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Zhao L, Huang Y, Dong Y, Han X, Wang S, Liang X. Aptamers and Aptasensors for Highly Specific Recognition and Sensitive Detection of Marine Biotoxins: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E427. [PMID: 30366456 PMCID: PMC6265707 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins distribute widely, have high toxicity, and can be easily accumulated in water or seafood, exposing a serious threat to consumer health. Achieving specific and sensitive detection is the most effective way to prevent emergent issues caused by marine biotoxins; however, the previous detection methods cannot meet the requirements because of ethical or technical drawbacks. Aptamers, a kind of novel recognition element with high affinity and specificity, can be used to fabricate various aptasensors (aptamer-based biosensors) for sensitive and rapid detection. In recent years, an increasing number of aptamers and aptasensors have greatly promoted the development of marine biotoxins detection. In this review, we summarized the recent aptamer-related advances for marine biotoxins detection and discussed their perspectives. Firstly, we summarized the sequences, selection methods, affinity, secondary structures, and the ion conditions of all aptamers to provide a database-like information; secondly, we summarized the reported aptasensors for marine biotoxins, including principles, detection sensitivity, linear detection range, etc.; thirdly, on the basis of the existing reports and our own research experience, we forecast the development prospects of aptamers and aptasensors for marine biotoxins detection. We hope this review not only provides a comprehensive summary of aptamer selection and aptasensor development for marine biotoxins, but also arouses a broad readership amongst academic researchers and industrial chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yunfei Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yiyang Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xutiange Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Sai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xingguo Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
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Shin C, Hwang JY, Yoon JH, Kim SH, Kang GJ. Simultaneous determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins (brevetoxins) in commercial shellfish by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tian RY, Lin C, Yu SY, Gong S, Hu P, Li YS, Wu ZC, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZS, Ren HL, Lu SY. Preparation of a Specific ssDNA Aptamer for Brevetoxin-2 Using SELEX. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:9241860. [PMID: 28058132 PMCID: PMC5183765 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9241860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The existing assays for detecting brevetoxin (BTX) depend on expensive equipment with a professional operator or on an antibody with limited stability, which requires complex processes, a high cost, and a considerable amount of time. The development of an alternative detection probe is another promising research direction. This paper reports the use of aptamers binding to BTX-2 in an analytical assay using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). After 12 rounds of selection, the secondary structures of 25 sequences were predicted. Compared to other aptamers, Bap5 has relatively high affinity with the lowest dissociation constant of 4.83 μM, and IC50 is 73.81 ng mL-1. A good linear regression formula of y = 30.688x - 7.329 with a coefficient correlation of R2 = 0.9798 was obtained using a biotin-avidin ELISA. Moreover, there is no cross-reaction with the detected marine toxins, except for BTX-2. Thus, Bap5 has potential to detect BTX-2 in shellfish in the future as a substitute for the recognition probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Emergency Department, The Eastern Division, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shi-Yu Yu
- Fuqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Port District, Qingrong Road, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, China
| | - Sheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zong-Cheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zeng-Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hong-Lin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shi-Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Aptamer-based competitive electrochemical biosensor for brevetoxin-2. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:148-54. [PMID: 25725463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brevetoxins (BTXs) are very potent marine neurotoxins that increased in geographical distribution in the past decade causing the illness clinically described as neurological shellfish poisoning (NSP). The ethical problems as well as the technical difficulties associated with the currently employed analysis methods for marine toxins are encouraging the research for suitable alternatives to be applied in a regulatory monitoring regime. Here, we report an electrochemical biosensor platform for BTX-2 detection utilising aptamer as specific receptor. Using in vitro selection, high affinity DNA aptamers to BTX-2 were successfully selected for the first time from a large pool of random sequences. The binding of BTX-2 to aptamer pools/clones was monitored using fluorescence and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The aptamer BT10 exhibited the highest binding affinity to BTX-2, with a dissociation constant of 42nM. The effects of the incubation time, pH and metal ions concentrations on the aptamer-toxin binding were studied. The aptamer BT10 was used to construct a label-free competitive impedimetric biosensor for BTX-2 achieving a detection limit of 106pg/ml. We observed a high degree of cross reactivity of the selected aptamer to the two similar congeners, BTX-2 and -3, whereas no cross reactivity to other marine toxins was obtained. Moreover, the aptasensor was applied for the detection of BTX-2 in spiked shellfish extract showing a very high recovery percentage. We believe that the proposed aptasensor will facilitate the routine detection of BTX-2 in food samples.
