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Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Magnasco L, Fantin A, Vena A, Castaldo N. Antibiotic Strategies for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 45:187-199. [PMID: 38301712 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite advancements in health systems and intensive care unit (ICU) care, along with the introduction of novel antibiotics and microbiologic techniques, mortality rates in severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP) patients have not shown significant improvement. Delayed admission to the ICU is a major risk factor for higher mortality. Apart from choosing the appropriate site of care, prompt and appropriate antibiotic therapy significantly affects the prognosis of sCAP. Treatment regimens involving ceftaroline or ceftobiprole are currently considered the best options for managing patients with sCAP. Additionally, several other molecules, such as delafloxacin, lefamulin, and omadacycline, hold promise as therapeutic strategies for sCAP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key challenges in managing adults with severe CAP, focusing on essential aspects related to antibiotic treatment and investigating potential strategies to enhance clinical outcomes in sCAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele R Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Magnasco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Fantin
- Department of Pulmonology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Vena
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Castaldo
- Department of Pulmonology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
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Anderson R, Feldman C. The Global Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Encompassing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and the Prevalence of Its Associated Cardiovascular Events, with a Focus on Pneumolysin and Macrolide Antibiotics in Pathogenesis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11038. [PMID: 37446214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite innovative advances in anti-infective therapies and vaccine development technologies, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the most persistent cause of infection-related mortality globally. Confronting the ongoing threat posed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), the most common bacterial cause of CAP, particularly to the non-immune elderly, remains challenging due to the propensity of the elderly to develop invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), together with the predilection of the pathogen for the heart. The resultant development of often fatal cardiovascular events (CVEs), particularly during the first seven days of acute infection, is now recognized as a relatively common complication of IPD. The current review represents an update on the prevalence and types of CVEs associated with acute bacterial CAP, particularly IPD. In addition, it is focused on recent insights into the involvement of the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin, pneumolysin (Ply), in subverting host immune defenses, particularly the protective functions of the alveolar macrophage during early-stage disease. This, in turn, enables extra-pulmonary dissemination of the pathogen, leading to cardiac invasion, cardiotoxicity and myocardial dysfunction. The review concludes with an overview of the current status of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial CAP in general, as well as severe pneumococcal CAP, including a consideration of the mechanisms by which these agents inhibit the production of Ply by macrolide-resistant strains of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Sakoulas G, Nowak M, Geriak M. Omadacycline in treating community-based infections: a review and expert perspective. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:255-265. [PMID: 36718489 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2174100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omadacycline is approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infection (ABSSSI). The integration of newer agents into clinical use involves understanding the nuances of clinical decision-making. This review will provide an in-depth focus on omadacycline in clinical practice. AREAS COVERED Literature review of omadacycline utilizing PubMed was performed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of omadacycline pharmacology, microbiology, registrational Phase 3 clinical trials, and post-marketing clinical studies. In addition, the immunomodulatory and other attributes of tetracycline class of antibiotics, of which omadacycline is a member, are reviewed, introducing the concept of antibiotic selection with attention to the bacterial pathogen and human host relationship. EXPERT OPINION Omadacycline builds upon the favorable attributes of tetracycline antibiotics and provides very reliable empiric coverage for both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. Clinicians require a more robust understanding of antibiotics, including omadacycline, in order to optimize patient outcomes, streamline care, and reduce medical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sakoulas
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Center for Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Group and Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.,Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
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Sinopalnikov AI, Rachina SA, Vasilyeva IS, Pigusova NA, Karpova OY. Clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: focus on anti-inflammatory properties. TERAPEVT ARKH 2023; 94:1394-1400. [PMID: 37167184 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.12.202008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aim. To evaluate clinical efficacy, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of clarithromycin in adults with severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP).
Materials and methods. A prospective observational study recruited adult hospitalized patients with verified sCAP. Clarithromycin was prescribed as a component of combination antibiotic therapy (ABT) with a -lactam antibiotic (AB). The choice of -lactam AB was carried out by the attending physician in accordance with national clinical guidelines and routine practice of the medical institution. Along with assessment clinical efficacy, the dynamics of inflammatory markers in blood serum was recorded: C-reactive protein, procalcitonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor , interleukins 1-beta (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The total duration of ABT was 714 days.
Results. Altogether 20 patients (13 males, 7 females) aged from 18 to 84 years old were enrolled. As a result of the use of combined ABT with -lactam AB and clarithromycin, a significant decrease in the level of C-reactive protein was noted by the 35th day of therapy (from 74.6 to 14.1 mg/l). An increase in serum PCT was observed in half of the patients; during treatment, the level of PCT significantly decreased. Similar dynamics was detected for IL-6 its content in the blood serum decreased by the time of the end of ABT by 6.8 times compared with the baseline. A decrease in the level of tumor necrosis factor to the reference value was observed in most patients already in the early stages by 35 days of ABT. The majority of patients showed positive dynamics of clinical signs and symptoms with resolution of respiratory failure and other complications of sCAP. In almost half of the patients, the criteria for clinical stability were achieved in the early stages, which made it possible to switch to oral ABT.
