1
|
van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. An updated list of eumycetoma causative agents and their differences in grain formation and treatment response. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0003423. [PMID: 38690871 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00034-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn 2023, the World Health Organization designated eumycetoma causative agents as high-priority pathogens on its list of fungal priority pathogens. Despite this recognition, a comprehensive understanding of these causative agents is lacking, and potential variations in clinical manifestations or therapeutic responses remain unclear. In this review, 12,379 eumycetoma cases were reviewed. In total, 69 different fungal species were identified as causative agents. However, some were only identified once, and there was no supporting evidence that they were indeed present in the grain. Madurella mycetomatis was by far the most commonly reported fungal causative agent. In most studies, identification of the fungus at the species level was based on culture or histology, which was prone to misidentifications. The newly used molecular identification tools identified new causative agents. Clinically, no differences were reported in the appearance of the lesion, but variations in mycetoma grain formation and antifungal susceptibility were observed. Although attempts were made to explore the differences in clinical outcomes based on antifungal susceptibility, the lack of large clinical trials and the inclusion of surgery as standard treatment posed challenges in drawing definitive conclusions. Limited case series suggested that eumycetoma cases caused by Fusarium species were less responsive to treatment than those caused by Madurella mycetomatis. However, further research is imperative for a comprehensive understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W J van de Sande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed H Fahal
- The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karamanis P, Muldoon J, Murphy CD, Rubini M. Total synthesis of antifungal lipopeptide iturin A analogues and evaluation of their bioactivity against F. graminearum. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3569. [PMID: 38301277 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of novel antifungal agents is imperative to tackle the threat of antifungal resistance, which poses major risks to both human health and to food security. Iturin A is a cyclic lipopeptide, produced by Bacillus sp., with pronounced antifungal properties against several pathogens. Its challenging synthesis, mainly due to the laborious synthesis of the β-amino fatty acid present in its structure, has hindered the study of its mode of action and the development of more potent analogues. In this work, a facile synthesis of bioactive iturin A analogues containing an alkylated cysteine residue is presented. Two analogues with opposite configurations of the alkylated cysteine residue were synthesized, to evaluate the role of the stereochemistry of the newly introduced amino acid on the bioactivity. Antifungal assays, conducted against F. graminearum, showed that the novel analogues are bioactive and can be used as a synthetic model for the design of new analogues and in structure-activity relationship studies. The assays also highlight the importance of the β-amino acid in the natural structure and the role of the stereochemistry of the amino fatty acid, as the analogue with the D configuration showed stronger antifungal properties than the one with the L configuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Periklis Karamanis
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jimmy Muldoon
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac D Murphy
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marina Rubini
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leong E, Cifuentes-González C, Hu Y W J, Perumal Samy R, Khairallah M, Rojas-Carabali W, Putera I, de-la-Torre A, Agrawal R. Clinical Insights: Antimicrobial Therapy for Infectious Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38759216 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2345848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Infectious uveitis is a major global cause of vision impairment. Despite the eye's immune privilege, afforded by the blood-ocular barrier that restricts microbial entry, several pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can still infiltrate and cause ocular infections and complications. Clinicians often encounter significant challenges in treating infectious uveitis due to limited or ineffective treatment options. Modern molecular techniques and imaging can aid in diagnosing and assessing intraocular infections. Various antimicrobial therapies exist, spanning topical and systemic treatments, but these are constrained by issues like drug concentration, penetration, effective duration, toxicity, and side effects. Treatment approaches also differ based on the infection's etiology. This review provides recent updates on antimicrobial therapies from a clinical perspective, covering topical, systemic, and regional treatments for infectious uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Leong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carlos Cifuentes-González
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Hu Y W
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramar Perumal Samy
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Infections and Antimicrobial Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - William Rojas-Carabali
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ikhwanuliman Putera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Infections and Antimicrobial Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bălășoiu AT, Bălășoiu M, Zlatian OM, Ghenea AE. Bacterial and Fungal Keratitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital from Romania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:787. [PMID: 38674731 PMCID: PMC11052338 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious keratitis is a significant global problem that can lead to corneal blindness and visual impairments. This study aimed to investigate the etiology of infectious bacterial and fungal keratitis, identify the causative pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and analyze the risk factors associated with the development of infectious keratitis. The study was observational and retrospective, involving 226 eyes from 223 patients presented at the Ophthalmology Clinic of the County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Romania. The inclusion criteria included corneal ulceration/abscess/infiltrate present on slit-lamp examination and positive microbiological sampling for bacteria or fungi. The study found that the most common causes of infectious keratitis were coagulase-negative staphylococci (35.40%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.06%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.16%). The Gram-positive bacteria showed high resistance rates to penicillin, moderate rates to gentamycin and clindamycin, and low resistance to chinolones. The Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, and carbapenems were effective. Systemic antibiotics, such as vancomycine, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and ceftazidime, show promise against keratitis with low resistance rates, whereas carbapenems and topical aminoglycosides had higher resistance, leaving moxifloxacin as a potential topical option for Gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, albeit with resistance concerns for Klebsiella spp. Although fungal keratitis was rare, Fusarium spp. and Candida albicans were the leading fungal pathogens, with incidences of 2.65% and 2.21%, respectively. Candida albicans was broadly susceptible to most antifungals, while Fusarium solani, Curvularia lunata, and Alternaria alternata exhibited resistance to many antifungals. Amphotericin B and caspofungin can be used as systemic antifungals in fungal keratitis. The study also identified risk factors for keratitis such as ocular trauma (65.92%, OR: 2.5), contact lens wear (11.94%, OR: 1.8), and corneal scarring/leukoma (10.17%, OR: 1.6). Keratitis was more frequent in individuals over 60 years old. The findings of this study have implications for the development of effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for infectious keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Theodor Bălășoiu
- Ophtalmology Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
- Ophtalmology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Maria Bălășoiu
- Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania; (M.B.); (A.E.G.)
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mircea Zlatian
- Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania; (M.B.); (A.E.G.)
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alice Elena Ghenea
- Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania; (M.B.); (A.E.G.)
