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Ullah Nayan M, Sillman B, Hasan M, Deodhar S, Das S, Sultana A, Thai Hoang Le N, Soriano V, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE. Advances in long-acting slow effective release antiretroviral therapies for treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115009. [PMID: 37451501 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Adherence to daily oral antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a barrier to both treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To overcome limitations of life-long daily regimen adherence, long-acting (LA) injectable antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, nanoformulations, implants, vaginal rings, microarray patches, and ultra-long-acting (ULA) prodrugs are now available or in development. These medicines enable persons who are or at risk for HIV infection to be treated with simplified ART regimens. First-generation LA cabotegravir, rilpivirine, and lenacapavir injectables and a dapivirine vaginal ring are now in use. However, each remains limited by existing dosing intervals, ease of administration, or difficulties in finding drug partners. ULA ART regimens provide an answer, but to date, such next-generation formulations remain in development. Establishing the niche will require affirmation of extended dosing, improved access, reduced injection volumes, improved pharmacokinetic profiles, selections of combination treatments, and synchronization of healthcare support. Based on such needs, this review highlights recent pharmacological advances and a future treatment perspective. While first-generation LA ARTs are available for HIV care, they remain far from ideal in meeting patient needs. ULA medicines, now in advanced preclinical development, may close gaps toward broader usage and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ullah Nayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Suyash Deodhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Ashrafi Sultana
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Nam Thai Hoang Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | | | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
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Ndashimye E, Reyes PS, Arts EJ. New antiretroviral inhibitors and HIV-1 drug resistance: more focus on 90% HIV-1 isolates? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuac040. [PMID: 36130204 PMCID: PMC9841967 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined HIV antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been effective except if drug resistance emerges. As cART has been rolled out in low-income countries, drug resistance has emerged at higher rates than observed in high income countries due to factors including initial use of these less tolerated cART regimens, intermittent disruptions in drug supply, and insufficient treatment monitoring. These socioeconomic factors impacting drug resistance are compounded by viral mechanistic differences by divergent HIV-1 non-B subtypes compared to HIV-1 subtype B that largely infects the high-income countries (just 10% of 37 million infected). This review compares the inhibition and resistance of diverse HIV-1 subtypes and strains to the various approved drugs as well as novel inhibitors in clinical trials. Initial sequence variations and differences in replicative fitness between HIV-1 subtypes pushes strains through different fitness landscapes to escape from drug selective pressure. The discussions here provide insight to patient care givers and policy makers on how best to use currently approved ART options and reduce the emergence of drug resistance in ∼33 million individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype A, C, D, G, and recombinants forms. Unfortunately, over 98% of the literature on cART resistance relates to HIV-1 subtype B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ndashimye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, -Center for AIDS Research Laboratories, 256, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul S Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Dick A, Meuser ME, Cocklin S. Clade-Specific Alterations within the HIV-1 Capsid Protein with Implications for Nuclear Translocation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050695. [PMID: 35625621 PMCID: PMC9138599 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. However, all inhibitor designs and structural analyses for this essential HIV-1 protein have focused on the clade B HIV-1 (NL4-3) variant. This study creates, overproduces, purifies, and characterizes the CA proteins from clade A1, A2, B, C, and D isolates. These new CA constructs represent novel reagents that can be used in future CA-targeted inhibitor design and to investigate CA proteins’ structural and biochemical properties from genetically diverse HIV-1 subtypes. Moreover, we used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrometry and computational modeling to examine inter-clade differences in CA assembly and binding of PF-74, CPSF-6, and NUP-153. Interestingly, we found that HIV-1 CA from clade A1 does not bind to NUP-153, suggesting that the import of CA core structures through the nuclear pore complex may be altered for viruses from this clade. Overall, we have demonstrated that in silico generated models of the HIV-1 CA protein from clades other than the prototypically used clade B have utility in understanding and predicting biology and antiviral drug design and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexej Dick
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (S.C.); Tel.: +1-215-762-7234 (A.D. & S.C.); Fax: +1-215-762-4452 (A.D. & S.C.)
| | | | - Simon Cocklin
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (S.C.); Tel.: +1-215-762-7234 (A.D. & S.C.); Fax: +1-215-762-4452 (A.D. & S.C.)