Conclusion. The results of the study are consistent with literature data indicating a rapid decrease in inflammatory markers when clarithromycin is administered to patients with sCAP. Its results can be a starting point for comparative randomized trials assessing both clinical outcomes and immunological parameters when using different classes of antibiotics for the treatment of sCAP.
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Yahya Alqahtani F, Sfouq Aleanizy F, Alkahtani HM, El Tahir E, Akber Ansari S, Alharbi A, Al-Bdrawy A, Shakeel F, Haq N, Al-Rasheed LS, Alfaraj R, Alshememry AK, Alsarra IA. Chitosan loaded RNA polymerase inhibitor nanoparticles increased attenuation in toxin release from Streptococcus pneumonia. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:170-179. [PMID: 36685302 PMCID: PMC9845126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections have become an emerging health concern around the world. Antibiotics resistance among S. pneumoniae strains increased recently contributing to increase in incidence of pneumococcal infection. This necessitates the discovery of novel antipnemococcal such as compound C3-005 which target the interaction between RNA polymerase and σ factors. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) exhibited antibacterial activity including S. pneumonia. Therefore, the aims of the current investigation were to formulate CNPs loaded with C3-005 and characteristic their antimicrobial properties against S. pneumonia. Methods The CNPs and C3-005 loaded CNPs were produced utilizing ionic gelation method, and their physicochemical characteristics including particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and in vitro release profile were studied. Both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for chemical characterization. The synthesized NPs' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using killing assay and broth dilution method, and their impact on bacteria induced hemolysis were also studied. Results The NPs encapsulating C3-005 were successfully prepared with particle size of 343.5 nm ± 1.3, zeta potential of 29.8 ± 0.37, and PDI of 0.20 ± 0.03. 70 % of C3-005 were encapsulated in CNPs and sustained release pattern of C3-005 from CNPs was revealed by an in vitro release study. CNPs containing C3-005 exhibited higher antipnomcoccal activity with MIC50 of 30 µg/ml when compared with C3-005 and empty CNPs alone. The prepared C3-CNPs showed a reduction of bacterial hemolysis in a concentration-related (dependent) manner and was higher than C3-005 alone. Conclusions The findings of this study showed the potential for using C3-005 loaded CNPs to treat pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulwah Yahya Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad M. Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eram El Tahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Al-Bdrawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamees S. Al-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rihaf Alfaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah K. Alshememry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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Sasagawa K, Domon H, Sakagami R, Hirayama S, Maekawa T, Isono T, Hiyoshi T, Tamura H, Takizawa F, Fukushima Y, Tabeta K, Terao Y. Matcha Green Tea Exhibits Bactericidal Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Inhibits Functional Pneumolysin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121550. [PMID: 34943762 PMCID: PMC8698834 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a causative pathogen of several human infectious diseases including community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumolysin (PLY), a pore-forming toxin, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. In recent years, the use of traditional natural substances for prevention has drawn attention because of the increasing antibacterial drug resistance of S. pneumoniae. According to some studies, green tea exhibits antibacterial and antitoxin activities. The polyphenols, namely the catechins epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC) are largely responsible for these activities. Although matcha green tea provides more polyphenols than green tea infusions, its relationship with pneumococcal pneumonia remains unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with 20 mg/mL matcha supernatant exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae regardless of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the matcha supernatant suppressed PLY-mediated hemolysis and cytolysis by inhibiting PLY oligomerization. Moreover, the matcha supernatant and catechins inhibited PLY-mediated neutrophil death and the release of neutrophil elastase. These findings suggest that matcha green tea reduces the virulence of S. pneumoniae in vitro and may be a promising agent for the treatment of pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sasagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Rina Sakagami
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Fukushima
- Nestlé Japan Ltd., Wellness Communications, Tokyo 140-0002, Japan;
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-227-2838
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Clarithromycin Inhibits Pneumolysin Production via Downregulation of ply Gene Transcription despite Autolysis Activation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0031821. [PMID: 34468195 PMCID: PMC8557819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00318-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, causes severe invasive infections, including meningitis and bacteremia. The widespread use of macrolides has been reported to increase the prevalence of macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae (MRSP), thereby leading to treatment failure in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. However, previous studies have demonstrated that several macrolides and lincosamides have beneficial effects on MRSP infection since they inhibit the production and release of pneumolysin, a pneumococcal pore-forming toxin released during autolysis. In this regard, we previously demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of pneumolysin release by erythromycin involved both the transcriptional downregulation of the gene encoding pneumolysin and the impairment of autolysis in MRSP. Here, using a cell supernatant of the culture, we have shown that clarithromycin inhibits pneumolysin release in MRSP. However, contrary to previous observations in erythromycin-treated MRSP, clarithromycin upregulated the transcription of the pneumococcal autolysis-related lytA gene and enhanced autolysis, leading to the leakage of pneumococcal DNA. On the other hand, compared to erythromycin, clarithromycin significantly downregulated the gene encoding pneumolysin. In a mouse model of MRSP pneumonia, the administration of both clarithromycin and erythromycin significantly decreased the pneumolysin protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and improved lung injury and arterial oxygen saturation without affecting bacterial load. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo data reinforce the benefits of macrolides on the clinical outcomes of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. IMPORTANCE Pneumolysin is a potent intracellular toxin possessing multiple functions that augment pneumococcal virulence. For over 10 years, sub-MICs of macrolides, including clarithromycin, have been recognized to decrease pneumolysin production and release from pneumococcal cells. However, this study indicates that macrolides significantly slowed pneumococcal growth, which may be related to decreased pneumolysin release recorded by previous studies. In this study, we demonstrated that clarithromycin decreases pneumolysin production through downregulation of ply gene transcription, regardless of its inhibitory activity against bacterial growth. Additionally, administration of clarithromycin resulted in the amelioration of lung injury in a mouse model of pneumonia induced by macrolide-resistant pneumococci. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of pneumolysin offers a good strategy to treat pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Ye J, Chu AJ, Harper R, Chan ST, Shek TL, Zhang Y, Ip M, Sambir M, Artsimovitch I, Zuo Z, Yang X, Ma C. Discovery of Antibacterials That Inhibit Bacterial RNA Polymerase Interactions with Sigma Factors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7695-7720. [PMID: 32633513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of a bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) holoenzyme by a catalytic core RNAP and a sigma (σ) initiation factor is essential for bacterial viability. As the primary binding site for the housekeeping σ factors, the RNAP clamp helix domain represents an attractive target for novel antimicrobial agent discovery. Previously, we designed a pharmacophore model based on the essential amino acids of the clamp helix, such as R278, R281, and I291 (Escherichia coli numbering), and identified hit compounds with antimicrobial activity that interfered with the core-σ interactions. In this work, we rationally designed and synthesized a class of triaryl derivatives of one hit compound and succeeded in drastically improving the antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, with the minimum inhibitory concentration reduced from 256 to 1 μg/mL. Additional characterization of antimicrobial activity, inhibition of transcription, in vitro pharmacological properties, and cytotoxicity of the optimized compounds demonstrated their potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Adrian Jun Chu
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Rachel Harper
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Ting Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsun Lam Shek
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Mariya Sambir
- Department of Microbiology and the Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Irina Artsimovitch
- Department of Microbiology and the Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Community Acquired Pneumonia. EVIDENCE-BASED CRITICAL CARE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7120674 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early identification of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) who require ICU care is important as delayed transfer is associated with increased mortality. In such patients, aggressive diagnostic testing is warranted given the increased probability of detecting a pathogen resistant to usual empirical therapy. Despite aggressive culture and other routine diagnostic testing, the majority of cases of SCAP remain without a definitive etiology. Early coverage of S. pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, and L. pneumophila is crucial and adequate in the absence of risk factors for drug-resistant pathogens. Combination antibiotics with a beta-lactam and either a macrolide or fluoroquinolone are strongly recommended. When methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is suspected, linezolid is superior to vancomycin. Several aspects of managing severe CAP remain without consensus, including risk factors for multidrug resistant pathogens, need for suppression of exotoxin production, the role of procalcitonin, and adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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Matapa KG, Dix-Peek T, Cockeran R, Anderson R, Steel HC, Feldman C. Cigarette smoke exposure induces expression of the pneumococcal erm(B) macrolide resistance gene. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:82. [PMID: 31772560 PMCID: PMC6876168 DOI: 10.18332/tid/113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is a well-recognized risk factor for development of severe, invasive pneumococcal disease. However, little is known about the direct effects of exposure to cigarette smoke on the virulence mechanisms of the pathogen, particularly in respect of resistance to macrolide antibiotics, which are widely used in the treatment of pneumococcal infection. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC, 80 and 160 mg/L) and clarithromycin (2 and 8 mg/L), alone and in combination in vitro, on expression of the erm(B) and mef(A) macrolide resistance genes of strains 2507 and 521 (both serotype 23F), respectively, of the pneumococcus. METHODS Following exposure to CSC or clarithromycin, individually and in combination, erm(B) and mef(A) gene expression were measured by sequential extraction of RNA, conversion to and amplification of cDNA, and detection by qRT-PCR. RESULTS As expected, exposure of both test strains of the pneumococcus to clarithromycin resulted in substantial upregulation of both macrolide resistance genes, which was significantly (p<0.001) augmented by prior exposure to CSC in the case of erm(B), but not mef(A). Somewhat unexpectedly, exposure of strain 2507 to CSC (160 mg/L) alone (in the absence of clarithromycin) also resulted in significant (p<0.05) expression of the erm(B) gene. CONCLUSION Although the possible clinical significance remains to be established, these findings suggest that smoking may impede the efficacy of macrolide-based antimicrobial therapy by accelerating the onset and magnitude of erm(B)-mediated resistance, representing a novel pro-infective mechanism of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgashane Given Matapa
- Department of Medical Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Therese Dix-Peek
- Clinical Haematology Division, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Riana Cockeran
- Department of Medical Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Medical Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen C Steel
- Department of Medical Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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First-In-Class Inhibitors Targeting the Interaction between Bacterial RNA Polymerase and Sigma Initiation Factor Affect the Viability and Toxin Release of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162902. [PMID: 31405060 PMCID: PMC6719014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel antimicrobial classes are in desperate need for clinical management of infections caused by increasingly prevalent multi-drug resistant pathogens. The protein-protein interaction between bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) and the housekeeping sigma initiation factor is essential to transcription and bacterial viability. It also presents a potential target for antimicrobial discovery, for which a hit compound (C3) was previously identified from a pharmacophore model-based in silico screen. In this study, the hit compound was experimentally assessed with some rationally designed derivatives for the antimicrobial activities, in particular against Streptococcus pneumoniae and other pathogens. One compound, C3-005, shows dramatically improved activity against pneumococci compared to C3. C3-005 also attenuates S. pneumoniae toxin production more strongly than existing classes of antibiotics tested. Here we demonstrate a newly validated antimicrobial agent to address an overlooked target in the hit-to-lead process, which may pave the way for further antimicrobial development.
