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Bharadava K, Upadhyay TK, Kaushal RS, Ahmad I, Alraey Y, Siddiqui S, Saeed M. Genomic Insight of Leishmania Parasite: In-Depth Review of Drug Resistance Mechanisms and Genetic Mutations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12500-12514. [PMID: 38524425 PMCID: PMC10955595 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, which is caused by a parasitic protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is still a major threat to global health, impacting millions of individuals worldwide in endemic areas. Chemotherapy has been the principal method for managing leishmaniasis; nevertheless, the evolution of drug resistance offers a significant obstacle to therapeutic success. Drug-resistant behavior in these parasites is a complex phenomenon including both innate and acquired mechanisms. Resistance is frequently related to changes in drug transportation, drug target alterations, and enhanced efflux of the drug from the pathogen. This review has revealed specific genetic mutations in Leishmania parasites that are associated with resistance to commonly used antileishmanial drugs such as pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine, amphotericin B, and paromomycin, resulting in changes in gene expression along with the functioning of various proteins involved in drug uptake, metabolism, and efflux. Understanding the genetic changes linked to drug resistance in Leishmania parasites is essential for creating approaches for tackling and avoiding the spread of drug-resistant variants. Based on which specific treatments focus on mutations and pathways could potentially improve treatment efficacy and help long-term leishmaniasis control. More study is needed to uncover the complete range of genetic changes generating medication resistance and to develop new therapies based on available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupanshi Bharadava
- Biophysics
& Structural Biology, Research & Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department
of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences & Research
and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Kaushal
- Biophysics
& Structural Biology, Research & Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
- Department
of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences & Research
and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Alraey
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samra Siddiqui
- Department
of Health Service Management, College of Public Health and Health
Informatics, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Adel M, Zahmatkeshan M, Akbarzadeh A, Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Keyhanvar P, Rezayat SM, Seifalian AM. Chemotherapeutic effects of Apigenin in breast cancer: Preclinical evidence and molecular mechanisms; enhanced bioavailability by nanoparticles. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 34:e00730. [PMID: 35686000 PMCID: PMC9171451 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Menezes JCJMDS, Campos VR. Natural biflavonoids as potential therapeutic agents against microbial diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145168. [PMID: 33493916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbes broadly constitute several organisms like viruses, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi present in our biosphere. Fast-paced environmental changes have influenced contact of human populations with newly identified microbes resulting in diseases that can spread quickly. These microbes can cause infections like HIV, SARS-CoV2, malaria, nosocomial Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or Candida infection for which there are no available vaccines/drugs or are less efficient to prevent or treat these infections. In the pursuit to find potential safe agents for therapy of microbial infections, natural biflavonoids like amentoflavone, tetrahydroamentoflavone, ginkgetin, bilobetin, morelloflavone, agathisflavone, hinokiflavone, Garcinia biflavones 1 (GB1), Garcinia biflavones 2 (GB2), robustaflavone, strychnobiflavone, ochnaflavone, dulcisbiflavonoid C, tetramethoxy-6,6″-bigenkwanin and other derivatives isolated from several species of plants can provide effective starting points and become a source of future drugs. These biflavonoids show activity against influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), dengue, HIV-AIDS, coxsackieviral, hepatitis, HSV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), protozoal (Leishmaniasis, Malaria) infections, bacterial and fungal infections. Some of the biflavonoids can provide antiviral and protozoal activity by inhibition of neuraminidase, chymotrypsin-like protease, DV-NS5 RNA dependant RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase (RT), fatty acid synthase, DNA polymerase, UL54 gene expression, Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation, recombinant cysteine protease type 2.8 (r-CPB2.8), Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase or cause depolarization of parasitic mitochondrial membranes. They may also provide anti-inflammatory therapeutic activity against the infection-induced cytokine storm. Considering the varied bioactivity of these biflavonoids against these organisms, their structure-activity relationships are derived and wherever possible compared with monoflavones. Overall, this review aims to highlight these natural biflavonoids and briefly discuss their sources, reported mechanism of action, pharmacological uses, and comment on resistance mechanism, flavopiridol repurposing and the bioavailability aspects to provide a starting point for anti-microbial research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C J M D S Menezes
- Section of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan.