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McFadden WM, Snyder AA, Kirby KA, Tedbury PR, Raj M, Wang Z, Sarafianos SG. Rotten to the core: antivirals targeting the HIV-1 capsid core. Retrovirology 2021; 18:41. [PMID: 34937567 PMCID: PMC8693499 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid core of HIV-1 is a large macromolecular assembly that surrounds the viral genome and is an essential component of the infectious virus. In addition to its multiple roles throughout the viral life cycle, the capsid interacts with multiple host factors. Owing to its indispensable nature, the HIV-1 capsid has been the target of numerous antiretrovirals, though most capsid-targeting molecules have not had clinical success until recently. Lenacapavir, a long-acting drug that targets the HIV-1 capsid, is currently undergoing phase 2/3 clinical trials, making it the most successful capsid inhibitor to-date. In this review, we detail the role of the HIV-1 capsid protein in the virus life cycle, categorize antiviral compounds based on their targeting of five sites within the HIV-1 capsid, and discuss their molecular interactions and mechanisms of action. The diverse range of inhibition mechanisms provides insight into possible new strategies for designing novel HIV-1 drugs and furthers our understanding of HIV-1 biology. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- William M McFadden
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alexa A Snyder
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karen A Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Philip R Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Sornsuwan K, Thongkhum W, Pamonsupornwichit T, Carraway TS, Soponpong S, Sakkhachornphop S, Tayapiwatana C, Yasamut U. Performance of Affinity-Improved DARPin Targeting HIV Capsid Domain in Interference of Viral Progeny Production. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101437. [PMID: 34680070 PMCID: PMC8533564 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, a designed ankyrin repeat protein, AnkGAG1D4, was generated for intracellular targeting of the HIV-1 capsid domain. The efficiency was satisfactory in interfering with the HIV assembly process. Consequently, improved AnkGAG1D4 binding affinity was introduced by substituting tyrosine (Y) for serine (S) at position 45. However, the intracellular anti-HIV-1 activity of AnkGAG1D4-S45Y has not yet been validated. In this study, the performance of AnkGAG1D4 and AnkGAG1D4-S45Y in inhibiting wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-1 maturation inhibitor-resistant replication in SupT1 cells was evaluated. HIV-1 p24 and viral load assays were used to verify the biological activity of AnkGAG1D4 and AnkGAG1D4-S45Y as assembly inhibitors. In addition, retardation of syncytium formation in infected SupT1 cells was observed. Of note, the defense mechanism of both ankyrins did not induce the mutation of target amino acids in the capsid domain. The present data show that the potency of AnkGAG1D4-S45Y was superior to AnkGAG1D4 in interrupting either HIV-1 wild-type or the HIV maturation inhibitor-resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Sornsuwan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Weeraya Thongkhum
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanathat Pamonsupornwichit
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tanawan Samleerat Carraway
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Suthinee Soponpong
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Umpa Yasamut
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Marcelin AG, Charpentier C, Jary A, Perrier M, Margot N, Callebaut C, Calvez V, Descamps D. Frequency of capsid substitutions associated with GS-6207 in vitro resistance in HIV-1 from antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1588-1590. [PMID: 32154864 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GS-6207 is a first-in-class HIV capsid inhibitor, targeting several functions of the HIV capsid in the viral cycle, including viral particle assembly, capsid formation and nuclear entry. GS-6207 has demonstrated picomolar potency in vitro, activity confirmed by high potency in a Phase 1 clinical study, with a long-acting antiretroviral profile with potential dosing every 6 months. In vitro resistance selections previously conducted with increasing doses of GS-6207 have identified capsid variants with reduced susceptibility to GS-6207. OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence of capsid mutations associated with in vitro resistance to GS-6207 in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS Plasma samples from ART-naive or -experienced PLWH, including PI-experienced people, were sequenced and analysed for the presence of capsid variants identified during in vitro resistance selection: L56I, M66I, Q67H, K70N, N74D, N74S and T107N. RESULTS Among the samples from the 1500 patients studied, none of the seven GS-6207 resistance mutations identified during in vitro selection experiments was detected, regardless of HIV subtype or PLWH treatment history. CONCLUSIONS Out of the seven HIV capsid substitutions previously selected in vitro and shown to confer phenotypic resistance to GS-6207, none of these seven mutations was observed in this large dataset, suggesting that neither PLWH with previous PI failure nor PLWH with emergence of PI resistance mutations are anticipated to impact GS-6207 activity in these diverse HIV-infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, F75013 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR1137, INSERM, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Aude Jary