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12
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Abstract
Few guidelines have greater acceptance than that for management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Despite this, areas remain controversial, and new challenges continue to emerge. Current guidelines differ from those of northern European countries predominantly in need for macrolide combination with β-lactams for hospitalized, non-intensive care unit patients. A preponderance of evidence favors combination therapy. Challenges for current and future CAP guidelines include new antibiotic classes, emergence of viruses as major causes for CAP, new diagnostic modalities, alternative risk stratification for pathogens resistant to usual CAP antibiotics, and evidence-based management of severe CAP, including immunomodulatory therapy such as corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Wunderink
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M-336, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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13
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Davidson RJ. In vitro activity and pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic parameters of clarithromycin and azithromycin: why they matter in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:585-596. [PMID: 30881064 PMCID: PMC6413744 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s187226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarithromycin and azithromycin are second-generation macrolides established and widely used for treating a range of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Extensive clinical trials data indicate that these drugs are highly effective in these applications and broadly comparable in their clinical and microbiological effectiveness. However, consideration of pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and tissue-penetration data, including the significant antibacterial activity of the metabolite 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, plus the findings of pharmacodynamic modeling, provide evidence that the long half-life and lower potency of azithromycin predispose this agent to select for resistant isolates. Comparison of the “mutant-prevention concentrations” of clarithromycin and azithromycin, and examination of large-scale epidemiological data from Canada, also support the view that these drugs differ materially in their propensity to promote resistance among bacterial strains implicated in common respiratory infections, and that clarithromycin may offer important advantages over azithromycin that should be considered when choosing a macrolide to treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, Halifax, NS, Canada, .,Department of Medicine, .,Department of Pathology, .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,
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14
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Torres A, Chalmers JD, Dela Cruz CS, Dominedò C, Kollef M, Martin-Loeches I, Niederman M, Wunderink RG. Challenges in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a point-of-view review. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:159-171. [PMID: 30706119 PMCID: PMC7094947 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) is still associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. In this point-of-view review paper, a group of experts discuss the main controversies in SCAP: the role of severity scores to guide patient settings of care and empiric antibiotic therapy; the emergence of pathogens outside the core microorganisms of CAP; viral SCAP; the best empirical treatment; septic shock as the most lethal complication; and the need for new antibiotics. Methods For all topics, the authors describe current controversies and evidence and provide recommendations and suggestions for future research. Evidence was based on meta-analyses, most recent RCTs and recent interventional or observational studies. Recommendations were reached by consensus of all the authors. Results and conclusions The IDSA/ATS criteria remain the most pragmatic tool to predict ICU admission. The authors recommend a combination of a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a third G cephalosporin plus a macrolide in most SCAP patients, and to empirically cover PES (P. aeruginosa, extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant S. aureus) pathogens when at least two specific risk factors are present. In patients with influenza CAP, the authors recommend the use of oseltamivir and avoidance of the use of steroids. Corticosteroids can be used in case of refractory shock and high systemic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Torres
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres in Respiratory Diseases (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - James D Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Center of Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cristina Dominedò
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marin Kollef
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres in Respiratory Diseases (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain
- St. James's Hospital, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Niederman
- Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Richard G Wunderink
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Ceccato A, Cilloniz C, Martin-Loeches I, Ranzani OT, Gabarrus A, Bueno L, Garcia-Vidal C, Ferrer M, Niederman MS, Torres A. Effect of Combined β-Lactam/Macrolide Therapy on Mortality According to the Microbial Etiology and Inflammatory Status of Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Chest 2018; 155:795-804. [PMID: 30471269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic combinations that include macrolides have shown lower mortality rates than β-lactams in monotherapy or combined with fluoroquinolones in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, this effect has not been studied according to the levels of C-reactive protein in CAP with identified microbial cause. In patients with CAP and known microbial cause we aimed to evaluate 30-day mortality of a β-lactam plus macrolide (BL + M) compared with a fluoroquinolone alone or with a β-lactam (FQ ± BL). METHODS We analyzed a prospective observational cohort of patients with CAP admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona between 1996 and 2016. We included only patients with known microbial cause. RESULTS Of 1,715 patients (29%) with known etiology, a total of 932 patients (54%) received BL + M. Despite lower crude mortality in the BL + M group in the overall population (BL + M, 5% vs FQ ± BL, 8%; P = .015), after adjustment by a propensity score and baseline characteristics, the combination of BL + M had a protective effect on mortality only in patients with high inflammatory response (C-reactive protein, > 15 mg/dL) and pneumococcal CAP (adjusted OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.09-0.93). No benefits on mortality were observed for the population without high inflammatory response and pneumococcal CAP or with other etiologies. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a β-lactam with a macrolide was associated with decreased mortality in patients with pneumococcal CAP and in patients with high systemic inflammatory response. When both factors occurred together, BL + M was protective for mortality in the multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ceccato
