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Gamble MM, Calsbeek RG. Sex-specific heritabilities for length at maturity among Pacific salmonids and their consequences for evolution in response to artificial selection. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1458-1471. [PMID: 37622093 PMCID: PMC10445087 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial selection, whether intentional or coincidental, is a common result of conservation policies and natural resource management. To reduce unintended consequences of artificial selection, conservation practitioners must understand both artificial selection gradients on traits of interest and how those traits are correlated with others that may affect population growth and resilience. We investigate how artificial selection on male body size in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) may influence the evolution of female body size and female fitness. While salmon hatchery managers often assume that selection for large males will also produce large females, this may not be the case-in fact, because the fastest-growing males mature earliest and at the smallest size, and because female age at maturity varies little, small males may produce larger females if the genetic architecture of growth rate is the same in both sexes. We explored this possibility by estimating sex-specific heritability values of and natural and artificial selection gradients on length at maturity in four populations representing three species of Pacific salmon. We then used the multivariate breeder's equation to project how artificial selection against small males may affect the evolution of female length and fecundity. Our results indicate that the heritability of length at maturity is greater within than between the sexes and that sire-daughter heritability values are especially small. Salmon hatchery policies should consider these sex-specific quantitative genetic parameters to avoid potential unintended consequences of artificial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madilyn M. Gamble
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems, and SocietyDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew HampshireUSA
| | - Ryan G. Calsbeek
- Department of Biological SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew HampshireUSA
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2
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Combrink LL, Rosenthal WC, Boyle LJ, Rick JA, Mandeville EG, Krist AC, Walters AW, Wagner CE. Parallel shifts in trout feeding morphology suggest rapid adaptation to alpine lake environments. Evolution 2023; 77:1522-1538. [PMID: 37082829 PMCID: PMC10309971 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary interactions following ecosystem change provide critical insight into the ability of organisms to adapt to shifting resource landscapes. Here we explore evidence for the rapid parallel evolution of trout feeding morphology following eco-evolutionary interactions with zooplankton in alpine lakes stocked at different points in time in the Wind River Range (Wyoming, USA). In this system, trout predation has altered the zooplankton species community and driven a decrease in average zooplankton size. In some lakes that were stocked decades ago, we find shifts in gill raker traits consistent with the hypothesis that trout have rapidly adapted to exploit available smaller-bodied zooplankton more effectively. We explore this morphological response in multiple lake populations across two species of trout (cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii, and golden trout Oncorhynchus aguabonita) and examine the impact of resource availability on morphological variation in gill raker number among lakes. Furthermore, we present genetic data to provide evidence that historically stocked cutthroat trout populations likely derive from multiple population sources, and incorporate variation from genomic relatedness in our exploration of environmental predictors of feeding morphology. These findings describe rapid adaptation and eco-evolutionary interactions in trout and document an evolutionary response to novel, contemporary ecosystem change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia L Combrink
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - William C Rosenthal
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Lindsey J Boyle
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Jessica A Rick
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Elizabeth G Mandeville
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Amy C Krist
- Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Annika W Walters
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Catherine E Wagner
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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3
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Self KE, Schreck CB, Cogliati KM, Billman EJ, Noakes DLG. Egg size and growth in steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:465-468. [PMID: 30051474 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of egg size on early development and growth of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were recorded for more than 200 days following hatching. Fish from smaller eggs hatched sooner and at a smaller size than fish from larger eggs, but fish from smaller eggs showed consistently higher growth rates than fish from larger eggs. Since many life-history attributes appear to be determined by size or growth rate at age during the first year, egg size could be a significant predictor of important changes in the life history of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Self