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, F75013 Paris, France
| | - Marine Perrier
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR1137, INSERM, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, F75013 Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR1137, INSERM, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Rasool N, Hussain W. Three Major Phosphoacceptor Sites in HIV-1 Capsid Protein Enhances its Structural Stability and Resistance Against the Inhibitor: Explication Through Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Molecular Docking and DFT Analysis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:41-54. [PMID: 31838993 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666191213142223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) is a lentivirus, which causes various HIV-associated infections. The HIV-1 core dissociation is essential for viral cDNA synthesis and phosphorylation of HIV-1 capsid protein (HIV-1 CA) plays an important role in it. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explicate the role of three phosphoserine sites i.e. Ser109, Ser149 and Ser178 in the structural stability of HIV-1 CA, and it's binding with GS-CA1, a novel potent inhibitor. METHODS Eight complexes were analyzed and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to observe the stability of HIV-1 CA in the presence and absence of phosphorylation of serine residues at four different temperatures i.e. 300K, 325K, 340K and 350K, along with molecular docking and DFT analysis. RESULTS The structures showed maximum stability in the presence of phosphorylated serine residue. However, GS-CA1 docked most strongly with the native structure of HIV-1 CA i.e. binding affinity was -8.5 kcal/mol (Ki = 0.579 µM). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the phosphorylation of these three serine residues weakens the binding of GS-CA1 with CA and casts derogatory effect on inhibition potential of this inhibitor, but it supports the stability of HIV-1 CA structure that can enhance regulation and replication of HIV-1 in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouman Rasool
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Hussain
- National Center of Artificial Intelligence, Punjab University College of Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Flexner C, Owen A, Siccardi M, Swindells S. Long-acting drugs and formulations for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 57:106220. [PMID: 33166693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting and extended-release formulations represent one of the most important approaches to improving the treatment and prevention of chronic HIV infection. Long-acting small molecules and monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated potent anti-HIV activity in early- and late-stage clinical trials. Strategies to manage toxicity and falling drug concentrations after missed doses, as well as primary and secondary resistance to current drugs and monoclonal antibodies are important considerations. Long-acting injectable nanoformulations of the integrase inhibitor cabotegravir and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine were safe, well tolerated and efficacious in large randomised phase 3 studies. Regulatory approval for this two-drug combination for HIV maintenance therapy was granted in Canada in 2020 and is expected in the USA during 2021. 4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (islatravir) is a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in clinical development as a long-acting oral drug and as a long-acting subcutaneous polymer implant. GS-6207 is a novel HIV capsid inhibitor that is injected subcutaneously every 3 months. Broadly-neutralising monoclonal antibodies have potent antiviral activity in early human trials, however there is substantial baseline resistance and rapid development of resistance to these antibodies if used as monotherapy. Limitations of these antiretroviral approaches include management of toxicities and prevention of drug resistance when these drugs are discontinued and drug concentrations are slowly reduced over time. These approaches appear to be especially attractive for patients complaining of pill fatigue and for those experiencing HIV-associated stigma. As these formulations are shown to be safe, well tolerated and economical, they are likely to gain broader appeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Flexner
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Osler 525, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-5554, USA.