- Department of Pneumology, the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the University of Barcelona (UB), SGR 911-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), and ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catia Cilloniz
- Department of Pneumology, the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the University of Barcelona (UB), SGR 911-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), and ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Otavio T Ranzani
- Department of Pneumology, the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the University of Barcelona (UB), SGR 911-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), and ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain; Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albert Gabarrus
- Department of Pneumology, the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the University of Barcelona (UB), SGR 911-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), and ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Bueno
- Department of Pneumology, the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the University of Barcelona (UB), SGR 911-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), and ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Garcia-Vidal
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Ferrer
- Department of Pneumology, the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the University of Barcelona (UB), SGR 911-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), and ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael S Niederman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Antoni Torres
- Department of Pneumology, the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the University of Barcelona (UB), SGR 911-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), and ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Berger S, Goekeri C, Gupta SK, Vera J, Dietert K, Behrendt U, Lienau J, Wienhold SM, Gruber AD, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M, Nouailles G. Delay in antibiotic therapy results in fatal disease outcome in murine pneumococcal pneumonia. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:287. [PMID: 30382866 PMCID: PMC6211394 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a major cause of death worldwide. Mechanisms underlying the detrimental outcome despite adequate antibiotic therapy and comorbidity management are still not fully understood. METHODS To model timely versus delayed antibiotic therapy in patients, mice with pneumococcal pneumonia received ampicillin twice a day starting early (24 h) or late (48 h) after infection. Clinical readouts and local and systemic inflammatory mediators after early and late antibiotic intervention were examined. RESULTS Early antibiotic intervention rescued mice, limited clinical symptoms and restored fitness, whereas delayed therapy resulted in high mortality rates. Recruitment of innate immune cells remained unaffected by antibiotic therapy. However, both early and late antibiotic intervention dampened local levels of inflammatory mediators in the alveolar spaces. Early treatment protected from barrier breakdown, and reduced levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and perivascular and alveolar edema formation. In contrast, at 48 h post infection, increased pulmonary leakage was apparent and not reversed by late antibiotic treatment. Concurrently, levels of VEGF remained high and no beneficial effect on edema formation was evident despite therapy. Moreover, early but not late treatment protected mice from a vast systemic inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that only early antibiotic therapy, administered prior to breakdown of the alveolar-capillary barrier and systemic inflammation, led to restored fitness and rescued mice from fatal streptococcal pneumonia. The findings highlight the importance of identifying CAP patients prior to lung barrier failure and systemic inflammation and of handling CAP as a medical emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Berger
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cengiz Goekeri
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shishir K Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Behrendt
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lienau
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra-Maria Wienhold
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Mechanism of Macrolide-Induced Inhibition of Pneumolysin Release Involves Impairment of Autolysin Release in Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00161-18. [PMID: 30181369 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00161-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Over the past 2 decades, macrolide resistance among S. pneumoniae organisms has been increasing steadily and has escalated at an alarming rate worldwide. However, the use of macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia has been reported to be effective regardless of the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative pneumococci. Although previous studies suggested that sub-MICs of macrolides inhibit the production of the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin pneumolysin by macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae (MRSP), the underlying mechanisms of the inhibitory effect have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that the release of pneumococcal autolysin, which promotes cell lysis and the release of pneumolysin, was inhibited by treatment with azithromycin and erythromycin, whereas replenishing with recombinant autolysin restored the release of pneumolysin from MRSP. Additionally, macrolides significantly downregulated ply transcription followed by a slight decrease of the intracellular pneumolysin level. These findings suggest the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of pneumolysin in MRSP, which may provide an additional explanation for the benefits of macrolides on the outcome of treatment for pneumococcal diseases.