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boutin CA, Luong ML. Update on therapeutic approaches for invasive fungal infections in adults. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2024; 11:20499361231224980. [PMID: 38249542 PMCID: PMC10799587 DOI: 10.1177/20499361231224980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are increasingly encountered with the expansion of iatrogenic immunosuppression, including not only solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients but also patients with malignancies or autoimmune diseases receiving immunomodulatory therapies, such as Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor. Their attributable mortality remains elevated, part of which is a contribution from globally emerging resistance in both molds and yeasts. Because antifungal susceptibility test results are often unavailable or delayed, empiric and tailored antifungal approaches including choice of agent(s) and use of combination therapy are heterogeneous and often based on clinician experience with knowledge of host's net state of immunosuppression, prior antifungal exposure, antifungal side effects and interaction profile, clinical severity of disease including site(s) of infection and local resistance data. In this review, we aim to summarize previous recommendations and most recent literature on treatment of invasive mold and yeast infections in adults to guide optimal evidence-based therapeutic approaches. We review the recent data that support use of available antifungal agents, including the different triazoles that have now been studied in comparison to previously preferred agents. We discuss management of complex infections with specific emerging fungi such as Scedosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Trichosporon asahii, and Candida auris. We briefly explore newer antifungal agents or formulations that are now being investigated to overcome therapeutic pitfalls, including but not limited to olorofim, rezafungin, fosmanogepix, and encochleated Amphotericin B. We discuss the role of surgical resection or debridement, duration of treatment, follow-up modalities, and need for secondary prophylaxis, all of which remain challenging, especially in patients chronically immunocompromised or awaiting more immunosuppressive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine-Audrey Boutin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Me-Linh Luong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), F Building, 6th Floor, Room F06.1102F, 1051 Sanguinet, Montreal, QC, H2X 0C1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Y, Chen H, Li S, Liu W, Fu M. Simultaneous infection with Fusarium proliferatum and Prototheca wickerhamii localized at different body sites. Med Mycol Case Rep 2023; 42:100610. [PMID: 37808220 PMCID: PMC10551560 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2023.100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Subcutaneous infections caused by two unusual fungi are rare. Here we report an elderly woman with long-term glucocorticoid use who was infected with Fusarium proliferatum on the right dorsum of the hand presenting with a verrucous plaque and Prototheca wickerhamii on the left dorsum of the hand presenting with geographic ulcers with erythematous plaques. The diagnosis was made through histopathological examination of skin samples and fungal culture, with identification through molecular examination. She was successfully treated with voriconazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.12, Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.12, Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Sai Li
- Department of Venereology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.12, Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.12, Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Meihua Fu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.12, Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210042, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Serrano R, González-Menéndez V, Tormo JR, Genilloud O. Development and Validation of a HTS Platform for the Discovery of New Antifungal Agents against Four Relevant Fungal Phytopathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:883. [PMID: 37754991 PMCID: PMC10532314 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens are the major agents responsible for causing severe damage to and losses in agricultural crops worldwide. Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium proliferatum, and Magnaporthe grisea are included in the top ten fungal phytopathogens that impose important plant diseases on a broad range of crops. Microbial natural products can be an attractive alternative for the biological control of phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a High-throughput Screening (HTS) platform to evaluate the antifungal potential of chemicals and natural products against these four important plant pathogens. Several experiments were performed to establish the optimal assay conditions that provide the best reproducibility and robustness. For this purpose, we have evaluated two media formulations (SDB and RPMI-1640), several inoculum concentrations (1 × 106, 5 × 105 and 5 × 106 conidia/mL), the germination curves for each strain, each strain's tolerance to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the Dose Response Curves (DRC) of the antifungal control (Amphotericin B). The assays were performed in 96-well plate format, where absorbance at 620 nm was measured before and after incubation to evaluate growth inhibition, and fluorescence intensity at 570 nm excitation and 615 nm emission was monitored after resazurin addition for cell viability evaluation. Quality control parameters (RZ' Factors and Signal to Background (S/B) ratios) were determined for each assay batch. The assay conditions were finally validated by titrating 40 known relevant antifungal agents and testing 2400 microbial natural product extracts from the MEDINA Library through both HTS agar-based and HTS microdilution-based set-ups on the four phytopathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Serrano
- Fundación MEDINA, Av. Conocimiento 34, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.R.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Víctor González-Menéndez
- Fundación MEDINA, Av. Conocimiento 34, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.R.T.); (O.G.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Avkan Oguz V, Karabicak N, Irmak C, Unek T. Fusarium solani species complex infection treated with posaconazole in a liver transplantation patient; a case report. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101382. [PMID: 37060850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Although Fusarium spp. rarely cause infections in healthy people, they can cause fusariosis, particularly in neutropenic hematological malignancies, bone marrow transplant patients, and immunocompromised patients, such as those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and rarely in solid organ transplant recipients. Here, we present a case of a liver transplant recipient with F. solani species complex (FSSC) infection treated with posaconazole. A 61-year-old man presented with multiple itchy, painful, palpable, irregular, subcutaneous nodules on the right leg and total dystrophic onychomycosis in the right toenails. Incisional skin biopsies of the lesions were performed, and the samples were sent to the pathology and mycology laboratories for analysis. The clinical isolate was identified as FSSC using phenotypic, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and genotypic methods. Liposomal amphotericin B could not be administered owing to the development of side effects; hence, the patient was treated with posaconazole for 4 months. While some nodular lesions disappeared completely under this treatment, the others showed dimensional regression. This is the first case of FSSC infection with skin and nail involvement in a non-neutropenic, liver transplant patient in Turkey. Fusariosis may develop with rare species, such as FSSC, as first reported in this case of a liver transplant patient. Regardless of the species, amphotericin B is the first choice for treating fusariosis; however, posaconazole is an effective and safe alternative to amphotericin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Avkan Oguz
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Nilgun Karabicak
- Public Health Institution of Turkey National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caglar Irmak
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tarkan Unek
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fungal cell barriers and organelles are disrupted by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). Sci Rep 2023; 13:2790. [PMID: 36797386 PMCID: PMC9935507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The similarities between fungal and mammalian cells pose inherent challenges for the development of treatments for fungal infections, due to drug crossover recognition of host drug targets by antifungal agents. Thus, there are a limited number of drug classes available for treatment. Treatment is further limited by the acquisition and dissemination of antifungal resistance which contributes to the urgent need of new therapies. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is a cationic antimicrobial polymer with bactericidal, parasiticidal and fungicidal activities. The antifungal mechanism of action appears to involve preferential mechanical disruption of microbial cell structures, offering an alternative to conventional antifungals. However, the antifungal mechanisms have been little studied. The aim of this study was to characterise PHMB's activities on selected yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans) and filamentous fungal species (Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium glabrum). Fungal membrane disruption, cell entry and intracellular localisation activities of PHMB were evaluated using viability probe entry and polymer localisation studies. We observed that PHMB initially permeabilises fungal cell membranes and then accumulates within the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, it disrupts the nuclear membrane, leading to DNA binding and fragmentation. The electrostatic interaction of PHMB with membranes suggests other intracellular organelles could be potential targets of its action. Overall, the results indicate multiple antifungal mechanisms, which may help to explain its broad-spectrum efficacy. A better understanding of PHMB's mechanism(s) of action may aid the development of improved antifungal treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Furmanek Ł, Czarnota P, Seaward MRD. A review of the potential of lichen substances as antifungal agents: the effects of extracts and lichen secondary metabolites on Fusarium fungi. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:523. [PMID: 35881248 PMCID: PMC9325835 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis provides literature data on the effect of lichen extracts and single secondary metabolites used against Fusarium spp. moulds. Lichen extracts were obtained from 51 corticolous, 17 terricolous and 18 saxicolous lichen species and 37 secondary compounds were tested against eight fungal species, i.e., Fusarium acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. fujikuroi, F. oxysporum, F. roseum, F. solani and F. udum. The researchers used several test methods, mostly to determine MIC and IZ. Extracts were obtained using several solvents, mainly organic ones with use of the Soxhlet apparatus. The most frequently tested species was F. oxysporum, against which lichen substances from Alectoria sarmentosa, Cladonia mitis, C. rangiferina, Flavoparmelia caperata, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Leucodermia leucomelos, Parmotrema austrosinense, P. reticulatum, Physcia aipolia, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Roccella montagnei and Umbilicaria nylanderiana and secondary metabolites such as 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, atranorin, lecanoric and (+)-usnic acids showed the highest antifungal potential. These agencies could compete with the potential of fungicides, such as flucytosine and fluconazole. Other species have been poorly investigated. Statistical analysis of literature data showed that the fungistatic potential of lichen extracts is significantly different from individual secondary metabolites. Similarly, the potential of secondary metabolites often differs significantly from that of non-lichen substances. This meta-analysis indicates the potential of lichen substances as future anti-fusarial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Furmanek
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Czarnota
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mark R D Seaward
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nosratabadi M, Akhtari J, Faeli L, Haghani I, Aghili SR, Shokohi T, Hedayati MT, Zarrinfar H, Mohammadi R, Najafzadeh MJ, Khodavaisy S, Al-Harrasi A, Javan-Nikkhah M, Kachuei R, Salimi M, Fattahi M, Badali H, Al Hatmi AMS, Abastabar M. In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Miltefosine against a Collection of Azole and Echinocandins Resistant Fusarium Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070709. [PMID: 35887464 PMCID: PMC9315751 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are filamentous fungi that cause a variety of infections in humans. Because they are commonly resistant to many antifungal drugs currently available in clinical settings, research into alternative targets in fungal cells and therapeutic approaches is required. The antifungal activity of miltefosine and four comparators, amphotericin B, voriconazole, itraconazole, and caspofungin, were tested in vitro against a collection of susceptible and resistant clinical (n = 68) and environmental (n = 42) Fusarium isolates. Amphotericin B (0.8 μg/mL) had the lowest geometric mean (GM) MICs/MECs values followed by miltefosine (1.44 μg/mL), voriconazole (2.15 μg/mL), caspofungin (7.23 μg/mL), and itraconazole (14.19 μg/mL). Miltefosine was the most effective agent against Fusarium isolates after amphotericin B indicating that miltefosine has the potential to be studied as a novel treatment for Fusarium infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nosratabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran;
| | - Leila Faeli
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Aghili
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9176699199, Iran;
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9176699199, Iran;
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1717613151, Iran;
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman;
| | - Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 3158777871, Iran;
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran;
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fattahi
- Centre for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416613675, Iran;
| | - Hamid Badali
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al Hatmi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman;
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.A.H.); (M.A.); Tel.: +968-25446654 (A.M.S.A.H.); +98-9112111347 (M.A.); Fax: +968-25446612 (A.M.S.A.H.); +98-33543248 (M.A.)