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence in Long Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence in Long Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Feng LS, Zheng MJ, Zhao F, Liu D. 1,2,3-Triazole hybrids with anti-HIV-1 activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000163. [PMID: 32960467 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the major etiological agent responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is a serious infectious disease and remains one of the most prevalent problems at present. Currently, combined antiretroviral therapy is the primary modality for the treatment and management of HIV/AIDS, but the long-term use can result in major drawbacks such as the development of multidrug-resistant viruses and multiple side effects. 1,2,3-Triazole is the common framework in the development of new drugs, and its derivatives have the potential to inhibit various HIV-1 enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, consequently possessing a potential anti-HIV-1 activity. This review covers the recent advances regarding the 1,2,3-triazole hybrids with potential anti-HIV-1 activity; it focuses on the chemical structures, structure-activity relationship, and mechanisms of action, covering articles published from 2010 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duan Liu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
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Medicinal chemistry strategies of targeting HIV-1 capsid protein for antiviral treatment. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1281-1284. [PMID: 32483985 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Clinical targeting of HIV capsid protein with a long-acting small molecule. Nature 2020; 584:614-618. [PMID: 32612233 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral antiretroviral agents provide life-saving treatments for millions of people living with HIV, and can prevent new infections via pre-exposure prophylaxis1-5. However, some people living with HIV who are heavily treatment-experienced have limited or no treatment options, owing to multidrug resistance6. In addition, suboptimal adherence to oral daily regimens can negatively affect the outcome of treatment-which contributes to virologic failure, resistance generation and viral transmission-as well as of pre-exposure prophylaxis, leading to new infections1,2,4,7-9. Long-acting agents from new antiretroviral classes can provide much-needed treatment options for people living with HIV who are heavily treatment-experienced, and additionally can improve adherence10. Here we describe GS-6207, a small molecule that disrupts the functions of HIV capsid protein and is amenable to long-acting therapy owing to its high potency, low in vivo systemic clearance and slow release kinetics from the subcutaneous injection site. Drawing on X-ray crystallographic information, we designed GS-6207 to bind tightly at a conserved interface between capsid protein monomers, where it interferes with capsid-protein-mediated interactions between proteins that are essential for multiple phases of the viral replication cycle. GS-6207 exhibits antiviral activity at picomolar concentrations against all subtypes of HIV-1 that we tested, and shows high synergy and no cross-resistance with approved antiretroviral drugs. In phase-1 clinical studies, monotherapy with a single subcutaneous dose of GS-6207 (450 mg) resulted in a mean log10-transformed reduction of plasma viral load of 2.2 after 9 days, and showed sustained plasma exposure at antivirally active concentrations for more than 6 months. These results provide clinical validation for therapies that target the functions of HIV capsid protein, and demonstrate the potential of GS-6207 as a long-acting agent to treat or prevent infection with HIV.
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12
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Sun L, Dick A, Meuser ME, Huang T, Zalloum WA, Chen CH, Cherukupalli S, Xu S, Ding X, Gao P, Kang D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Cocklin S, Lee KH, Liu X, Zhan P. Design, Synthesis, and Mechanism Study of Benzenesulfonamide-Containing Phenylalanine Derivatives as Novel HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors with Improved Antiviral Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4790-4810. [PMID: 32298111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 CA protein has gained remarkable attention as a promising therapeutic target for the development of new antivirals, due to its pivotal roles in HIV-1 replication (structural and regulatory). Herein, we report the design and synthesis of three series of benzenesulfonamide-containing phenylalanine derivatives obtained by further structural modifications of PF-74 to aid in the discovery of more potent and drug-like HIV-1 CA inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship studies of these compounds led to the identification of new phenylalanine derivatives with a piperazinone moiety, represented by compound 11l, which exhibited anti-HIV-1NL4-3 activity 5.78-fold better than PF-74. Interestingly, 11l also showed anti-HIV-2ROD activity (EC50 = 31 nM), with almost 120 times increased potency over PF-74. However, due to the higher significance of HIV-1 as compared to HIV-2 for the human population, this manuscript focuses on the mechanism of action of our compounds in the context of HIV-1. SPR studies on representative compounds confirmed CA as the binding target. The action stage determination assay demonstrated that these inhibitors exhibited antiviral activities with a dual-stage inhibition profile. The early-stage inhibitory activity of compound 11l was 6.25 times more potent as compared to PF-74 but appeared to work via the accelerating capsid core assembly rather than stabilization. However, the mechanism by which they exert their antiviral activity in the late stage appears to be the same as PF-74 with less infectious HIV-1 virions produced in their presence, as judged p24 content studies. MD simulations provided the key rationale for the promising antiviral potency of 11l. Additionally, 11l exhibited a modest increase in HLM and human plasma metabolic stabilities as compared to PF-74, as well as a moderately improved pharmacokinetic profile, favorable oral bioavailability, and no acute toxicity. These studies provide insights and serve as a starting point for subsequent medicinal chemistry efforts in optimizing these promising HIV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Megan E Meuser