| | - Vinícius R Campos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Amine-Linked Flavonoids as Agents Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02165-20. [PMID: 33685890 PMCID: PMC8092861 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02165-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and characterized a library of 38 novel flavonoid compounds linked with amines. Some of these amine-linked flavonoids have potent in vitro activity against parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, a tropical disease endemic in 80 countries worldwide. The most promising candidate, FM09h, was highly active with IC50 of 0.3 μM against L. amazonensis, L. tropica and L. braziliensis amastigotes. It was metabolically stable (39% and 66% of FM09h remaining after 30-minute incubation with human and rat liver microsomes respectively). In L. amazonensis LV78 cutaneous leishmaniasis mouse model, intralesional injection of FM09h (10 mg/kg, once every 4 days for 8 times) demonstrated promising effect in reducing the footpad lesion thickness by 72%, displaying an efficacy comparable to SSG (63%).
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Capela R, Moreira R, Lopes F. An Overview of Drug Resistance in Protozoal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5748. [PMID: 31731801 PMCID: PMC6888673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan diseases continue to be a worldwide social and economic health problem. Increased drug resistance, emerging cross resistance, and lack of new drugs with novel mechanisms of action significantly reduce the effectiveness of current antiprotozoal therapies. While drug resistance associated to anti-infective agents is a reality, society seems to remain unaware of its proportions and consequences. Parasites usually develops ingenious and innovative mechanisms to achieve drug resistance, which requires more research and investment to fight it. In this review, drug resistance developed by protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Capela
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (F.L.)
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Yang Z, Zheng J, Chan CF, Wong IL, Heater BS, Chow LM, Lee MM, Chan MK. Targeted delivery of antimicrobial peptide by Cry protein crystal to treat intramacrophage infection. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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de Lima Serafim V, Félix MB, Frade Silva DK, Rodrigues KADF, Andrade PN, de Almeida SMV, de Albuquerque dos Santos S, de Oliveira JF, de Lima MDCA, Mendonça-Junior FJB, Scotti MT, de Oliveira MR, de Moura RO. New thiophene-acridine compounds: Synthesis, antileishmanial activity, DNA binding, chemometric, and molecular docking studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:1141-1155. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa de Lima Serafim
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses; Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Mayara Barbalho Félix
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses; Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Daiana Karla Frade Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses; Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Klinger Antônio da Franca Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses; Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Patrícia Néris Andrade
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses; Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | | | | | - Jamerson Ferreira de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Inovação Terapêutica (LQIT); Departamento de Antibióticos; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Alves de Lima
- Laboratório de Química e Inovação Terapêutica (LQIT); Departamento de Antibióticos; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE Brazil
| | - Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
- Laboratório de Síntese e Vetorização de Moléculas; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Márcia Rosa de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses; Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
| | - Ricardo Olímpio de Moura
- Laboratório de Síntese e Vetorização de Moléculas; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas; Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - Bodocongó; Campina Grande PB Brazil
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Apigenin as neuroprotective agent: Of mice and men. Pharmacol Res 2018; 128:359-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wan Y, Fei X, Wang Z, Jiang D, Chen H, Wang M, Zhou S. Retracted - miR-423-5p knockdown enhances the sensitivity of glioma stem cells to apigenin through the mitochondrial pathway. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695526. [PMID: 28381178 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dongyi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hanchun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Synthesis and in-vitro anti-leishmanial activity of (4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)(1-(thiophen-2-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)methanone derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2016; 70:100-106. [PMID: 27939960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have reported synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of fifteen 1-(thiophen-2-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole derivatives against both promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania parasites responsible for visceral (L. donovani) and cutaneous (L. amazonensis) leishmaniasis. Among these reported analogues, compounds 7b, 7c, 7f, 7g, 7i, 7j, 7m, 7o displayed potent activity (15.55, 7.70, 7.00, 3.80, 14.10, 9.25, 3.10, 4.85μM, respectively) against L. donovani promastigotes than standard drugs miltefosine (15.70μM) and pentamidine (32.70μM) with good selectivity index. In further, in-vitro evaluation against amastigote forms, two compounds 7g (8.80μM) and 7i (7.50μM) showed significant inhibition of L. donovani amastigotes. Standard drug amphotericin B is also used as control to compare inhibition potency of compounds against both promastigote (0.24μM) and amastigote (0.05μM) forms.