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran; (M.N.); (L.F.); (I.H.); (S.R.A.); (T.S.); (M.T.H.); (M.S.)
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4816983663, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.A.H.); (M.A.); Tel.: +968-25446654 (A.M.S.A.H.); +98-9112111347 (M.A.); Fax: +968-25446612 (A.M.S.A.H.); +98-33543248 (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng Z, Liu H, Shi Y, Liu Z, Teng H, Deng S, Wei L, Wang Y, Zhang F. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the resistance regulation mechanism and fungicidal activity of the fungicide phenamacril in Fusarium oxysporum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11081. [PMID: 35773469 PMCID: PMC9247061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is an important species complex of soil-borne pathogenic fungi that cause vascular wilt diseases of agricultural crops and some opportunistic diseases of humans. The fungicide phenamacril has been extensively reported to have antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium fujikuroi. In this study, we found that the amino acid substitutions (V151A and S418T) in Type I myosin FoMyo5 cause natural low resistance to phenamacril in the plant pathogenic Fo isolates. Therefore, we compared the transcriptomes of two phenamacril-resistant Fo isolates FoII5, Fo1st and one phenamacril-sensitive isolate Fo3_a after 1 μg/mL phenamacril treatment. Among the 2728 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 14 DEGs involved in oxidation–reduction processes and MFS transporters, were significantly up-regulated in phenamacril-resistant isolates. On the other hand, 14 DEGs involved in ATP-dependent RNA helicase and ribosomal biogenesis related proteins, showed significantly down-regulated expression in both phenamacril-resistant and -sensitive isolates. These results indicated that phenamacril not only seriously affected the cytoskeletal protein binding and ATPase activity of sensitive isolate, but also suppressed ribosome biogenesis in all the isolates. Hence, this study helps us better understand resistance regulation mechanism and fungicidal activity of phenamacril and provide reference for the development of new fungicides to control Fo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhitian Zheng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaqi Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyong Shi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zao Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Teng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Al-Farsi F, Balkhair A, Al-Siyabi T, Qureshi A. Fusarium solani Necrotizing Fasciitis Complicating Treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e25847. [PMID: 35832765 PMCID: PMC9273167 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections due to Fusarium species are serious albeit rare and mostly occur in severely immunocompromised patients. The prognosis of such infections, especially of disseminated manifestations, is poor as a result of multi-antifungal resistance, particularly to azoles. We report a case of a rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis of the foot secondary to Fusarium solani in a young female patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on consolidation therapy. Surgical debridement was undertaken and liposomal amphotericin was given as definitive therapy for a total of six weeks followed by secondary prophylaxis that resulted in remarked clinical and radiological improvement. High clinical suspicion, prompt surgical intervention, rapid diagnosis, and timely initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy are crucial for a favorable outcome in this relatively uncommon life-threatening infection.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pei Y, Chen X, Tan Y, Liu X, Duan F, Wu K. Microbiological Profiles of Ocular Fungal Infection at an Ophthalmic Referral Hospital in Southern China: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:3267-3276. [PMID: 35769550 PMCID: PMC9234316 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s367083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Fang Duan, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yan-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Kaili Wu, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yan-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Safety evaluation of Fy Protein™ (Nutritional Fungi Protein), a macroingredient for human consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113005. [PMID: 35636642 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fy Protein™ (Nutritional Fungi Protein) is a macro-ingredient produced from the fermentation of the fungal microorganism Fusarium strain flavolapis, isolated from springs in Yellowstone National Park. Fy Protein contains all of the essential amino acids plus fiber, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals and is developed as an alternative to animal-based protein foods such as meat and dairy. Fy Protein's nutritional, digestibility, genotoxicity, allergenicity, toxicity, secondary metabolites, and pathogenicity were evaluated. Fy Protein did not show mutagenic or genotoxic potential in in vitro tests. In an allergenicity review, Fy Protein was found to be of low allergenic potential. In a 90-day sub chronic dietary study in rats, administration of Fy Protein did not produce any significant toxicologic manifestations, and the no observed effect level (NOAEL) was the highest-level fed of 150,000 ppm (15% in the diet). Regulated secondary metabolites from fungi (termed mycotoxins) were non-detectable and below regulated levels using quantitative analytical techniques. A literature review was completed to identify the potential human pathogenicity of Fusarium sp., showing that Fusarium rarely infects humans, with infections seldom developing even in immunocompromised individuals. The results of these studies confirm that Fy Protein from fermented F. str. flavolapis has low toxicological, genotoxic, pathogenic, and allergenic potential under the conditions tested and anticipated use.
Collapse
|
16
|
Vermeulen P, Gruez A, Babin AL, Frippiat JP, Machouart M, Debourgogne A. CYP51 Mutations in the Fusarium solani Species Complex: First Clue to Understand the Low Susceptibility to Azoles of the Genus Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050533. [PMID: 35628788 PMCID: PMC9148147 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are cosmopolitan filamentous fungi responsible for invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Despite the treatment recommendations, many strains show reduced sensitivity to voriconazole. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential relationship between azole susceptibility and mutations in CYP51 protein sequences. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for azole antifungals have been determined using the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) microdilution method on a panel of clinical and environmental strains. CYP51A, CYP51B and CYP51C genes for each strain have been sequenced using the Sanger method. Amino acid substitutions described in multiple azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (mtrAf) strains have been sought and compared with other Fusarium complexes’ strains. Our results show that FSSC exhibit point mutations similar to those described in mtrAf. Protein sequence alignments of CYP51A, CYP51B and CYP51C have highlighted different profiles based on sequence similarity. A link between voriconazole MICs and protein sequences was observed, suggesting that these mutations could be an explanation for the intrinsic azole resistance in the genus Fusarium. Thus, this innovative approach provided clues to understand low azole susceptibility in FSSC and may contribute to improving the treatment of FSSC infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vermeulen
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 11 Allée du Morvan, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Gruez
- IMoPA, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Anne-Lyse Babin
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Marie Machouart
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 11 Allée du Morvan, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne Debourgogne
- Laboratoire Stress Immunité Pathogènes, UR 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (P.V.); (A.-L.B.); (J.-P.F.); (M.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 11 Allée du Morvan, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-83-15-43-96
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Azoles are the most commonly used clinical antifungal therapy and also play an important role in control of plant pathogens. Intrinsic resistance to the azole class of fungicides, which target lanosterol demethylase (CYP51), is observed in many fungal species; however, the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are unknown. In this study, 5 azole-resistant Penicillium isolates from patients attending the UK National Aspergillosis Centre that could not be morphologically identified to species level were analyzed by genome sequencing. The genomes and CYP51 paralogue structure from these isolates were compared with those of 46 representative fungal isolates to identify to species level and examine possible mechanisms of drug resistance. Analysis of CYP51 paralogues showed that azole-resistant isolates from this study (n = 2) and from public databases (n = 6) contained a new CYP51 paralogue, CYP51D, which was associated with azole resistance in 6/8 cases and never occurred in azole-sensitive species (46/46 tested). Furthermore, one isolate from this study and an azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis isolate were shown to encode a CYP51A paralogue, CYP51A2. Introduction of CYP51A2 to the closely related but azole-sensitive Aspergillus fumigatus resulted in azole resistance. The identification of novel CYP51A and CYP51D paralogues in resistant fungi and the observation that resistance to azoles can be conferred by introducing a CYP51A paralogue from a resistant species into an azole-sensitive species are a potentially important new azole resistance mechanism.