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, P.O Box 2882, Amman 11821, Jordan
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Box 2926, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has had dramatic effects on morbidity and mortality for persons living with HIV (PLWH). Despite significant progress in treatment efficacy, tolerability, and reducing pill burden, new agents are needed to address issues of resistance, drug-drug interactions, end organ disease, and adherence. This review covers novel ART agents recently approved or in development. RECENT FINDINGS Capsid inhibitors (CAI) demonstrate high potency and potential for extended-duration dosing in pre-clinical trials. While previous maturation inhibitors (MI) were hampered by issues of drug resistance, a recent phase IIa trial for a second-generation MI demonstrated promising antiviral activity. A phase I trial to evaluate a transdermal implant of islatravir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI), maintained concentrations above the target pharmacokinetic threshold at 12 weeks. The attachment inhibitor fostemsavir is available in the USA for compassionate use in multi-drug-resistant (MDR) HIV. New antiretroviral agents show promise for both extended-duration dosing and MDR HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Cambou
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Raphael J Landovitz
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Center for Clinical AIDS Research & Education (CARE), Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Sun L, Huang T, Dick A, Meuser ME, Zalloum WA, Chen CH, Ding X, Gao P, Cocklin S, Lee KH, Zhan P, Liu X. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole phenylalanine derivatives as novel HIV-1 capsid inhibitors with promising antiviral activities. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112085. [PMID: 32066010 PMCID: PMC7053825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 CA is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle, performing essential roles in both early (uncoating, reverse transcription, nuclear import, integration) and late events (assembly). Recent efforts have demonstrated HIV-1 CA protein as a prospective therapeutic target for the development of new antivirals. The most extensively studied CA inhibitor, PF-3450074 (PF-74, discovered by Pfizer), that targets an inter-protomer pocket within the CA hexamer. Herein we reported the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of 4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole phenylalanine derivatives as HIV-1 CA inhibitors based on PF-74 scaffold. Most of the analogues demonstrated potent antiviral activities, among them, the anti-HIV-1 activity of 6a-9 (EC50 = 3.13 μM) is particularly prominent. The SPR binding assay of selected compounds (6a-9, 6a-10, 5b) suggested direct and effective interaction with recombinant CA proteins. The mechanism of action studies also demonstrated that 6a-9 displays the effects in both the early and late stages of HIV-1 replication. To explore the potential binding mode of the here presented analogues, 6a-9 was analyzed by MD simulation to predict its binding to the active site of HIV-1 CA monomer. In conclusion, this novel series of antivirals can serve as a starting point for the development of a new generation of HIV-1 treatment regimen and highlights the potentiality of CA as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan E Meuser
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, P.O Box 2882, Amman, 11821, Jordan
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
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15
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Cevik M, Orkin C. Insights into HIV-1 capsid inhibitors in preclinical and early clinical development as antiretroviral agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:1021-1024. [PMID: 31738620 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1692811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muge Cevik
- Infection and Global Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Chloe Orkin
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Royal London Hospital,Ambrose King Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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16
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McArthur C, Gallazzi F, Quinn TP, Singh K. HIV Capsid Inhibitors Beyond PF74. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7040056. [PMID: 31671622 PMCID: PMC6956309 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid plays important roles at multiple stages of viral replication. At the initial stages, controlled uncoating (disassembly) of the capsid ensures efficient reverse transcription of the single-stranded RNA genome, into the double-stranded DNA. Whereas at later stages, a proper assembly of capsid ensures the formation of a mature infectious virus particle. Hence, the inhibition of capsid assembly and/or disassembly has been recognized as a potential therapeutic strategy, and several capsid inhibitors have been reported. Of these, PF-3450074 (PF74) has been extensively studied. Recently reported GS-CA inhibitors (GS-CA1 and GS-6207), have shown a strong potential and appear to contain a PF74 scaffold. The location of resistance mutations and the results of structural studies further suggest that GS-CA compounds and PF74 share the same binding pocket, which is located between capsid monomers. Additionally, phenylalanine derivatives containing the PF74 scaffold show slightly enhanced capsid inhibiting activity. A comparison of capsid structures in complex with host factors and PF74, reveals the presence of common chemical entities at topologically equivalent positions. Here we present the status of capsid inhibitors that contain PF74 scaffolds and propose that the PF74 scaffold may be used to develop strong and safe capsid inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole McArthur
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO 64108, USA.
