, 10210 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginija Paliulyte
- Clinic of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Ciurlionio g. 21/27, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu g. 2, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Antiaging Clinic, Sakalu g. 22, 08108 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Svitrigaile Grinceviciene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Ona Gureviciene Family Clinic, Gedimino g. 17, 68307 Marijampole, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Zakareviciene
- Clinic of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Ciurlionio g. 21/27, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu g. 2, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Antiaging Clinic, Sakalu g. 22, 08108 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alma Vladisauskiene
- Centre of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu g. 2, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Antiaging Clinic, Sakalu g. 22, 08108 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Marcinkute
- Antiaging Clinic, Sakalu g. 22, 08108 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Departament of Gynaecology, Vilnius City Clinical Hospital, Antakalnio g. 57, 10207 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Milda Pleckaityte
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Medina-Colorado AA, Vincent KL, Miller AL, Maxwell CA, Dawson LN, Olive T, Kozlova EV, Baum MM, Pyles RB. Vaginal ecosystem modeling of growth patterns of anaerobic bacteria in microaerophilic conditions. Anaerobe 2017; 45:10-18. [PMID: 28456518 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human vagina constitutes a complex ecosystem created through relationships established between host mucosa and bacterial communities. In this ecosystem, classically defined bacterial aerobes and anaerobes thrive as communities in the microaerophilic environment. Levels of CO2 and O2 present in the vaginal lumen are impacted by both the ecosystem's physiology and the behavior and health of the human host. Study of such complex relationships requires controlled and reproducible causational approaches that are not possible in the human host that, until recently, was the only place these bacterial communities thrived. To address this need we have utilized our ex vivo human vaginal mucosa culture system to support controlled, reproducible colonization by vaginal bacterial communities (VBC) collected from healthy, asymptomatic donors. Parallel vaginal epithelial cells (VEC)-VBC co-cultures were exposed to two different atmospheric conditions to study the impact of CO2 concentrations upon the anaerobic bacteria associated with dysbiosis and inflammation. Our data suggest that in the context of transplanted VBC, increased CO2 favored specific lactobacilli species defined as microaerophiles when grown as monocultures. In preliminary studies, the observed community changes also led to shifts in host VEC phenotypes with significant changes in the host transcriptome, including altered expression of select molecular transporter genes. These findings support the need for additional study of the environmental changes associated with behavior and health upon the symbiotic and adversarial relationships that are formed in microbial communities present in the human vaginal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen L Vincent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Carrie A Maxwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lauren N Dawson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Trevelyn Olive
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elena V Kozlova
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Marc M Baum
- Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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28
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Survival of vaginal microorganisms in three commercially available transport systems. Anaerobe 2017; 45:44-49. [PMID: 28242337 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transport systems are used to collect and maintain the viability of microorganisms. Two Amies media based transport systems, BD CultureSwab™ MaxV(+) Amies Medium without Charcoal (MaxV(+)) and Fisherfinest® with Amies gel Transport Medium without charcoal (Fisherfinest®) were compared to a Cary-Blair media based transport system, Starswab® Anaerobic Transport System (Starswab®), for their capacity to maintain the viability of 17 clinical microorganisms commonly isolated from the vagina (Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. iners, group B streptococci, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Atopobium vaginae, Peptoniphilus harei, Mycoplasma hominis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Dialister microaerophilus, Mobiluncus curtisii, Prevotella amnii, P. timonensis, P. bivia, and Porphyromonas uenonis). Single swabs containing mixtures of up to five different species were inoculated in triplicate and held at 4 °C and room temperature for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h (h). At each time point, swabs were eluted into a sterile salt solution, serially diluted, inoculated onto selected media, and incubated. Each colony type was quantified and identified. A change in sample stability was reported as a ≥1 log increase or decrease in microorganism density from baseline. Overall, the viability of fastidious anaerobes was maintained better at 4 °C than room temperature. At 4 °C all three transport systems maintained the viability and prevented replication of C. albicans, E. faecalis, GBS, and E. coli. Microorganisms having a ≥1 log decrease in less than 24 h at 4 °C included A. vaginae, G. vaginalis, and P. uenonis in Starswab®, L. iners, A. vaginae, and P. amnii in MaxV(+), and A. vaginae, G. vaginalis, P. bivia, and P. amnii in Fisherfinest®. At 48 h at 4 °C, a ≥1 log decrease in concentration density was observed for P. harei and P. amnii in Starswab®, G. vaginalis, P. bivia and P. uenonis in MaxV(+), and L. iners, P. harei, P. timonensis, and P. uenonis in Fisherfinest®. Overall, at 4 °C the viability and stability of vaginal microorganisms was maintained better in the Cary-Blair based transport system (Starswab®) than in the two Amies based transport systems.
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