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18
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De la Calle C, Ternavasio-de la Vega HG, Morata L, Marco F, Cardozo C, García-Vidal C, Del Rio A, Cilloniz C, Torres A, Martínez JA, Mensa J, Soriano A. Effectiveness of combination therapy versus monotherapy with a third-generation cephalosporin in bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: A propensity score analysis. J Infect 2018; 76:342-347. [PMID: 29360520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combining a macrolide or a fluoroquinolone to beta-lactam regimens in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia is recommended by the international guidelines. However, the information in patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia is limited. METHODS A propensity score technique was used to analyze prospectively collected data from all patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia admitted from 2000 to 2015 in our institution, who had received empirical treatment with third-generation cephalosporin in monotherapy or plus macrolide or fluoroquinolone. RESULTS We included 69 patients in the monotherapy group and 314 in the combination group. After adjustment by PS for receiving monotherapy, 30-day mortality (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.07-7.84) was significantly higher in monotherapy group. A higher 30-day mortality was observed in monotherapy group in both 1:1 and 1:2 matched samples although it was statistically significant only in 1:2 sample (OR: 3.50 (95% CI 1.03-11.96), P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that in bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia, empirical therapy with a third-generation cephalosporin plus a macrolide or a fluoroquinolone is associated with a lower mortality rate than beta-lactams in monotherapy. These results support the recommendation of combination therapy in patients requiring admission with moderate to severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De la Calle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - L Morata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Marco
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Cardozo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C García-Vidal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Del Rio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Cilloniz
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Torres
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Martínez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Mensa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Anderson R, Feldman C. Pneumolysin as a potential therapeutic target in severe pneumococcal disease. J Infect 2017; 74:527-544. [PMID: 28322888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute pulmonary and cardiac injury remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality in those afflicted with severe pneumococcal disease, with the risk for early mortality often persisting several years beyond clinical recovery. Although remaining to be firmly established in the clinical setting, a considerable body of evidence, mostly derived from murine models of experimental infection, has implicated the pneumococcal, cholesterol-binding, pore-forming toxin, pneumolysin (Ply), in the pathogenesis of lung and myocardial dysfunction. Topics covered in this review include the burden of pneumococcal disease, risk factors, virulence determinants of the pneumococcus, complications of severe disease, antibiotic and adjuvant therapies, as well as the structure of Ply and the role of the toxin in disease pathogenesis. Given the increasing recognition of the clinical potential of Ply-neutralisation strategies, the remaining sections of the review are focused on updates of the types, benefits and limitations of currently available therapies which may attenuate, directly and/or indirectly, the injurious actions of Ply. These include recently described experimental therapies such as various phytochemicals and lipids, and a second group of more conventional agents the members of which remain the subject of ongoing clinical evaluation. This latter group, which is covered more extensively, encompasses macrolides, statins, corticosteroids, and platelet-targeted therapies, particularly aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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20
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Feldman C, Anderson R. Prevalence, pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2016; 8:11. [PMID: 28702290 PMCID: PMC5471702 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-016-0011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well recognised that cardiac events occur relatively commonly in patients with acute community-acquired pneumonia. While these events are more frequent in patients with underlying risk factors—such as those with underlying chronic cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities, the elderly, and in nursing home residents—they also occur in patients with no underlying risks other than severe pneumonia. Recent research elucidating the underlying pathogenic mechanisms related to these cardiac events has indicated a probable role for platelet activation, which is possibly exacerbated by pneumolysin in the case of pneumococcal infections. This, in turn, has resulted in the identification of possible therapeutic strategies targeting platelet activation, as well as the cardio-toxic activity of pneumolysin. These issues represent the primary focus of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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21
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Müller-Redetzky H, Lienau J, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M. Therapeutic strategies in pneumonia: going beyond antibiotics. Eur Respir Rev 2016; 24:516-24. [PMID: 26324814 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0034-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the innate immune system drives lung injury and its systemic sequelae due to breakdown of vascular barrier function, harmful hyperinflammation and microcirculatory failure, which contribute to the unfavourable outcome of patients with severe pneumonia. A variety of promising therapeutic targets have been identified and numerous innovative therapeutic approaches demonstrated to improve lung injury in experimental preclinical studies. However, at present specific preventive or curative strategies for the treatment of lung failure in pneumonia in addition to antibiotics are still missing. The aim of this mini-review is to give a short overview of some, but not all, adjuvant therapeutic strategies for pneumonia and its most important complications, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and briefly discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Müller-Redetzky
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lienau
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Rello J, Perez A. Precision medicine for the treatment of severe pneumonia in intensive care. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:297-316. [PMID: 26789703 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1144477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in its management, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the most important cause of sepsis-related mortality and the reason for many ICU admissions. Severity assessment is the cornerstone of CAP patient management and the attempts to ensure the best site of care and therapy. Survival depends on a combination of host factors (genetic, age, comorbidities, defenses), pathogens (virulence, serotypes) and drugs. To reduce CAP mortality, early adequate antibiotic therapy is fundamental. The use of combination therapy with a macrolide seems to improve the clinical outcome in the subset of patients with high inflammation due to immunomodulation. Guidelines on antibiotic therapy have been associated with beneficial effects, and studies of newer adjunctive drugs have produced promising results. This paper discusses the current state of knowledge regarding of precision medicine and the treatment of severe CAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rello
- a CIBERES , Barcelona , Spain.,b School of Medicine , Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antonio Perez
- a CIBERES , Barcelona , Spain.,b School of Medicine , Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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23
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Lorenzo MJ, Moret I, Sarria B, Cases E, Cortijo J, Méndez R, Molina J, Gimeno A, Menéndez R. Lung inflammatory pattern and antibiotic treatment in pneumonia. Respir Res 2015; 16:15. [PMID: 25849726 PMCID: PMC4328072 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In community-acquired pneumonia host inflammatory response against the causative microorganism is necessary for infection resolution. However an excessive response can have deleterious effects. In addition to antimicrobial effects, macrolide antibiotics are known to possess immunomodulatory properties. METHODS A prospective study was performed on 52 admitted patients who developed an inadequate response after 72 hours of antibiotic treatment - non-responders community-acquired pneumonia - (blood and bronchoalveolar lavage), and two control groups: 1) community-acquired pneumonia control (blood) and 2) non-infection control (blood and bronchoalveolar lavage). Cytokine profiles (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10), tumour necrosis factor α and clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Non-responders patients treated with macrolide containing regimens showed significantly lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lower IL-8 and IL-10 in blood than those patients treated with non-macrolide regimens. Clinical outcomes showed that patients treated with macrolide regimens required fewer days to reach clinical stability (p < 0.01) and shorter hospitalization periods (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS After 72 hours of antibiotic effect, patients who received macrolide containing regimens exhibited lower inflammatory cytokine levels in pulmonary and systemic compartments along with faster stabilization of infectious parameters.