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Oregon Hatchery Research Center, Alsea, Oregon
| | - Carl B Schreck
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Karen M Cogliati
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Eric J Billman
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University Idaho, Rexburg, Idaho
| | - David L G Noakes
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Oregon Hatchery Research Center, Alsea, Oregon
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4
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Ozerov MY, Himberg M, Aykanat T, Sendek DS, Hägerstrand H, Verliin A, Krause T, Olsson J, Primmer CR, Vasemägi A. Generation of a neutral F
ST
baseline for testing local adaptation on gill raker number within and between European whitefish ecotypes in the Baltic Sea basin. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1170-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Y. Ozerov
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Himberg
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
| | - T. Aykanat
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - D. S. Sendek
- State Research Institute on Lake and River Fisheries (GosNIORKh); St. Petersburg Russia
| | - H. Hägerstrand
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
| | - A. Verliin
- Estonian Marine Institute; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - T. Krause
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - J. Olsson
- Department of Aquatic Resources; Institute for Coastal Research; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Öregrund Sweden
| | - C. R. Primmer
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - A. Vasemägi
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
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5
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Hard JJ, Gross MR, Heino M, Hilborn R, Kope RG, Law R, Reynolds JD. Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon. Evol Appl 2015; 1:388-408. [PMID: 25567639 PMCID: PMC3352430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence for fisheries-induced evolution in anadromous salmonids. Salmon are exposed to a variety of fishing gears and intensities as immature or maturing individuals. We evaluate the evidence that fishing is causing evolutionary changes to traits including body size, migration timing and age of maturation, and we discuss the implications for fisheries and conservation. Few studies have fully evaluated the ingredients of fisheries-induced evolution: selection intensity, genetic variability, correlation among traits under selection, and response to selection. Most studies are limited in their ability to separate genetic responses from phenotypic plasticity, and environmental change complicates interpretation. However, strong evidence for selection intensity and for genetic variability in salmon fitness traits indicates that fishing can cause detectable evolution within ten or fewer generations. Evolutionary issues are therefore meaningful considerations in salmon fishery management. Evolutionary biologists have rarely been involved in the development of salmon fishing policy, yet evolutionary biology is relevant to the long-term success of fisheries. Future management might consider fishing policy to (i) allow experimental testing of evolutionary responses to exploitation and (ii) improve the long-term sustainability of the fishery by mitigating unfavorable evolutionary responses to fishing. We provide suggestions for how this might be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hard
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mart R Gross
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ray Hilborn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert G Kope
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Law
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - John D Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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6
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Vincenzi S, Crivelli AJ, Satterthwaite WH, Mangel M. Eco-evolutionary dynamics induced by massive mortality events. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:8-30. [PMID: 24786910 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An eco-genetic model tuned on a population of marble trout Salmo marmoratus subject to periodic flood events was used to explore how the evolution of growth rates interacting with density-dependent processes can modify size at age and population structure and in turn influence the resilience of populations. Fish with greater growth potential were assumed to have higher mortality rates. The results of simulations were compared between two scenarios, one in which populations may evolve growth rates and the other one in which the distribution of growth rates within a population is kept fixed. Evolving populations had a greater proportion of age 1 year individuals in the population, greater median length at age 3 years (the typical age at sexual maturity for S. marmoratus) and lower population sizes. The slightly smaller population sizes did not affect realized extinction risk. Resilience, defined as the number of years necessary to rebound from flood-induced population collapse, was on average from 2 to 3 years in both scenarios, with no significant difference between them. Moderate heritability of growth, relaxation of density-dependent processes at low densities and rapid recovery to a safe population size combine to limit the capacity to evolve faster recovery after flood-induced population collapses via changing growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vincenzi
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, U.S.A.; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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7