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11
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Lun ZR, Wu MS, Chen YF, Wang JY, Zhou XN, Liao LF, Chen JP, Chow LMC, Chang KP. Visceral Leishmaniasis in China: an Endemic Disease under Control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:987-1004. [PMID: 26354822 PMCID: PMC4575399 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00080-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania spp. is an important vector-borne and largely zoonotic disease. In China, three epidemiological types of VL have been described: anthroponotic VL (AVL), mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-ZVL), and desert-type ZVL (DT-ZVL). These are transmitted by four different sand fly species: Phlebotomus chinensis, P. longiductus, P. wui, and P. alexandri. In 1951, a detailed survey of VL showed that it was rampant in the vast rural areas west, northwest, and north of the Yangtze River. Control programs were designed and implemented stringently by the government at all administrative levels, resulting in elimination of the disease from most areas of endemicity, except the western and northwestern regions. The control programs consisted of (i) diagnosis and chemotherapy of patients, (ii) identification, isolation, and disposal of infected dogs, and (iii) residual insecticide indoor spraying for vector control. The success of the control programs is attributable to massive and effective mobilization of the general public and health workers to the cause. Nationally, the annual incidence is now very low, i.e., only 0.03/100,000 according to the available 2011 official record. The overwhelming majority of cases are reported from sites of endemicity in the western and northwestern regions. Here, we describe in some depth and breadth the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease, with particular reference to the control programs. Pertinent information has been assembled from scattered literature of the past decades in different languages that are not readily accessible to the scientific community. The information provided constitutes an integral part of our knowledge on leishmaniasis in the global context and will be of special value to those interested in control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Shui Wu
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fu Chen
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yun Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Fu Liao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang and Research Center for Laboratory Animals of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Larry M C Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwang Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Yan CSW, Wong ILK, Chan KF, Kan JWY, Chong TC, Law MC, Zhao Y, Chan SW, Chan TH, Chow LMC. A New Class of Safe, Potent, and Specific P-gp Modulator: Flavonoid Dimer FD18 Reverses P-gp-Mediated Multidrug Resistance in Human Breast Xenograft in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3507-17. [PMID: 26291333 DOI: 10.1021/mp500770e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid dimer FD18 is a new class of dimeric P-gp modulator that can reverse cancer drug resistance. FD18 is a potent (EC50 = 148 nM for paclitaxel), safe (selective index = 574), and selective P-glycoprotein (P-gp) modulator. FD18 can modulate multidrug resistance toward paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and mitoxantrone in human breast cancer LCC6MDR in vitro. FD18 (1 μM) can revert chemosensitivity of LCC6MDR back to parental LCC6 level. FD18 was 11- to 46-fold more potent than verapamil. FD18 (1 μM) can increase accumulation of doxorubicin by 2.7-fold, daunorubicin (2.1-fold), and rhodamine 123 (5.2-fold) in LCC6MDR. FD18 inhibited P-gp-mediated doxorubicin efflux and has no effect on influx. FD18 at 1 μM did not affect the protein expression level of P-gp. Pharmacokinetics studies indicated that intraperitoneal administration of 45 mg/kg FD18 was enough to maintain a plasma level above EC50 (148 nM) for more than 600 min. Toxicity studies with FD18 (90 mg/kg, i.p. for 12 times in 22 days) with paclitaxel (12 mg/kg, i.v. for 12 times in 22 days) revealed no obvious toxicity or death in mice. In vivo efficacy studies indicated that FD18 (45 mg/kg, i.p. for 12 times in 22 days) together with paclitaxel (12 mg/kg, i.v. for 12 times in 22 days) resulted in a 46% reduction in LCC6MDR xenograft volume (n = 11; 648 ± 84 mm(3)) compared to paclitaxel control (n = 8; 1201 ± 118 mm(3)). There were no animal deaths or significant drop in body weight and vital organ wet weight. FD18 can increase paclitaxel accumulation in LCC6MDR xenograft by 1.8- to 2.2-fold. The present study suggests that FD18 represents a new class of safe and potent P-gp modulator in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S W Yan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris L K Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin-Fai Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason W Y Kan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Cheung Chong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Chun Law
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunzhe Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shun Wan Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Larry M C Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chen J, Chen J, Li Z, Liu C, Yin L. The apoptotic effect of apigenin on human gastric carcinoma cells through mitochondrial signal pathway. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7719-26. [PMID: 24805829 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the apoptotic function of apigenin on the gastric cancer cells and the related mechanism. The gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27 and SGC-7901, and normal gastric epithelial cell line GES1 were treated with different concentrations of apigenin. Cell proliferation was tested. Morphological changes of the apoptotic cells were observed after Hoechst33342 staining. The apoptosis rate of the gastric cancer cells were measured with flow cytometry. Changes of the cell cycle were explored. The mitochondrial membrane potential changes were analyzed after JC-1 staining. Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases-3 expression with apigenin treatment was analyzed by real-time PCR. Cell proliferation of HGC-27 and SGC-7901 was inhibited by apigenin, and the inhibition was dose-time-dependent. Gastric carcinoma cells treated by apigenin had no obvious cell cycle arrest, but were observed with the higher apoptosis rate and the typical apoptotic morphological changes of the cell nucleus. JC-1 staining showed that apigenin could reduce mitochondrial membrane potential of gastric carcinoma cells. Real-time PCR results showed that apigenin significantly increased caspase-3 and Bax expression level, and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner in gastric carcinoma cells. However, the GES1 was almost not affected by apigenin treatment. Apigenin can inhibit cell lines HGC-27 and SGC-7901 proliferation in a time and dose-dependent manner, reduce anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 levels, enhance apoptosis-promoting protein Bax level, result in mitochondrial membrane potential decreasing and caspase-3 enzyme activating, then lead to cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
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14
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In vitro and in vivo efficacy of novel flavonoid dimers against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3379-88. [PMID: 24687505 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02425-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of leishmaniasis by chemotherapy remains a challenge because of limited efficacy, toxic side effects, and drug resistance. We previously reported that synthetic flavonoid dimers have potent antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Here, we further investigate their leishmanicidal activities against cutaneous Leishmania species. One of the flavonoid dimers (compound 39) has marked antipromastigote (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s], 0.19 to 0.69 μM) and antiamastigote (IC50s, 0.17 to 2.2 μM) activities toward different species of Leishmania that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, including Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania tropica, and Leishmania major. Compound 39 is not toxic to peritoneal elicited macrophages, with IC50 values higher than 88 μM. In the mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis induced by subcutaneous inoculation of L. amazonensis in mouse footpads, intralesional administration of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight of compound 39.HCl can reduce footpad thickness by 36%, compared with that of controls values. The amastigote load in the lesions was reduced 20-fold. The present study suggests that flavonoid dimer 39 represents a new class of safe and effective leishmanicidal agent against visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Wong ILK, Chan KF, Chan TH, Chow LMC. Flavonoid dimers as novel, potent antileishmanial agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8891-902. [PMID: 22989363 DOI: 10.1021/jm301172v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study found that synthetic flavonoid dimers with either polyethylene glycol linker or amino ethyleneglycol linker have marked leishmanicidal activity. Compound 39 showed very consistent and promising leishmanicidal activity for both extracellular promastigotes (IC₅₀ ranging from 0.13 to 0.21 μM) and intracellular amastigotes (IC₅₀ = 0.63 μM) irrespective of the drug-sensitivity of parasites. Moreover, compound 39 displayed no toxicity toward macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (IC₅₀ > 100 μM) and primary mouse peritoneal elicited macrophages (IC₅₀ > 88 μM). Its high value of therapeutic index (>140) was better than other highly potent antileishmanials such as amphotericin B (therapeutic index = 119). Compound 39 is therefore a new, safe, and effective antileishmanial candidate compound which is even effective against drug-refractory parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris L K Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chan KF, Wong ILK, Kan JWY, Yan CSW, Chow LMC, Chan TH. Amine Linked Flavonoid Dimers as Modulators for P-Glycoprotein-Based Multidrug Resistance: Structure–Activity Relationship and Mechanism of Modulation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1999-2014. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Fai Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key
Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine
and Molecular Pharmacology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Iris L. K. Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key
Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine
and Molecular Pharmacology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason W. Y. Kan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key
Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine
and Molecular Pharmacology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Clare S. W. Yan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key
Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine
and Molecular Pharmacology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Larry M. C. Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key
Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine
and Molecular Pharmacology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key
Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine
and Molecular Pharmacology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
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Abstract
The ABC (ATP-binding cassette) protein superfamily is a ubiquitous and functionally versatile family of proteins that is conserved from archaea to humans. In eukaryotes, most of these proteins are implicated in the transport of a variety of molecules across cellular membranes, whereas the remaining ones are involved in biological processes unrelated to transport. The biological functions of several ABC proteins have been described in clinically important parasites and nematode worms and include vesicular trafficking, phospholipid movement, translation and drug resistance. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the role of ABC proteins in drug resistance and treatment failure in apicomplexan, trypanosomatid and amitochondriate parasites of medical relevance as well as in helminths.