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Albrich WC, Madhi SA, Adrian PV, van Niekerk N, Telles JN, Ebrahim N, Messaoudi M, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Giersdorf S, Vernet G, Mueller B, Klugman KP. Pneumococcal colonisation density: a new marker for disease severity in HIV-infected adults with pneumonia. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005953. [PMID: 25113557 PMCID: PMC4127937 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high genomic load of Pneumococcus from blood or cerebrospinal fluid has been associated with increased mortality. We aimed to analyse whether nasopharyngeal colonisation density in HIV-infected patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with markers of disease severity or poor outcome. METHODS Quantitative lytA real-time PCR was performed on nasopharyngeal swabs in HIV-infected South African adults hospitalised for acute CAP at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa. Pneumonia aetiology was considered pneumococcal if any sputum culture or Gram stain, urinary pneumococcal C-polysaccharide-based antigen, blood culture or whole blood lytA real-time PCR revealed pneumococci. RESULTS There was a moderate correlation between the mean nasopharyngeal colonisation densities and increasing CURB65 scores among all-cause patients with pneumonia (Spearman correlation coefficient r=0.15, p=0.06) or with the Pitt bacteraemia score among patients with pneumococcal bacteraemia (p=0.63). In patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonisation density was higher among non-survivors than survivors (7.7 vs 6.1 log10 copies/mL, respectively, p=0.02) and among those who had pneumococci identified from blood cultures and/or by whole blood lytA real-time PCR than those with non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (6.6 vs 5.6 log10 copies/mL, p=0.03). Nasopharyngeal colonisation density correlated positively with the biomarkers procalcitonin (Spearman correlation coefficient r=0.37, p<0.0001), proadrenomedullin (r=0.39, p=0.008) and copeptin (r=0.30, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS In addition to its previously reported role as a diagnostic tool for pneumococcal pneumonia, quantitative nasopharyngeal colonisation density also correlates with mortality and prognostic biomarkers. It may also be useful as a severity marker for pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-infected adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner C Albrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter V Adrian
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nadia van Niekerk
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - N Ebrahim
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Guy Vernet
- Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Beat Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Department, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Keith P Klugman
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Pneumonia Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Okumura CYM, Nizet V. Subterfuge and sabotage: evasion of host innate defenses by invasive gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Annu Rev Microbiol 2014; 68:439-58. [PMID: 25002085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of a severe invasive bacterial infection in an otherwise healthy individual is one of the most striking and fascinating aspects of human medicine. A small cadre of gram-positive pathogens of the genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus stand out for their unique invasive disease potential and sophisticated ability to counteract the multifaceted components of human innate defense. This review illustrates how these leading human disease agents evade host complement deposition and activation, impede phagocyte recruitment and activation, resist the microbicidal activities of host antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species, escape neutrophil extracellular traps, and promote and accelerate phagocyte cell death through the action of pore-forming cytolysins. Understanding the molecular basis of bacterial innate immune resistance can open new avenues for therapeutic intervention geared to disabling specific virulence factors and resensitizing the pathogen to host innate immune clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y M Okumura
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041;
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Pereira JM, Paiva JA, Rello J. Severe sepsis in community-acquired pneumonia--early recognition and treatment. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:412-9. [PMID: 22726369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in its management, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality leading to significant consumption of health, social and economic resources. The assessment of CAP severity is a cornerstone in its management, facilitating selection of the most appropriate site of care and empirical antibiotic therapy. Several clinical scoring systems based on 30-day mortality have been developed to identify those patients with the highest risk of death. Although well validated in appropriate patient groups, each system has its own limitations and each exhibits different sensitivity and specificity values. These problems have increased interest in the use of biomarkers to predict CAP severity. Although so far no ideal solution has been identified, recent advances in bacterial genomic load quantification have made this tool very attractive. Early antibiotic therapy is essential to the reduction of CAP mortality and the selection of antibiotic treatment according to clinical guidelines is also associated with an improved outcome. In addition, the addition of a macrolide to standard empirical therapy seems to improve outcome in severe CAP although the mechanism of this is unclear. Finally, the role of adjuvant therapy has not yet been satisfactorily established. In this review we will present our opinion on current best practice in the assessment of severity and treatment of severe CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Pereira