- Kansas City School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO 64108, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Truman Medical Center, Kansas, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Fabio Gallazzi
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Kamal Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Ganser-Pornillos BK, Pornillos O. Restriction of HIV-1 and other retroviruses by TRIM5. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:546-556. [PMID: 31312031 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune proteins - known as restriction factors - which defend against invading retroviruses such as HIV-1. Two members of the tripartite motif protein family - TRIM5α and TRIMCyp - were identified in 2004 as restriction factors that recognize and inactivate the capsid shell that surrounds and protects the incoming retroviral core. Research on these TRIM5 proteins has uncovered a novel mode of non-self recognition that protects against cross-species transmission of retroviruses. Our developing understanding of the mechanism of TRIM5 restriction underscores the concept that core uncoating and reverse transcription of the viral genome are coordinated processes rather than discrete steps of the post-entry pathway of retrovirus replication. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanism of TRIM5-mediated restriction, highlight recent advances and discuss implications for the development of capsid-targeted antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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18
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Zhang DW, Luo RH, Xu L, Yang LM, Xu XS, Bedwell GJ, Engelman AN, Zheng YT, Chang S. A HTRF based competitive binding assay for screening specific inhibitors of HIV-1 capsid assembly targeting the C-Terminal domain of capsid. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104544. [PMID: 31254557 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to its multifaceted essential roles in virus replication and extreme genetic fragility, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein is a valued therapeutic target. However, CA is as yet unexploited clinically, as there are no antiviral agents that target it currently on the market. To facilitate the identification of potential HIV-1 CA inhibitors, we established a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay to screen for small molecules that target a biologically active and specific binding pocket in the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA (CA CTD). The assay, which is based on competition of small molecules for the binding of a known CA inhibitor (CAI) to the CA CTD, exhibited a signal-to-background ratio (S/B) > 10 and a Z' value > 0.9. In a pilot screen of three kinase inhibitor libraries containing 464 compounds, we identified one compound, TX-1918, as a low micromolecular inhibitor of the HIV-1 CA CTD-CAI interaction (IC50 = 3.81 μM) that also inhibited viral replication at moderate micromolar concentration (EC50 = 15.16 μM) and inhibited CA assembly in vitro. Based on the structure of TX-1918, an additional compound with an antiviral EC50 of 6.57 μM and cellular cytotoxicity CC50 of 102.55 μM was obtained from a compound similarity search. Thus, the HTRF-based assay has properties that are suitable for screening large compound libraries to identify novel anti-HIV-1 inhibitors targeting the CA CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Gregory J Bedwell
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
| | - Shan Chang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China.