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Huss M, Howeth JG, Osterman JI, Post DM. Intraspecific phenotypic variation among alewife populations drives parallel phenotypic shifts in bluegill. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:rspb.2014.0275. [PMID: 24920478 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary diversification within consumer species may generate selection on local ecological communities, affecting prey community structure. However, the extent to which this niche construction can propagate across food webs and shape trait variation in competing species is unknown. Here, we tested whether niche construction by different life-history variants of the planktivorous fish alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) can drive phenotypic divergence and resource use in the competing species bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Using a combination of common garden experiments and a comparative field study, we found that bluegill from landlocked alewife lakes grew relatively better when fed small than large zooplankton, had gill rakers better adapted for feeding on small-bodied prey and selected smaller zooplankton compared with bluegill from lakes with anadromous or no alewife. Observed shifts in bluegill foraging traits in lakes with landlocked alewife parallel those in alewife, suggesting interspecific competition leading to parallel phenotypic changes rather than to divergence (which is commonly predicted). Our findings suggest that species may be locally adapted to prey communities structured by different life-history variants of a competing dominant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Huss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer G Howeth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julia I Osterman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David M Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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8
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Muir AM, Vecsei P, Pratt TC, Krueger CC, Power M, Reist JD. Ontogenetic shifts in morphology and resource use of cisco Coregonus artedi. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:600-617. [PMID: 23398071 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two previously described lacustrine cisco Coregonus spp. morphs [i.e. a small (<300 mm fork length, L(F)), low-gillraker (≤44) morph and a large (≥300 mm L(F) ), high-gillraker (≥45) morph] from Great Slave Lake, NT, Canada, were found to be synonymous with cisco Coregonus artedi. Geometric body shape did not differ between the two size classes nor could they be differentiated by 24 size-corrected linear measurements, indicating that the two groups had similar phenotypes. Strong, positive correlations between all linear characters and geometric centroid size (a composite variable of fish body length, mass and age) suggested that body morphology changed with age as fish grew. Total gillraker number (N(GR)) increased with L(F) according to: N(GR) = 36.3 + 0.034L(F). Differences in gillraker number and phenotype with age and size were explained by shifts in habitat and trophic resource use. Relative abundance within 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and >90 m depth strata differed between size classes suggesting that morphology changed when fish shifted their habitat as they grew older. Large C. artedi had lower δ(13)C and slightly higher δ(15)N, indicating greater reliance on pelagic prey resources (i.e. more or larger zooplankton, such as Mysis spp.), compared to small C. artedi, which relied slightly more on benthic prey. Gillraker shape and number have always been used as key diagnostic characters in coregonine taxonomy; based on the findings presented here, ontogenetic shifts should be accounted for in resulting classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Muir
- Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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9
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Franzke A, Reinhold K. Transgenerational effects of diet environment on life-history and acoustic signals of a grasshopper. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Maternal effects can inflate rate of adaptation to captivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2380; author reply E2381. [PMID: 22930821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202193109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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Walsh MR, DeLong JP, Hanley TC, Post DM. A cascade of evolutionary change alters consumer-resource dynamics and ecosystem function. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3184-92. [PMID: 22628469 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that intraspecific evolutionary divergence influences the properties of populations, communities and ecosystems. The different ecological impacts of phenotypes and genotypes may alter selection on many species and promote a cascade of ecological and evolutionary change throughout the food web. Theory predicts that evolutionary interactions across trophic levels may contribute to hypothesized feedbacks between ecology and evolution. However, the importance of 'cascading evolutionary change' in a natural setting is unknown. In lakes in Connecticut, USA, variation in migratory behaviour and feeding morphology of a fish predator, the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), drives life-history evolution in a species of zooplankton prey (Daphnia ambigua). Here we evaluated the reciprocal impacts of Daphnia evolution on ecological processes in laboratory mesocosms. We show that life-history evolution in Daphnia facilitates divergence in rates of population growth, which in turn significantly alters consumer-resource dynamics and ecosystem function. These experimental results parallel trends observed in lakes. Such results argue that a cascade of evolutionary change, which has occurred over contemporary timescales, alters community and ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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12