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João EPE, Grupo de Infecção e Sepsis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Steel HC, Theron AJ, Cockeran R, Anderson R, Feldman C. Pathogen- and host-directed anti-inflammatory activities of macrolide antibiotics. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:584262. [PMID: 22778497 PMCID: PMC3388425 DOI: 10.1155/2012/584262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics possess several, beneficial, secondary properties which complement their primary antimicrobial activity. In addition to high levels of tissue penetration, which may counteract seemingly macrolide-resistant bacterial pathogens, these agents also possess anti-inflammatory properties, unrelated to their primary antimicrobial activity. Macrolides target cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as structural cells, and are beneficial in controlling harmful inflammatory responses during acute and chronic bacterial infection. These secondary anti-inflammatory activities of macrolides appear to be particularly effective in attenuating neutrophil-mediated inflammation. This, in turn, may contribute to the usefulness of these agents in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of both microbial and nonmicrobial origin, predominantly of the airways. This paper is focused on the various mechanisms of macrolide-mediated anti-inflammatory activity which target both microbial pathogens and the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, with emphasis on their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Steel
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Cockeran R, Steel HC, Wolter N, Gouveia LD, Gottberg AV, Klugman KP, Leanord AT, Inverarity DJ, Mitchell TJ, Feldman C, Anderson R. Effects of Clarithromycin at Sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations on Early <i>erm</i>B Gene Expression, Metabolic Activity and Growth of an <i>erm</i>(B)-Expressing Macrolide-Resistant Strain of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojrd.2012.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Falcó V, Sánchez A, Pahissa A, Rello J. Emerging drugs for pneumococcal pneumonia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011; 16:459-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2011.576669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Allicin from garlic neutralizes the hemolytic activity of intra- and extra-cellular pneumolysin O in vitro. Toxicon 2011; 57:540-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Anderson R, Tintinger G, Cockeran R, Potjo M, Feldman C. Beneficial and Harmful Interactions of Antibiotics with Microbial Pathogens and the Host Innate Immune System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1694-1710. [PMID: 27713324 PMCID: PMC4034004 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In general antibiotics interact cooperatively with host defences, weakening and decreasing the virulence of microbial pathogens, thereby increasing vulnerability to phagocytosis and eradication by the intrinsic antimicrobial systems of the host. Antibiotics, however, also interact with host defences by several other mechanisms, some harmful, others beneficial. Harmful activities include exacerbation of potentially damaging inflammatory responses, a property of cell-wall targeted agents, which promotes the release of pro-inflammatory microbial cytotoxins and cell-wall components. On the other hand, inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis, especially macrolides, possess beneficial anti-inflammatory/cytoprotective activities, which result from interference with the production of microbial virulence factors/cytotoxins. In addition to these pathogen-directed, anti-inflammatory activities, some classes of antimicrobial agent possess secondary anti-inflammatory properties, unrelated to their conventional antimicrobial activities, which target cells of the innate immune system, particularly neutrophils. This is a relatively uncommon, potentially beneficial property of antibiotics, which has been described for macrolides, imidazole anti-mycotics, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Although of largely unproven significance in the clinical setting, increasing awareness of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties of antibiotics may contribute to a more discerning and effective use of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Gregory Tintinger
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Pretoria Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Riana Cockeran
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Moliehi Potjo
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The issue of whether the outcome of bacteremic pneumococcal infections is improved with the use of combination antibiotic therapy versus monotherapy is still not resolved. This review highlights recent studies that have addressed this issue. RECENT FINDINGS Some studies have indicated benefit of combination antibiotic therapy in severely ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia of all-cause. Conversely, in less severely ill hospitalized patients, fluoroquinolone monotherapy was as effective as fluoroquinolone combination regimens and a propensity analysis failed to show benefit of beta-lactam/macrolide combination over beta-lactam monotherapy. Studies across the world have shown a more favorable outcome in patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with guideline-compliant therapy, mostly beta-lactam/macrolide combination regimens. The only recent study of patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia failed, however, to show benefit of combination therapy. A large number of investigations have yielded observations that address possible mechanisms by which combination therapy may have benefit, investigating issues such as cover for atypical pathogens, attenuation of pneumococcal virulence factors, and anti-inflammatory activity of the macrolide group of antibiotics. SUMMARY Despite a number of recent studies, the definitive decision regarding the need for combination antibiotic therapy for the effective management of bacteremic pneumococcal infections has not yet been formally resolved.
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