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Ochieng TA, Akutse KS, Ajene IJ, Kilalo DC, Muiru M, Khamis FM. Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis and selected plant extracts for sustainable management of Phthorimaea absoluta. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9299. [PMID: 38653843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthorimaea absoluta is a global constraint to tomato production and can cause up to 100% yield loss. Farmers heavily rely on synthetic pesticides to manage this pest. However, these pesticides are detrimental to human, animal, and environmental health. Therefore, exploring eco-friendly, sustainable Integrated Pest Management approaches, including biopesticides as potential alternatives, is of paramount importance. In this context, the present study (i) evaluated the efficacy of 10 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates, neem, garlic, and fenugreek; (ii) assessed the interactions between the most potent plant extracts and B. thuringiensis isolates, and (iii) evaluated the gut microbial diversity due to the treatments for the development of novel formulations against P. absoluta. Neem recorded the highest mortality of 93.79 ± 3.12% with an LT50 value of 1.21 ± 0.24 days, Bt HD263 induced 91.3 ± 3.68% mortality with LT50 of 2.63 ± 0.11 days, compared to both Bt 43 and fenugreek that caused < 50% mortality. Larval mortality was further enhanced to 99 ± 1.04% when Bt HD263 and neem were combined. Furthermore, the microbiome analyses showed that Klebsiella, Escherichia and Enterobacter had the highest abundance in all treatments with Klebsiella being the most abundant. In addition, a shift in the abundance of the bacterial genera due to the treatments was observed. Our findings showed that neem, garlic, and Bt HD263 could effectively control P. absoluta and be integrated into IPM programs after validation by field efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Ochieng
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Inusa J Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dora C Kilalo
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maina Muiru
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Nisar MS, Ismail MA, Ramzan H, Maqbool MM, Ahmed T, Ghramh HA, Khalofah A, Kmet J, Horvát M, Farooq S. The impact of different plant extracts on biological parameters of Housefly [ Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)]: Implications for management. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3880-3885. [PMID: 34220243 PMCID: PMC8241889 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Housefly is a significant domestic pest, which causes nuisance. The use of insecticides is discouraged to manage housefly; therefore, alternative management strategies are inevitable. The current study investigated the impact of different plant extracts, i.e., Moringa oleifera (moringa), Allium sativum (garlic) and Piper nigrum (black pepper) on biological parameters of house fly. Two different concentrations (i.e., 25 and 50%) of the extracts were blended in larval diet made through mixing of wheat bran, yeast and dried milk powder. The results indicated significant differences for larval duration. Maximum larval duration was recorded for garlic followed by black pepper and moringa, respectively. In case of pupal duration, non-significant differences were observed among plant extracts. Increase rate of oviposition was noticed with moringa at 25% concentration, while decreased oviposition rate was noted for garlic with 50% concentration. Egg hatching percentage remained non-significant for the botanical extracts. The highest survival was observed with moringa, while garlic resulted in the lowest survival. The highest repellency was noticed for garlic followed by black pepper, whereas moringa resulted in the lowest repellency after 30, 60 and 90 min. Prolonged developmental time was observed for bot concentrations of garlic, whereas moringa noted the shortest developmental time. Thus moringa was found to be a promoter of housefly development. Minimum adult emergence was found with both concentrations of garlic followed by 50% concentration of black pepper. The 50% concentration of black pepper promoted the population of adult males, while both concentrations of moringa and 25% concentration of black pepper encouraged the population of female adults. Study outcomes depicted that tested botanical extracts had significant potential for disturbing biological parameters of housefly. The garlic extracts can potentially be used to manage housefly. However, further investigations on the larval and adult mortality are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Nisar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais Ismail
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ramzan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mudassar Maqbool
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Ahmed
- Pakki Thatti Research and Development Farm, Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
| | - Hamed A. Ghramh
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Khalofah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Marek Horvát
- The University of Security Management in Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Shahid Farooq
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
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Ojimelukwe PC. Piper guineense- an underutilized aromatic spice with medicinal value. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Oliveira FADS, Passarini GM, Medeiros DSSD, Santos APDA, Fialho SN, Gouveia ADJ, Latorre M, Freitag EM, Medeiros PSDMD, Teles CBG, Facundo VA. Antiplasmodial and antileishmanial activities of compounds from Piper tuberculatum Jacq fruits. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:382-386. [PMID: 29972574 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0309-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed the activity of compounds from Piper tuberculatum against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania guyanensis. METHODS The effects of compounds from P. tuberculatum fruits on P. falciparum and L. guyanensis promastigote growth in vitro were determined. Hemolytic action and cytotoxicity in HepG2 and J774 cells were measured. RESULTS Three compounds showed strong antiplasmodial activity and one compound showed strong antileishmanial activity. Two compounds were non-toxic to HepG2 cells and all were toxic to J774 cells. The compounds showed no hemolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS The tested compounds from P. tuberculatum exhibited antiparasitic and cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Matos Passarini