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Concurrent exposure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to multiple algal toxins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17394. [PMID: 21423740 PMCID: PMC3053359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sentinel species such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can be impacted by large-scale mortality events due to exposure to marine algal toxins. In the Sarasota Bay region (Gulf of Mexico, Florida, USA), the bottlenose dolphin population is frequently exposed to harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Karenia brevis and the neurotoxic brevetoxins (PbTx; BTX) produced by this dinoflagellate. Live dolphins sampled during capture-release health assessments performed in this region tested positive for two HAB toxins; brevetoxin and domoic acid (DA). Over a ten-year study period (2000–2009) we have determined that bottlenose dolphins are exposed to brevetoxin and/or DA on a nearly annual basis (i.e., DA: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009; brevetoxin: 2000, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009) with 36% of all animals testing positive for brevetoxin (n = 118) and 53% positive for DA (n = 83) with several individuals (14%) testing positive for both neurotoxins in at least one tissue/fluid. To date there have been no previously published reports of DA in southwestern Florida marine mammals, however the May 2008 health assessment coincided with a Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima bloom that was the likely source of DA observed in seawater and live dolphin samples. Concurrently, both DA and brevetoxin were observed in common prey fish. Although no Pseudo-nitzschia bloom was identified the following year, DA was identified in seawater, fish, sediment, snails, and dolphins. DA concentrations in feces were positively correlated with hematologic parameters including an increase in total white blood cell (p = 0.001) and eosinophil (p<0.001) counts. Our findings demonstrate that dolphins within Sarasota Bay are commonly exposed to two algal toxins, and provide the impetus to further explore the potential long-term impacts on bottlenose dolphin health.
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Tang D, Tang J, Su B, Chen G. Gold nanoparticles-decorated amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of brevetoxins in food samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2090-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Caillaud A, de la Iglesia P, Darius HT, Pauillac S, Aligizaki K, Fraga S, Chinain M, Diogène J. Update on methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera fish poisoning in Europe. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1838-907. [PMID: 20631873 PMCID: PMC2901828 DOI: 10.3390/md8061838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) occurs mainly when humans ingest finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The complexity and variability of such toxins have made it difficult to develop reliable methods to routinely monitor CFP with specificity and sensitivity. This review aims to describe the methodologies available for CTX detection, including those based on the toxicological, biochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical properties of CTXs. Selecting any of these methodological approaches for routine monitoring of ciguatera may be dependent upon the applicability of the method. However, identifying a reference validation method for CTXs is a critical and urgent issue, and is dependent upon the availability of certified CTX standards and the coordinated action of laboratories. Reports of CFP cases in European hospitals have been described in several countries, and are mostly due to travel to CFP endemic areas. Additionally, the recent detection of the CTX-producing tropical genus Gambierdiscus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean of the northern hemisphere and in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the confirmation of CFP in the Canary Islands and possibly in Madeira, constitute other reasons to study the onset of CFP in Europe [1]. The question of the possible contribution of climate change to the distribution of toxin-producing microalgae and ciguateric fish is raised. The impact of ciguatera onset on European Union (EU) policies will be discussed with respect to EU regulations on marine toxins in seafood. Critical analysis and availability of methodologies for CTX determination is required for a rapid response to suspected CFP cases and to conduct sound CFP risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Caillaud
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
| | - Pablo de la Iglesia
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Serge Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75 015 Paris, France; E-Mail: (S.P.)
| | - Katerina Aligizaki
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece; E-Mail: (K.A.)
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; E-Mail: (S.F.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (P.I.)
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Abstract
Five major human toxic syndromes caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated by algal toxins are presented. The increased risks to humans of shellfish toxicity from the prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) may be a consequence of large-scale ecological changes from anthropogenic activities, especially increased eutrophication, marine transport and aquaculture, and global climate change. Improvements in toxin detection methods and increased toxin surveillance programmes are positive developments in limiting human exposure to shellfish toxins.