Collapse
|
18
|
McAnally C, Walters R, Campolo A, Harris V, King J, Thomas M, Gabriel MM, Shannon P, Crary M. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Contact Lens Solutions Assessed by ISO Standards. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102173. [PMID: 34683493 PMCID: PMC8540466 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis (MK) is an eye infection caused by opportunistic bacteria or fungi, which may lead to sight-threatening corneal ulcers. These microorganisms can be introduced to the eye via improper contact lens usage or hygiene, or ineffective multipurpose solutions (MPSs) to disinfect daily wear contact lenses. Thus, the patient’s choice and use of these MPSs is a known risk factor for the development of MK. It is then critical to determine the efficacy of popular MPSs against ubiquitous ocular microorganisms. Therefore, we compare the efficacy of nine major MPSs on the global market against four different microorganism species, and with four different common contact lenses. In accordance with International Standards Organization protocol 14729 and 18259, the microorganisms were inoculated into each MPS with and without contact lenses, and held for the manufacturer’s disinfection time, 24 h, and 7 days after challenge with Serratia marcescens or Fusarium spp. Plates were incubated for 2–7 days and plate counts were conducted to determine the number of surviving microorganisms. The majority of MPSs demonstrated significantly higher disinfection efficacies without contact lenses. Broadly, among the microorganisms tested, the OPTI-FREE products (Puremoist, Express, and Replenish) maintained the highest disinfection efficacies at the manufacturer’s stated disinfection time when paired with any contact lens, compared with other MPSs. These were followed closely by RevitaLens and renu Advanced. MPSs containing dual biocides polyquaternium-1 and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine possessed the highest disinfection efficacy against multiple ocular pathogens.
Collapse
|
19
|
Shin JH, Kim SH, Lee D, Lee SY, Chun S, Lee JH, Won EJ, Choi HJ, Choi HW, Kee SJ, Shin MG, Shin JH. Performance Evaluation of VITEK MS for the Identification of a Wide Spectrum of Clinically Relevant Filamentous Fungi Using a Korean Collection. Ann Lab Med 2021; 41:214-220. [PMID: 33063683 PMCID: PMC7591280 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2021.41.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct identification of filamentous fungi is challenging. We evaluated the performance of the VITEK MS v3.0 system (bioMérieux, Marcy-l’Étoile, France) for the identification of a wide spectrum of clinically relevant filamentous fungi using a Korean collection. Strains that were added to the upgraded v3.2 database were additionally identified by the VITEK MS v3.2 system. Of the 105 tested isolates, including 37 Aspergillus (nine species), 41 dermatophytes (seven species), and 27 other molds (17 species), 43 (41.0%) showed “no identification” or “multiple species identification” results at the initial VITEK MS testing; these isolates were retested using the same method. Compared with sequence-based identification, the correct identification rate using VITEK MS for Aspergillus, dermatophytes, other molds, and total mold isolates was 67.6%, 56.1%, 48.1%, and 58.1% at the initial testing and 94.6%, 78.0%, 55.6%, and 78.1% with retesting, respectively. Following retesting, 19 (18.1%) and two (1.9%) isolates showed “no identification” and “misidentification” results, respectively. VITEK MS reliably identified various filamentous fungi recovered in Korea, with a very low rate of misidentification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyeon Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Dain Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Seung Yeob Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sejong Chun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.,Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Seung Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A Unique Dual-Readout High-Throughput Screening Assay To Identify Antifungal Compounds with Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2021; 6:e0053921. [PMID: 34406854 PMCID: PMC8386399 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00539-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of invasive mold infections is limited by the lack of adequate drug options that are effective against these fatal infections. High-throughput screening of molds using traditional antifungal assays of growth is problematic and has greatly limited our ability to identify new mold-active agents. Here, we present a high-throughput screening platform for use with Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common causative agent of invasive mold infections, for the discovery of novel mold-active antifungals. This assay detects cell lysis through the release of the cytosolic enzyme adenylate kinase and, thus, is not dependent on changes in biomass or metabolism to detect antifungal activity. The ability to specifically detect cell lysis is a unique aspect of this assay that allows identification of molecules that disrupt fungal cell integrity, such as cell wall-active molecules. We also found that germinating A. fumigatus conidia release low levels of adenylate kinase and that a reduction in this background allowed us to identify molecules that inhibit conidial germination, expanding the potential for discovery of novel antifungal compounds. Here, we describe the validation of this assay and proof-of-concept pilot screens that identified a novel antifungal compound, PIK-75, that disrupts cell wall integrity. This screening assay provides a novel platform for high-throughput screens with A. fumigatus for the identification of anti-mold drugs. IMPORTANCE Fungal infections caused by molds have the highest mortality rates of human fungal infections. These devastating infections are hard to treat and available antifungal drugs are often not effective. Therefore, the identification of new antifungal drugs with mold activity is critical. Drug screening with molds is challenging and there are limited assays available to identify new antifungal compounds directly with these organisms. Here, we present an assay suitable for use for high-throughput screening with a common mold pathogen. This assay has exciting future potential for the identification of new drugs to treat these fatal infections.
Collapse
|
21
|
Khan HA, Sato Y, Kondo H, Jamal A, Bhatti MF, Suzuki N. A second capsidless hadakavirus strain with 10 positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomic segments from Fusarium nygamai. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2711-2722. [PMID: 34313859 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unique capsidless virus with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome (hadakavirus 1, HadV1), a member of the extended picorna-like supergroup, was isolated previously from the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Here, we describe the molecular and biological characterisation of a second hadakavirus strain from Fusarium nygamai, which has not been investigated in detail previously as a virus host. This virus, hadakavirus 1 strain 1NL (HadV1-1NL), has features similar to the first hadakavirus, HadV1-7n, despite having a different number of segments (10 for HadV1-1NL vs. 11 for HadV1-7n). The 10 genomic RNA segments of HadV1-1NL range in size from 0.9 kb to 2.5 kb. All HadV1-1NL segments show 67% to 86% local nucleotide sequence identity to their HadV1-7n counterparts, whereas HadV1-1NL has no homolog of HadV1-7n RNA8, which encodes a zinc-finger motif. Another interesting feature is the possible coding incapability of HadV1-1NL RNA10. HadV1-1NL was predicted to be capsidless based on the RNase A susceptibility of its replicative form dsRNA. Phenotypic comparison of multiple virus-infected and virus-free single-spore isolates indicated asymptomatic infection by HadV1-1NL. Less-efficient vertical transmission via spores was observed as the infected fungal colonies from which the spores were derived became older, as was observed for HadV1-7n. This study shows a second example of a hadakavirus that appears to have unusual features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haris Ahmed Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.,Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Atif Jamal
- Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Walther G, Zimmermann A, Theuersbacher J, Kaerger K, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Roth M, Kampik D, Geerling G, Kurzai O. Eye Infections Caused by Filamentous Fungi: Spectrum and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Prevailing Agents in Germany. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:511. [PMID: 34206899 PMCID: PMC8307352 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal eye infections can lead to loss of vision and blindness. The disease is most prevalent in the tropics, although case numbers in moderate climates are increasing as well. This study aimed to determine the dominating filamentous fungi causing eye infections in Germany and their antifungal susceptibility profiles in order to improve treatment, including cases with unidentified pathogenic fungi. As such, we studied all filamentous fungi isolated from the eye or associated materials that were sent to the NRZMyk between 2014 and 2020. All strains were molecularly identified and antifungal susceptibility testing according to the EUCAST protocol was performed for common species. In total, 242 strains of 66 species were received. Fusarium was the dominating genus, followed by Aspergillus, Purpureocillium, Alternaria, and Scedosporium. The most prevalent species in eye samples were Fusarium petroliphilum, F. keratoplasticum, and F. solani of the Fusarium solani species complex. The spectrum of species comprises less susceptible taxa for amphotericin B, natamycin, and azoles, including voriconazole. Natamycin is effective for most species but not for Aspergillus flavus or Purpureocillium spp. Some strains of F. solani show MICs higher than 16 mg/L. Our data underline the importance of species identification for correct treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grit Walther
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.K.); (M.v.L.-T.); (O.K.)
| | - Anna Zimmermann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Johanna Theuersbacher
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Kerstin Kaerger
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.K.); (M.v.L.-T.); (O.K.)
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.K.); (M.v.L.-T.); (O.K.)
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias Roth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Daniel Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.K.); (M.v.L.-T.); (O.K.)