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Daniel Sol Sol de Medeiros
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula de Azevedo Santos
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Saara Neri Fialho
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Aurileya de Jesus Gouveia
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Marcinete Latorre
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Elci Marlei Freitag
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | | | - Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Valdir Alves Facundo
- Departamento de Química, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia , Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
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Youmsi RDF, Fokou PVT, Menkem EZ, Bakarnga-Via I, Keumoe R, Nana V, Boyom FF. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used as insects repellents in six malaria endemic localities of Cameroon. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2017; 13:33. [PMID: 28595645 PMCID: PMC5465592 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined efforts to combat outdoor/indoor transmission of malaria parasites are hampered by the emerging vector resistance in a wide variety of malaria-endemic settings of Africa and the rest of the world, stressing the need for alternative control measures. This study aimed at documenting insect's repellent plant species used by indigenous populations of 6 localities of East, South, West and Centre regions of Cameroon. METHODS Information was gathered through face-to-face interviews guided by a semi-structured questionnaire on the knowledge of medicinal plants with insect repellent properties. RESULTS A total of 182 informants aged from 25 to 75 years were recruited by convenience from May to June 2015. The informants had general knowledge about insects' repellent plants (78.6%). A total of 16 plant species were recorded as insects' repellents with 50% being trees. The most cited plants were Canarium schweinfurthii (Burseraceae) (in four localities, 58/182), Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) (in three localities, 38/182), Chromolaena odorata (Compositae) (16/182) and Citrus limon (Rutaceae) (11/182) in two localities each. Among the repellent plant species recorded, 50% were reported to be burnt to produce in-house smokes, 31.2% were mashed and applied on the body, and 18.8% were hung in the houses. The leaf was the most commonly used plant part (52.9%), followed by the bark (17.6%). CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that rural populations of the 6 targeted localities possess indigenous knowledge on repellent plants that are otherwise cost-effective and better choice for repelling insects including malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. Meanwhile, such practices should be validated experimentally and promoted as sustainable malaria transmission control tools in the remotely located communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Ducos Fokouo Youmsi
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Valère Tsouh Fokou
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elisabeth Zeuko’o Menkem
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Issakou Bakarnga-Via
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Adam Barka-Abeche, P.O. Box 1173, Abeche, Chad
| | - Rodrigue Keumoe
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Victor Nana
- National Herbarium of Cameroon, P.O. Box 1601, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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The larvicidal effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine against insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:238. [PMID: 27117913 PMCID: PMC4847181 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance carries the potential to undermine the efficacy of insecticide based malaria vector control strategies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new insecticidal compounds. Black pepper (dried fruit from the vine, Piper nigrum), used as a food additive and spice, and its principal alkaloid piperine, have previously been shown to have larvicidal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the larvicidal effects of ground black pepper and piperine against third and fourth instar Anopheles larvae drawn from several laboratory-reared insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of Anopheles arabiensis, An. coluzzii, An. gambiae, An. quadriannulatus and An. funestus. Methods Larvae were fed with mixtures of standard larval food and either ground black pepper or piperine in different proportions. Mortality was recorded 24 h after black pepper and 48 h after piperine were applied to the larval bowls. Results Black pepper and piperine mixtures caused high mortality in the An. gambiae complex strains, with black pepper proving significantly more toxic than piperine. The An. funestus strains were substantially less sensitive to black pepper and piperine which may reflect a marked difference in the feeding habits of this species compared to that of the Gambiae complex or a difference in food metabolism as a consequence of differences in breeding habitat between species. Conclusions Insecticide resistant and susceptible strains by species proved equally susceptible to black pepper and piperine. It is concluded that black pepper shows potential as a larvicide for the control of certain malaria vector species.