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Chemosensitization of Trypanosoma congolense strains resistant to isometamidium chloride by tetracyclines and enrofloxacin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e828. [PMID: 20927189 PMCID: PMC2946901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the development of resistance in trypanosomes to trypanocidal drugs, the livelihood of millions of livestock keepers in sub-Saharan Africa is threatened now more than ever. The existing compounds have become virtually useless and pharmaceutical companies are not keen on investing in the development of new trypanocides. We may have found a breakthrough in the treatment of resistant trypanosomal infections, through the combination of the trypanocide isometamidium chloride (ISM) with two affordable veterinary antibiotics. Methodology/Principal Findings In a first experiment, groups of mice were inoculated with Trypanosoma congolense strains resistant to ISM and either left untreated or treated with (i) tetracycline, (ii) ISM or (iii) the combination of the antibiotic and the trypanocide. Survival analysis showed that there was a significant effect of treatment and resistance to treatment on the survival time. The groups treated with ISM (with or without antibiotic) survived significantly longer than the groups that were not treated with ISM (P<0.01). The group treated with the combination trypanocide/antibiotic survived significantly longer than the group treated with ISM (P<0.01). In a second experiment, groups of cattle were inoculated with the same resistant trypanosome strain and treated with (i) ISM, (ii) ISM associated with oxytetracycline or (iii) ISM associated with enrofloxacine. All animals treated with ISM became parasitaemic. In the groups treated with ISM-oxytetracycline and ISM-enrofloxacine, 50% of the animals were cured. Animals from the groups treated with a combination trypanocide/antibiotic presented a significantly longer prepatent period than animals treated with ISM (p<0.001). The impact of the disease on the haematocrit was low in all ISM treated groups. Yet, it was lower in the groups treated with the combination trypanocide/antibiotic (p<0.01). Conclusions/Significance After optimization of the administration protocol, this new therapeutic combination could constitute a promising treatment for livestock infected with drug resistant T. congolense. African Animal Trypanosomiasis causes the death of 3 million head of cattle each year. The annual economic losses as a result of the disease are estimated to be 4.5 billion US dollars. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies and can infect a wide range of hosts from wildlife to domestic animals. This study is dealing with Trypanosoma congolense, which is one of the very prevalent parasites affecting livestock of poor African rural communities, decreasing the milk and meat production but also reducing the fitness of cattle that is used as draught power. Infected animals can only be treated by three compounds, i.e., diminazene, isometamidium and ethidium. These three products have been in use for more than a half century and it is thus not surprising to observe treatment failures. In some areas, the trypanosomes circulating have developed resistance to the three drugs leaving the farmers with no further options. As pharmaceutical companies are not keen on investing efforts and money in the development of new veterinary drugs for this low-budget market, our idea was to render an old ineffective drug effective again by combining it with existing potentiating compounds that are available and affordable for the livestock keeper.
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Zhang PY, Wong ILK, Yan CSW, Zhang XY, Jiang T, Chow LMC, Wan SB. Design and Syntheses of Permethyl Ningalin B Analogues: Potent Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Reversal Agents of Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5108-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Iris L. K. Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Clare S. W. Yan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Larry M. C. Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng Biao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Wong ILK, Chan KF, Tsang KH, Lam CY, Zhao Y, Chan TH, Chow LMC. Modulation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1)-Mediated Multidrug Resistance by Bivalent Apigenin Homodimers and Their Derivatives. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5311-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900194w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris L. K. Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kin-Fai Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka Hing Tsang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi Yin Lam
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yunzhe Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Larry Ming Cheung Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China
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