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen Y, Miao X, Gao M, Song L. Comparison of modified corneal cross-linking with intrastromal voriconazole for the treatment of fungal corneal ulcer. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:786. [PMID: 34055085 PMCID: PMC8145909 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of modified corneal cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of fungal corneal ulcers compared with that following intrastromal voriconazole injection. In total, 31 patients with fungal corneal ulcers treated at The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command between October 2017 and October 2019 were enrolled. Among them, 10 eyes were treated with ultraviolet A (UV-A)/riboflavin CXL (CXL group), whilst 21 eyes were treated with debridement combined with intrastromal voriconazole (stromal injection group). Preoperative microbiological examination was performed in both groups, and evaluated using Fisher's exact test. Postoperatively, infection control and total efficacy rates, localized lesion, ulcer healing rate 1 week after surgery, visual acuity and complications were evaluated using Fisher's exact test, however visual acuity was analyzed by mixed-model ANOVA. The results showed that the pre-operative species distribution between the CXL and stromal injection groups did not significantly differ. The infection control rate in the CXL group was notably higher compared with that in the stromal injection group (P=0.04). Furthermore, the total efficacy rate in the CXL group was also markedly higher compared with that in the stromal injection group, though no statistically significant differences were observed. Localized lesions were observed in nine eyes (90.0%) in the CXL group and nine eyes (42.9%) in the stromal injection group (P=0.02). However, the rate of ulcer healing at 1 week postoperatively and the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) of visual acuity were not found to be significantly different between the two groups. In terms of complications, with the exception of one patient in the CXL group exhibiting loss of corneal transparency and one patient in the stromal injection group presenting with partial corneal thinning, no other forms of complications were observed. In conclusion, the present study suggested that CXL could have a beneficial impact for treating fungal corneal ulcers in the aspects of infection control, localized lesions and accelerated epithelialization. In addition, except the loss of corneal transparency, this treatment approach could be applied with reduced risks of adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Minghong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Song
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chae SY, Park HM, Oh TH, Lee JE, Lee HJ, Jeong WG, Kim YH. Fusarium species causing invasive fungal pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient: a case report. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520976475. [PMID: 33284723 PMCID: PMC7724421 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520976475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi that are rarely
associated with disease in humans. In the clinical setting, Fusarium
species are often difficult to distinguish from other fungal organisms, particularly
Aspergillus species. Invasive fungal pneumonia caused by
Fusarium species has rarely been reported, especially in
immunocompetent patients. In this study, we reported a case of invasive
Fusarium pneumonia in a previously healthy 68-year-old woman. The
disease was initially misdiagnosed as invasive Aspergillus pneumonia
because of the similarity in radiologic and histopathologic findings between these
conditions. After Fusarium was identified via microbiological analysis,
the antifungal agent was changed, and the patient recovered fully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yoon Chae
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Mi Park
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jae Lee
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Venturini TP, Rossato L, Chassot F, De Azevedo MI, Al-Hatmi AMS, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Activity of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol combined with antifungal agents against Fusarium spp. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2021.1923580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarcieli Pozzebon Venturini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francieli Chassot
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel De Azevedo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Janio Morais Santurio
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Balmas V, Fancellu F, Sanna S, Scherm B, Migheli Q, Malbrán I. Water distribution systems in Sardinian hospitals host invasive clonal lineages of the Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani species complexes. Mycologia 2021; 113:725-733. [PMID: 33989126 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1905497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several Fusarium species cause disease on human hosts, including commonly fatal infections in immunocompromised individuals. Recently, cases of hospitalized patients affected by fusaria were reported in the Tyrrhenian Island of Sardinia, Italy. To precisely characterize the Fusarium species and haplotypes present in hospitals of the region, a multilocus DNA sequence typing (MLST) approach was applied. Water distribution systems in four departments belonging to four Sardinian hospitals were sampled. Fusarium species and sequence types (STs) were identified using MLST based on sequences of the elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene, the nuclear ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer region (IGS rDNA), and/or a portion of the second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) gene. The majority of isolates obtained from Sardinian hospitals (90.7%) were identified as representatives of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), followed by those of the F. solani species complex (FSSC) (8.2%), and F. dimerum (1.1% of all isolates). Ten STs were found among the FOSC and FSSC, with more than 60% of the isolates identified as either FOSC ST 33 or FSSC 1 (F. petroliphilum). More than half of the FOSC isolates obtained from the water systems in all four hospitals belonged to the worldwide distributed clonal lineage ST 33. This haplotype is the most prevalent among the FOSC in different countries, being responsible for the vast majority of cases of human fusariosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Centro Interdipartimentale per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fancellu
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Centro Interdipartimentale per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvana Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Centro Interdipartimentale per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Centro Interdipartimentale per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.,Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione (NRD), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ismael Malbrán
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatologia (CIDEFI-CIC-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Avenida 60 y calle 119 S/N, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Foote BC, Smith JS, Bowden AC, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L. Case Report: Successful Management of Refractory Keratomycosis in an Alpaca Using Penetrating Keratoplasty and Combination Antifungal Therapy (Caspofungin 0.5% and Terbinafine 1%). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644074. [PMID: 33791355 PMCID: PMC8006453 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a common disease in certain parts of the world and affects several species, including equids, camelids, and homo sapiens, leading to blindness or loss of the eye if the infection is not adequately controlled. Reports of clinical use of antifungals caspofungin and terbinafine are limited across both veterinary and human medical literature. The alpaca presented in this case demonstrates that deep keratomycosis can be caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Fusarium verticillioides, two previously unreported fungi to cause keratomycosis in camelids. This report demonstrates successful management with a combination of surgery and topical ophthalmic treatment with caspofungin 0.5% solution and terbinafine 1% dermatologic cream, after initially failing treatment with topical voriconazole 1% solution. Combination therapy appears more effective than monotherapy with some fungal organisms, and synergy between antifungal agents is thought to play a role in the success of combination therapy. Surgery to remove the bulk of the fungal infection is especially helpful in cases that fail initial medical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braidee C Foote
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joe S Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anna Catherine Bowden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morris AJ, McKinney WP, Rogers K, Freeman JT, Roberts SA. Antifungal susceptibility of clinical mould isolates in New Zealand, 2001-2019. Pathology 2021; 53:639-644. [PMID: 33518383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to review the antifungal susceptibility of clinical mould isolates performed by the New Zealand Mycology Reference Laboratory. Isolates were either local or referred for testing from other New Zealand laboratories. All isolates were tested by the broth colorimetric microdilution method, Sensititre YeastOne (SYO). Epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs) derived from either the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method or SYO were used to determine the proportion of non-wild type (non-WT) isolates, i.e., those with an increased likelihood to harbour acquired mechanisms of resistance. A total of 614 isolates were tested. Most isolates (55%) were from the respiratory tract followed by musculoskeletal tissue (17%), eye (10%) and abdomen (5%). The azoles had similar activity except for voriconazole which was less active against the Mucorales. The echinocandins had good activity against Aspergillus spp., other hyaline moulds and dematiaceous isolates but were inactive against Fusarium spp., Lomentospora prolificans and the Mucorales. Amphotericin B had best activity against the Mucorales. The two least susceptible groups were Fusarium spp. and L. prolificans isolates. Three Aspergillus isolates were non-WT for amphotericin B, and four non-WT for azoles. Non-WT were not encountered for caspofungin. Non-Aspergillus isolates in New Zealand have susceptibility patterns similar to those reported elsewhere. In contrast to a growing number of other countries, azole resistance was rare in A. fumigatus sensu stricto. Non-WT isolates were uncommon. The results provide a baseline for monitoring emerging antifungal resistance in New Zealand and support current Australasian treatment guidelines for invasive fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Morris
- New Zealand Mycology Reference Laboratory, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Wendy P McKinney
- New Zealand Mycology Reference Laboratory, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Rogers
- New Zealand Mycology Reference Laboratory, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joshua T Freeman
- Microbiology Laboratory, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sally A Roberts
- New Zealand Mycology Reference Laboratory, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Benelli JL, Poester VR, Munhoz LS, Melo AM, Trápaga MR, Stevens DA, Xavier MO. Ebselen and diphenyl diselenide against fungal pathogens: A systematic review. Med Mycol 2021; 59:409-421. [PMID: 33421963 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are one of the most prevalent diseases in the world and there is a lack of new antifungal drug development for these diseases. We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding the in vitro antifungal activity of the organoselenium compounds ebselen (Eb) and diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2]. A systematic review was carried out based on the search for articles with data concerning Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values, indexed in international databases and published until August 2020. A total of 2337 articles were found, and, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria used, 22 articles were included in the study. Inhibitory activity against 96% (200/208) and 95% (312/328) of the pathogenic fungi tested was described for Eb and [(PhSe)2], respectively. Including in these 536 fungal isolates tested, organoselenium activity was highlighted against Candida spp., Cryptococcus ssp., Trichosporon spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., and Sporothrix spp., with MIC values lower than 64 μg/mL. In conclusion, Eb and [(PhSe)2] have a broad spectrum of in vitro inhibitory antifungal activity. These data added with other pharmacological properties of these organoselenium compounds suggest that both compounds are potential future antifungal drugs. Whether MICs toward the upper end of the ranges described here are compatible with efficacious therapy, and whether they may achieve such end as a result of the favorable non-antimicrobial effects of selenium on the host, requires more in vivo testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Louise Benelli