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13
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Eldridge WH, Hard JJ, Naish KA. Simulating fishery-induced evolution in chinook salmon: the role of gear, location, and genetic correlation among traits. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 20:1936-1948. [PMID: 21049881 DOI: 10.1890/09-1186.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to human-modified ecosystems has been implicated in changing the life history of a number of wild animal populations, potentially contributing to their collapse. Fishing may be an important evolutionary force that can change the distribution of fitness-related traits; however, the magnitude and direction of the evolutionary response may be influenced by different management strategies. Most phenotypic traits subject to human-induced selection are simultaneously influenced by the environment and by genetic variation, and many traits are genetically correlated. Here, we evaluated the evolutionary outcomes of harvest activities on mean length and age at maturity in a fish population by coupling a multivariate quantitative genetic model with a Leslie life history matrix model. Lengths-at-ages were treated as genetically correlated characters parameterized from empirical data on chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations. Using simulations, we explored the outcomes of 100 years of harvest using gill nets, which impose disruptive selection, or longlines, which impose minimum size selection, that targeted immature individuals in the high seas or maturing individuals in terminal spawning areas. Response in mean length and age depended on selection differentials imposed by harvest (which depended in turn on fishing location, gear type, and proportion of the population harvested) and on the genetic correlations between traits. Mean length was strongly influenced by the selection differential of the most abundant age class. Large differences in response were observed between the high-seas fishery, where the most abundant age was the youngest age vulnerable to harvest, compared to the terminal area fishery, where an older age class was most abundant. We observed a substantial difference in response between gill nets and longlines in the terminal fishery only. The evolution of mean age of mature individuals was less predictable, but generally increased as length decreased and decreased as length increased. The model presented here has potential for incorporating empirical data into fisheries forecasting and therefore provides a powerful means of integrating evolutionary considerations into harvest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Eldridge
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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14
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Varian A, Nichols KM. Heritability of morphology in brook trout with variable life histories. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12950. [PMID: 20886080 PMCID: PMC2944874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct morphological variation is often associated with variation in life histories within and among populations of both plants and animals. In this study, we examined the heritability of morphology in three hatchery strains of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), which were historically or are currently used for stocking and supplementation of both migratory and resident ecotypes in the upper Great Lakes region. In a common garden experiment, significant variation in body morphology was observed within and across populations sampled at three time periods. The most notable differences among strains were differences in dorso-ventral body depth and the shape of the caudal peduncle, with some differences in the anterior-posterior placement of the dorsal and ventral fins. Variation with and among 70 half-sib families indicates that heritabilities of morphology and body size were significant at most developmental time points both within and across strains. Heritabilities for morphological characters within strains ranged from 0 to 0.95 across time points. Significant within-strain heritabilities for length ranged from 0 to 0.93 across time points and for weight ranged from 0 to 0.88. Significant additive genetic variation exists within and across hatchery brook trout strains for morphology and size, indicating that these traits are capable of responding to natural or artificial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Varian
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Nichols
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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15
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Ramstad KM, Woody CA, Allendorf FW. Recent local adaptation of sockeye salmon to glacial spawning habitats. Evol Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-009-9313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Palkovacs EP, Post DM. Experimental evidence that phenotypic divergence in predators drives community divergence in prey. Ecology 2009; 90:300-5. [PMID: 19323211 DOI: 10.1890/08-1673.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106, USA.