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Bottein MYD, Fuquay JM, Munday R, Selwood AI, van Ginkel R, Miles CO, Loader JI, Wilkins AL, Ramsdell JS. Bioassay methods for detection of N-palmitoylbrevetoxin-B2 (BTX-B4). Toxicon 2010; 55:497-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhou Y, Li YS, Pan FG, Zhang YY, Lu SY, Ren HL, Li ZH, Liu ZS, Zhang JH. Development of a new monoclonal antibody based direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of brevetoxins in food samples. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Use of biosensors as alternatives to current regulatory methods for marine biotoxins. SENSORS 2009; 9:9414-43. [PMID: 22291571 PMCID: PMC3260648 DOI: 10.3390/s91109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine toxins are currently monitored by means of a bioassay that requires the use of many mice, which poses a technical and ethical problem in many countries. With the exception of domoic acid, there is a legal requirement for the presence of other toxins (yessotoxin, saxitoxin and analogs, okadaic acid and analogs, pectenotoxins and azaspiracids) in seafood to be controlled by bioassay, but other toxins, such as palytoxin, cyclic imines, ciguatera and tetrodotoxin are potentially present in European food and there are no legal requirements or technical approaches available to identify their presence. The need for alternative methods to the bioassay is clearly important, and biosensors have become in recent years a feasible alternative to animal sacrifice. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using biosensors as alternatives to animal assays for marine toxins, with particular focus on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology.
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Zhou Y, Pan FG, Li YS, Zhang YY, Zhang JH, Lu SY, Ren HL, Liu ZS. Colloidal gold probe-based immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of brevetoxins in fishery product samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2744-7. [PMID: 19237277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One-step immunochromatographic assay using colloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibody (Mab) probe for the rapid detection of brevetoxins (PbTxs) in fishery product samples was developed. The described assay was based on a competitive format using two antibodies. The primary antibody was conjugated with colloidal gold (detector reagent), the secondary antibody (capture reagent) was immobilized within a defined detection zone (control line) on a diagnostic cellulose nitrate membrane. The toxin in sample compete with immobilized toxin to bind with gold conjugated Mab. The mobile complex (colloidal gold-Mab-toxin) can be captured by the secondary antibody but cannot be captured by BSA-PbTx (test line). The color density of the test line correlated with the concentration of PbTx in sample in the range 10-4000 ng mL(-1). Spiked samples were detected by the assay and the visual detection limit was found to be 20 ng mL(-1). This qualitative test based on the visual evaluation of results did not require any equipment. The assay time for PbTx detection was less than 10 min, suitable for rapid testing on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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Chapter 13 Phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Dechraoui MYB, Wang Z, Ramsdell JS. Intrinsic potency of synthetically prepared brevetoxin cysteine metabolites BTX-B2 and desoxyBTX-B2. Toxicon 2007; 50:825-34. [PMID: 17689582 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals and shellfish, brevetoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are rapidly metabolized to cysteine conjugates. These metabolites identified by mass spectrometry are produced in abundance in mammals and are potentially major bioactive products for intoxication. They are also abundant metabolites in shellfish where they are, in contrast to mammals, retained for prolonged periods, posing a potential threat to shellfish consumers. In this work, we analyze the intrinsic potency of the semi-synthetic cysteine brevetoxin sulfoxide (BTX-B2) and the cysteine brevetoxin (desoxyBTX-B2), each confirmed for purity by LC-MS and NMR techniques, on receptor site 5 of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. We show that both brevetoxin conjugates compete with the tritiated reduced parent brevetoxin ([(3)H]PbTx-3) in rat brain membrane preparations and in HEK cells expressing skeletal muscle or cardiac VGSC, albeit, with 8-16-fold lower affinity than the PbTx-3. On neuroblastoma cell assays we show a 3-fold reduction in cytotoxic potency for BTX-B2 relative to PbTx-3, and an 8-fold reduction for desoxyBTX-B2. In conclusion, the major transformation product of brevetoxin observed in diverse species through cysteine adduction and oxidation leads to metabolites with reduced potency on brain, skeletal muscle and heart cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Yasmine Bottein Dechraoui
- Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA-National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Twiner MJ, Bottein Dechraoui MY, Wang Z, Mikulski CM, Henry MS, Pierce RH, Doucette GJ. Extraction and analysis of lipophilic brevetoxins from the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Anal Biochem 2007; 369:128-35. [PMID: 17662954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient extraction and accurate analysis of lipophilic brevetoxins (PbTxs), produced by the harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Karenia brevis, are essential when assessing the toxicological potential of this dinoflagellate. One of the most commonly used brevetoxin extraction methodologies employs C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE). In this study, C18 SPEC discs were tested for extraction of spiked PbTx-3 in seawater and naturally produced brevetoxins from K. brevis. Quantification of brevetoxin in the extracts was determined using four independent methods: receptor binding assay (RBA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), neuroblastoma (N2A) cytotoxicity assay, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In addition to quantification of the brevetoxin concentration, LC/MS analysis provided identification of individual congeners and each of their hydrolyzed products. SPEC disc extractions prepared from sonicated cultures of non-brevetoxin-producing Karenia mikimotoi cultures spiked with PbTx-3 yielded extraction efficiencies of 108, 99, and 125% as determined by the RBA, RIA, and N2A cytotoxicity assay, respectively. In SPEC disc extracts of brevetoxin-producing K. brevis (isolate SP3) cultures, LC/MS analysis yielded the highest total concentrations, possibly due to the concurrent detection of hydrolytic brevetoxin congeners that accounted for up to 20% of the congener profile. Relative to the brevetoxin concentration as determined by LC/MS, the RBA, RIA, and N2A cytotoxicity assay detected 73, 83, and 51% of the total brevetoxin concentration. Stability experiments demonstrated that brevetoxins remain stable on the SPEC discs for at least 30 days, making this extraction method suitable for shipboard collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Twiner
- Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA/National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Kirkpatrick B, Fleming LE, Squicciarini D, Backer LC, Clark R, Abraham W, Benson J, Cheng YS, Johnson D, Pierce R, Zaias J, Bossart GD, Baden DG. Literature Review of Florida Red Tide: Implications for Human Health Effects. HARMFUL ALGAE 2004; 3:99-115. [PMID: 20411030 PMCID: PMC2856946 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Florida red tides are a natural phenomenon caused by dense aggregations of single cell or several species of unicellular organisms. Patches of discolored water, dead or dying fish, and respiratory irritants in the air often characterize these algal blooms. In humans, two distinct clinical entities, depending on the route of exposure, are associated with exposure to the Florida red tide toxins (particularly the brevetoxins). With the ingestion of brevetoxin-contaminated shellfish, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) presents as a milder gastroenteritis with neurologic symptoms compared with other marine toxin diseases such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) or ciguatera fish poisoning. With the inhalation of the aerosolized red tide toxins (especially the brevetoxins) from the sea spray, respiratory irritation and possibly other health effects are reported in both humans and other mammals (Baden 1995, Fleming 1998a, Fleming 1998b, Fleming 1999a, Bossart 1998, Asai 1982, Eastaugh 1989, Pierce 1986, Music 1973, Temple 1995, Anderson 1994).This paper reviews the literature on the known and possible human health effects of exposure to the Florida red tides and their toxins. The review includes discussion of the red tide organisms and their toxins, as well as the effects of these toxins on both wild and laboratory animals as they relate to possible human health effects and exposures.
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Woofter R, Dechraoui MYB, Garthwaite I, Towers NR, Gordon CJ, Córdova J, Ramsdell JS. Measurement of brevetoxin levels by radioimmunoassay of blood collection cards after acute, long-term, and low-dose exposure in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2003; 111:1595-600. [PMID: 14527838 PMCID: PMC1241680 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) using a sheep anti-brevetoxin antiserum to evaluate detection of brevetoxin on blood collection cards from mice treated with the brevetoxin congener PbTx-3. The RIA has high affinity for PbTx-3 [half-maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) +/- SE = 1.2 +/- 0.2 nM; n = 10] and recognizes both type 1 and type 2 brevetoxins, but not ciguatoxin. Direct comparison of the RIA with a radiolabeled [(3)H]-PbTx-3 receptor-binding assay (RBA) revealed excellent sensitivity, congener selectivity, and minimal interference from blood matrix. We first analyzed blood samples from an acute time course exposure, using a maximal nonlethal dose [180 microg/kg body weight (bw)] for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hr. Mean blood brevetoxin levels were 36 nM at 30 min and stayed above 20 nM during the 1-4 hr time points. We next analyzed blood brevetoxin levels after longer exposure (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 7 days). Mean blood brevetoxin levels were 26.0 nM at 0.5 days, decreased to 8.2 nM at 1.0 day, and maintained a significant level (p < 0.05) of 1.3 nM at day 2. We next determined the lowest measurable dose using increasing concentrations of PbTx-3 (10-300 micro g/kg bw). Analysis of the blood samples at 60 min revealed a linear relationship between administered and internal doses (r(2) = 0.993). All doses of brevetoxin administered were detectable at 1 hr, with significant levels found for the lowest administered dose of 10 micro g/kg bw--a dose that was 10-fold lower than the lowest observable effect level. This RIA provides an optimal first-tier detection of brevetoxin from blood collection cards and, used in combination with the RBA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, should provide a complete panel of methods to biomonitor brevetoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Woofter
- Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA