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívia Silveira Munhoz
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Aryse Martins Melo
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Microbiology and Parasitology Post-graduation program, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Microbiology and Parasitology Post-graduation program, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pérez-Nadales E, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Linares-Sicilia MJ, Soto-Debrán JC, Abdala E, García-Rodríguez J, Montejo M, Muñoz P, Lletí MS, Rezusta A, de Pipaón MRP, Yáñez L, Merino E, Campos-Herrero MI, Costa-Mateo JM, Fortún J, García-Lozano T, Garcia-Vidal C, Fernández-Ruiz M, Sánchez-Reus F, Castro-Méndez C, Guerrero-Lozano I, Soler-Palacín P, Aguado JM, Martínez-Martínez L, Torre-Cisneros J, Nucci M. Invasive Fusariosis in Nonneutropenic Patients, Spain, 2000-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:24-36. [PMID: 33352085 PMCID: PMC7774531 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.190782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fusariosis (IF) is associated with severe neutropenia in patients with concurrent hematologic conditions. We conducted a retrospective observational study to characterize the epidemiology of IF in 18 Spanish hospitals during 2000-2015. In that time, the frequency of IF in nonneutropenic patients increased from 0.08 cases per 100,000 admissions in 2000-2009 to 0.22 cases per 100,000 admissions in 2010-2015. Nonneutropenic IF patients often had nonhematologic conditions, such as chronic cardiac or lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, history of solid organ transplantation, or localized fusariosis. The 90-day death rate among nonneutropenic patients (28.6%) and patients with resolved neutropenia (38.1%) was similar. However, the death rate among patients with persistent neutropenia (91.3%) was significantly higher. We used a multivariate Cox regression analysis to characterize risk factors for death: persistent neutropenia was the only risk factor for death, regardless of antifungal therapy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Olorofim Susceptibility Testing of 1,423 Danish Mold Isolates Obtained in 2018-2019 Confirms Uniform and Broad-Spectrum Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01527-20. [PMID: 33020160 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01527-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Olorofim is a novel antifungal drug in phase 2 trials. It has shown promising in vitro activity against various molds, except for Mucorales. Initially, we observed a broad range of EUCAST MICs for Aspergillus fumigatus Here, we explored the MIC variability in more detail and prospectively investigated the susceptibility of contemporary clinical mold isolates, as population data are needed for future epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) settings. Fifteen A. fumigatus isolates previously found with low/medium/high MICs (≤0.002 to 0.25 mg/liter) were tested repeatedly and EUCAST MICs read in a blinded fashion by three observers. pyrE, encoding the olorofim target enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), was sequenced. A total of 1,423 mold isolates (10 Aspergillus species complexes [including 1,032 A. fumigatus isolates] and 105 other mold/dermatophyte isolates) were examined. Olorofim susceptibility (modal MIC, MIC50, MIC90, and wild-type upper limits [WT-ULs] [species complexes with ≥15 isolates]) was determined and compared to that of four comparators. MICs (mg/liter) were within two 2-fold dilutions (0.016 to 0.03) for 473/476 determinations. The MIC range spanned four dilutions (0.008 to 0.06). No significant pyrE mutations were found. Modal MIC/WT-UL97.5 (mg/liter) values were 0.03/0.06 (A. terreus and A. flavus), 0.06/0.125 (A. fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum), and 0.06/0.25 (A. niger and A. nidulans). The MIC range for Scedosporium spp. was 0.008 to 0.25. Olorofim susceptibility was similar for azole-resistant and -susceptible isolates of A. fumigatus but reduced for A. montevidensis and A. chevalieri (MICs of >1). With experience, olorofim susceptibility testing is robust. The testing of isolates from our center showed uniform and broad-spectrum activity. Single-center WT-ULs are suggested.
Collapse
|
32
|
In-vitro assessment of first-line antifungal drugs against Aspergillus spp. caused human keratomycoses. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1907-1911. [PMID: 33162353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Aspergillus keratitis are in the increasing trend and reported as the second most common cause of mycotic keratitis in developing countries. The present study was designed to isolate, identify Aspergillus spp. from the keratits/corneal ulcer patients attending a tertiary care eye hospital, Coimbatore, South India and to assess the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against ten clinically used first-line antifungal drugs. METHODS A total of seventy-three Aspergillus strains isolated from corneal scrapings were included and assessed for a period of one year. All isolates were identified up to the species level by morphological observations. Antifungal drug susceptibilities were determined against a standard panel of antifungal agents. CONCLUSIONS Five different species of aspergilli, A. flavus (n=53), A. fumigatus (n=14), A. terreus (n=9), A. tamarii (n=6) and A. niger (n=3) were identified based on morphological features. Minimum inhibitory concentration analyses indicated that, voriconazole, natamycin, itraconazole, clotrimazole, econazole followed by ketoconazole shall be the order of choices for the effective treatment for Aspergillus keratitis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cho CH, Gu WM, Lee SB. Clinical Analysis of Candida Species Keratitis: Predisposing Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment Outcomes. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2020.61.9.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
34
|
Lago K, Decker CF, Chung KK, Blyth D. Difficult to Treat Infections in the Burn Patient. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2020; 22:95-102. [PMID: 32466741 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Unusual infections can lead to complications in more severely burned patients and pose major challenges in treatment. Methods: The published literature of retrospective reviews and case series of the uncommon infections of osteomyelitis, polymicrobial bacteremia, recurrent bacteremia, endocarditis, central nervous system (CNS), and rare fungal infections in burned patients have been summarized and presented. Results: When compared with infections occurring in the non-burn population, these infections in burn patients are more likely to be because of gram-negative bacteria or fungi. Because of hyperdynamic physiology and changes in immunomodulatory response secondary to burns, the clinical presentation of these infections in a patient with major burns differs from that of the non-burn patient and may not be identified until the post-mortem examination. Some of these infections (osteomyelitis, endocarditis, CNS, rare fungal infections) may necessitate surgical intervention in addition to antimicrobial therapy to achieve cure. The presence of the burn and allograft can also present unique challenges for surgical management. Conclusions: These difficult and unusual infections in the severely burned patient necessitate an index of suspicion, appropriate diagnosis, identification and sensitivities of the putative pathogen, effective systemic antimicrobial therapy, and appropriate surgical intervention if recovery is to be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Lago
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Catherine F Decker
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin K Chung
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana Blyth
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hino Y, Muraosa Y, Oguchi M, Yahiro M, Yarita K, Watanabe A, Sakaida E, Yokote K, Kamei K. Drain outlets in patient rooms as sources for invasive fusariosis: an analysis of patients with haematological disorders. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:S0195-6701(20)30204-8. [PMID: 32360338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive fusariosis (IF) is a frequently fatal disease as there are few antifungals to treat it, making the prevention of IF crucial. However, fusarium infections have not been as thoroughly studied as other common pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus or Candida. AIM To investigate the epidemiology of IF in patients with haematological diseases in Japan and to elucidate the infectious route of fusarium infection. METHODS We retrospectively analysed 29 IF cases in patients with haematological diseases from 2009 to 2019 in Japan. To discover the infectious source of IF, we performed an indoor environment survey targeted at indoor air and drain outlets in medical institutions and residences using culture-based and metagenomic methods. Finally, we performed aerosol- and droplet-mediated dispersion studies. FINDINGS The epidemiological study showed that the primary pathogen of IF was Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), and the most common species was Fusarium petroliphilum. Most patients were likely to develop IF during hospitalization. A fusarium culture was positive in 26 of 72 drain samples. Few fusarium were detected from air samples; by contrast, 29 of 108 isolates from the drain outlets were identified as fusarium. Furthermore, similar results were obtained in the metagenomic analysis. Interestingly, species belonging to FSSC were isolated from indoor drain outlets, which was similar to those of the IF patients. In the droplet-mediated dispersion study, eight to 17 colonies of fusarium were isolated. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that causative Fusarium spp. could inhabit drain outlets in hospitals or residences, and droplet-mediated fusarium dispersion is a potential cause of IF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hino
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Haematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Haematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Muraosa
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - M Oguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Yahiro
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Yarita
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - A Watanabe
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - E Sakaida
- Department of Haematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Haematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Haematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Kamei
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Luliconazole, a highly effective imidazole, against Fusarium species complexes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:603-612. [PMID: 32253502 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Luliconazole is a new antifungal that was primarily used for the treatment of dermatophytosis. However, some studies have shown that it has excellent efficacy against Aspergillus and Candida species in vitro. The present study aimed to evaluate of luliconazole activity against some Fusarium species complex isolates. In this study, 47 isolates of Fusarium were tested against several antifungals including luliconazole. All species were identified using morphology features, and PCR sequencing and antifungal susceptibility were performed according to CLSIM38 A3 guideline. Our results revealed that luliconazole has a very low minimum inhibitory concentration value (0.0078-1 µg/ml) in comparison with other tested antifungals. Amphotericin B had a poor effect with a high MIC90 (64 µg/ml), followed by terbinafine (32 µg/ml), posaconazole (16 µg/ml), caspofungin (16 µg/ml), voriconazole (4 µg/ml), and itraconazole (4 µg/ml). Overall, our findings indicated that luliconazole has great activity against environmental and clinical Fusarium species complexes in comparison to tested antifungals.