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19
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Singh K, Gallazzi F, Hill KJ, Burke DH, Lange MJ, Quinn TP, Neogi U, Sönnerborg A. GS-CA Compounds: First-In-Class HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors Covering Multiple Grounds. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1227. [PMID: 31312185 PMCID: PMC6613529 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently reported HIV-1 capsid (CA) inhibitors GS-CA1 and GS-6207 (an analog of GS-CA1) are first-in-class compounds with long-acting potential. Reportedly, both compounds have greater potency than currently approved anti-HIV drugs. Due to the limited access to experimental data and the compounds themselves, a detailed mechanism of their inhibition is yet to be delineated. Using crystal structures of capsid-hexamers bound to well-studied capsid inhibitor PF74 and molecular modeling, we predict that GS-CA compounds bind in the pocket that is shared by previously reported CA inhibitors and host factors. Additionally, comparative modeling suggests that GS-CA compounds have unique structural features contributing to interactions with capsid. To test their proposed binding mode, we also report the design of a cyclic peptide combining structural units from GS-CA compounds, host factors, and previously reported capsid inhibitors. This peptide (Pep-1) binds CA-hexamer with a docking score comparable to GS-CA compounds. Affinity determination by MicroScale thermophoresis (MST) assays showed that CA binds Pep-1 with a ~7-fold better affinity than well-studied capsid inhibitor PF74, suggesting that it can be developed as a possible CA inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Singh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Gallazzi
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kyle J Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Donald H Burke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Margaret J Lange
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Miller Jenkins LM, Paine EL, Deshmukh L, Nikolayevskiy H, Lyons GC, Scerba MT, Rosenker KG, Luecke HF, Louis JM, Chertova E, Gorelick RJ, Ott DE, Clore GM, Appella DH. Inhibition of HIV Maturation via Selective Unfolding and Cross-Linking of Gag Polyprotein by a Mercaptobenzamide Acetylator. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8327-8338. [PMID: 31042030 PMCID: PMC8496520 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For HIV to become infectious, any new virion produced from an infected cell must undergo a maturation process that involves the assembly of viral polyproteins Gag and Gag-Pol at the membrane surface. The self-assembly of these viral proteins drives formation of a new viral particle as well as the activation of HIV protease, which is needed to cleave the polyproteins so that the final core structure of the virus will properly form. Molecules that interfere with HIV maturation will prevent any new virions from infecting additional cells. In this manuscript, we characterize the unique mechanism by which a mercaptobenzamide thioester small molecule (SAMT-247) interferes with HIV maturation via a series of selective acetylations at highly conserved cysteine and lysine residues in Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. The results provide the first insights into how acetylation can be utilized to perturb the process of HIV maturation and reveal a new strategy to limit the infectivity of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Elliott L. Paine
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lalit Deshmukh
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Herman Nikolayevskiy
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gaelyn C. Lyons
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kara George Rosenker
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hans F. Luecke
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John M. Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - David E. Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - G. Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel H. Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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21
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Novikova M, Zhang Y, Freed EO, Peng K. Multiple Roles of HIV-1 Capsid during the Virus Replication Cycle. Virol Sin 2019; 34:119-134. [PMID: 31028522 PMCID: PMC6513821 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 capsid (HIV-1 CA) is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle. During virion assembly, CA drives the formation of the hexameric lattice in immature viral particles, while in mature virions CA monomers assemble in cone-shaped cores surrounding the viral RNA genome and associated proteins. In addition to its functions in late stages of the viral replication cycle, CA plays key roles in a number of processes during early phases of HIV-1 infection including trafficking, uncoating, recognition by host cellular proteins and nuclear import of the viral pre-integration complex. As a result of efficient cooperation of CA with other viral and cellular proteins, integration of the viral genetic material into the host genome, which is an essential step for productive viral infection, successfully occurs. In this review, we will summarize available data on CA functions in HIV-1 replication, describing in detail its roles in late and early phases of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Novikova
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent advances in the discovery of chemical inhibitors targeting the HIV capsid and research on their mechanisms of action. RECENT FINDINGS HIV infection is critically dependent on functions of the viral capsid. Numerous studies have reported the identification of a variety of compounds that bind to the capsid protein; some of these inhibit reverse transcription and nuclear entry, steps required for infection. Other capsid-targeting compounds appear to act by perturbing capsid assembly, resulting in noninfectious progeny virions. Inhibitors may bind to several different positions on the capsid protein, including sites in both protein domains. However, the antiviral activity of many reported capsid-targeting inhibitors has not been definitively linked to capsid binding. Until recently, the low-to-moderate potency of reported capsid-targeting inhibitors has precluded their further clinical development. In 2017, GS-CA1, a highly potent capsid inhibitor, was described that holds promise for clinical development. SUMMARY Small molecules that bind to the viral capsid protein can be potent inhibitors of HIV infection. Capsid-targeting drugs are predicted to exhibit high barriers to viral resistance, and ongoing work in this area is contributing to an understanding of the molecular biology of HIV uncoating and maturation.