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David LS, Plakas SM, El Said KR, Jester ELE, Dickey RW, Nicholson RA. A rapid assay for the brevetoxin group of sodium channel activators based on fluorescence monitoring of synaptoneurosomal membrane potential. Toxicon 2003; 42:191-8. [PMID: 12906890 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A functional pharmacologically-based assay for the brevetoxin group of sodium channel activators was developed using synaptoneurosomes isolated from the brains of CD1 mice. The assay can detect the depolarizing effect of brevetoxin congeners PbTx-2 and PbTx-3 as enhancements of the veratridine-dependent increase in fluorescence of the voltage-sensitive fluorescent probe rhodamine 6G. The assay is relatively rapid and can detect brevetoxin activity in the nanomolar range. The synaptoneurosomal assay has been used to analyse mussel tissue extracts spiked with PbTx-2, and composite toxicity, expressed as PbTx-3 equivalents in extracts of oysters naturally exposed to brevetoxins. In this latter context, the synaptoneurosomal technique was shown to compare favorably with the cytotoxicity assay, the receptor binding assay and HPLC/MS. Our results support the concept that this membrane potential assay detects brevetoxins based on their interaction with sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence S David
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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Naar J, Branaa P, Bottein-Dechraoui MY, Chinain M, Pauillac S. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to PbTx-2-type brevetoxins using minute amount of hapten-protein conjugates obtained in a reversed micellar medium. Toxicon 2001; 39:869-78. [PMID: 11137548 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Minute amount of Brevetoxin PbTx-3 (400 microg; 0.446 micromol) was converted into an hemisuccinate derivative (PbTx-3 HS) then covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) in a reversed micellar medium. According to the efficient cyclic synthetic procedure described, the epitope density of the conjugates was around 10 and 20 for OVA and BSA carriers, respectively. The kinetics of antibody production in sequential sera harvested from a single BALB/c mouse immunised by multiple intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of PbTx-3-BSA conjugate was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PbTx-3 were selected from fusion of the mouse immune splenocytes with the P3-X63-Ag 8.653 myeloma cells. In competitive inhibition ELISA experiments, both polyclonal antibodies and MAbs exhibited strong cross-reactivity (> or = 100%) to other PbTx-2-type toxins (PbTx-2 and -9) but low or moderate cross-reactivity (6-15%) to a PbTx-1-type toxin (PbTx-1). Moreover, using these two MAbs, a low cross-reactivity with okadaic acid (3%) was noticed but no significant cross-reactivity was observed with two ciguatoxins (CTX-1B and CTX-3C) over the concentration range studied. The apparent dissociation constant (K(D)) for the interaction of these MAbs with free PbTx-2-type toxins was in the 10(-6)-10(-7)M range. The performance of this MAb-based assay (limit of detection approximately 5ng/well; working range=8-150ng/well) coupled with adequate extraction methods would provide an alternative assay to the mouse i.p. bioassay for routine shellfish monitoring. This production and characterisation of MAbs using small amount of polyether toxins in a reversed micellar medium appear most valuable for the development of immunoassays to other highly potent but poorly available marine polyether toxins like ciguatoxins (CTXs).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naar
- Unité d'Océanographie Médicale, Institut de Recherches Médicales Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Garthwaite I. Keeping shellfish safe to eat: a brief review of shellfish toxins, and methods for their detection. Trends Food Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(01)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kerr DS, Briggs DM, Saba HI. A neurophysiological method of rapid detection and analysis of marine algal toxins. Toxicon 1999; 37:1803-25. [PMID: 10519657 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the effectiveness of the in vitro rat hippocampal slice preparation as a means of rapidly and specifically detecting the marine algal toxins saxitoxin, brevetoxin, and domoic acid and have identified toxin-specific electrophysiological signatures for each. Brevetoxin (PbTX3, 50-200 nM) produced a significant reduction in orthodromic population spike amplitude which was quick to reverse during a 50 min wash-out, while antidromic population spikes and field EPSPs exhibited only slight reductions, and fibre spiof orthodrokes showed no change at all. Domoic acid (100 nM) produced a robust, reversible increase in amplitude mic spikes, and the appearance of multiple spikes (i.e., epileptiform activity) within minutes of toxin wash-in. Other notable features of the domoic acid signature included a significant decrease in amplitude of the field EPSPs, and a complete absence of effect on either antidromic or fibre spikes. Fifty nanomolar saxitoxin (PSP) abolished all responses in all slices. Only antidromic spikes showed any recovery during wash-out. Field EPSP and fiber spike analysis further demonstrated that the preparation is capable of reliably detecting saxitoxin in a linearly responsive fashion at toxin concentrations of 25-200 nM, and tests of naturally contaminated shellfish confirmed the utility of this assay as a screening method for PSP. Our findings suggest that the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation has potential in the detection and analysis of three marine algal toxins important to the shellfish industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Otago School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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