Collapse
|
37
|
Papachristou SG, Iosifidis E, Sipsas NV, Gamaletsou MN, Walsh TJ, Roilides E. Management of osteoarticular fungal infections in the setting of immunodeficiency. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:461-474. [PMID: 32213145 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1748499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoarticular fungal infections (OAFIs) complicate the clinical course of high-risk patients, including immunosuppressed individuals. Their management, however, despite being intricate, is governed by evidence arising from sub-optimal quality research, such as case series. Guidelines are scarce and when present result in recommendations based on low quality evidence. Furthermore, the differences between the management of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients are not distinct. This is a narrative review after a literature search in PubMed, up to November 2019.Areas covered: The major fungal groups causing osteomyelitis and/or arthritis are Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi, non-Candida yeasts and endemic dimorphic fungi. Their epidemiology is briefly analyzed with emphasis on immunodeficiency and other risk factors. Management of OAFIs includes appropriate antifungal drug therapy (liposomal amphotericin B, triazoles or echinocandins), local surgery and immunotherapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Cessation of immunosuppressive drugs is also mandated.Expert opinion: Management of OAFIs includes affordable and available options and approaches. However, research on therapeutic practices is urgently required to be further improved, due to the rarity of affected patients. Evolution is expected to translate into novel antifungal drugs, less invasive and precise surgical approaches and targeted enhancement of immunoregulatory pathways in defense of challenging fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savvas G Papachristou
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elias Iosifidis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria N Gamaletsou
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pietsch C, Müller G, Mourabit S, Carnal S, Bandara K. Occurrence of Fungi and Fungal Toxins in Fish Feed During Storage. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E171. [PMID: 32164387 PMCID: PMC7150775 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periods of unfavorable storing conditions can lead to changes in the quality of fish feeds, as well as the development of relevant mycotoxins. In the present study, a commercial fish feed was stored under defined conditions for four weeks. The main findings indicate that even storing fish feeds under unsuitable conditions for a short duration leads to a deterioration in quality. Mycotoxin and fungal contamination were subsequently analyzed. These investigations confirmed that different storage conditions can influence the presence of fungi and mycotoxins on fish feed. Notably, ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in samples after warm (25 °C) and humid (>60% relative humidity) treatment. This confirms the importance of this compound as a typical contaminant of fish feed and reveals how fast this mycotoxin can be formed in fish feed during storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (G.M.); (S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Georg Müller
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (G.M.); (S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Sulayman Mourabit
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (G.M.); (S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Simon Carnal
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (G.M.); (S.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Kasun Bandara
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences & Technology, University of Ruhuna, 81000 Matara, Sri Lanka;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A Cordeiro RD, Portela FV, Pereira LM, de Andrade AR, de Sousa JK, Aguiar AL, Pergentino ML, de Sales GS, de Oliveira JS, Medrano DJ, Brilhante RS, Rocha MF, Scm Castelo-Branco DD, Sidrim JJ. Efflux pump inhibition controls growth and enhances antifungal susceptibility of Fusarium solani species complex. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:9-20. [PMID: 32043371 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the inhibition of efflux pumps by using promethazine (PMZ) as a strategy to control Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Materials & methods: The susceptibility of FSSC strains to PMZ and the interaction between PMZ and antifungals were evaluated. The efflux pump activity was confirmed by flow cytometry with rhodamine 6G. Finally, PMZ was tested against FSSC biofilms. Results: PMZ inhibited FSSC planktonic growth and showed synergism with antifungals. PMZ reduced R6G efflux and inhibited cell adhesion, impaired the development of biofilms and disrupted mature biofilms. PMZ-challenged biofilms showed increased sensitivity to amphotericin B. Conclusion: The study provides indirect evidence of the occurrence of efflux pumps in FSSC and opens a perspective for this target in the control of fusariosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana de A Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vm Portela
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mg Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana Rc de Andrade
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José K de Sousa
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana Lr Aguiar
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lm Pergentino
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gyrliane S de Sales
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas S de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Delia Ja Medrano
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Sn Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fg Rocha
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Débora de Scm Castelo-Branco
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Jc Sidrim
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Nematollahi S, Shoham S. Updates on the Treatment of Non-Aspergillus Hyaline Mold Infections. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
Treatment of Non-Aspergillus Mold Infections: a Focus on Mucormycosis and Fusariosis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
43
|
In Vitro Activity of Chlorhexidine Compared with Seven Antifungal Agents against 98 Fusarium Isolates Recovered from Fungal Keratitis Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02669-18. [PMID: 31182529 PMCID: PMC6658757 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02669-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a common but severe eye infection in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In regions with a temperate climate, the frequency of infection is rising in patients with contact lenses and following trauma. Early and adequate therapy is important to prevent disease progression and loss of vision. The management of Fusarium keratitis is complex, and the optimal treatment is not well defined. We investigated the in vitro activity of chlorhexidine and seven antifungal agents against a well-characterized collection of Fusarium isolates recovered from patients with Fusarium keratitis. The fungus culture collection of the Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ was searched for Fusarium isolates that were cultured from cornea scrapings, ocular biopsy specimens, eye swabs, and contact lens fluid containers from patients with suspected keratitis. The Fusarium isolates that were cultured from patients with confirmed keratitis were all identified using conventional and molecular techniques. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the EUCAST broth microdilution reference method. The antifungal agents tested included amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole, miconazole, natamycin, 5-fluorocytosine, and caspofungin. In addition, the activity of chlorhexidine was determined. The fungal culture collection contained 98 Fusarium isolates of confirmed fungal keratitis cases from 83 Dutch patients and 15 Tanzanian patients. The isolates were collected between 2007 and 2017. Fusarium oxysporum (n = 24, 24.5%) was the most frequently isolated species followed by Fusarium solani sensu stricto (n = 18, 18.4%) and Fusarium petroliphilum (n = 11, 11.2%). Amphotericin B showed the most favorable in vitro inhibition of Fusarium species followed by natamycin, voriconazole, and chlorhexidine, while 5-fluorocytosine, posaconazole, miconazole, and caspofungin showed no relevant inhibiting effect. However, chlorhexidine showed fungicidal activity against 90% of F. oxysporum strains and 100% of the F. solani strains. Our study supports the clinical efficacy of chlorhexidine and therefore warrants its further clinical evaluation for primary therapy of fungal keratitis, particularly in low and middle income countries where fungal keratitis is much more frequent and, currently, antifungal eye drops are often unavailable.