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17
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Eilertsen EM, Bårdsen BJ, Liljedal S, Rudolfsen G, Folstad I. Experimental evidence for paternal effects on offspring growth rate in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:129-36. [PMID: 18782751 PMCID: PMC2614253 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection theory predicts that females should choose males that signal viability and quality. However, few studies have found fitness benefits among females mating with highly ornamented males. Here, we use Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a teleost fish with no parental care, to investigate whether females could gain fitness benefits by mating with highly ornamented and large-sized males. Carotenoid-based coloration signalled by males during spawning is believed to be an indicator of good genes for this species. Paternal effects on offspring size (body length and dry body mass) were examined experimentally by crossing eggs and sperm in vitro from 12 females and 24 males in a split-brood design and raising larvae to 30 days past hatching. We clearly demonstrated that there was a relationship between offspring size and paternal coloration. However, a negative interaction between paternal length and coloration was evident for offspring length, indicating that positive effects of paternal coloration were only present for smaller males. Thus, the red spawning coloration of the male Arctic charr seems to be an indicator of good genes, but the effect of paternal coloration on offspring length, an indicator of 'offspring quality', is size dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Mack Eilertsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tromsø9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tromsø9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Arctic Ecology, Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ståle Liljedal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tromsø9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Rudolfsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tromsø9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ivar Folstad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tromsø9037 Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Post DM, Palkovacs EP, Schielke EG, Dodson SI. Intraspecific variation in a predator affects community structure and cascading trophic interactions. Ecology 2008; 89:2019-32. [PMID: 18705387 DOI: 10.1890/07-1216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific phenotypic variation in ecologically important traits is widespread and important for evolutionary processes, but its effects on community and ecosystem processes are poorly understood. We use life history differences among populations of alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, to test the effects of intraspecific phenotypic variation in a predator on pelagic zooplankton community structure and the strength of cascading trophic interactions. We focus on the effects of differences in (1) the duration of residence in fresh water (either seasonal or year-round) and (2) differences in foraging morphology, both of which may strongly influence interactions between alewives and their prey. We measured zooplankton community structure, algal biomass, and spring total phosphorus in lakes that contained landlocked, anadromous, or no alewives. Both the duration of residence and the intraspecific variation in foraging morphology strongly influenced zooplankton community structure. Lakes with landlocked alewives had small-bodied zooplankton year-round, and lakes with no alewives had large-bodied zooplankton year-round. In contrast, zooplankton communities in lakes with anadromous alewives cycled between large-bodied zooplankton in the winter and spring and small-bodied zooplankton in the summer. In summer, differences in feeding morphology of alewives caused zooplankton biomass to be lower and body size to be smaller in lakes with anadromous alewives than in lakes with landlocked alewives. Furthermore, intraspecific variation altered the strength of the trophic cascade caused by alewives. Our results demonstrate that intraspecific phenotypic variation of predators can regulate community structure and ecosystem processes by modifying the form and strength of complex trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106, USA.
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McClure MM, Carlson SM, Beechie TJ, Pess GR, Jorgensen JC, Sogard SM, Sultan SE, Holzer DM, Travis J, Sanderson BL, Power ME, Carmichael RW. Evolutionary consequences of habitat loss for Pacific anadromous salmonids. Evol Appl 2008; 1:300-18. [PMID: 25567633 PMCID: PMC3352431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large portions of anadromous salmonid habitat in the western United States has been lost because of dams and other blockages. This loss has the potential to affect salmonid evolution through natural selection if the loss is biased, affecting certain types of habitat differentially, and if phenotypic traits correlated with those habitat types are heritable. Habitat loss can also affect salmonid evolution indirectly, by reducing genetic variation and changing its distribution within and among populations. In this paper, we compare the characteristics of lost habitats with currently accessible habitats and review the heritability of traits which show correlations with habitat/environmental gradients. We find that although there is some regional variation, inaccessible habitats tend to be higher in elevation, wetter and both warmer in the summer and colder in the winter than habitats currently available to anadromous salmonids. We present several case studies that demonstrate either a change in phenotypic or life history expression or an apparent reduction in genetic variation associated with habitat blockages. These results suggest that loss of habitat will alter evolutionary trajectories in salmonid populations and Evolutionarily Significant Units. Changes in both selective regime and standing genetic diversity might affect the ability of these taxa to respond to subsequent environmental perturbations. Both natural and anthropogenic and should be considered seriously in developing management and conservation strategies.
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Genetic quality and offspring performance in Chinook salmon: implications for supportive breeding. CONSERV GENET 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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