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23
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Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs have revolutionized the treatment and prevention of HIV infection; however, adherence is critical for sustained efficacy. Current HIV treatment consists of three-drug regimens, and current HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) consists of a two-drug regimen; both generally require adherence to once-daily dosing. Long-acting formulations are useful in the treatment and prevention of other conditions (e.g., contraceptives, antipsychotics) and help promote adherence. Newer long-acting formulations of approved and investigational antiretroviral drugs in existing and newer mechanistic classes are under study for HIV treatment and prevention, including some phase III trials. Although long-acting antiretroviral drugs hold promise, some clinical challenges exist, including managing side effects, drug-drug interactions, pregnancy, and long-lasting drug concentrations that could lead to the development of drug resistance. This review aims to summarize currently available information on long-acting antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Gulick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Charles Flexner
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, Long Acting/Extended Release Antiretroviral Resource Program, School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-5554, USA;
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24
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Discovery of phenylalanine derivatives as potent HIV-1 capsid inhibitors from click chemistry-based compound library. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:478-492. [PMID: 30243152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein plays essential roles in both early and late stages of HIV-1 replication and is considered an important, clinically unexploited therapeutic target. As such, small drug-like molecules that inhibit this critical HIV-1 protein have become a priority for several groups. Therefore, in this study we explore small molecule targeting of the CA protein, and in particular a very attractive inter-protomer pocket. We report the design, parallel synthesis, and anti-HIV-1 activity evaluation of a series of novel phenylalanine derivatives as HIV-1 CA protein inhibitors synthesized via Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. We demonstrate robust inhibitory activity over a range of potencies against the HIV-1 NL4-3 reference strain. In particular, compound 13m exhibited the greatest potency and lowest toxicity within this new series with an EC50 value of 4.33 μM and CC50 value of >57.74 μM (SI > 13.33). These values are very similar to the lead compound PF-74 (EC50 = 5.95 μM, CC50 > 70.50 μM, SI > 11.85) in our assay, despite significant structural difference. Furthermore, we demonstrate via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assays that 13m interacts robustly with recombinant HIV-1 CA and exhibits antiviral activity in both the early and late stages of HIV-1 replication. Overall, the novel parallel synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SARs) identified within this study set the foundation for further rational optimization and discovery of CA-targeting compounds with improved potency.
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Zuo X, Huo Z, Kang D, Wu G, Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhan P. Current insights into anti-HIV drug discovery and development: a review of recent patent literature (2014-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:299-316. [PMID: 29411697 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1438410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To deal with the rapid emergence of drug resistance challenges, together with the difficulty to eradicate the virus, off-target effects and significant cumulative drug toxicities, it is still imperative to develop next-generation anti-HIV agents with novel chemical classes or new mechanisms of action. AREAS COVERED We primarily focused on current strategies to discover novel anti-HIV agents. Moreover, examples of anti-HIV lead compounds were mainly selected from recently patented publications (reported between 2014 and 2017). In particular, 'privileged structure'-focused substituents decorating approach, scaffold hopping, natural-product diversification and prodrug are focused on. Furthermore, exploitation of new compounds with unexplored mechanisms of action and medicinal chemistry strategies to deplete the HIV reservoir were also described. Perspectives that could inspire future anti-HIV drug discovery are delineated. EXPERT OPINION Even if a large number of patents have been disclosed recently, additional HIV inhibitors are still required, especially novel chemical skeletons displaying a unexploited mechanism of action. Current medicinal chemistry strategies are inadequate, and appropriate and new methodologies and technologies should be exploited to identify novel anti-HIV drug candidates in a time- and cost- effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zuo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Gaochan Wu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
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