Collapse
|
44
|
Malisiewicz B, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P, Schöfer H. [Eumycetoma due to Fusarium chlamydosporum : Case report und review of the literature]. Hautarzt 2019; 70:612-617. [PMID: 31289888 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-4430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eumycetomas are chronic purulent infections by (mold) fungi that affect the skin and subcutaneous tissue and are associated with a granulomatous inflammatory reaction. An affection of deeper structures is possible and can lead to amputation. In most cases, the distal lower limbs are affected. The clinically similar actinomycetoma is caused by gram-positive, filamentous bacteria. Both diseases are subsumed as mycetomas and have been classified by the World Health Organization as "neglected tropical diseases". Eumycetomas are endemic in the "Trans-African Belt". Pathophysiologically, there is an inoculation of the respective, partially ubiquitous pathogens into the skin through microtrauma during barefoot walking. Characteristic criteria in histology are grains which correspond to microcolonies of the pathogen in vivo. In addition to culturing the pathogen, further molecular diagnostics should be pursued. Imaging procedures are usually necessary before major surgery. The treatment is difficult and lengthy and the use of systemic antifungals in combination with an operative approach is the first-line treatment. Itraconazole continues to be the gold standard. In refractory cases terbinafine can be used as a second-line therapy. Wearing sturdy footwear is an effective prophylaxis. Although preventable and treatable, eumycetoma, as a disease of the poor, remains endemic and is associated with considerable morbidity and socioeconomic burden. This is the first report on a eumycetoma in a patient from Sudan due to Fusarium chlamydosporum. Treatment with oral terbinafine for 1.5 years was successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Malisiewicz
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.
| | - S Uhrlaß
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Partnerschaft Prof. Pietro Nenoff & Dr. Constanze Krüger, Mölbis, Deutschland
| | - P Nenoff
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Partnerschaft Prof. Pietro Nenoff & Dr. Constanze Krüger, Mölbis, Deutschland
| | - H Schöfer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Natu KN, Tatke PA. Essential oils – prospective candidates for antifungal treatment? JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1604437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani N. Natu
- C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Mumbai, India
| | - Pratima A. Tatke
- C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Updates in Ocular Antifungal Pharmacotherapy: Formulation and Clinical Perspectives. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
47
|
Calvillo-Medina RP, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Barba-Escoto L, Bautista-Hernandez LA, Campos-Guillén J, Jones GH, Bautista-de Lucio VM. Proteome analysis of biofilm produced by a Fusarium falciforme keratitis infectious agent. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:232-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
48
|
Efficacy of Luliconazole Against Broad-Range Filamentous Fungi Including Fusarium solani Species Complex Causing Fungal Keratitis. Cornea 2019; 38:238-242. [PMID: 30422866 PMCID: PMC6343950 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fungal keratitis can be difficult to medically treat. Topical antifungals are usually applied empirically as the initial option in treating fungal keratitis. Natamycin (NAT) and/or voriconazole (VRCZ) have been widely used in the treatment of fungal keratitis. However, Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), which are the dominant species of fungal keratitis, are resistant to VRCZ. This study investigated in vitro efficacy of luliconazole (LLCZ), a new imidazole antifungal, against FSSC and other filamentous fungi. METHODS A total of 18 Fusarium isolates and 7 others were grown on potato dextrose agar at 30 and 37°C. For Fusarium, species identification and phylogenetic tree analysis were performed based on elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) DNA sequencing. The broth microdilution method was used for antifungal susceptibility testing of 11 antifungal drugs including LLCZ. RESULTS The 18 identified Fusarium isolates belonged to FSSC (n = 13), Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC; n = 2), Fusarium chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC; n = 1), Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC; n = 1), and Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC; n = 1). We further divided 13 FSSC isolates into 3 clades, FSSC5 (n = 8), FSSC3 + 4 (n = 4), and FSSC9-a (n = 1), with 8 FSSC strains growing at 37°C. LLCZ showed lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against all tested filamentous fungi, with a MIC90 against the Fusarium species of 0.06 μg/mL, whereas MIC90 for NAT and VRCZ were 4 and 8 μg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LLCZ has the strongest in vitro antifungal activity among all drugs used against broad-range filamentous fungi including FSSC. LLCZ may potentially be a new medical treatment option for fungal keratitis.
Collapse
|
49
|
Gaviria-Rivera A, Giraldo-López A, Santa-Cardona C, Cano-Restrepo L. Molecular identification of clinical isolates of Fusarium in Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 20:94-102. [PMID: 30183891 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n1.51923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying Fusarium isolates from mycosis symptomatic patients through molecular techniques as PCR and sequencing. METHODS In this study, samples were taken from 101 mycosis symptomatic patients in-between 2004-2006. To determine isolates belonging to the Fusarium genus, the DNAr 28S region was amplified through PCR and specific PCR primers further confirmed their identity to the species level. Additionally, in order to confirm the identity of the species of the isolates, 75 isolates of these were analyzed by partial sequencing of the 28S rDNA and the TEF1-α gene. RESULTS The 28S rDNA portion detected all 101 isolates as belonging to Fusarium and the PCR specific primers detected 52 and 29 isolates as F. oxysporum and F. solani, respectively; 34 and 41 of these, afterwards studied by partial sequencing of the 28S rDNA and TEF1- α genes respectively, were effectively identified by the technique. CONCLUSION From all the molecular markers used to identify Fusarium isolates, the sequence of the TEF1-α gene provided the best resolution in the identification of species level; however it is possible to discriminate between F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates by PCR, in most of the cases, what is important considering the simplicity of the technique and a faster diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Gaviria-Rivera
- AG: Ing. Agrónoma. Ph. D. Biological Sciences. Escuela de Biociencias. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Alejandra Giraldo-López
- AG: Bacterióloga. M. Sc. Biotecnología. Ph. D. Ciencias Médicas Básicas. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Luz Cano-Restrepo
- LC: Téc. Laboratorio Clínico. Lic. Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico. Ph. D. Ciencias. Escuela de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín. Grupo de Micología Médica y Experimental, CIB-UDEA-UPB. Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas. Escuela de Microbiología, UdeA. Escuela de la Salud, UPB. Medellín, Colombia. ;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ilić B, Unković N, Knežević A, Savković Ž, Ljaljević Grbić M, Vukojević J, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Lučić L. Multifaceted activity of millipede secretions: Antioxidant, antineurodegenerative, and anti-Fusarium effects of the defensive secretions of Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) and Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Diplopoda: Julida). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209999. [PMID: 30605481 PMCID: PMC6317802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the millipede order Julida rely on dominantly quinonic defensive secretions with several minor, non-quinonic components. The free radical-scavenging activities of ethanol, methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extracts of defensive secretions emitted by Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) and Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) were investigated using the ABTS, DPPH, and total reducing power (TRP) tests. The obtained extracts were also tested for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase activity. Finally, the antifungal potential of both julid extracts was evaluated against seven Fusarium species. Secretions of both species showed activity against free radicals, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and all of the selected fungal species. The secretions of P. hungaricus exhibited a more potent antioxidative effect than did those of M. unilineatum, while there were no significant differences of antiacetylcholinesterase activity between the tested extracts. Only the hexane extract of M. unilineatum showed an effect on tyrosinase activity stronger than that of P. hungaricus. Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, and F. verticillioides were the fungi most resistant to secretions of both julids. The Fusarium species most susceptible to the secretion of P. hungaricus was F. avenaceum, while the concentrations of M. unilienatum extracts needed to inhibit and completely suppress fungal growth were lowest in the case of their action on F. lateritium. Our data support previous findings that julid defensive secretions possess an antimicrobial potential and reveal their antioxidative and antineurodegenrative properties. Bearing in mind the chemical complexity of the tested defensive secretions, we presume that they can also exhibit other biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Ilić
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nikola Unković
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Knežević
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Savković
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ljaljević Grbić
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vukojević
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zvezdana Jovanović
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Makarov
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Lučić
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|