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Cloonan K, Bedoukian RH, Leal W. Quasi-double-blind screening of semiochemicals for reducing navel orangeworm oviposition on almonds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80182. [PMID: 24244643 PMCID: PMC3828197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-step, quasi-double-bind approach was used as a proof-of-concept study to screen twenty compounds for their ability to reduce oviposition of gravid female navel orangeworm(NOW), Ameylois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). First, the panel of compounds, whose identity was unknown to the experimenters, was tested by electroantennogram (EAG) using antennae of two-day old gravid females as the sensing element. Of the twenty compounds tested three showed significant EAG responses. These three EAG-active compounds and a negative control were then analyzed for their ability to reduce oviposition via small-cage, two-choice laboratory assays. Two of the three compounds significantly reduced oviposition under laboratory conditions. Lastly, these two compounds were deployed in a field setting in an organic almond orchard in Arbuckle, CA using black egg traps to monitor NOW oviposition. One of these two compounds significantly reduced oviposition on black egg traps under these field conditions. Compound 9 (later identified as isophorone) showed a significant reduction in oviposition in field assays and thus has a potential as a tool to control the navel orangeworm as a pest of almonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cloonan
- Honorary Maeda-Duffey Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Navickiene HMD, Miranda JE, Bortoli SA, Kato MJ, Bolzani VS, Furlan M. Toxicity of extracts and isobutyl amides from Piper tuberculatum: potent compounds with potential for the control of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2007; 63:399-403. [PMID: 17323416 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The isobutyl amides pellitorine (compound 1) and 4,5-dihydropiperlonguminine (compound 2) were extracted from the seeds of Piper tuberculatum Jacq. (Piperaceae) in yields of 6.10 and 4.45% respectively. The acute toxicities to the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), of extracts of seeds, leaves and stems of P. tuberculatum, and of compounds 1 and 2, were evaluated by means of contact bioassays. The extracts caused 80% mortality when doses higher than 800.00 microg insect(-1) of extract of seeds, leaves and stems were administered to the velvetbean caterpillars. Compounds 1 and 2 showed 100% mortality at doses of 200 and 700 microg insect(-1) respectively. The LD(50) and LD(90) values were respectively 31.3 and 104.5 microg insect(-1) for compound 1, and 122.3 and 381.0 microg insect(-1) for compound 2. The potential value of extracts and amides derived from P. tuberculatum as efficient insecticides against velvetbean caterpillars is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosana M Debonsi Navickiene
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo 14040903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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Jensen HR, Scott IM, Sims SR, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT. The effect of a synergistic concentration of a Piper nigrum extract used in conjunction with pyrethrum upon gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:329-39. [PMID: 16756552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An ethyl acetate extract of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) peppercorns was tested as a synergist for the botanical insecticide pyrethrum. A high synergist ratio of 11.6 against Drosophila melanogaster was obtained for the combination of pyrethrum supplemented with P. nigrum. The effect of this combination was investigated using cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in D. melanogaster. Treatment of D. melanogaster with pyrethrum alone resulted in a large number of differentially expressed genes, principally associated with stress responses. Seven genes were identified as being commonly expressed in D. melanogaster treated with at least two of the following treatments: P. nigrum, pyrethrum or P. nigrum plus pyrethrum. These are likely implicated in Drosophila defence responses to toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Jensen HR, Scott IM, Sims S, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT. Gene expression profiles of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to an insecticidal extract of Piper nigrum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:1289-95. [PMID: 16478250 DOI: 10.1021/jf052046n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Black pepper, Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae), has insecticidal properties and could potentially be utilized as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Piperine extracted from P. nigrum has a biphasic effect upon cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity with an initial suppression followed by induction. In this study, an ethyl acetate extract of P. nigrum seeds was tested for insecticidal activity toward adult Musca domestica and Drosophila melanogaster. The effect of this same P. nigrum extract upon differential gene expression in D. melanogaster was investigated using cDNA microarray analysis of 7380 genes. Treatment of D. melanogaster with P. nigrum extract led to a greater than 2-fold upregulation of transcription of the cytochrome P450 phase I metabolism genes Cyp 6a8, Cyp 9b2, and Cyp 12d1 as well as the glutathione-S-transferase phase II metabolism gene Gst-S1. These data suggests a complex effect of P. nigrum upon toxin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, 30 Marie-Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Scott IM, Puniani E, Jensen H, Livesey JF, Poveda L, Sanchez-Vindas P, Durst T, Arnason JT. Analysis of Piperaceae germplasm by HPLC and LCMS: a method for isolating and identifying unsaturated amides from Piper spp extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1907-1913. [PMID: 15769112 DOI: 10.1021/jf048305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method for extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis of the medicinally important genus Piper (Piperaceae) was developed. This allows for a rapid and accurate measure of unsaturated amides, or piperamides, in black pepper, Piper nigrum L., and in wild species from Central America. Reflux extraction provided the highest recovery of piperine (>80%) from leaf and peppercorn material. HPLC analysis using a binary gradient of acetonitrile and water separated the major amide peaks between 5 and 12 min. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS improved the detection limit to 0.2 ng, 10-fold below the 2 ng limit of the HPLC-diode array detector (DAD) based on linear standard curves between 0.1 and 250 microg/mL (R2 = 0.999). The HPLC-MS method identified pellitorine, piperylin, 4,5-dihydropiperlonguminine, piperlonguminine, 4,5-dihydropiperine, piperine, and pipercide. The biological activity of six Costa Rican Piper species assessed by mosquito larval bioassays correlated well with piperamide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Scott
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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